Нейробиология здравого смысла. Правила выживания и процветания в мире, полном неопределенностей [заметки]

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Интервал

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В русском языке нет тождественного понятия. В контексте данной книги термин «контингентность» можно объяснить как ситуативность, привязанность любого феномена к определенному месту и времени при невозможности статистически точно предсказать вероятность проявления данного феномена. Таким образом, контингентность – это нечто среднее между тем, что точно должно случиться при наступлении определенных условий, и тем, что можно назвать случайным явлением. – Здесь и далее, если не указано иное, прим. науч. ред.

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Shark Tank – реалити-шоу, в котором группа потенциальных инвесторов, так называемых акул, рассматривает предложения предпринимателей, жаждущих получить инвестиции в свой бизнес или товар. – Прим. перев.

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Actuary table – таблица дожития – числовая модель смертности, характеризующая ее общий уровень и распределение по возрастам. – Прим. перев.

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Имеется в виду трансформация последовательности или количества белков, кодируемая измененной последовательностью нуклеотидов.

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Эффект, известный в научной литературе как «пищевая аверсия».

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Ibid.

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Для осуществления каждого вида деятельности необходима совместная работа многих областей мозга и выделение одной отдельной области как отвечающей за конкретную функцию, это значительное упрощение. Наиболее верно считать такую область участвующей в реализации конкретной функции или организовывающей ее совместно с другими структурами мозга.

Основное достоинство этой группы методов – отсутствие необходимости изготовления тонких срезов, что позволяет увидеть не отдельные клетки, а достаточно крупный, до сантиметра, блок ткани со всеми помеченными клетками. Более подробно о методе: http://clarityresourcecenter.org.

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В данном случае с использованием электронной микроскопии.

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Строго говоря, электрически возбудимым является только небольшой участок тела нейрона – аксонный холмик и сам аксон.

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По современным представлениям, гиппокамп участвует в организации одного из видов памяти, а именно декларативной, или автобиографической.

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В качестве немногочисленных примеров можно привести использование соленой воды для мытья и подсаливания сладкого картофеля одной семьей японских макак и размачивание твердой еды воронами. Человек – единственный вид, использующий для приготовления еды огонь.

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В отечественной литературе эта область чаще известна под названием островковая доля (лат. lobus insularis), или просто островок (лат. Insula). Представляет собой часть коры головного мозга, которая не видна с поверхности у взрослого человека, так как находится в глубине латеральной борозды и закрыта лобной, височной и теменной долями.

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Аутизм – расстройство полифакторное, и объяснить все случаи только одним фактором, будь то генетический фактор или один тип нейронов, еще не удалось.

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Подробнее о нерациональности принимаемых человеком интуитивных решений можно прочитать в книге нобелевского лауреата Даниэля Канемана «Думай медленно… Решай быстро».

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Самоэффективность – понятие, введенное А. Бандурой, означающее убеждение человека в том, что в сложной ситуации он сможет активно действовать. – Прим. перев.

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Если мы говорим об одноклеточных (хламида-монада или даже прокариоты), то нейронов у них нет.

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Поэтому этот метод и называется оптогенетика. Ученые создают трансгенных животных с геном, кодирующим такой родопсин, причем так, что он активируется только в определенных нейронах. Но есть и второй способ – использование вируса для доставки такого гена к строго выбранным клеткам.

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Упомянутые здесь и далее препараты не предназначены для самостоятельного приема без контроля врача и используются учеными исключительно в научных целях во время экспериментов. – Прим. ред.

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В России эфедрин находится в списке IV прекурсоров, оборот которых ограничен. Кустарно изготовленные препараты эфедрина входят как в Список I Перечня наркотических средств, психотропных веществ и их прекурсоров, подлежащих контролю в Российской Федерации, их оборот запрещен. – Прим. ред.

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