Гражданская война, террор и бандитизм (Систематизация социологии и социальная динамика) - [28]

spectacular horror effects in order to attract media coverage.

Terrorist atrocities like the PLO's midair destruction of civilian

airliners and murder of helpless athletes at the 1972 Olympics and

school children were perpetrated to publicize a cause. Most of the

victims of the Italian Red Brigades and the German Baader-Meinhof

gang were selected for symbolic reasons.

Another characteristic of modern terrorism is its international

dimension--the ability of terrorists to slip across national

frontiers, the support given to certain terrorist groups by a few

countries dedicated to revolutionary change, and logistical ties

that exist between terrorist groups of widely divergent ideologies

and objectives. The 1985 hijacking by Palestinians of the Italian

cruise ship Achille Lauro off Egypt, and the murder of a U. S.

passenger, dramatized the international ramifications of

terrorism.

Whereas prevention of domestic terrorism is in general the

province of local law enforcement agencies or security forces, at

the international level effective counterterrorist action runs

into obstacles raised by traditional concepts of national

sovereignty. In theory, perpetrators of crimes in one country can,

if apprehended in another country, be extradited for trial, and

there is hardly a terrorist crime imaginable that is not well

covered by criminal statutes. In practice, law enforcement

officials tend to give foreign fugitives from justice a low

priority. Moreover, a well-established exception for political

offenses may protect from extradition all but the perpetrators of

the most egregious crimes. Hence, terrorist organizations

consistently strive for political status, while governments seek

to treat terrorists as common criminals.

In recent years international efforts to counter terrorism have

led to the Tokyo and Montreal Conventions (1963 and 1971) on

hijacking and sabotage of civilian aircraft; the Hague Convention

of 1979 on hostage-taking; and the 1973 convention on crimes

against diplomats. These conventions establish categories of

international crimes that are punishable by any state regardless

of the nationality of criminal or victim or locality of the

offense. In addition, the United States and other nations have

enacted laws to prohibit export of munitions without a license or

participation of citizens in foreign conflicts.

In 1986, President Ronald Reagan accused Libya of carrying out

terrorist attacks against U.S. citizens and property. Following

one such attack, in which an American soldier was killed, Reagan

ordered U.S. military forces to attack "terrorist-related" targets

in Libya. U.S. Air Force and Navy planes bombed a number of sites

in and around the Libyan cities of Tripoli and Benghazi. Soon

afterward, seven Western industrial democracies pledged themselves

to take joint action against terrorism. These nations are the

United States, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Canada, France, and

Japan. They promised to deny terrorist suspects entry into their

countries, to bring about close cooperation between the police and

security forces in their countries, to place strict restrictions

on diplomatic missions suspected of being involved in terrorism,

and to cooperate in a number of other ways. These steps

represented a concerted effort by the Western nations to combat

terrorism "as an instrument of government policy."

In democracies, the need to protect civil liberties, the

difficulty of proving conspiracy, and the devastating nature of

terrorist outrages have shifted the emphasis from deterrence to

prevention. Today, by general consensus the most effective means

of frustrating terrorist activity is through detailed intelligence

obtained primarily by penetration of terrorist networks.

Charles Maechling, Jr.

Итак, согласно энциклопедии и автору статьи господину Charles Maechling, Jr. террор это применение насилия для достижения ?политических целей?. Уголовные банды и банды хулиганов выделены из определения. У хулиганов нет ?политических целей?. Еще одна особенность в статье из Энциклопедии, на которую я хотел бы обратить внимание читателя. До 70-х годов нашего столетия террор почти не существовал или на него не обращали внимания. Только после он настолько вырос, что пришлось принимать международные конвенции. Что ж такое ?политические цели?? Если вдуматься, то увидим, что за этим нет ничего кроме тискуля. Можно, конечно, присвоить ему атрибут и назвать по аналогии с остальными ?политический тискуль?. Террор всегда начинается с выпендривания, с попытки обратить внимание окружающих на себя, на свой тискуль. Именно так начались захваты арабскими террористами пассажирских самолетов и заложников. Именно с этой целью были убиты 11 израильских спортсменов на олимпиаде в Мюнхене. Успех террора приводит к расширению понятия ?политические цели?. Сегодня арабские террористы строят сво° государство.

Если банда сплочена элементами первого списка и живет

удовольствиями, то такая банда уголовная. Цель уголовной банды

получить удовольствие, насладиться жизнью.