Власть над народами. Технологии, природа и западный империализм с 1400 года до наших дней [заметки]

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Интервал

D. K. Fieldhouse, Economics and Empire (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1973), p. 3.

Среди множества ученых и мыслителей, занятых рассмотрением данных империалистических устремлений, можно выделить следующих: Джона Гобсона, Рональда Робинсона, Джона Галлахера, Владимира Ульянова (Ленина), Анри Брюншвика, Ганса-Ульриха Велера, Дэвида Лэндиса, Ханну Арендт, Карлтона Д. Х. Хейса, Уильяма Лэнджера, Йозефа Шумпетера, Джеффри Барраклоу, Дэвида Филдхауса.

Здесь можно привести в пример Дэвида Филдхауса (Fieldhouse, Economics and Empire, p. 460-461), который задается вопросом: «Почему период расцвета империализма выпал именно на тридцатилетний период после 1880 г.?»

Daniel R. Headrick, The Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981).

Именно этим Фелипе Фернандес-Арместо объясняет внезапную экспансию европейских держав в XV-XVI вв.; см.: Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration (New York: Norton, 2006), p. 144-145.

Leon Kass, “The New Biology: What Price Relieving Man’s Estate?”, Science 174 (November 19, 1971), p. 782.

Michael Adas, Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989).

Carlo Cipolla, Guns, Sails, and Empires: Technological Innovation and the Early Phases of European Expansion, 1400-1700 (New York: Random House, 1965); Карло Чиполла, Артиллерия и парусный флот. Описание и технология вооружения XV-XVIII вв. (Москва: Центрполиграф, 2007); Geoffrey Parker, The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).

Блистательный образец популярного сейчас географического детерминизма дается в: Jared M.Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: Norton, 1997); Джаред Даймонд, Ружья, микробы и сталь. Судьбы человеческих обществ (Москва: Corpus, 2012).

«Завоевание пустыни» (исп.) — кампания по установлению аргентинского контроля над заселенной индейскими племенами Патагонией. – Прим. пер.

Лучше всего о кораблестроении и навигации в период до XV столетия рассказывается в книге: J. H. Parry, The Discovery of the Sea (New York: Dial Press, 1974), chapters 1 and 2.

James Cook, The Voyage of the Resolution and Adventure, ed. John C. Beaglehole (Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1961), p. 354.

Согласно последним данным, заселение Новой Зеландии уверенно датируется XIII веком. – Прим. ред.

James Cook, The Voyage of the Endeavour, 1768-1771, ed. John C. Beaglehole (Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1955), p. 154.

Для ознакомления с навигационными способностями полинезийцев см.: Ben R. Finney, Voyage of Rediscovery: A Cultural Odyssey through Polynesia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994); Will Kyselka, An Ocean in Mind (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1987); David Lewis, We the Navigators: The Ancient Art of Landfinding in the Pacific (Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1994).

Археологами установлен факт заселения субантарктических регионов (остров Эндерби) полинезийцами практически одновременно с Новой Зеландией. – Прим. ред.

Parry, Discovery, p. 33.

Finney, Voyage, p. 13.

Clifford W. Hawkins, The Dhow: An Illustrated History of the Dhow and Its World (Lymington: Nautical Publishing, 1977); Patricia Risso, Oman and Muscat: An Early Modern History (New York: St.Martin’s, 1986), p.216. Термином «дау» объединяется множество типов судов: багалы, бумы, самбуки и т. п.

K. N. Chaudhuri, Trade and Civilization in the Indian Ocean (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p.146-150; Simon Digby, “The Maritime Trade of India”, in Tapan Ray-chaudhuri and Irfan Habib, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), vol.1, p.128; P.Y.Manguin, “Late Medieval Asian Shipbuilding in the Indian Ocean”, Moyen Orient et Océan Indien 2, no. 2 (1985), p. 3-7; W. H. Moreland, “The Ships of the Arabian Sea about A.D. 1500”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1 (January 1939), p. 66; George F. Hourani, Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times, revised and expanded by John Carswell (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), Р. 91-105. Железные гвозди начали использовать лишь в XV в., однако лишь при строительстве крупных судов, предназначенных для длительных переходов; см.: Ahsan Jan Qaisar, The Indian Response to European Technology and Culture, AD 1498-1707 (Delhi and New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 23-27.

I. C. Campbell, “The Lateen Sail in World History”, Journal of World History 6 (Spring 1995), p.1-24; Alan McGowan, The Ship, vol. 3: Tiller and Whipstaff: The Development of the Sailing Ship, 1400-1700 (London: National Maritime Museum, 1981), p. 9; Parry, Discovery, p. 17-20.

William D.Phillips, “Maritime Exploration in the Middle Ages”, in Daniel Finamore, ed., Maritime History as World History (Salem, Mass.: Peabody Essex Museum, 2004), p. 51.

E. G. R. Taylor, The Haven Finding Art: A History of Navigation from Odys seus to Captain Cook (London: Hollis and Carter, 1956), p. 126.

Amir D. Aczel, The Riddle of the Compass: The Invention That Changed the World (New York: Harcourt, 2001); Philip de Souza, Seafaring and Civilization: Maritime Perspectives on World History (London: Profile Books, 2001), p. 34; J. H. Parry, The Establishment of the European Hegemony, 1415-1715: Trade and Exploration in the Age of the Renaissance (New York: Harper and Row, 1961), p. 17; Moreland, “Ships”, p. 178; Chaudhuri, Trade and Civilization, p. 127.

Taylor, Haven, p. 123-129.

G. R. Tibbetts, Arab Navigation in the Indian Ocean before the Coming of the Portuguese (London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1971), p. 1-8; Ахмад ибн Маджид, Книга польз об основах и правилах морской науки: Арабская морская энциклопедия XV в. (Москва: Наука, 1965).

C. R. Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825 (New York: Knopf, 1969), p. 45-46; Moreland, “Ships”, p. 64, 174.

Mark Elvin, The Pattern of the Chinese Past (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1973), p. 137.

William H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force, and Society since A.D. 1000 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), p. 43; Уильям Мак-Нил, В погоне за мощью. Технология, вооруженная сила и общество в XI-XX веках (Москва: Территория будущего, 2008), с. 65.

Louise Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405-1433 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 75-76.

Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas, p. 81-82; Digby, “Maritime Trade of India”, p. 132-133; Chaudhuri, Trade and Civilization, p. 141-142, 154-156; Elvin, Pattern, p. 137.

Aczel, Riddle, p. 78-86; Elvin, Pattern, p. 138; Parry, Discovery, p. 39.

Aczel, Riddle, p. 86.

История экспедиций Чжэн Хэ стала темой многих исследований: Louise Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas и Edward L. Dreyer, Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433 (New York: Pearson, 2007). См. также: Francesca Bray, Technology and Society in Ming China (Washington, D.C.: AHA Publications, 2000), p. 21-22; J.R.Mc-Neill and William H.McNeill, The Human Web: A Bird’s Eye View of World History (New York: Norton, 2003), p.125-126, 166-167; Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration (New York: Norton, 2006), p. 109-117.

В качестве одного из примеров подобной игры воображения, замаскированной под исторический труд, можно привести следующую публикацию: Gavin Menzies, 1421: The Year China Discovered America (New York: Bantam, 2002).

Исторические аналогии между экспедициями Чжэн Хэ и полетами американских астронавтов на Луну в 1960-70-х гг. разительны. Подробнее о закате китайского мореплавания см.: Lo Jung-pang, “The Decline of the Early Ming Navy”, Oriens Extremus 5 (1958), p. 151-162.

J. H. Parry, The Age of Reconnaissance: Discovery, Exploration, and Settlement, 1450-1650 (Cleveland: World Publishing, 1963), p. 54-63; Pierre Chaunu, L’expansion européenne duXIIIe auXVe siècle (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1969), p. 274-278; Richard W. Unger, “Warships and Cargo Ships in Medieval Europe”, Technology and Culture 22 (April 1981), p. 233-252.

John R. Hale, “The Viking Longship”, Scientific American (February 1998), p. 56-62; Unger, “Warships and Cargo Ships”, p. 241.

Hale, “Viking Longship”, p. 62; Unger, “Warships and Cargo Ships”, p. 240-245.

Lynn White, Jr., “Technology in the Middle Ages”, in Melvin Kranzberg and Carroll W.Pursell, eds., Technology in Western Civilization (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), vol. 1, p. 76; Chaunu, L’expansion européenne, p. 279; Unger, “Warships and Cargo Ships”, p. 244.

Для более подробных сведений о Генрихе Мореплавателе см.: Michel Vergé-Franceschi, Un prince portugais du XVème siècle: Henri le Navigateur, 1394-1460 (Paris: Ed. Félin, 2000); Peter Russell, Prince Henry “the Navigator”: A Life (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000). См. также: Fernández-Armes-to, Pathfinders, p. 131.

Fernández-Armesto, Pathfinders, p. 148.

Phillips, “Maritime Exploration”, p. 55.

Quirino da Fonseca, Os navios do infante D. Henrique (Lisbon: Comissão Executiva das Comemorações do Quinto Centenário da Morte do Infante D. Henrique, 1958), p. 15-40; João Braz d’Oliveira, Influencia do Infante D. Henrique no progresso da marinha portugueza: Navios e armamentos (Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1894), p. 17-20; Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Estudios sobre naviosportuguezes nos secolos XV eXVI (Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciencias, 1892), p. 15-17; Eila M.J. Campbell, “Discovery and the Technical Setting, 1420-1520”, Terrae In-cognitae 8 (1976), p.12; Boies Penrose, Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 1420—1620 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960), p. 269; Parry, Discovery, p. 109-122.

Цит. по: Luis de Albuquerque, Introdução a história dos descubrimentos (Coimbra: Atlantida, 1962), p. 249.

Roger Craig Smith, Vanguard of Empire: Ships of Exploration in the Age of Columbus (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 4O

Для судов столь раннего периода оценки водоизмещения могут быть лишь приблизительными. Как правило, речь идет о массовом водоизмещении, а не (что стало нормой позднее) полном.

Цит. по: Penrose, Travel and Discovery, p. 35.

Fernández-Armesto, Pathfinders, p. 143.

Согласно утверждениям Клинтона Эдвардса (Clinton R. Edwards, “Design and Construction of Fifteenth-Century Iberian Ships: A Review”, Mariner’s Mirror 78 (November 1992), p. 419-432) и Макгована (McGowan, The Ship, vol. 3, p. 10), нау и каракки представляли собой один и тот же тип судна. Однако же К. Мэтью (K. M. Mathew, History of the Portuguese Navigation in India, 1497—1600 (Delhi: Mittal Publications, 1988), p.280-292), Джон Прайор (John H.Pryor, Geography, Technology, and War: Studies in the History of the Mediterranean, 649-1571 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 39-43) и Смит (Smith, Vanguard, p. 31-32) проводят между ними различия. Скорее всего, каких-либо строго определенных типов судов не существовало, а было их огромное разнообразие. Причина же неопределенности кроется в том, что впоследствии достаточно четкого разграничения не проводилось.

Clinton R.Edwards, “The Impact of European Overseas Discoveries on Ship Design and Construction during the Sixteenth Century”, GeoJournal 26, no. 4 (1992), p. 443-452; Parry, Age of Reconnaissance, p. 53, 66.

О португальских экспедициях в период 1460-96 гг. см.: Parry, Discovery, p. 133-142.

Alfred Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), p. 108-116; Parry, Discovery, p. 130-131.

Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 79; Smith, Vanguard, p. 32, 46-47.

Parry, Age of Reconnaissance, p.139; см. также: Oliveira, Influencia, p. 24-25.

Subrahmanyam, Career, p. 83-85; Parry, Discovery, p. 169-170; Crosby, Ecological Imperialism, p. 118; Penrose, Travel and Discovery, p. 50; McGowan, The Ship, vol. 3, p. 18.

Предположение о том, что речь идет именно об ибн Маджиде, выдвинуто Пэрри (Parry, Age of Reconnaissance, p. 140-141; Parry, Discovery, p.174) и Рассел-Вудом (A. J. R. Russell-Wood, The Portuguese Empire, 1415—1808: A World on the Move (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), p. 18). Тиббеттс (Tibbetts, Arab Navigation) данную идею отвергает. Согласно же Субраманьяму (Subrah-manyam, Career, p. 121-128), вся эта история с ибн Маджидом была выдумана французским ориенталистом Габриэлем Ферраном в 1920-е гг. на основе крайне ненадежных свидетельств.

Aczel, Riddle, p. 61, 103-104.

О навигации и астрономии в конце XV в. см.: Parry, Discovery, p. 155-163, и Taylor, Haven, p. 158-160.

Albuquerque, Introdução, p. 233-400; Mathew, Portuguese Navigation, p. 6-34; Taylor, Haven, p. 158-159; Parry, Age of Reconnaissance, p. 93; Parry, Discovery, p. 148; Penrose, Travel and Discovery, p. 264.

Parry, Age of Reconnaissance, p. 94-96; Parry, Discovery, p. 148-149; Penrose, Travel and Discovery, p. 44-45, 265. Для ознакомления со сведениями о вкладе арабских и еврейских ученых см.: Albuquerque, Introdução, p. 255-263, и Mathew, Portuguese Navigation, p. 34-38.

Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus (Boston: Little Brown, 1942), p. 186-187.

Finney, Voyage, p. 266-267; Parry, Discovery, p. 147.

Aczel, Riddle, p. 124-125; Parry, Age of Reconnaissance, p. 84-114.

Tomé Pires, The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515, ed. and trans. Armando Cortesão (London: Hakluyt Society, 1944).

Auguste Toussaint, History of the Indian Ocean, trans. June Guichar-naud (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966), p. 115-117; Parry, Age of Reconnaissance, p. 96.

Цит. по: Morison, Admiral, p. 93-94.

William D. Phillips and Carla Rahn Phillips, The Worlds of Christopher Columbus (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), P. 76-79. Для дополнительной информации касательно заблуждений Колумба см. также: Morison, Admiral, chapter 6: “The Enterprise of the Indies”.

Phillips and Phillips, Christopher Columbus, p. 108-110.

Samuel Eliot Morison, The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), p. 30.

Morison, The European Discovery of America, p. 31; см. также: Morison, Admiral, p. 68-69, и Phillips and Phillips, Christopher Columbus, p. 110-111.

Phillips and Phillips, Christopher Columbus, p.120-131; Morison, Admiral, p. 75; Morison, European Discovery, p. 40.

Phillips and Phillips, Christopher Columbus, p. 132.

О конструкции и такелаже каравелл см.: Carla Rahn Phillips, “The Caravel and the Galleon”, in Robert Gardiner, ed., Cogs, Caravels, and Galleons: The Sailing Ship, 1000—1650 (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1994), p. 91-114; Chaunu, L’expansion européenne, 283-288; Parry, Discovery, p. 28-29, 140-143; Penrose, Travel and Discovery, 269-270; Smith, Vanguard, p. 34-41.

Phillips and Phillips, Christopher Columbus, 108; Morison, Europe an Discovery, p. 82-85.

Уильям и Карла Филипс (Phillips and Phillips, Christopher Columbus, p. 75) полагают, что в его распоряжении находились самые современные таблицы значений высоты солнца. По мнению же Пэрри (Parry, Discovery, p. 202-203), Колумб мало что знал об астрономической навигации и совсем ничего – о новом португальском методе. Согласно Морисону (Morison, European Discovery, p. 55), приборы, которыми располагал Колумб, были столь несовершенны, что ими можно было пользоваться лишь на суше.

Morison, European Discovery, p. 119, 138.

В момент своего основания в 1505 г. испанская Палата по делам торговли, созданная по подобию португальской Палаты по делам Индии, была частной организацией, став правительственным учреждением в 1524 г.; см.: Morison, European Discovery, p. 474.

Магеллану посвящено множество прекрасных публикаций, самыми свежими из которых являются следующие: Tim Joyner, Magellan (Camden, Maine: International Marine, 1992), и Laurence Bergreen, Over the Edge of the World: Magellan’s Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe (New York: Morrow, 2003).

Donald D. Brand, “Geographical Exploration by the Spaniards”, in Herman R. Friis, ed., The Pacific Basin: A History of Its Geographical Exploration (New York: American Geographical Society, 1967), p. 111-113; Morison, European Discovery, p. 177, 343; Parry, Discovery, p. 270.

Parry, Discovery, p. 265-266.

Brand, “Geographical Exploration”, p. 112-118; Morison, European Discovery, p. 405-409; Parry, Discovery, p. 276.

Morison, European Discovery, p. 316-317.

Именно так полагает Бранд (Brand, “Geographical Exploration”, p. 118); см. также: Simon Winchester, “After dire straits, an agonizing haul across the Pacific”, Smithsonian 22, no. 1 (April 1991), p. 92-95.

«Ты первым обогнул меня» (лат.).

Parry, Discovery, p. 287; Brand, “Geographical Exploration”, p. 112; Taylor, Haven, p. 174; Morison, European Discovery, p. 474-475.

William Lytle Schurtz, The Manila Galleon (New York: Dutton, 1959), p. 217-218; Brand, “Geographical Exploration”, p. 119.

Pierre Chaunu, “Le Galion de Manille: Grandeur et décadence d’une route de la soie”, Annales ESC 4 (October—December 1951), p. 450; Morison, European Discovery, p. 477-493; Brand, “Geographical Exploration”, p. 119-121.

Bjorn Landstrom, The Ship: An Illustrated History (New York: Doubleday, 1961), p.118. См. также: J.H.Parry, The Spanish Seaborne Empire (New York: Knopf, 1966), p. 134.

Chaunu, “Galion”, p. 451-452; Brand, “Geographical Exploration”, p. 129-130; Schurtz, Manila Galleon, p. 219-220; Morison, European Discovery, p. 493-494.

Parry, Spanish Seaborne Empire, p.132; Chaunu, “Galion”, p. 453; Schurtz, Manila Galleon, p. 193.

Brand, “Geographical Exploration”, p. 130; Schurtz, Manila Galleon, p. 217-221.

Parry, Spanish Seaborne Empire, p. 132; Chaunu, “Galion”, p. 453.

Parry, Age of Reconnaissance, p. 67; Gardiner, Cogs, p. 9

Буквально: «срезанный корабль». Под данным термином понимались двух- и трехпалубные суда, переделанные путем как бы «срезания» верхних палуб в однопалубные, что сильно повышало их мореходные качества. – Прим. пер.

K. M. Panikkar, Asia and Western Dominance (New York: Macmillan Collier, 1969), p. 46.

Charles R. Boxer, The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1600-1800 (New York: Knopf, 1965), p. 197.

См. об этом: William J.H.Andrewes, The Questfor Longitude: Proceedings of the Longitude Symposium, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, November 4-6, 1993 (Cambridge, Mass.: Collection of Scientific Instruments, Harvard University, 1996), и следующую, снискавшую популярность книгу: Dava Sobel, Longitude (New York: Penguin, 1996).

Numa Broc, La géographie des philosophes. Géographes et voyageurs français au XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Editions Ophrys, 1975), p.16, 281; John Noble Wilford, The Mapmakers (New York: Knopf, 1981), p. 129.

100

Wilford, Mapmakers, p. 128; Sobel, Longitude, p. 11-12.

101

Rupert Gould, The Marine Chronometer: Its History and Development (London: J.D.Potter, 1923), p. 254-255; Gould, “John Harrison and His Timekeepers”, Mariner’s Mirror 21 (April 1935), p. 118; David Landes, Revolution in Time: Clocks and the Making of the Modern World (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1983), p. 112, 146; Lloyd A. Brown, The Story of Maps (New York: Dover, 1980), p. 227.

102

О картографии указанного периода см.: Daniel Headrick, When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), chapter 4: “Displaying Information: Maps and Graphs”.

103

Цит. по: Wilford, Mapmakers, p. 131.

104

Charles H. Cotter, A History of Nautical Astronomy (New York: American Elsevier, 1968), p.184-186; J.B.Hewson, A History of the Practice of Navigation (Glasgow: Brown, Son and Ferguson, 1951), p. 223-250; Frédéric Philippe Marguet, Histoire générale de la navigation du XVe au XXe siècle (Paris: Société d’éditions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales, 1931), p. 127-131; Broc, La géographie des philosophes, p. 16-33.

105

Landes, Revolution in Time, p. 152; Sobel, Longitude, p. 89-91; Taylor, Haven, p. 256.

106

Цит. по: Cotter, History, p. 195.

107

Derek Howse, Greenwich Time and the Discovery of Longitude (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 62-69; Marguet, Histoire générale, p. 185-194; Landes, Revolution in Time, p. 151-155; Cotter, History, p. 189-237; Wilford, Mapmakers, p. 130-135.

108

Жизнь Гаррисона, ставшая одним из самых драматичных сюжетов «противостояния Давида и Голиафа» в истории развития технологий, была пересказана множество раз. См.: Landes, Revolution in Time, p. 146-162; Gould, “John Harrison”; Wilford, Mapmakers, p. 128-137; Sobel, Longitude, p. 61-152; Taylor, Haven, p. 260-263.

109

Broc, La géographie des philosophes, p. 282-284; Marguet, Histoire générale, p. 148-184; Landes, Revolution in Time, chapter 10.

110

Sobel, Longitude, p. 17-20; Richard I. Ruggles, “Geographical Exploration by the British”, in Friis, Pacific Basin, p. 237.

111

James Lind, A Treatise of the Scurvy: Containing an Inquiry into the Nature, Causes, and Cure, of That Disease (Edinburgh, 1753). См. также: Christopher Lloyd and Jack L. S. Coulter, Medicine and the Navy, 1200-1900, vol. 3: 1714-1815 (Edinburgh and London: Livingstone, 1961), p.293-322; Alfred F.Hess, Scurvy, Past and Present (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1920), p. 172-204.

112

J. C. Beaglehole, The Exploration of the Pacific (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1966), p. 256-257.

113

John C. Beaglehole, The Life of Captain James Cook (London: Hakluyt Society, 1974), p.410, 423, 438; Sobel, Longitude, p. 149-150.

114

Beaglehole, Exploration, p. 311; Sobel, Longitude, p. 144, 154-155; Gould, “Harrison”, p. 126.

115

Frédéric Philippe Marguet, Histoire de la longitude à la mer au XVIIIe siècle, en France (Paris: Auguste Challamel), p. 217.

116

Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p.93-121; Michael Pearson, The Indian Ocean (New York: Routledge, 2003), chapter 5.

117

Ronald Findlay and Kevin O’Rourke, Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), p. 140-151.

118

Findlay and O’Rourke, Power and Plenty, p. 129.

119

J. H. Parry, The Discovery of the Sea (New York: Dial Press, 1974), p. 166-178; Subrahmanyam, Career, p. 129-137.

120

C. R. Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825 (New York: Knopf, 1969), p. 37; Subrahmanyam, Career, p. 160.

121

Parry, Discovery, p. 183.

122

Subrahmanyam, Career, p.151-182; Boies Penrose, Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 1420-1620 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960), p. 55-58.

123

J. H. Parry, The Age of Reconnaissance: Discovery, Exploration and Settlement, 1450-1650 (Cleveland: World Publishing, 1963), p. 142-143; Parry, Discovery, p. 253; Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, Estudios sobre naviosportuguezes nos secolosXV eXVI (Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciencias, 1892), p.53; Subrahma-nyam, Career, p. 195-226.

124

Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500-1700: A Political and Economic History (New York: Longman, 1993), p. 66.

125

Palmira Brummett, Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery (Albany: SUNY Press, 1994), p. 111-115; Jean Louis Baqué-Grammont and Anne Kriegel, Mamlouks, Ottomans et Portugais en Mer Rouge: L’Affaire de Djedda en 1517, Supplément aux Annales islamologiques, no.12 (Cairo: Institut français, 1988), p. 1-2; Subrahmanyam, Career, p. 255-256.

126

Saturnino Monteiro, Batalhas e combates da Marinha Portuguesa, vol. 1: 1139-1521 (Lisbon: Livraria Sáda Costa Editora, 1989), p.177-192; P.J.Marshall, “Western Arms in Maritime Asia in the Early Phases of Expansion”, Modern Asian Studies 14, no.1 (1980), p.18; Peter Padfield, Guns at Sea (New York: St. Martin’s, 1974), p. 25-28; K. M. Panikkar, Asia and Western Dominance (New York: Macmillan, 1969), p.37; Brummett, Ottoman Seapower, p. 112-114.

127

Edgar Prestage, Afonso de Albuquerque, Governor of India: His Life, Conquests, and Administration (Watford, England: E.Prestage, 1929), p. 27-31; Parry, Discovery, p. 254.

128

Parry, Age of Reconnaissance, p. 143-145; Panikkar, Asia, p. 39-41; Prestage, Afonso de Albuquerque, p. 37-44.

129

G. R. Crone, The Discovery of the East (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1972), p. 54; Eila M. J. Campbell, “Discovery and the Technical Setting, 1420-1520”, Terrae Incognitae 8 (1976), p. 14.

130

Цит. по: Carlo Cipolla, Guns, Sails and Empires: Technological Innovation and the Early Phases of European Expansion, 1400-1700 (New York: Random House, 1965), p. 137.

131

Graham Irwin, “Malacca Fort”, Journal of South-East Asian History 3, no. 2 (Singapore, 1962), p. 19-24; Parry, Discovery, p. 254-256.

132

The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires: An Account of the East,from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515, цитата из Parry, Discovery, p. 256.

133

Parry, Discovery, p. 256-257; Penrose, Travel and Discovery, p. 62-64.

134

Цит. по: Subrahmanyam, Portuguese Empire, p. 65.

135

Salih Õzbaran, “The Ottoman Turks and the Portuguese in the Persian Gulf, 1534-1581”, Journal of Asian History 6, no. 1 (1972), p. 46-47; John F. Guilmartin, Jr., Gunpowder and Galleys: Changing Technology and Mediterranean Warfare at Sea in the 16th Century, 2nd ed. (London: Conway Maritime Press, 2003), p. 8-9; Prestage, Afonso de Albuquerque, p. 53-61.

136

Ian V. Hogg, A History of Artillery (Feltham, England: Hamlyn, 1974), chapter 1; Cipolla, Guns, Sails and Empires, p. 21-22, 75, 104.

137

Roger C. Smith, Vanguard of Empire: Ships of Exploration in the Age of Columbus (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p.153-154; Geoffrey Parker, The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 84-90; Parry, Age of Reconnaissance, p. 117-118.

138

Kenneth W. Chase, Firearms: A Global History to 1700 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 134; Smith, Vanguard, p. 157; Padfield, Guns at Sea, p. 25-29; Parry, Age of Reconnaissance, p.115, 122, 14°. Номенклатура орудий отличается сложностью и запутанностью, особенно для перевода; Хогг (Hogg, History of'Artillery, p. 28) предлагает два списка названий орудий вместе с их характеристиками: один, датируемый 1574 г., второй – 1628 г.

139

Subrahmanyam, Portuguese Empire, p. 109-112; Parker, Military Revolution, p. 105. См. также: Simon Digby, “The Maritime Trade of India”, in Tapan Raychaudhuri and Irfan Habib, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), vol. 1, p. 152; Boxer, Portuguese Seaborne Empire, p. 44.

140

Philip T.Hoffman, “Why Is It That Europeans Ended Up Conquering the Rest of the Globe? Prices, the Military Revolution, and Western Europe’s Comparative Advantage in Violence”, http://gpih.ucdavis.edu/files/Hoffman.pdf.

141

Бронзовые орудия появились в Европе намного раньше, уже к XV в. – Прим. ред.

142

William H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power, p.100; Уильям Макнил, В погоне за мощью, с. 110; Parry, Age of Reconnaissance, p. 118-120; Padfield, Guns at Sea, p. 29; Smith, Vanguard, p. 154-155.

143

Цит. по: Chase, Firearms, p. 134.

144

Padfield, Guns at Sea, p. 26-27; Parker, Military Revolution, p. 94.

145

Afonso d’Alboquerque, Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque, 4 vols., trans. Walter de Gray Birch (London: Hakluyt Society, 1875-84), vol. 1, p. 112-113.

146

Malyn Newitt, “Portuguese Amphibious Warfare in the East in the Sixteenth Century (1500-1520)”, in D. J. B. Trim and Mark Charles Fissel, eds., Amphibious Warfare, 1000-1700: Commerce, State Formation and European Expansion (Leiden: Brill, 2006), chapter 4.

147

Bacqué-Grammont and Kriegel, Mamlouks, p. 2-7; Brummett, Ottoman Seapower, 115-118. См. также: Dejanirah Couto, “Les Ottomans et l’Inde Portugaise”, in Vasco da Gama e a India: Conferência Internacional, Paris, 11-13 Maio, 1998, 3 vols. (Lisbon: Fundacao Calouste Goulbenkian, 1999), vol. 1, p. 181-200.

148

Giancarlo Casale, “The Ottoman Age of Exploration: Spices, Maps and Conquest in the Sixteenth-Century Indian Ocean” (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 2004), p.8-9. Я крайне признателен Джанкарло Казале за возможность ознакомиться с его диссертацией и привести выдержки из нее.

149

Gabor Agoston, Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).

150

Andrew C. Hess, “The Evolution of the Ottoman Seaborne Empire in the Age of Oceanic Discoveries, 1453-1525”, American Historical Review 75 (1970), p. 1910; Bacqué-Grammont and Krie-gel, Mamlouks, p. 21-46; Guilmartin, Gunpowder and Galleys, P. 9-13.

151

Casale, “Ottoman Age”, p. 85-86.

152

Casale, “Ottoman Age”, p. 126.

153

Ibid., p. 91-101; Monteiro, Batalhas e combates da Marinha Portuguesa, vol. 2: 1522-1538, p. 320-332.

154

Casale, “Ottoman Age”, p. 94-104, 334; см. также: Salih Ozbaran, “Ottoman Naval Policy in the South”, in Metin Kunt and Christine Woodhead, eds., Suleyman the Magnificent and His Age: The Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern World (London: Longman, 1995), p. 59-60.

155

Casale, “Ottoman Age”, p. 110-118.

156

Ozbaran, “Ottoman Naval Policy”, p. 64.

157

Casale, “Ottoman Age”, p. 148-154.

158

Casale, “Ottoman Age”, p. 326.

159

Ibid., p. 53-54, 80-83, 139-140.

160

Ibid., p. 199-200.

161

John H. Pryor, Geography, Technology, and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 649-1571 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 71-77; Martin van Cre-veld, Technology and War: From 2000 B.C. to the Present (New York: Free Press, 1989), p. 63, 127-133; Guilmartin, Gunpowder and Galleys, p. 23n2, 206, 226-227; McNeill, Pursuit of Power, p. 99-100; Уильям Мак-Нил, В погоне за мощью, с. 109-110; Parker, Military Revolution, p. 84-85.

162

Guilmartin, Gunpowder and Galleys, p. 199-207.

163

Michael E.Mallett and John R.Hale, The Military Organization of a Renaissance State: Venice, c. 1400 to 1617 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 400.

164

Casale, “Ottoman Age”, p. 10.

165

Цит. по: Ahsan Jan Qaisar, The Indian Response to European Technology and Culture, A.D. 1498-1707 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 25.

166

Panikkar, Asia, p. 43.

167

Qaisar, Indian Response, p. 44-45.

168

Parry, Age of Reconnaissance, p. 143.

169

Percival Spear, A History of India, vol. 2: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century (London: Penguin, 1978), p. 21-23; Qaisar, Indian Response, p. 46-48; Cipolla, Guns, Sails and Empires, p. 127-128.

170

Цит. по: M.N.Pearson, “Portuguese India and the Mughals”, in Vasco da Gama e a India, vol. 1, p. 233.

171

K.S.Mathew, “Akbar and the Portuguese Maritime Dominance”, in Irfan Habib, ed., Akbar and His India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 256-265; Pearson, “Portuguese India”, p. 226-233.

172

Atul Chandra Roy, A History of the Mughal Navy and Naval Warfare (Calcutta: World Press, 1972), chapter 7; Qaisar, Indian Response, p. 45.

173

John Fryar, A New Account of East India and Persia, Being Nine Years’ Travel, 1672-81, ed. W.Crooke, 3 vols. (London, 1909-1915), vol. 1, p. 302; цитата из Qaisar, Indian Response, p. 46.

174

Findlay and O’Rourke, Power and Plenty, p.152-153, 201; Subrahmanyam, Portuguese Empire, 133-137; Parker, Military Revolution, p. 105-112; Casale, “Ottoman Age”, p. 177-178, 188, 199-204, 223, 248.

175

Согласно Паркеру, в 1522 г. у португальцев было 60 кораблей и 1073 артиллерийских орудия: Parker, Military Revolution, p. 104.

176

Casale, “Ottoman Age”, p. 144-190.

177

Casale, “Ottoman Age”, p. 245-276.

178

A. J. R. Russell-Wood, The Portuguese Empire, 1415-1808: A World on the Move (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), p. 23-32; Findlay and O’Rourke, Power and Plenty, p. 157.

179

Casale, “Ottoman Age”, p. 124-125, 164-165, 280.

180

Patricia Risso, Oman and Muscat: An Early Modern History (New York: St.Martin’s, 1986), p. 11-13, 12°; Boxer, Portuguese Seaborne Empire, p. 133-134.

181

Boxer, Portuguese Seaborne Empire, p. 136-137.

182

Cipolla, Guns, Sails and Empires, p. 31.

183

Чарльз Тилли проводит различия между империями, основанными на грубой силе, например испанской, задачей которых было завоевание земель, заселение их колонистами, использование принудительного труда и поборы, и капиталоемкими империями, например голландской и английской, основанными на торговых монополиях. Очевидно, что португальцы занимали промежуточное положение в этой классификации. См.: Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), p. 91-95; Чарльз Тилли, Принуждение, капать и европейские государства. 990-1992 гг. (Москва: Территория будущего, 2009), с. 140-146.

184

Clinton R.Edwards, “The Impact of European Oceanic Discoveries on Ship Design and Construction during the Sixteenth Century”, GeoJournal 26, no.4 (1992), p. 443-457; Van Cre-veld, Technology and War, p. 134.

185

Cipolla, Guns, Sails and Empires, p. 37-43, 71-73; Van Creveld, Technology and War, p. 133.

186

Простейшее устройство для подъема или перемещения грузов посредством гибкой связи, многократно огибающей подвижные и неподвижные блоки. – Прим. ред.

187

Stephen Morillo, Michael Pavkovic, Paul Lococo, and Michael Palmer, War in History: Society, Technology and Warfrom Ancient Times to the Present (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004), chapter 20.

188

Smith, Vanguard, p. 12.

189

C. R. Boxer, The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1600—1800 (New York: Knopf, 1965), p. 197; Parry, Age of Reconnaissance, p. 200.

190

Irwin, “Malacca Fort”, p. 27-41.

191

Boxer, Dutch Seaborne Empire, p. 295-300.

192

О голландской морской империи см.: Pearson, The Indian Ocean, p. 145-151; Morillo et al., War in History, chapter 18.

193

Morillo et al., War in History, chapter 20.

194

Qaisar, Indian Response, p. 44.

195

Spear, History of India, vol. 2, p. 65-68.

196

Tien-Tse Chang [Tianze Zhang], Sino-Portuguese Trade from 1512-1644 (Leiden: Brill, 1934), p.35-89; Derek Massarel-la, A World Elsewhere: Europe’s Encounter with Japan in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), p. 22-23.

197

Chase, Firearms, p. 32-33.

198

Цит. по: Chang, Sino-Portuguese Trade, p. 51.

199

Cipolla, Guns, Sails and Empires, p. 114-118.

200

Cipolla, Guns, Sails and Empires, p.125-126; см. также: Parker, Military Revolution, p. 84.

201

John E.Wills, Jr., Pepper, Guns and Parleys: The Dutch East India Company and China, 1622-1681 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974), p. 1.

202

Wills, Jr., Pepper, Guns and Parleys, p. 22-23. Кроме голландцев и китайцев в прибрежных водах Китая действовала и третья сила, пираты, которые временами присоединялись к голландцам, а временами сражались против них; см.: Tonio Andrade, “The Company’s Chinese Pirates: How the Dutch East India Company Tried to Lead a Coalition of Pirates to War against China, 1621-1662”, Journal of World History 15, no. 4 (December 2004), p. 415-444.

203

William Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch, Describedfrom Contemporary Records, with Explanatory Notes and a Bibliography of the Island (1903; reprint, Taipei: Ch’eng-wen Publishing, 1967), p. 426-455; Chase, Firearms, p. 157-158; Boxer, Dutch Seaborne Empire, p. 144-146; Parker, Military Revolution, p. 112-114.

204

Cipolla, Guns, Sails and Empires, p. 127.

205

Findlay and O’Rourke, Power and Plenty, p.170-171; Parry, Age of Discovery, p. 191; Cipolla, Guns, Sails and Empires, p. 112-27; Massarella, World Elsewhere, p. 39-40.

206

См., к примеру, Richard Harding, The Evolution of the Sailing Navy, 1509-1815 (New York: St. Martin’s, 1995); Harding, Seapower and Naval Warfare, 1650-1830 (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1999); Robert Gardiner, ed., The Line of Battle: The Sailing Warship, 1650-1840 (London: Conway Maritime, 1992); Peter Padfield, Maritime Supremacy and the Opening of the Western Mind: Naval Campaigns That Shaped the Modern World, 1588-1782 (London: J. Murray, 1999).

207

John J.Johnson, “The Introduction of the Horse into the Western Hemisphere”, Hispanic American Historical Review 23 (November 1942), p. 587-610.

208

Pablo Martín Gómez, Hombres y armas en la conquista de México (Madrid: Almena, 2001), p. 67-70; Johnson, “Introduction of the Horse”, p. 599.

209

John Grier Varner and Jeanette Johnson Varner, Dogs of the Con

quest (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983), p. 4-8, 61-66; Alberto Mario Salas, Las armas de la conquista (Buenos Aires: Emecé, 1950), p. 159-166.

210

William H. McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (Garden City, N.Y.: Double day, 1976), chapter 3: “Confluence of Disease Pools, 500 B.C.-A.D. 1200”. Со своей стороны, Америка «одарила» Старый Свет сифилисом; см.: Kristin H. Harper et al., “On the Origin of the Trepanematoses: A Phylogenetic Approach”, PLoS: Neglected Tropical Diseases (January 2008) in http://www.plos-ntds.org (по состоянию на 28 января 2008 г.).

211

Alfred Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), p.197-98; Suzanne Austin Alchon, A Pest in the Land: New World Epidemics in a Global Perspective (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2003), p. 15.

212

Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Socie ties (New York: Norton, 1997), p.212-213; McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, p. 201.

213

Elizabeth Fenn, Pox Americana: The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775-1782 (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001), p. 25-28.

214

То же самое происходило и при контакте с обитателями островов, которые долгое время были изолированы от очага болезней Старого Света, например с полинезийцами или с гуанчами, жителями Канарских островов; см.: Crosby, Ecological Imperialism, p. 92-94 and chapter 10.

215

Russell Thornton, American Indian Holocaust and Survival (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987), p. 22-25; John W. Verano and Douglas H.Uberlaker, eds., Disease and Demography in the Americas (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992), p.171-174. Для ознакомления с опасностями домыслов в демографических показателях см.: David Henige, Numbers from Nowhere: The American Indian Contact Population Debate (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998), и Woodrow Borah, “The Historical Demography of Aboriginal and Colonial America: An Attempt at Perspective”, chapter 1 in William M. Denevan, ed., The Native Population of the Americas in 1492, 2nd ed. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1992).

216

The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel, ed. and trans. Ralph L.Roy (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1933), p. 83, цитата из Noble David Cook and W George Lovell, “Unraveling the Web of Disease”, in Noble David Cook and W George Lovell, eds., “Secret Judgment of God”: Old World Disease in Colonial Spanish America (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992), p. 213.

217

Thornton, American Indian Holocaust, p. 22-25, 40.

218

Angel Rosenblat, “The Population of Hispaniola at the Time of Columbus”, chapter 2, in Denevan, Native Population. Нобл Дэвид Кук оценивает население Эспаньолы в предшествовавший контакту с европейцами период примерно в полмиллиона человек; см.: Noble David Cook, Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492-1650 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 23-24.

219

Kenneth F. Kiple and Brian T. Higgins, “Yellow Fever and the Africanization of the Caribbean”, in Verano and Uberlaker, Disease and Demography, p. 237; Cook and Lovell, “Secret Judgment”, p. 213-242.

220

Об оспе см.: Donald R.Hopkins, The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), p. 204-205; Sheldon J.Watts, Epidemics and History: Disease, Power and Imperialism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), chapter 3; Alfred W.Crosby, The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1972), p. 45-47; McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, 206-207.

221

Robert McCaa, “Spanish and Nahuatl Views on Smallpox and Demographic Catastrophe in Mexico”, in Robert I. Rot-berg, ed., Health and Disease in Human History (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2000), p. 175; Crosby, Columbian Exchange, p. 44-49; Cook, Born to Die, p. 23-24.

222

Bernardino de Sahagun, Codex Florentino, цитата из Miguel León-Portilla, ed., The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico (Boston: Beacon Press, 1992), p. 38-39.

223

См. об этом: Ross Hassig, Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1988), p. 242.

224

Об оружии и доспехах ацтеков см.: Hassig, Aztec Warfare, p. 75-86, и Martin Gómez, Hombres y armas, p. 22-24.

225

Hassig, Aztec Warfare, p. 237-238; Martin Gómez, Hombres y armas, p. 18-25.

226

Bernal Díaz del Castillo, The True History of the Conquest of New Spain, trans. and ed. Alfred Percival Maudslay, 5 vols. (London: Hakluyt Society, 1908-16), vol. 2, p. 127; Берналь Диас де Кастильо, Правдивая история завоевания Новой Испании (Москва: Форум, 2000), с. 86 (места, выделенные скобками, опущены в русском переводе).

227

Цит. по: Salas, Las armas de la conquista, p. 159.

228

Alan Knight, Mexico: From the Beginning to the Spanish Conquest (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 229-231; Martín Gómez, Hombres y armas, p. 59-64, 114-116.

229

Ross Hassig, Mexico and the Spanish Conquest (New York: Longman, 1994), p. 149.

230

William W. Greener, The Gun and Its Development, 9th ed. (New York: Bonanza, 1910), p. 54-61; Hassig, Mexico, p. 38; Hassig, Aztec Warfare, p. 237-238; Martín Gómez, Hombres y armas, p. 99-101. Об артиллерии XVI века см.: Joseph Jobé, Guns: An Illustrated History of Artillery (Greenwich, Conn.: New York Graphic Society, 1971), p. 29-32.

231

Diaz del Castillo, True History, vol. 2, p. 244-246.

232

Sahagún, Codex Florentino; цит. по: León-Portilla, Broken Spears, p. 93.

233

Hanns Prem, “Disease Outbreaks in Central Mexico during the Sixteenth Century”, in Cook and Lovell, “Secret Judgment”, p. 24-26; McCaa, “Spanish and Nahuatl Views”, p. 169.

234

Crosby, Columbian Exchange, p. 48.

235

Hassig, Mexico, p. 101-102.

236

Сведения об осаде Теночтитлана см. в: Martín Gómez, Hombres y armas, p. 146-151, и Hassig, Mexico, p. 121-149.

237

Подробные сведения об испанских судах, участвовавших в штурме города, см. в: Clinton H.Gardiner, Naval Power in the Conquest of Mexico (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1956), P.129_179. См. также: Martín Gómez, Hombres y armas, p. 121-152, и Hassig, Mexico, 121-149.

238

McCaa, “Spanish and Nahuatl Views”, p. 193.

239

Noble David Cook, “Impact of Disease in the Sixteenth-Century Andean World”, in Verano and Uberlaker, Disease and Demography, p. 210; Alfred Crosby, Germs, Seeds and Animals: Studies in Ecological History (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E.Sharpe, 1994), p. 100-101; Crosby, Columbian Exchange, p. 38-43; Prem, “Disease Outbreaks”, p. 20-48; Thornton, American Indian Holocaust, p. 44-45; McCaa, “Spanish and Nahuatl Views”, p. 184-197; McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, p. 209-210.

240

McCaa, “Spanish and Nahuatl Views”, p. 190-191.

241

Первоисточником рассказа о покорении данных территорий является Берналь Диас дель Кастильо. Самым известным (хотя и потерявшим актуальность) англоязычным источником является следующий, выдержавший множество последующих изданий труд: William H.Prescott, History of the Conquest of Mexico (New York: Hooper, Clark and Company, 1843). Из недавних работ лучшей является публикация Хассига (Hassig, Mexico'), но см. также: Martín Gómez, Hombres y armas, и León-Portilla, Broken Spears.

242

Philip W. Powell, Soldiers, Indians, and Silver: The Northward Advance of New Spain (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1952), p. 10-14; John F. Richards, The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), p. 354.

243

Цит. по: Powell, Soldiers, Indians, and Silver, p. 50.

244

John F. Guilmartin, Jr., “The Cutting Edge: An Analysis of the Spanish Invasion and Overthrow of the Inca Empire, 1532-1539”, in Kenneth Andrien and Rolena Adorno, eds., Transatlantic Encounters: Europeans and Andeans in the Sixteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), p. 41-48; John Hemming, The Conquest of the Incas (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973), p. 5-27.

245

Для дополнительной информации об эпидемии оспы в Андах см.: Cook, “Impact of Disease”, p. 207-208; Crosby, Columbian Exchange, p. 52-55; Hopkins, The Greatest Killer, p. 208-210; Diamond, Guns, p. 77-88.

246

Hemming, Conquest of the Incas. Для более подробных сведений о событиях, произошедших в Кахамарке, см.: Diamond, Guns, p. 67-81.

247

Hemming, Conquest of the Incas, p. 112. Согласно Саласу (Salas, Las armas de la conquista, p.138), стоимость лошадей составляла от 1000 до 4000 золотых песо. Для сравнения: стоимость меча составляла восемь песо, кинжала – три, копья – один.

248

Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, Comentários reales de los Incas, ed. Carlos Araníbar (Lima and Madrid: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1991), vol. 1, p. 158.

249

Guilmartin, “The Cutting Edge”, p. 41-61; Hemming, Conquest of the Incas, 107-116, 192-195.

250

Ricardo E. Latcham, La capacidad guerrera de los Araucanos: Sus armas y métodos militares (Santiago de Chile: Imprenta Universitária, 1915), p.4-25; A.Jara, Guerre et société au Chili: Essai de sociologie coloniale: La transformation de la guerre d’Araucanie et l’esclavage des Indiens, du début de la conquête espagnole aux débuts de l’esclavage légal (Paris: Institut des études de l’Amérique latine, 1961), p.51-61; John M.Cooper, “The Araucanians”, in Julian H. Stewart, ed., Handbook of South American Indians (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1946-59), vol. 2, p. 687-760; Sergio Villalobos R., Vida fronteriza en la Araucanía: El mito de la Guerra de Arauco (Barcelona and Santiago de Chile: Editorial Andrés Bello, 1995), p.27; Brian Loveman, Chile: The Legacy of Hispanic Capitalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 53-59.

251

Jaime Eyzaguirre, Historia de Chile (Santiago: Zig-Zag, 1982), p. 69-73; “Araucanos”, in Enciclopédia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana, vol. 5, p. 1233; “Chile” in ibid., vol. 17, p. 345; Latcham, La capacidadguerrera, p. 12-33.

252

Louis de Armond, “Frontier Warfare in Colonial Chile”, Pacific Historical Review 33 (1954), p. 126-128; Latcham, La capacidad guerrera, p. 27-35, 48-50; Jara, Guerre et société, p. 62.

253

Armond, “Frontier Warfare”, p.125-128; Patricia Cerda-Hegerl, Fronteras del Sur: La region del Bío Bío y la Araucanía chilena, 1604-1833 (Temuco, Chile: Ediciones Universidad de la Fron-tera, 1996), p. 13-14; Jara, Guerre et société, p. 63-68; Latcham, La capacidad guerrera, p. 36-38.

254

Armond, “Frontier Warfare”, p. 129-131.

255

Sergio Villalobos R., La vidafronteriza en Chile (Madrid: Editorial MAPFRE, 1992), p. 13-14; Jorge Pinto Rodríguez, Araucanía y Pampas, un mundofronterizo en América del Sur (Temuco, Chile: Ediciones Universidad de la Frontera, 1996), p. 15-21; Cerda-Hegerl, Fronteras del Sur, p.13-29; Armond, “Frontier Warfare”, p. 130-132; Hemming, Conquest of the Incas, p. 461; Latcham, La capacidad guerrera, p. 50-51.

256

Fernando Casanueva, “Smallpox and War in Southern Chile in the Late Eighteenth Century”, in Cook and Lovell, “Secret Judgment”, p. 183-212; Villalobos, Vida front er iza, p. 8-15, 35-36; Latcham, La capacidad guerrera, p. 60-68; Cerda-Hegerl, Fronteras del Sur, p. 15-17; Cooper, “The Arauca-nians”, vol. 2, p. 696.

257

Rómulo Muniz, Los indios pampas (Buenos Aires: Editorial Bragado, 1966), p. 20-21; Alfred J. Tapson, “Indian Warfare on the Pampas during the Colonial Period”, Hispanic American Historical Review 42 (February 1962), p. 2-3.

258

Madaline W.Nichols, “The Spanish Horse of the Pampas”, American Anthropologist 41, no. 1 (1939), p. 119-129; Dionisio Schoo Lastra, El indio del desierto, 1535-1879 (Buenos Aires: Editorial Goncourt, 1977), p. 23-26; Carlos Villafuerte, Indios y gauchos en las pampas del sur (Buenos Aires: Corregidor, 1989), p. 16-18; Prudencio de la C. Mendoza, Historia de la ganadería argentina (Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Agricultura, 1928), p. 11-14.

259

Tapson, “Indian Warfare on the Pampas”, p. 5n21.

260

Robert M. Denhardt, The Horse of the Americas, rev. ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1975), p. 171-175; Villafuerte, Indios y gauchos, p. 19; Muniz, Los indios pampas, p. 36; Nichols, “Spanish Horse of the Pampas”, p. 127-129.

261

Felix de Azara, The Natural History of the Quadrupeds of Paraguay and the River La Plata, trans. W. Perceval Hunter (Edinburgh: A. & C.Black, 1838), p.13-14; Villafuerte, Indiosy gauchos, p. 20-26; Muniz, Los indios pampas, p. 36-38; Mendoza, Historia, p. 13; Tapson, “Indian Warfare on the Pampas”, p. 5-6.

262

Salvador Canals Frau, Las poblaciones indígenas de la Argentina: Suorígen, supasado, su presente (Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudameri-cana, 1953), p. 534-538; Frau, “Expansion of the Araucanians in Argentina”, in Handbook of South American Indians, vol. 2, p. 761-766; Cooper, “The Araucanians”, vol. 2, p. 688; Tapson, “Indian Warfare on the Pampas”, p. 6; Villafuerte, Indios y gauchos, p. 26; Nichols, “Spanish Horse of the Pampas”, p. 129.

263

Tapson, “Indian Warfare on the Pampas”, p. 1-27.

264

Peter Farb, Man’s Rise to Civilization as Shown by the Indians of North America from Primeval Time to the Coming of the Industrial State, 2nd ed. (New York: Bantam, 1978), p. 113.

265

Clark Wissler, “The Influence of the Horse in the Development of Plains Culture”, American Anthropologist 16, no. 1 (1914), p. 1-25; Francis Haines, “Where Did the Plains Indians Get Their Horses?” American Anthropologist 40, no. 1 (1938), p. 112-117.

266

Bernard Mishkin, “Rank and Warfare among the Plains Indians”, Monographs of the American Ethnological Society, no. 3 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992), p.5-6; Bradley Smith, The Horse in the West (New York: World, 1969), p. 16.

267

Frank Raymond Secoy, Changing Military Patterns on the Great Plains (17th Century through Early 19th Century) (Locust Valley, N.Y.: Augustin, 1953), p. 20-38; Frank Gilbert Roe, The Indian and the Horse (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1955), p. 72-122; Theodore Binnema, Common and Contested Ground: A Human and Environmental History of the Northwest Plains (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001), p. 86-106. См. также: Farb, Man’s Rise to Civilization, p. 115; Denhardt, The Horse, p. 92-111; Smith, The Horse in the West, p. 14.

268

Colin G. Calloway, “The Inter-tribal Balance of Power on the Great Plains, 1760-1850”, Journal of American Studies 16 (April 1982), p. 25-48.

269

Walter Prescott Webb, The Great Plains (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1931), p.58-67; Mishkin, “Rank and Warfare”, p. 10-12, 57-60; Roe, Indian and the Horse, p. 219-232.

270

Webb, The Great Plains, p. 138.

271

Crosby, Columbian Exchange, p. 104.

272

Mishkin, “Rank and Warfare”, p. 5.

273

Dauril Alden and Joseph C. Miller, “Out of Africa: The Slave Trade and the Transmission of Smallpox to Brazil, 1560-1831”, in Rotberg, Health and Disease, p. 203-230; Hopkins, The Greatest Killer, p. 215-219.

274

Цит. по: Tapson, “Indian Warfare on the Pampas”, p. 4.

275

Цит. по: Crosby, Ecological Imperialism, p. 209-215.

276

Crosby, Ecological Imperialism, p. 202; Crosby, Columbian Exchange, p. 40-41.

277

Цит. по: Thornton, American Indian Holocaust, p. 75.

278

Цит. по: Crosby, Ecological Imperialism, p. 208.

279

McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, p. 249-251.

280

Hopkins, The Greatest Killer, p. 262-269.

281

Fenn, Pox Americana, p. 88-89, 210-223; Crosby, Germs, Seeds and Animals, p. 98; Crosby, Ecological Imperialism, p. 203; Thornton, American Indian Holocaust, p. 91-94; Calloway, “Inter-tribal Balance of Power”, p. 41-43.

282

Esther W. Stearn and Allen E. Stearn, The Effect of Smallpox on the Destiny of the Amerindian (Boston: Bruce Humphreys, 1945), p. 74.

283

R. G. Robertson, Rotting Face: Smallpox and the American Indian (Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Press, 2001), p. 239-311; см. также: Thornton, American Indian Holocaust, p. 94-96. Согласно Хопкинсу (Hopkins, The Greatest Killer, p. 271), число выживших среди манданов составило лишь 27 человек.

284

Stearn and Stearn, Effect of Smallpox, p. 89-90.

285

Hopkins, The Greatest Killer, p. 273-274; Calloway, “Inter-tribal Balance of Power”, p. 46.

286

Thornton, American Indian Holocaust, p. 42.

287

Philip D. Curtin, The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 79-81.

288

David Watts, The West Indies: Patterns of Development, Culture and Environmental Change since 1492 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 215, 225, 353.

289

John R. McNeill, “Ecology, Epidemics and Empires: Environmental Change and the Geopolitics of Tropical America, 1600-1825”, Environment and History 5, no. 2 (1999), p. 175-184; McNeill, “Yellow Jack and Geopolitics: Environments, Epidemics, and the Struggles for Empire in the American Tropics, 1640-1830”, in Alf Hornborg, J. R. McNeill, and Joan Martí-nez-Alier, eds., Rethinking Environmental History: World-System History and Global Environmental Change (Lanham, Md.: Altamira Press, 2007), p. 199-217; Kiple and Higgins, “Yellow Fever”, p. 239. Как это ни странно, но желтая лихорадка была неизвестна населению тропической Азии и редко появлялась в Европе; см.: Philip Curtin, Death by Migration: Europe’s Encounter with the Tropical World in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 17-18, 130.

290

J. McNeill, “Ecology”, p. 175-179; Kiple and Higgins, “Yellow Fever”, p. 239-245.

291

J. McNeill, “Ecology”, p. 180-181.

292

Hopkins, The Greatest Killer, p. 213-314.

293

Philip D. Curtin, The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex: Essays in Atlantic History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, юз0), p. 38.

294

Philip D. Curtin, Disease and Empire: The Health of European Troops in the Conquest of Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 5-9; Curtin, Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex, p. 38-39, 80-81; Michael Colbourne, Malaria in Africa (London: Oxford University Press, 1966), p. 13.

295

Kenneth F. Kiple and Brian T. Higgins, “Yellow Fever and the Africanization of the Caribbean”, in John W. Verano and Douglas H. Uberlaker, eds., Disease and Demography in the Americas (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982), p.239.

296

Rita Headrick, Colonialism, Health and Illness in French Equatorial Africa, 1885-1935 (Atlanta: African Studies Association Press, 1994), p. 43, 67-68.

297

René-Jules Cornet, Médecine et exploration: Premiers contacts de quelques explorateurs de l’Afrique centrale avec les maladies tropicales (Brussels: Académie royale des sciences d’outre-mer, 1970), P. 7.

298

David Birmingham, Trade and Conflict in Angola: The Mbun-du and Their Neighbors under the Influence of the Portuguese, 1483-1790 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966), p. 12-28;James Duffy, Portugal in Africa (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962), p. 49-50; C. R. Boxer, Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion, 1415-1825 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), p. 29-31.

299

John Thornton, “The Art of War in Angola, 1575-1680”, Comparative Studies in Society and History 30, no. 2 (1988), p. 360-378.

300

Thomas H. Henriksen, Mozambique: A History (London: Collings, 1978), p. 36-36.

301

Eric Axelson, Portuguese in South-East Africa, 1488—1600 (Johannesburg: C. Struik, 1973), p. 152-158; Terry H. Elkiss, The Quest for an African Eldorado: Sofala, Southern Zambezi, and the Portuguese, 1500-1865 (Waltham, Mass.: Crossroads Press, 1981), p. 39-40; Malyn D. D. Newitt, A History of Mozambique (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995), p.56-57; Henriksen, Mozambique, p. 38.

302

Richard Gray, “Portuguese Musketeers on the Zambezi”, Journal of African History 12 (1971), p. 531-533; Axelson, 1488-1600, p. 158-161; Elkiss, The Quest, p. 40-41; Newitt, History, p. 57-58.

303

Malyn D. D. Newitt, Portuguese Settlement on the Zambezi: Explorati on, Land Tenure, and Colonial Rule in East Africa (New York: Africana Publishing, 1973), p. 36-38; см. также: Eric Axelson, Portuguese in South-East Africa, 1600-1700 (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1960), p. 157-164; Henriksen, Mozambique, p. 43; Gray, “Portuguese Musketeers”, p. 532-533.

304

João de Barros, Decada Primeira, livro 3, cap.xii (Lisbon, 1552); цитата из Boxer, Four Centuries, p. 27.

305

K. G. Davies, “The Living and the Dead: White Mortality in West Africa, 1684-1732”, in Stanley L. Engerman and Eugene D. Genovese, eds., Race and Slavery in the Western Hemisphere: Quantitative Studies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), p. 83-98.

306

Davies, “The Living and the Dead”, p. 96.

307

Dennis G. Carlson, African Fever: A Study of British Science, Technology, and Politics in West Africa, 1787-1864 (Canton, Mass.: Science History Publications, 1984), p. 5-9.

308

Philip D. Curtin, The Image of Africa: British Ideas and Actions, 1780-1850 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964), p. 165, 181, 483-487; Michael Gelfand, Rivers of Death in Africa (London: Oxford University Press, 1964), p. 18-20; Gelfand, Livingstone the Doctor, His Life and Travels: A Medical History (Oxford: Blackwell, 1957), p. 3, 12. См. также: Carlson, African Fever, p. 11-14, и Cornet, Médecine et exploration, chapter 2.

309

Philip D. Curtin, Death by Migration: Europe’s Encounter with the Tropical World in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 7-8; см. также: Curtin, Disease and Empire, p. 3-4.

310

Philip D. Curtin, “Epidemiology and the Slave Trade”, Political Science Quarterly 82, no. 2 (June 1968), p. 210-211.

311

Bruce Lenman, “The Transition to European Military Ascendancy in India, 1600-1800”, in John A. Lynn, ed., Tools of War: Instruments, Ideas, and Institutions of Warfare, 1445-1871 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990), p. 105-112; Lenman, Britain’s Colonial Wars, 1688-1783 (New York: Longman, 2001), p. 83-91.

312

О процессе развала государства Великих Моголов см.: Ronald Findlay and Kevin H. O’Rourke, Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), p. 262-264.

313

Channa Wickremesekera, Best Black Troops in the World: British Perceptions and the Making of the Sepoy, 1746-1805 (New Delhi: Manohar, 2002), p. 44-45, 78-79; J°s Gommans, “Warhorse and Gunpowder in India, c. 1000-1850”, in Jeremy Black, ed., War in the Early Modern World, 1450-1815 (London: UCL Press, 199), p. 105-128; Bruce P. Lenman, “Weapons of War in Eighteenth-Century India”, Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 36 (1968), p. 35-42; Lenman, “Transition”, p. 119-120.

314

Ah san Jan Qaisar, The Indian Response to European Technology and Culture, A.D. 1498-1707 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), p.46-57; Charles R.Boxer, “Asian Potentates and European Artillery in the 16th-18th Centuries: A Footnote to Gibson-Hill”, in Charles R. Boxer, ed., Portuguese Conquest and Commerce in Southern Asia, 1500-1750 (London: Variorum, 1985), p. 158-160; Lenman, “Weapons”, p.34; Carlo Cipolla, Guns, Sails, and Empires: Technological Innovation and the Early Phases of European Expansion, 1400-1700 (New York: Random House, 1965), p.105-111; Surendra Nath Sen, The Military System of the Marathas, 2nd ed. (Calcutta: K.P. Bagchi, 1958), p. 106-107.

315

Kaushik Roy, “Military Synthesis in South Asia”, Journal of Military History 69 (July 2005), p. 657-660.

316

Lenman, “Transition”, p. 39.

317

Gayl D. Ness and William Stahl, “Western Imperialist Armies in Asia”, Comparative Studies in Society and History 19, no. 1 (January 1977), p.9-13; Gommans, “Warhorse and Gunpowder in India”, p. 106-117.

318

Wickremesekera, Best Black Troops, p. 34, 45.

319

T. A. Heathcote, The Military in British India: The Development of British Land Forces in South Asia, 1600-1947 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), p. 25-27; Lenman, Britain’s Colonial Wars, p. 92-100; Lenman, “Transition”, p. 114.

320

Об осаде Аркота см.: H. S. Bhatia, Military History of British India, 1607-1947 (New Delhi: Deep and Deep, 1977), p.156; Geoffrey Moorhouse, India Britannica (London: Granada, 1983), p. 35-36.

321

О развитии европейской артиллерии см.: Cipolla, Guns, P. 73-74.

322

О военной революции в Европе см.: William H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force, and Society since A.D. 1000 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), p. 68, 91-94; Уильям Мак-Нил, В погоне за мощью, с. 77, 101-104; Geoffrey Parker, The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p.18-24; David B.Ralston, Importing the European Army: The Introduction of European Military Techniques and Institutions into the Extra-European World, 1600—1914 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), p. 3-9; Wickremesekera, Best Black Troops, p. 51-66.

323

Wickremesekera, Best Black Troops, p. 91-94, 109, 117, 131; Heathcote, Military in British India, p. 29; Lenman, “Transition”, p. 114; Lenman, “Weapons”, p. 33-34; Lenman, Britain’s Colonial Wars, p. 92-99.

324

Wickremesekera, Best Black Troops, p. 158-161, 169-174.

325

Gommans, “Warhorse and Gunpowder in India”, p. 118-119. О постепенном усовершенствовании европейского огнестрельного оружия и снижении его себестоимости см.: Philip T. Hoffman, “Why Is It That Europeans Ended Up Conquering the Rest of the Globe? Price, the Military Revolution, and Western Europe’s Comparative Advantage in Violence”, http://gpih.ucdavis.edu/files/Hoffman/pdf (accessed March 9, 2008).

326

Kenneth Chase, Firearms: A Global History to 1700 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 25-26, 200-201; Roger A. Beaumont, Sword of the Raj: The British Army in India, 1747-1947 (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1977), p. 67; William W. Greener, The Gun and Its Development, 9th ed. (New York: Bonanza, 1910), p. 66; Wickremesekera, Best Black Troops, p. 118-125, 164; Lenman, “Weapons”, p. 37-39.

327

Lenman, “Weapons”, p. 35-37.

328

Цит. по: Beaumont, Sword of the Raj, p. 4.

329

H. H. Dodwell, “Clive in Bengal, 1756-60”, in H. H. Dodwell, ed., The Cambridge History of India, vol. 5: British India, 1497-1858 (Delhi: S. Chand, n.d.), p. 149-150; George B. Mal-leson, The Decisive Battles of India: From 1746 to 1849, Inclusive (London: Reeves and Turner, 1914), p. 35-71; James P. Lawford, Britain’s Army in India: From Its Origins to the Conquest of Bengal (Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1978), p. 201-216.

330

Percival Spear, A History of India, vol. 2: From the Sixteenth Century to the Twentieth Century (London: Penguin, 1978), p. 84-86; Wickremesekera, Best Black Troops, p. 135-39; Lenman, “Transition”, p. 119-123.

331

Findlay and O’Rourke, Power and Plenty, p. 271.

332

Wickremesekera, Best Black Troops, p. 68-78, 135-146; Spear, A History of India, vol. 2, p. 90-102; Heathcote, Military in British India, p. 42-49; Roy, “Military Synthesis”, p. 668-669.

333

Следует помнить, что большинство европейских стран, например, Польша и небольшие государства Германии и Италии этого также не сделали. Вопросу развития европейских стран и его связи с экономическим ростом, военной модернизацией и созданием империй посвящено множество научных трудов. Сам этот вопрос, однако, находится вне рассматриваемой в данной книге проблематики. См., например, Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States, A.D. 990-1992 (Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, 1992); Чарльз Тилли, Принуждение, капитал и европейские государства. 990-1992 гг.; Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflictfrom 1500 to 2000 (New York: Random House, 1987); McNeill, The Pursuit of Power; Уильям Мак-Нил, В погоне за мощью; Findlay and O’Rourke, Power and Plenty.

334

E. R. Crawford, “The Sikh Wars”, in Brian Bond, ed., Victorian Military Campaigns (London: Hutchinson, 1967), p. 35-36; Wick-remesekera, Best Black Troops, p. 67-73; Lenman, “Transition”, p. 114-116; Roy, “Military Synthesis”, p. 60-65.

335

Randolph G. S. Cooper, The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India: The Struggle for Control of the South Asian Military Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 20-40; Sen, Military System of the Marathas, p. 96-109.

336

William Henry Tone, A Letter to an Officer on the Madras Establishment: Being an Attempt to Illustrate Some Particular Institutions of the Maratta People (London: J. Debrett, 1799); цитируется в Sen, Military System of the Marathas, p. 103.

337

Roy, “Military Synthesis”, p. 682-688.

338

Cooper, Anglo-Maratha Campaigns, p. 45-56; Wickremesekera, Best Black Troops, p. 69-75, 147-157.

339

Cooper, Anglo-Maratha Campaigns, p. 244-246.

340

Ness and Stahl, “Western Imperialist Armies in Asia”, p.15-17; Roy, “Military Synthesis”, p. 669-676.

341

Цит. по: James A. Norris, The First Afghan War, 1838-1842 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967), p. 255-256.

342

John H. Waller, Beyond the Khyber Pass: The Road to British Disaster in the First Afghan War (New York: Random House, 1990), p. 142. О марше на Кандагар см.: Waller, Beyond the Khyber Pass, p. 133-145, а также: Norris, First Afghan War, p. 242-267.

343

Waller, Beyond the Khyber Pass, p. 200-260.

344

Waller, Beyond the Khyber Pass, p. 257-279; Norris, First Afghan War, p. 398-416.

345

Fauja Singh Bajwa, Military System of the Sikhs, during the Period 1799-1849 (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1964), p. 235-238; Hugh C. B. Cook, The Sikh Wars: The British Army in the Punjab, 1845-1849 (Delhi: Thomson Press, 1975), p. 17-36; Steven T. Ross, From Flintlock to Rifle: Infantry Tactics, 1740-1866 (Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1979), p. 170; Bhatia, Military History of British India, p. 169-172; Waller, Beyond the Khyber Pass, p. 124-125; Roy, “Military Synthesis”, p.677-679.

346

О войнах с сикхами см.: Donald F. Featherstone, Victorian Colonial Warfare, India: From the Conquest of Sind to the Indian Mutiny (London: Cassell, 1992), p. 39-98; Ross, From Flintlock to Rifle, p. 171; Ness and Stahl, “Western Imperialist Armies in Asia”, p. 18-19; Roy, “Military Synthesis”, p. 683-684; Bajwa, Military System of the Sikhs, p. 151ff.

347

George Benton Laurie, The French Conquest of Algeria (London: W. H. Allen, 1880), p. 27-36.

348

Abdelkader Boutaleb, L’émir Abd-el-Kader et Information de la nation algérienne: De l’émir Abd-el-Kader à la guerre de libération (Algiers: Editions Dahlab, 1990), p.92-93; Jacques Fréme-aux, La France et l’Algérie en guerre: 1830-1870, 1954-1962 (Paris: Economica, 2002), p. 98-100, 186-187.

349

Charles-André Julien, Histoire de l’Algérie contemporaine, vol. 1: La conquête et les débuts de la colonisation (1827—1871) (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1964), p. 53, 79, 182; Raphael Danziger, Abd al-Qadir and the Algerians: Resistance to the French and Internal Consolidation (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1977), p. 25, 117, 226-227, 246; Boutaleb, L’émir Abd-el-Kader, p. 92-94; Frémeaux, La France et l’Algérie en guerre, p. 98-100; Laurie, French Conquest of Algeria, p. 90-101.

350

Douglas Porch, “Bugeaud, Galliéni, Lyautey: The Development of French Colonial Warfare”, in Peter Paret, ed., Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), p. 378.

351

Boutaleb, L’émir Abd-el-Kader, p. 143-144.

352

Frémeaux, La France et l’Algérie en guerre, p. 97.

353

Sullivan, Thomas-Robert Bugeaud, p. 85-90; Frémeaux, La France et l’Algérie en guerre, p. 103-107, 196-197; Porch, “Bugeaud, Galliéni, Lyautey”, p. 378; Boutaleb, L’émir Abd-el-Kader, p. 147.

354

Sullivan, Thomas-RobertBugeaud, p. 87-88; Boutaleb, L’émir Abd-el

Kader, p.147-148; Frémeaux, La France et l’Algérie en guerre, p. 196-197, 210-212.

355

Frémeaux, La France et l’Algérie en guerre, p.101-102, 158-159;

Boutaleb, L’émir Abd-el-Kader, p.146; Laurie, French Conquest of Algeria, p. 208-209; Julien, Histoire de l’Algérie contemporaine, vol. 1, p. 178; Danziger, Abd al-Qadir, p. 235.

356

Boutaleb, L’émir Abd-el-Kader, p. 168-172, 195; Frémeaux, La France et l’Algérie en guerre, p.180-184; Danziger, Abd al-Qadir, p. 230-234; Sullivan, Thomas-Robert Bugeaud, p. 94-95.

357

Эту оценку вряд ли можно назвать корректной: в одной Северной войне Россия потеряла больше, чем за всю Кавказскую войну 1801-1864 гг. Русско-турецкие войны XVI-XIX вв. также принесли во много раз больше потерь, чем Кавказская война, где убитыми и умершими на поле боя русские потеряли лишь 34 тысячи человек – порядка 500 в год. – Прим. ред.

358

Картли-Кахетинское царство было присоединено к России 12 сентября 1801 г. манифестом Александра I, вне связи с какой-либо войной. – Прим. ред.

359

Muriel Atkin, “Russian Expansion in the Caucasus to 1813”, in Michael Rywkin, ed., Russian Colonial Expansion to 1917 (New York and London: Mansell, 1988), p. 162-186.

360

Имам Шамиль по-прежнему остается героем для чеченцев и многих придерживающихся антизападных настроений мусульман; см., например, Muhammad Hamid, Imam Shamil: The First Muslim Guerrilla Leader (Lahore, Pakistan: Islamic Publications, 1979).

361

Eric Hoesli, A la conquête du Caucase: Epopée géopolitique et guerres d’influence (Paris: Syrtes, 2006), p. 21-98; Firuz Kazemzadeh, “Russian Penetration of the Caucasus”, in Taras Hunczak, ed., Russian Imperialism from Ivan the Great to the Revolution (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1974), p. 256-259; Andrei Lobanov-Rostovsky, Russia and Asia (Ann Arbor, Mich.: G. Wahr, 1965), p. 118; Hugh Seton-Watson, The Russian Empire, 1801-1917 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1967), p. 293; Philip Longworth, Russia’s Empires: Their Rise and Fall,from Prehistory to Putin (London: John Murray, 2005), p. 207.

362

Kazemzadeh, “Russian Penetration of the Caucasus”, p. 261-262; Seton-Watson, The Russian Empire, p. 416-417; John F. Bad-deley, The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus (London: Longmans Green, 1908; reprint, Mansfield Centre, Conn.: Martino, 2006), p. 458-482; Hoesli, A la conquête du Caucase, p. 99-106.

363

Baddeley, The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus, p. 460 n1. См. так же: Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, A History of Russia, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 431.

364

На самом деле две трети французских и четверть британских солдат в Крыму были вооружены гладкоствольными ружьями, в то же время в русской армии до начала Крымской войны уже имелось 30 тысяч винтовок разных типов. – Прим. ред.

365

Правительство в этот период не производило закупок оружия у Кольта. – Прим. ред.

366

Joseph Bradley, Arms for the Tsar: American Technology and the Small Arms Industry in Nineteenth-Century Russia (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1990), p. 46-50, 83-103.

367

Macgregor Laird and R. A. K. Oldfield, Narrative of an Expedition into the Interior of Africa, by the River Niger, in the Steam-Vessels Quorra andAlburkah, in 1832, 1833, and 1834, 2 vols. (London: Richard Bentiey, 1837), vri. 2, p. 397-398.

368

Nabil-i-Azam, The Dawn-Breakers: Nabil’s Narrative of the Early Days of the Baha’i Revelation, trans. and ed. Shogi Effendi (New York: Baha’i Publishing Committee, 1932), p. 131.

369

О многочисленных идеях и проектах, которые так и не смогли реализоваться в судостроении, см.: Philip H.Spratt, The Birth of the Steamboat (London: C. Griffin, 1958), p. 17-20.

370

О ранних паровых судах см.: Spratt, The Birth of the Steamboat; James T. Flexner, Steamboats Come True: American Inventors in Action (New York: Viking, 1944); Michel Mollat, ed., Les origines de la navigation à vapeur (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1970).

371

О Фултоне см.: Kirkpatrick Sale, The Fire of His Genius: Robert Fulton and the American Dream (New York: Free Press, 2001).

372

Louis C. Hunter, Steamboats on the Western Rivers: An Economic and Technological History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1949), p. 8-12; Carl Daniel Lane, American Paddle Steamboats (New York: Coward-McCann, 1943), p. 30.

373

James Hall, The West: Its Commerce and Navigation (Cincinnati: H. W. Derby, 1848), p. 123-126; Sale, Fire of His Genius, p. 188; Lane, American Paddle Steamboats, p. 32-33; Flexner, Steamboats Come True, p. 344-345; Hunter, Steamboats, p. 13, 62, 122-133.

374

Sale, Fire of His Genius, p. 188-194.

375

Hunter, Steamboats, p. 61. Конгресс США был столь озабочен невероятно большим количеством взрывавшихся бойлеров, устанавливаемых на пароходах, что принял закон, направленный на «повышение безопасности жизней пассажиров, находящихся на борту судов, движение которых в полной или частичной мере обеспечивается паром»; см.: Congressional Globe, 25th Cong., 2nd Sess., vol. 6, no. 9 (February 5, 1838).

376

Sale, Fire of His Genius, p. 194.

377

Sale, Fire of His Genius, p. 188-189.

378

Цит. по: Ibid., p. 190.

379

Hiram M. Chittenden, History of Early Steamboat Navigation on the Missouri River: Life and Adventures of Joseph La Barge (New York: Harper, 1903), vol. 2, p. 382-383; William John Petersen, Steamboating on the Upper Mississippi (Iowa City: State Historical Society of Iowa, 1968), p. 80-88. См. также: Hunter, Steamboats, p. 552; Hall, The West, p. 128.

380

Hunter, Steamboats, p. 552.

381

Письмо, опубликованное в журнале Niles Register, май 1819 г.; цитируется в Robert G. Athearn, Forts of the Upper Missouri (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1967), p. 4.

382

Henry Atkinson, Wheel Boats on the Missouri: The Journals and Documents of the Atkinson-O’Fallon Expedition, 1824-26, ed. Richard Jensen and James Hutchins (Helena: Montana Historical Society Press, and Lincoln: Nebraska Historical Society Press, 2001); Petersen, Steamboating on the Upper Mississippi, p. 90-105.

383

Petersen, Steamboating on the Upper Mississippi, p. 175-176.

384

R. G. Robertson, Rotting Face: Smallpox and the American Indian (Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Press, 2001), p. 240-242.

385

Harry S. Drago, The Steamboaters (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1967), p.120; Chittenden, Early Steamboat Navigation, vol. 2, p. 383-384. См. также: Carlos A. Schwantes, Long Day’s Journey: The Steamboat and Stagecoach Era in the Northern West (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999), chapters 1-4; Chittenden, Early Steamboat Navigation, vol. 2, p. 384-385.

386

Joseph M. Hanson, The Conquest of the Missouri: The Story of the Life and Exploits of Captain Grant Marsh (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 2003), p. 61-68.

387

Hanson, Conquest of the Missouri, p. 51-54; Drago, The Steamboaters, p. 121-122.

388

Chittenden, Early Steamboat Navigation, vol. 2, p.386-393; Hanson, Conquest of the Missouri, p. 301-306.

389

Ibid., p. 66, 71. Довольно удивительно, что в опубликованной в 2003 г. работе применительно к индейцам все еще используются термины «враги» и «дикари».

390

Drago, The Steamboaters, p. 122.

391

George Henry Preble, A Chronological History of the Origin and Development of Steam Navigation, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia: L. R. Ha-mersley, 1895), p. 125. Согласно Сейлу (Sale, Fire of His Genius, p. 196), к 1838 г. в Соединенных Штатах были построены 1600 паровых судов, пятьсот из которых затонули или пришли в негодность. Любовь американцев к передвижению одними лишь пароходами не ограничилась. Во второй половине столетия американцы прокладывали больше железных дорог, чем все остальные страны мира вместе взятые, а немногим позднее число автомобилей и самолетов в Соединенных Штатов также превышало их количество во всем остальном мире.

392

Henry T. Bernstein, Steamboats on the Ganges: An Exploration in the History of India’s Modernization through Science and Technology (Bombay: Orient Longmans, 1960), p. 28; Gerald S. Graham, Great Britain in the Indian Ocean: A Study of Maritime Enterprise, 1810-1850 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968), p. 352; H.A.Gibson-Hill, “The Steamers Employed in Asian Water, 1819-39”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Malayan Branch 27, pt. 1 (May 1954), p. 121-122.

393

Satpal Sangwan, “Technology and Imperialism in the Indian Context: The Case of Steamboats, 1819-1839”, in Theresa Meade and Mark Walker, eds., Science, Medicine and Cultural Imperialism (New York: St. Martin’s, 1991), p. 63.

394

28. Christopher Lloyd, Captain Marry at and the Old Navy (London and New York: Longmans Green, 1939), p. 211-217; Colonel W. F. B. Laurie, Our Burmese Wars and Relations with Burma: Being an Abstract of Military and Political Operations, 1824-25-26, and 1852-53 (London: W. H. Allen, 1880), p. 71-72; D. G. E. Hall, Europe and Burma: A Study of European Relations with Burma to the Annexation of Thibaw’s Kingdom, 1886 (London: Oxford University Press, 1945), p.115; Gibson-Hill, “Steamers Employed in Asian Water”, p. 127-136; Graham, Great Britain, p. 346-357.

395

О паровом судоходстве на Ганге см.: Bernstein, Steamboats on the Ganges; A. J. Bolton, Progress of Inland Steam-Navigation in North-East India from 1832 (London, 1890, in India Office Library P/T 1220); J. Johnson, Inland Navigation on the Gangetic Rivers (Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, 1947).

396

Jean Fairley, The Lion River: The Indus (New York: Allen Lane, 1975), p. 222-225; V.Nicholas, “The Little Indus (1833-1837)”, Mariner’s Mirror 31 (1945), p. 210-222; Victor E Millard, “Ships of India, 1834-1934”, Mariner’s Mirror 30 (1944), p. 144-145.

397

Halford L. Hoskins, British Routes to India (London and New York: Longmans Green, 1928), p. 86-87.

398

Ghulam Idris Khan, “Attempts at Swift Communication between India and the West before 1830”, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Pakistan 16, no.2 (August 1971), p.120-121; Sarah Searight, Steaming East: The Hundred Year Saga of the Struggle to Forge Rail and Steamship Links between Europe and India (London: Bodley Head, 1991), p. 22-29; Hoskins, British Routes to India, p. 89-96; Gibson-Hill, “Steamers Employed in Asian Water”, p. 122, 134-135.

399

Цит. по: John Rosselli, Lord William Bentinck: The Making of a Liberal Imperialist, 1774-1839 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974), p. 292.

400

Khan, “Attempts at Swift Communication”, p. 121-136.

401

Searight, Steaming East, p. 47; Khan, “Attempts at Swift Communication”, p. 139-149; Hoskins, British Routes to India, p. 97-117, 183-185.

402

Thomas Love Peacock, “Memorandum on Steam Navigation in India, and between Europe and India; December 1833”, appendix 2 of “Report from the Select Committee on Steam Navigation to India with the Minutes of Evidence, Appendix and Index”, in Great Britain, House of Commons, Parliamentary Papers 1834 (478) XIV, p. 620-623; Millard, “Ships of India”, p. 144; Khan, “Attempts at Swift Communication”, p. 150-157; Hoskins, British Routes to India, p. 101-109; Gibson-Hill, “Steamers Employed in Asian Water”, p. 147-150.

403

Hoskins, British Routes to India, p. 110-125.

404

Great Britain, House of Commons, “Report from the Select Committee on Steam Navigation to India”, p. 369-609.

405

Об интересе Пикока к паровому судоходству см.: Herbert Francis Brett-Smith and C.E.Jones, eds., The Works of Thomas Love Peacock, 10 vols., vol. 1: Biographical Introduction and Headlong Hall (London and New York: Constable, 1924), p. clviii-clx; Felix Felton, Thomas Love Peacock (London: Allen and Unwin, 1973), p. 229-231; A. B. Young, “Peacock and the Overland Route”, Notes and Queries, 10th ser., 190 (August 17, 1907), p. 121-122; Sylva Norman, “Peacock in Leaden-hall Street”, in Donald H.Reiman, ed., Shelley and His Circle (Cambridge, Mass.: Carl H. Pforzheimer Library, 1973), p. 712.

406

“Report of the Select Committee” (1834), pt. 2, p. 9-10.

407

Кроме того, Россия опасалась, что союзник Британии, Османская империя, закроет Босфор для прохода ее судов, вывозивших зерно из Одессы; см.: Searight, Steaming East, p. 51.

408

Francis Rawdon Chesney, Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition carried on by order of the British Government during the years 1835, 1836, and 1837 (London: Longmans Green, 1868), vol. 1, p. 4-6; Searight, Steaming East, p. 51-55; Brett-Smith and Jones, Works of Thomas Love Peacock, vol. 1, p. clxi-clxi; Hoskins, British Routes to India, p. 150-151.

409

Stanley Lane-Poole, ed., The Life of the Late General F R. Chesney Colonel Commandant Royal Artillery D.C.L., F.R.S., FR.G.S., etc. by His Wife and Daughter (London: W. H. Allen, 1885), p. 258-270.

410

Chesney, Narrative, vol. 1, p. 145-146.

411

“Report of the Select Committee” (1834), pt. 2, p. 16-24.

412

Об истории семьи Лэйрдов и их фирмы см.: Cammell Laird and Company (Shipbuilders and Engineers) Ltd., Builders of Great Ships (Birkenhead, 1959), p. 9-12; Stanislas Charles Henri Laurent Dupuy de Lôme, Mémoire sur la construction des bâtiments en fer: adressé à M. le ministre de la marine et des colonies (Paris: A. Bertrand, 1844), p. 6.

413

“Report of the Select Committee” (1834), pt. 2, p. 56-67.

414

Great Britain, House of Commons, “An Estimate of the Sum required for the purpose of enabling His Majesty to direct that trial may be made of an Experiment to communicate with India by Steam Navigation. Twenty Thousand Pounds; Clear of Fees and All Other Deductions”, in Parliamentary Papers 1834 (492) XLII, 459. См. также: Hoskins, British Routes to India, p. 159-60; Searight, Steaming East, p. 60.

415

Chesney, Narrative, vol. 1, p. ix, 150-154; Cammell Laird, Builders of Great Ships, p. 14; Searight, Steaming East, p. 60.

416

С кратким, но доскональным описанием экспедиции можно ознакомиться в: Searight, Steaming East, p. 61-70.

417

Great Britain, House of Commons, “Report from the Select Committee on Steam Navigation to India, with the Minutes of Evidence, Appendix, and Index”, in British Sessional Papers, House of Commons (1837), vol. 6, p. 361-617.

418

Из письма Р. Кэмпбеллу, датируемого 8 июня 1832 г.; цитата из The Correspondence of Lord William Cavendish Bentinck, Governor-General of India, 1828-1835, ed. C.H.Philips (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), p. 831-832.

419

Arthur B. Young, The Life and Novels of Thomas Love Peacock (Norwich: A.H.Goose, 1904), p. 28; Henry Cole, ed., The Works of Thomas Love Peacock, 3 vols. (London: R. Bentley and Sons, 1875), vol. 1, p. xxxvii; Carl Van Doren, The Life of Thomas Love Peacock (London and New York: E. P. Dutton, 1911), p. 218-219; Hoskins, British Routes to India, p. 210-218; Rosselli, Lord William Bentinck, p. 285-292.

420

Great Britain, House of Commons, “Estimate of the Sum required for an Experiment to Communicate with India by Steam Navigation”, Parliamentary Papers 1837 (445), 1837-38 (313), 1839 (142-IV), and 1840 (179-IV).

421

Hoskins, British Routes to India, p. 193-194, 211-226; Gibson-Hill, “Steamers Employed in Asian Water”, p. 135: Millard, “Ships of India”, p. 144-148.

422

О первых годах деятельности P&O см.: Hoskins, British Routes to India, p.242-263; Daniel Thorner, Investment in Empire: British Railway and Steam Shipping Enterprise in India, 1825-1849 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1950), P. 32-39.

423

Frederick M. Hunter, An Account of the British Settlement of Aden (London: Trübner, 1877), p.165; Robert L. Playfair, A History of Arabia Felix or Yemen, from the Commencement of the Christian Era to the Present Time: Including an Account of the British Settlement of Aden (Byculla: Education Society, 1859), p. 161.

424

Harvey Sicherman, Aden and British Strategy, 1839-1868 (Philadelphia: Foreign Policy Institute, 1972), p. 7-9.

425

Thomas E. Marston, Britain’s Imperial Role in the Red Sea Area, 1800-1878 (Hamden, Conn.: Shoe String Press, 1961), p. 37-38.

426

Sicherman, Aden and British Strategy, p. 10.

427

Ibid., p. 13.

428

Ibid., p. 11-13; Hunter, An Account, p. 165; Playfair, History of Ara bia Felix or Yemen, p. 162-163; Marston, Britain’s Imperial Role, p. 55-69.

429

Searight, Steaming East, p. 71.

430

Sir Charles Napier, The War in Syria, 2 vols. (London: J. W. Parker, 1842), vol. 2, p. 184.

431

E. Backhouse and J. O. P. Bland, Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914), p. 323.

432

Gerald S. Graham, The China Station: War andDiplomacy, 1830-1860 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), p. 8.

433

Preble, Chronological History, p. 143-145. См. также: Gibson-Hill, “Steamers Employed in Asian Water”, p. 122, 153-156; Arthur Waley, The Opium War through Chinese Eyes (London: Allen and Unwin, 1958), p. 105-106.

434

K. M. Panikkar, Asia and Western Dominance (New York: Collier Books, 1969), p. 97.

435

Hosea Ballou Morse, The International Relations of the Chinese Empire (Taipei: Ch’eng Wen Publisher, 1971), vol. 1, p. 135.

436

William H. Hall and William D. Bernard, The Nemesis in China, comprising a history of the late war in that country, with a complete account of the colony of Hong Kong, 3rd ed. (London: H. Colburn, 1846), p. 1-2.

437

John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson, “The Imperialism of Free Trade”, Economic History Review 6, no. 1 (1955), p. 1-16.

438

Hall and Bernard, Nemesis in China, p. 2.

439

Edith Nicholls, “A Biographical Notice of Thomas Love Peacock, by his granddaughter”, in Cole, Works of Thomas Love Peacock, vol. 1, p. xlii-xliii; Brett-Smith, Works of Thomas Love Peacock, vol. 1, p. clxxi.

440

Полное описание «Немезиды» см. в: Hall and Bernard, Nemesis in China, p. 1-12.

441

“Hall, Sir William Hutcheon”, in Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 8, p. 978-979; “William Hutcheon Hall”, in William R. O’Byrne, A Naval Biographical Dictionary: Comprising the Life and Services of Every Living Officer in Her Majesty’s Navy,from the Rank of Admiral of the Fleet to That of Lieutenant, Inclusive (London: J. Murray, 1849), p. 444-446.

442

Черновик секретного сообщения от сэра Джона Хобхауса виконту Палмерстону от 27 февраля 1840 г. см. в: India Office Records, L/P&S/3/6, p. 167.

443

Сэр Джордж Иден, лорд Окленд, в своем письме сэру Джону Хобхаусу, члену Контрольного совета Ост-Индской компании, Симла, 1 апреля 1839 г., см.: Broughton Papers, British Museum, Add. MS 36, 473, p. 446.

444

Hall and Bernard, Nemesis in China, p. 6.

445

The Times, March 30, 1840, p. 7. См. также Peter Ward Fay, The Opium War, 1840-1842: Barbarians in the Celestial Empire in the Early Part of the Nineteenth Century and the War by Which They Forced Her Gates Ajar (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975), p. 261.

446

Заметка в The Shipping Gazette, перепечатанная в The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle 9 (1840), p. 135-136.

447

Письмо Окленда Тайному комитету Ост-Индской компании от 13 ноября 1840 г. за № 122 см. в: India Office Records L/P&S/5/40; Hall and Bernard, Nemesis in China, p. 18, 61.

448

Waley, The Opium War, p. 105.

449

Lo Jung-Pang, “China’s Paddle-Wheel Boats: Mechanized Craft Used in the Opium War and their Historical Background”, Tsinghua Journal of Chinese Studies, n.s., no. 2 (1960), p. 191; William Hutton to Nautical Magazine 12 (1843), p. 346.

450

G. R. G. Worcester, “The Chinese War-Junk”, Mariner’s Mirror 34 (1948), p. 22.

451

John Lang Rawlinson, China’s Struggle for Naval Development, 1839-1895 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967), p. 3-17; Jack Beeching, The Chinese Opium Wars (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975), p. 51-52; Fay, The Opium War, p. 272-273.

452

Сообщение капитана Уильяма Холла Томасу Пикоку, Кантон, май 1841 г., см.: India Office Records, L/P&S/9/7, p. 59-60, 61-82 и Fay, The Opium War, p. 264-290.

453

John Ochterlony, The Chinese War: An Account of All the Operations of the British Forcesfrom the Commencement to the Treaty of Nanking (1842; reprint, New York: Praeger, 1970), p. 98-99.

454

Lo, “China’s Paddle-Wheel Boats”, p.194-200; Rawlinson, China’s Struggle, p. 19-21; приводимые в движение силой человека колесные суда применялись и на Миссисипи и Миссури, пока не были заменены пароходами.

455

G.R.G.Worcester, “The First Naval Expedition on the Yangtze River, 1842”, Mariner’s Mirror 36, no. 1 (January 1950), p. 2.

456

Письмо Сэмюэла Болла Джорджу Стонтону, 20 февраля 1840 г., см. в: India Office Records, L/P&S/9/1, p. 519.

457

О паровых судах, использовавшихся в кампании 1842 г., см.: Charles R. Low, History of the Indian Navy (1613—1863) (London: R.Bentley, 1877), vol. 2, p. 140-146; Edgar Charles Smith, A Short History of Naval and Marine Engineering (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1938), p. 114; Fay, The Opium War, p.xv-xxi, 313, 341; Gibson-Hill, “Steamers Employed in Asian Water”, p.121, 128; Preble, Chronological History, p. 190.

458

Hall and Bernard, Nemesis in China, p. 322-326; Lo, “China’s Paddle-Wheel Boats”, p. 1 89-193; Fay, The Opium War, p. 349-350; Worcester, “The Chinese War-Junk”, p. 3.

459

Lo, “China’s Paddle-Wheel Boats”, p. 189-190.

460

Ochterlony, The Chinese War, p. 331-335; Fay, The Opium War, p. 351-355; Worcester, “The Chinese War-Junk”, p. 8; Graham, China Station, p. 214-224.

461

P. J. Cain and Anthony G. Hopkins, British Imperialism, 1600-2000, 2nd ed. (Harlow and New York: Longman, 2002), p.288, 362-363; Ronald Findlay and Kevin H. O’Rourke, Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), p. 388-389.

462

Rawlinson, China’s Struggle, p. 30-32.

463

Richard N. J. Wright, The Chinese Steam Navy, 1862-1945 (London: Chatham, 2000), p.14, 20; Rawlinson, China’s Strugg-e p. 32-35.

464

Paul Mmegha Mbaeyi, British Military and Naval Forces in West African History, 1807-1874 (New York: Nok Publishers, 1978), p.60; K. Onwuka Dike, Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta, 1830-1885: An Introduction to the Economic and Political History of Nigeria (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956), p. 15.

465

Dike, Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta, p. 18.

466

Laird and Oldfield, Narrative of an Expedition, vol. 1, p. vi.

467

Laird and Oldfield, Narrative of an Expedition, vol. 1, p. 2-9. См. также: Dike, Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta, p. 18, 62-63; Christopher Lloyd, The Searchfor the Niger (London: Collins, 1973), p.131-141; “Laird, Macgregor”, in Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 11, p. 407-408.

468

102. Philip D. Curtin, The Image of Africa: British Ideas and Actions, 1780-1850 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964), p. 298, 308; Lloyd, Searchfor the Niger, p. 152.

469

William Allen (Captain, R. N.) and T. R. H. Thomson (M. D., R. N.), A Narrative of the Expedition Sent by Her Majesty’s Government to the River Niger, in 1841, under the Command of Captain H. D. Trotter, R. N. (London: Richard Bentley, 1848), 2 vols.; “Mr Airy, Astronomer-Royal, on the Correction of the Compass in Iron-Built Ships”, United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine (London), pt. 2 (June 1840), p. 239-241; Lloyd, Search for the Niger, p. 150.

470

William Balfour Baikie, Narrative of an Exploring Voyage up the Rivers Kwóra and Bínue (commonly known as the Niger and Tsádda) in 1854 (London, 1855; reprint, London: Cass, 1966); Thomas J. Hutchinson, Narrative of the Niger, Tshadda, and Bínue Exploration; Including a Report on the Position and Prospects of Trade up Those Rivers, with Remarks on the Malaria and Fevers of Western Africa (London, 1855; reprint, London: Cass, 1966), p. 8-9.

471

John Hawley Glover, The Voyage of the Dayspring, Being the Journal of the Late Sir John Hawley Glover, R.N., G.C.M.G., Together with Some Account of the Expedition up the Niger River in 1857, by A. C. G. Hastings (London: J. Lane, 1926); Dike, Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta, p. 169; Mbaeyi, British Military and Naval Forces, p. 123-124.

472

Ronald Robinson and John Gallagher with Alice Denny, Africa and the Victorians: The Climax of 'Imperialism (New York: St. Martin’s, 1961), p. 37; Lloyd, Searchfor the Niger, p.128-130, 199; Glover, Voyage of the Dayspring, p. 16-20.

473

Geoffrey L. Baker, Trade Winds on the Niger: The Saga of the Royal Niger Company, 1830-1970 (London and New York: Radcliffe Press, 1996), p. 4-5.

474

Alfred F. Yarrow, “The Screw as a Means of Propulsion for Shallow Draught Vessels”, Transactions of the Institution of Naval Architects 45 (1903), p. 106-117.

475

Baker, Trade Winds on the Niger, p. 12-29; Dike, Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta, p. 205-207.

476

Robert V. Kubicek, “The Colonial Steamer and the Occupati on of West Africa by the Victorian State, 1840-1900”, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 18, no. 1 (January 1990), p. 16-26; Obaro Ikime, The Fall of Nigeria: The British Conquest (London: Heinemann, 1977), p. 105-110; D.J. M. Muffett, Concerning Brave Captains: Being a History of the British Occupation of Kano and Sokoto and the Last Stand of the Fulani Forces (London: A. Deutsch, 1964), p. 284-285; Dike, Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta, p. 212.

477

Следует различать государство Судан и область с тем же названием, представляющую собой северную часть Центральной Африки между Сахарой и 5-м градусом северной широты и протянувшуюся от Сенегала на западе континента до Эфиопии на востоке. – Прим. пер.

478

Donald R. Wright, The World and a Very Small Place in Africa: A History of Globalization in Niumi, the Gambia, 2nd ed. (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2004), chapters 2-5.

479

Douglas Porch, Wars of Empire (London: Cassell, 2000), p.117; Mbaeyi, British Military and Naval Forces, p. 73, 80-83, 116-117, 133-134; Wright, The World, p. 136-137; Kubicek, “Colonial Steamer”, p. 12-14.

480

André Lederer, Histoire de la navigation au Congo (Tervuren: Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, 1965), p. 11-20; Harry H.John-ston, George Grenfell and the Congo (London: Hutchinson, 1908), p. 97-100.

481

Lederer, Histoire de la navigation au Congo, p. 95.

482

Lederer, Histoire de la navigation au Congo, p. 130, 137.

483

Richard Thornton, The Zambezi Papers of Richard Thornton, Geologist to Livingstone’s Zambezi Expedition (London: Chatto and Win-dus, 1963), p. 243-244, 296; Alexander J. Hanna, The Beginnings of Nyasaland and North-Eastern Rhodesia, 1859-1895 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956), p. 13-14.

484

Alexander S. Kanya-Forstner, The Conquest of the Western Sudan: A Study in French Military Imperialism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969), p. 75-135.

485

A. de Salinis, La marine au Dahomey: Campagne de “La Naïade” (1890-1892) (Paris: Sanard, 1910), p. 117-139, 301; Luc Garcia, Le Royaume du Dahoméface à la pénétration coloniale (Paris: Karthala, 1988), p. 150-162; David Ross, “Dahomey”, in Michael Crowder, ed., West African Resistance: The Military Response to Colonial Occupation (London: Hutchinson, 1971), p. 158-159.

486

Уинстон Черчилль, Индия, Судан, Южная Африка. Походы Британской армии 1897-1900 (Москва: Эксмо, 2004).

487

Речь идет об армии так называемого махдистского государства (Махдийя), просуществовавшего на территории Судана с 1882 по 1898 г. теократического и националистического режима. Его первый лидер объявил себя мусульманским мессией, или Махди (отсюда и название государства) . – Прим. ред.

488

Winston S. Churchill, The River War: An Account of the Recon quest of the Soudan (1933; New York: Carroll and Graf, 2000), p. 205-206.

489

Winston S. Churchill, The River War, p. 274.

490

Ibid., p. 300.

491

См.: James A. Norris, The First Afghan War, 1838-1842 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967); John H. Waller, Beyond the Khyber Pass: The Road to British Disaster in the First Afghan War (New York: Random House, 1990).

492

James Johnson, The Influence of Tropical Climate, more especially the climate of India, on European Constitutions: The principal effects and diseases thereby induced, their prevention and removal, and the means of preserving health in hot climates, rendered obvious to Europeans of every capacity (London: J. J. Stockdale, 1813), p. 415 ff. См. также Paul F. Russell, Man’s Mastery of Malaria (London: Oxford University Press, 1955), p. 98-99.

493

Wesley W. Spink, Infectious Diseases: Prevention and Treatment in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1978), p. 12; Dennis G. Carlson, African Fever: A Study of British Science, Technology, and Politics in West Africa, 1787-1864 (Carlton, Mass.: Science History Publications, 1984), p. 43-44.

494

Philip D. Curtin, Disease and Empire: The Health of European Troops in the Conquest of Africa (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 24-25; Curtin, The Image of Africa: British Ideas and Action, 1780-1850 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964), p. 192-193.

495

О путанице, царившей в медицинской «науке» в начале XIX в., см. Carlson, African Fever, chapter 3: “Theoretical Chaos”.

496

William H. McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday), p. 266.

497

О появлении статистической науки см. Daniel R.Headrick, When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700-1850 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), chapter 3: “Transforming Information: The Origin of Statistics”, especially p. 84-89. О медицинской статистике см. Philip D. Curtin, Death by Migration: Europe’s Encounter with the Tropical World in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 162-222: “Appendix: Statistical Tables”.

498

Headrick, When Information Came of Age, p. 81-89. См. также Carlson, African Fever, chapter 5: “Changing Analysis”.

499

“Western Africa and Its Effects on the Health of Troops”, United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine 12, no. 2 (August 1840), p. 509-519.

500

Curtin, Disease and Empire, p. 16, 20.

501

Ibid., p. 12-18.

502

Ibid., p. 20.

503

Macgregor Laird and R. A. K. Oldfield, Narrative of an Expedition into the Interior of Africa, by the River Niger, in the Steam-Vessels Quorra and Alburkah, in 1832, 1833, and 1834, 2 vols. (London: Richard Bentley, 1837), vol. 1, p. vi, and vol. 2, p. 397-398.

504

Carlson, African Fever, p. 14-16, 51-52.

505

James Ormiston M’William, Medical History of the Expedition to the Niger during the years 1841—1842 comprising An Account of the Fever which led to its abrupt Termination (London: John Churchill, 1843).

506

Jaime Jaramillo-Arango, The Conquest of Malaria (London: Heinemann, 1950), p. 87; Russell, Man’s Mastery of Malaria, p. 105, 133.

507

Curtin, Death by Migration, p. 5.

508

«Лечение лихорадок» (фр.').

509

René Brignon, La contribution de la France à l’étude des maladies colonials (Lyon: E.Vitte, 1942), p.20-21; A.Darbon, J.-F.Du-lac, and A.Portal, “La pathologie médicale en Algérie pendant la Conquête et la Pacification”, in Regards sur la France: Le Service de Santé des Armées en Algérie, 1830-1958 (Numéro special réservé au Corps Médical) 2, no. 7 (Paris: October-November 1958), p. 32-38; Général Jaulmes and Lieutenant-Colonel Bénitte, “Les grands noms du Service de Santé des Armées en Algérie”, in ibid., p. 100-103.

510

T. R. H. Thomson, “On the Value of Quinine in African Remittent Fever”, The Lancet (February 28, 1846), p. 244-245. См. также Curtin, Death by Migration, p. 63; Curtin, Disease and Empire, p. 21-23.

511

Dr. Alexander Bryson, Report on the Climate and Principal Diseases of the African Station (London: William Clowes, 1847), p. 195-196, 210-217.

512

Bryson, Report on the Climate and Principal Diseases of the African Station, p. 218-219.

513

Philip Curtin, “‘The White Man’s Grave’: Image and Reality, 1780-1850”, Journal of British. Studies 1 (1961), p. 105-123.

514

Thomas Joseph Hutchinson, Narrative of the Niger, Tshadda, and Bínue Exploration; Including a Report on the Position and Prospects of Trade up Those Rivers, with Remarks on the Malaria and Fevers of Western Africa (London, 1855; reprint, London: Cass, 1966), p. 211-221.

515

Carlson, African Fever, p. 86-87.

516

Dr.Alexander Bryson, “On the Prophylactic Influence of Quinine”, Medical Times Gazette (London: January 7, 1854), p. 7.

517

Carlson, African Fever, p. 48; Darbon, Dulac, and Portal, “La pa thologie médicale en Algérie”, p. 33.

518

О переправке семян хинного дерева см.: Daniel R.Headrick, The Tentacles of Progress: Technology Transfer in the Age of Imperialism, 1850-1940 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 231-237.

519

Julius Heinrich Albert Dronke, Die Verpflanzung des Fieberrindbaumes aus seiner südamerikanischen Heimat nach Asian und anderen Landern (Vienna: R. Lechner, 1902), p. 13.

520

Fiammetta Rocco, Quinine: Malaria and the Questfor a Cure That Changed the World (New York: Perennial, 2004), p. 206-249; Norman Taylor, Cinchona in Java: The Story of Quinine (New York: Greenberg, 1945), p.39-45; Pieter Honig, “Chapters in the History of Cinchona. I. A Short Introductory Review”, in Pieter Honig and Frans Verdoorn, Science and Scientists in the Netherlands East Indies (New York: Board for the Netherlands Indies, Surinam and Curaçao, 1945), p. 181-182; K. W. van Gorkum, “The Introduction of Cinchona into Java”, in ibid., p. 182-190; P. van Leersum, “Junghuhn and Cinchona Cultivation”, in ibid., p. 190-196; Dronke, Die Verpflanzung des Fieberrindbaumes, p. 14-15.

521

Lucile H. Brockway, Science and Colonial Expansion: The Role of the British Botanic Gardens (New York: Academic Press, 1972), chapter 6. Об экспедициях по сбору семян хинного дерева, и о перевозке растений в колонии см. Clements Markham, Travels in Peru and India while Superintending the Collection of Cinchona Plants and Seeds in South America, and Their Introduction into India (London: John Murray, 1862); Markham, Peruvian Bark: A Popular Account of the Introduction of Cinchona Cultivation into British India, 1860-1880 (London: John Murray, 1880); Donovan Williams, “Clements Robert Markham and the Introduction of the Cinchona Tree into British India”, Geographical Journal 128 (1962), p. 431-442; M. R. D. Seaward and S. M. D. Fitzgerald, eds., Richard Spruce (1817-1893): Botanist and Explorer (Kew: Royal Botanic Garden, 1996); Gabriele Gramiccia, The Life of Charles Ledger (1818-1905): Alpacas and Quinine (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1988); Dronke, Die Ver-pflanzung des Fieberrindbaumes, p. 28-30.

522

Williams, “Clements Robert Markham”, p. 438-439; Brockway, Science and Colonial Expansion, p. 120-133.

523

Taylor, Cinchona in Java, p. 45-55; Dronke, Die Verpflanzung des Fie-berrindbaumes, p. 17-23. О торговле хинным деревом и хинином см.: Emile Perrot, Quinquina et quinine (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1926), p. 46-49; M. Kerbosch, “Some Notes on Cinchona Cultivation and the World Consumption of Quinine”, Bulletin of the Colonial Institute of Amsterdam 3, no. 1 (December 1939), p. 36-51.

524

Michael Gelfand, Livingstone the Doctor, His Life and Travels: A Study in Medical History (Oxford: Blackwell, 1957), p. 127.

525

Horace Waller, The Last Journals of David Livingstone (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1875), vol. 1, p. 177.

526

Robert I. Rotberg, Africa and Its Explorers: Motives, Methods and Impact (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970) – в разных местах произведения.

527

Curtin, “‘White Man’s Grave’”, p. 106-107; Curtin, Death by Migration, p. 61-66, 160.

528

Curtin, Disease and Empire, p. 5, 15-18, 49.

529

Curtin, Disease and Empire, p. 44-46.

530

Curtin, Disease and Empire, p. 67-69, 229.

531

Подобные реакции свойственны не только XIX в.: достаточно вспомнить о противодействии, с которым пришлось столкнуться исследованиям стволовых клеток, преподаванию учения об эволюции животных организмов, профилактике СПИДа, и о бытующей и поныне вере в паранормальные явления.

532

John Snow, On the Mode of Communication of Cholera, 2nd ed. (London: J.Churchill, 1855). См. также Sandra Hempel, The Strange Case of the Broad Street Pump: John Snow and the Mystery of Cholera (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007).

533

См.: Theodore Porter, Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).

534

Spink, Infectious Diseases, p. 19-21; Curtin, Death by Migration, P. 117.

535

McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, p. 261-264; Curtin, Death by Migration, p. 71-73, 145-149; Spink, Infectious Diseases, p. 163-165.

536

Цит. по: Steven Shapin, “Sick City: Maps and Mortality in the Time of the Cholera”, New Yorker (November 6, 2006), p. 110.

537

В связи с этим особенно любопытно то, каким образом данная проблема решалась в Чикаго. Для обеспечения оттока нечистот многие дома пришлось приподнимать на несколько футов, а течение реки Чикаго, до этого впадавшей в озеро Мичиган, пришлось повернуть вспять – что позволило поддерживать воду озера чистой: нечистоты теперь отводились через специальный канал в реки Иллинойс и Миссисипи. См.: Louis P. Cain, “Raising and Watering a City: Ellis Sylvester Chesborough and Chicago’s First Sanitation System”, Technology and Culture 13 (1972), p. 355-372.

538

Headrick, Tentacles of Progress, chapter 5: “Cities, Sanitation, and Segregation”; Curtin, Death by Migration, p. 108-109.

539

Curtin, Death by Migration, p. 132-135.

540

Michael Worboys, “Manson, Ross and Colonial Medical Policy: Tropical Medicine in London and Liverpool”, in Roy Macleod and Milton Lewis, eds., Disease, Medicine, and Empire: Perspectives on Western Medicine and the Experience of European Expansion (London and New York: Routledge, 1988), p. 23.

541

Douglas M. Haynes, Imperial Medicine: Patrick Manson and the Conquest of Tropical Disease (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001), p. 86-88; Michael Colbour-ne, Malaria in Africa (London: Oxford University Press, 1966), p. 6; Rocco, Quinine, p. 251-280; Spink, Infectious Diseases, p. 366-369; Worboys, “Manson, Ross and Colonial Medical Policy”, p. 23-24.

542

Curtin, Death by Migration, p. 136-140.

543

Curtin, Disease and Empire, p. 117-135, 157-167; Curtin, Death by Migration, p. 112, 150-152.

544

J. H. Powell, Bring Out Your Dead: The Great Plague of Yellow Fever in Philadelphia in 1793 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1949).

545

Vincent J. Cirillo, Bullets and Bacilli: The Spanish-American War and Military Medicine (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2004), p. 113-16; John R. Pierce, Yellow Jack: How Yellow Fever Ravaged America and Walter Reed Discovered Its Deadly Secrets (Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 2005), p. 148-188; Spink, Infectious Diseases, p. 155-156.

546

Curtin, “‘White Man’s Grave’”, p. 110.

547

Curtin, Disease and Empire, p. 87.

548

Curtin, Disease and Empire, p. 187-198.

549

Ibid., p. 26, 84-105.

550

Pierce, Yellow Jack, p. 103-104.

551

Cirillo, Bullets and Bacilli, p. 57-72; Curtin, Disease and Empire, p. 124.

552

Pierce, Yellow Jack, p. 103.

553

Mary C. Gillett, The Army Medical Department, 1865-1917 (Washing ton, D.C.: Center for Military History, U.S. Army, 1995), P. 129-130.

554

Pierce, Yellow Jack, p. 104-109; Gillett, Army Medical Department, p. 186.

555

Pierce, Yellow Jack, p. 109-110; Cirillo, Bullets and Bacilli, p. 1-3, 72.

556

Cirillo, Bullets and Bacilli, p. 72-75; Gillett, Army Medical Department, p. 173-195; Pierce, Yellow Jack, p. 110-114.

557

David G. McCullough, The Path between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870-1914 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1977), p. 413; Pierce, Yellow Jack, p. 113-115; Cirillo, Bullets and Bacilli, p. 118.

558

Curtin, Disease and Empire, p. 123-125, 208-219. См. также Cirillo, Bullets and Bacilli, p. 136-152.

559

McCullough, Path between the Seas, p. 140, 171-173, 415-426, 465-467, 581-582. См. также Cirillo, Bullets and Bacilli, p. 118-119.

560

О многочисленных связях между наукой и империализмом см., например: Deepak Kumar, Science and Empire (Delhi: Anamika Prakashan, 1991), и Deepak Kumar, Science and the Raj, 1857-1905 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995), а также Teresa Meade and Mark Walker, eds., Science, Medicine, and Cultural Imperialism (New York: St. Martin’s, 1991).

561

Curtin, Death by Migration, p. 7-10. См. также Philip Curtin, Steven Feierman, Leonard Thompson, and Jan Vansina, African History (Boston: Little Brown, 1978), p. 446.

562

Подобная ситуация актуальна и по сей день. 150 лет спустя после открытия профилактического действия хинина малярия продолжает убивать больше людей, чем любое другое заболевание.

563

Rita Headrick, Colonialism, Health and Illness in French Equatorial Africa, 1885-1935 (Atlanta: African Studies Association Press, 1994), chapter 2: “The Medical History of French Equatorial Africa to 1914”. См. также Radhika Ramasubban, “Imperial Health in British India, 1857-1900”, p. 38-60; Anne Marco-vich, “French Colonial Medicine and Colonial Rule: Algeria and Indochina”, p. 103-117; Maryinez Lyons, “Sleeping Sickness, Colonial Medicine and Imperialism: Some Connections in the Belgian Congo”, p. 242-256, all in Macleod and Lewis, Disease, Medicine, and Empire.

564

David F. Butler, United States Firearms: The First Century, 1776-1875 (New York: Winchester Press, 1975), p.15-41; William Wellington Greener, The Gun and Its Development, 9th ed. (New York: Bonanza, 1910), p.119-122, 624; В.В.Гринер, Ружье (Москва: Издание редакции журнала «Природа и охота», 1887-1888); Robert Held, with Nancy Jenkins, The Age of Firearms: A Pictorial History, 2nd ed. (New York: Harper, 1978), p. 171-182; “Small Arms, Military”, in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14th ed. (Chicago, 1973), vol. 20, p. 668; Walter H.B.Smith, Small Arms of the World, 4th ed. (Harrisburg, Pa.: Military Service Publishing, 1953), p. 37.

565

H. Ommundsen and Ernest H. Robinson, Rifles and Ammunition (London: Cassell, 1915), p. 18; G. W. P. Swenson, Pictorial History of the Rifle (New York: Drake, 1972), p. 16; Butler, United States Firearms, p. 61-93; Greener, The Gun and Its Development, p. 627; “Small Arms”, p. 668-670.

566

J. F. C. Fuller, Armament and History: A Study of the Influence of Armament on History from the Dawn of Classical Warfare to the Second World War (New York: Scribner’s, 1945), p. 110; Джон Фредерик Чарльз Фуллер, Оружие в истории: от пращи до ядерной бомбы (Москва: Центрполиграф, 2012); William Young Carman, A History of Firearms from Earliest Times to 1914 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1955), p. 104, 113, 178; Уильям Карман, История огнестрельного оружия. С древнейших времен доXXвека (Москва: Центрполиграф, 2007); James E. Hicks, Notes on French Ordnance (photoprinted, Mount Vernon, N.Y., 1938), p. 21; Colonel Jean Martin, Armes àfeu de l’armée française: 1860 à 1940, historique des évolutions précédentes, comparaison avec les armes étrangères (Paris: Crépin-Leblond, 1974), p. 58-64; J. Margerand, Armement et équipement de l’infanteriefrançaise duXVIe auXXesiècle (Paris: Editions militaires illustrées, 1945), p.114; Steven T. Ross, From Flintlock to Rifle: Infantry Tactics, 1740-1866 (Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1979), p. 161-162; Held, Age of Firearms, p. 171-175; Greener, The Gun and Its Development, p. 112-117, 624; “Small Arms”, p. 668; Swenson, Pictorial History of the Rifle, p. 19-20.

567

Carman, History of Firearms, p. 121; Martin, Armes à feu, p. 124-131; Greener, The Gun and Its Development, p. 706; Fuller, Armament and History, p. 116; Ross, From Flintlock to Rifle, p. 175-176.

568

Fuller, Armament and History, p.110, 128-129; Ross, From Flintlock to Rifle, 164; Ommundsen and Robinson, Rifles and Ammunition, p. 65; Held, Age of Firearms, p. 183; Margerand, Armement et équipement, p. 116; “Small Arms”, p. 669.

569

Louis A.Garavaglia and Charles G.Worman, Firearms of the American West, 1803-1865 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984), p. 135-136; Joseph G. Rosa, Age of the Gunfighter: Men and Weapons on the Frontier, 1840-1900 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995), p. 34-35; Waldo E. Rosebush, American Firearms and the Changing Frontier (Spokane: Eastern Washington State Historical Society, 1962), p. 48-49.

570

Walter Prescott Webb, The Great Plains (Boston: Ginn, 1931), p.171-177; Garavaglia and Worman, Firearms of the American West, p. 141-142; Rosebush, American Firearms, p. 37-42.

571

Ken Alder, Engineering the Revolution: Arms and Enlightenment in France, 1763-1815 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997).

572

Russell L. Fries, “British Response to the American System: The Case of the Small-Arms Industry after 1850”, Technology and Culture 16 (July 1975), p. 377-403; Roger A. Beaumont, Sword of the Raj: The British Army in India, 1747—1947 (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1977), p. 68; Carman, History of Firearms, p. 112; Greener, The Gun and Its Development, p. 283-284, 621-625; Ommundsen and Robinson, Rifles and Ammunition, p. 78-79; Swenson, Pictorial History of the Rifle, p. 24-25.

573

Lee B. Kennett, The Gun in America: The Origins of a National Dilemma (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1975), p.92; Greener, The Gun and Its Development, p. 716-717; Swenson, Pictorial History of the Rifle, p. 28-29; Butler, United States Firearms, p. 222-223.

574

Robert Gardner, Small Arms Makers: A Directory of Fabricators of Firearms, Edged Weapons, Crossbows, and Polearms (New York: Crown, 1963), p. 160; Donald Featherstone, Colonial Small Wars, 1837-1901 (Newton Abbot: David and Charles, 1973), p. 23; Alden Hatch, Remington Arms in American History (New York: Rinehart, 1956), p. 136-142; Richard L. Hill, Egypt in the Sudan, 1820-1881 (London: Oxford University Press, 1959), p.109; Kennett, The Gun in America, p. 92-94, 280^7; Margerand, Armement et équipement, p. 117; Swenson, Pictorial History of the Rifle, p. 27-32; Greener, The Gun and Its Development, p. 702-712.

575

Hatch, Remington Arms, p. 110-114; “Small Arms”, p. 671-672; Rosebush, American Firearms, p. 48-56; Held, Age of Firearms, p. 184; Carman, History of Firearms, p. 178.

576

Paul Scarlata, “The British Martini-Henry Rifle”, Shotgun News (December 6, 2004), p. 36-40. (Я крайне признателен Алексу Коху, обратившему мое внимание на данную статью.)

577

Hicks, Notes on French Ordnance, p. 27; Martin, Armes à feu, p. 247-261; Ommundsen and Robinson, Rifles and Ammunition, p. 72, 90; Margerand, Armement et équipement, p. 117; Rosebush, American Firearms, p. 62; Swenson, Pictorial History of the Rifle, p. 33.

578

Robert Lawrence Wilson, Winchester: An American Legend: The Official History of Winchester Firearms and Ammunition from 1849 to the Present (New York: Random House, 1991), p. 22, 41; Alari-co Gattia, Cosi sparavano i “nostri”: Uomini e armi del vecchio West (Genoa: Stringa, 1966), p. 118-119; Douglas C.McChris-tian, The U.S. Army in the West, 1870-1880: Uniforms, Weapons, and Equipment (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995), p. 113; Rosa, Age of the Gunfighter, p. 138-139; Rosebush, American Firearms, p. 52; Butler, United States Firearms, p. 235-247.

579

Martin, Armes à feu, p. 307-313; Swenson, Pictorial History of the Rifle, p. 33; Ommundsen and Robinson, Rifles and Ammunition, p. 101.

580

Hatch, Remington Arms, p. 190-191; Martin, Armes à feu, p. 317-320.

581

Greener, The Gun and Its Development, p. 727-728.

582

Luc Garcia, Le Royaume du Dahomé:face à la pénétration coloniale (Paris: Karthala, 1988), p. 159-160.

583

Ommundsen and Robinson, Rifles and Ammunition, p. 118.

584

Swenson, Pictorial History of the Rifle, p. 34-35; Martin, Armes à feu, p. 322-328; Hatch, Remington Arms, p.177-178, 191; Greener, The Gun and Its Development, p. 701, 731; Margerand, Armement et équipement, p. 118; Featherstone, Colonial Small Wars, p. 24; Hicks, Notes on French Ordnance, p. 27-28.

585

Об артиллерии XIX в. см.: Ian V.Hogg, A History of Artillery (Feltham, England: Hamlyn, 1974), p. 56-65.

586

Graham Seton Hutchison, Machine Guns, Their History and Tactical Employment (Being Also a History of the Machine Gun Corps, 1916-1922) (London: Macmillan, 1938), p. 31-55; Carman, History of Firearms, p. 85. См. John Ellis, The Social History of the Machine Gun (New York: Random House, 1975), p. 64-70, 86-90.

587

Colonel Charles E. Callwell, Small Wars, Their Principles and Practice, 3rd ed. (London: General Staff, War Office, 1906), p. 398. Данная книга пережила множество редакций и переизданий, последний раз – в 1996 г.

588

Charles Braithwaite Wallis, West African Warfare (London: Harrison, 1906) – в разных местах произведения.

589

См., например, Byron Farwell, Queen Victoria’s Little Wars (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), and Robert Giddings, Imperial Echoes: Eye-Witness Accounts of Victoria’s Little Wars (London: Lee Cooper, 1996), а также статьи в Shotgun News, Soldier of Fortune и прочих журналах данной направленности.

590

Joseph E. Inikori, “The Import of Firearms into West Africa, 1750 to 1807: A Quantitative Analysis”, Journal of African History 18 (1977), p. 339-368.

591

R.A.Kea, “Firearms and Warfare in the Gold and Slave Coasts from the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries”, Journal of African History 12 (1971), p. 2002-2004; Gavin White, “Firearms in Africa: An Introduction”, Journal of African History 12 (1971), p. 179-181.

592

R.W.Beachey, “The Arms Trade in East Africa”, Journal of African History 3 (1962), p. 454-463; Humphrey J. Fisher and Virginia Rowland, “Firearms in the Central Sudan”, Journal of African History 12 (1971), p. 222-224.

593

William Storey, “Guns, Race, and Skill in Nineteenth-Century Southern Africa”, Technology and Culture 45 (October 2004), p. 693Ш4; Anthony Atmore, J. M. Chirenje, and S. I. Muden-ge, “Firearms in South Central Africa”, Journal of African History 12 (1971), p. 550; J. J. Guy, “A Note on Firearms in the Zulu Kingdom with Special Reference to the Anglo-Zulu War, 1879”, Journal of African History 12 (1971), p.559; Sue Miers, “Notes on the Arms Trade and Government Policy in Southern Africa between 1870 and 1890”, Journal of African History 12 (1971), p. 571-572.

594

Robin Law, “Horses, Firearms and Political Power”, Past and Present 72 (1976), p.122-123; Paul M.Mbaeyi, British Military and Naval Forces in West African History, 1807-1874 (New York: NOK Publishers, 1978), p. 28; Beachey, “The Arms Trade in East Africa”, 451-452; Miers, “Notes on the Arms Trade”, p. 572.

595

О черной металлургии на африканском континенте см.: Jack Goody, Technology, Tradition, and the State in Africa (London: Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 28-29; Walter Cline, Mining and Metallurgy in Negro Africa (Menasha, Wise.: George Banta, 1937) – в разных местах произведения; Kea, “Firearms and Warfare”, p. 205; White, “Firearms in Africa”, p. 181.

596

John D. Goodman, “The Birmingham Gun Trade”, in Samuel Timmins, ed., The Resources, Products, and Industrial History of Birmingham and the Midland Hardware District (London: Cass, 1967), p. 388, 426; Myron J.Eehenberg, “Late Nineteenth-Century Military Technology in Upper Volta”, Journal of African History 12 (1971), p. 251-252; H.A.Gemery and Jan S. Hogendorn, “Technological Change, Slavery and the Slave Trade”, in Clive Dewey and Antony G. Hopkins, eds., The Imperial Impact: Studies in the Economic History of India and Africa (London: Athlone Press, 1978), p. 248-250; White, “Firearms in Africa”, p. 173-184; Goody, Technology, p. 52.

597

K. Onwuka Dike, Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta, 1830-1885: An Introduction to the Economic and Political History of Nigeria (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956), p. 107.

598

Storey, “Guns, Race, and Skill”, p. 695.

599

D.J.M.Muffett, “Nigeria-Sokoto Caliphate”, in Michael Crowder, ed., West African Resistance: The Military Response to Colonial Occupation (London: Hutchinson, 1971), p.268-299; Echenberg, “Late Nineteenth-Century Military Technology in Upper Volta”, p. 245-253; Fisher and Rowland, “Firearms in the Central Sudan”, p. 215-239.

600

Joseph P. Smaldone, “The Firearms Trade in the Central Sudan in the Nineteenth Century”, in Daniel F. McCall and Norman R. Bennett, eds., Aspects of West African Islam, Boston University Papers on Africa, vol. 5 (Boston: African Studies Center, Boston University, 1971), p. 155.

601

Joseph P. Smaldone, “Firearms in the Central Sudan: A Reevaluation”, Journal of African History 13 (1972), p. 594; Fisher and Rowland, “Firearms in the Central Sudan”, p. 223n60.

602

Goody, Technology, p. 47-55.

603

Yves Person, Samori: Une Révolution Dyula, 3 vols. (Dakar: IFAN, 1968), vol. 2, p. 908.

604

Storey, “Guns, Race, and Skill”, p. 693П14.

605

Beachey, “The Arms Trade in East Africa”, p. 464; Smaldone, “Firearms Trade”, p. 162-170.

606

Anthony Atmore and Peter Sanders, “Sotho Arms and Ammunition in the Nineteenth Century”, Journal of African History 12 (1971), p. 539; Smaldone, “Firearms Trade”, p. 155-156.

607

Storey, “Guns, Race, and Skill”, p. 702, 707-708.

608

Beachey, “The Arms Trade in East Africa”, p. 453.

609

Shula Marks and Anthony Atmore, “Firearms in Southern Africa: A Survey”, Journal of African History 12 (1971), p. 524-528; Beachey, “The Arms Trade in East Africa”, p. 455-457; Smaldo-ne, “Firearms Trade”, p. 170.

610

Michael Gelfand, Livingstone the Doctor: His Life and Travels (Oxford: Blackwell, 1957), p. 170-173, 192.

611

Roy C. Bridges, “John Hanning Speke: Negotiating a Way to the Nile”, p. 107; James R.Hooker, “Verney Lovett Cameron: A Sailor in Central Africa”, p. 265, 274; Robert O. Collins, “Samuel White Baker: Prospero in Purgatory”, p. 141-150, 171; все перечисленные публикации – в Robert I. Rotberg, ed., Africa and Its Explorers: Motives, Methods and Impact (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970).

612

Wolfe W.Schmokel, “Gerhard Rohlfs: The Lonely Explorer”, in Robert I.Rotberg, ed., Africa and Its Explorers: Motives, Methods and Impact (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970), p. 208.

613

Eric Halladay, “Henry Morton Stanley: The Opening Up of the Congo Basin”, in Robert I. Rotberg, ed., Africa and Its Explorers: Motives, Methods and Impact (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970), p. 242.

614

Henry Morton Stanley, In Darkest Africa, or the Quest, Rescue, and Retreat of Emin, Governor of Equatoria, 2 vols. (New York: Scribner’s, 1890), vol. 1, p. 37-39. См. также: Henry Morton Stanley, The Congo and the Founding of Its Free State (New York: Harper, 1885), p. 63-64; Adam Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998), p. 30, 47-49, 97.

615

Цит. по: Halladay, “Henry Morton Stanley”, p. 244.

616

Henry Morton Stanley, The Exploration Diaries of H. M. Stanley, ed. Richard Stanley and Alan Neame (New York: Vanguard Press, 1961), p. 125; цитата из Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, p. 49.

617

Marks and Atmore, “Firearms in Southern Africa”, p. 519-522.

618

J.K.Fynn, “Ghana-Asante (Ashanti)”, in Michael Crowder, ed., West African Resistance: The Military Response to Colonial Occupation (London: Hutchinson, 1971), p. 32; Mbaeyi, British Military and Naval Forces, p. 34-35.

619

Atmore and Sanders, “Sotho Arms and Ammunition”, p. 537-541.

620

John Keegan, “The Ashanti Campaign, 1873-74”, in Brian Bond, ed., Victorian Military Campaigns (London: Hutchinson, 1967), p. 161-98; Philip Curtin, Disease and Empire: The Health of European Troops in the Conquest of Africa (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 58; Hutchison, Machine Guns, p. 38; Kea, “Firearms and Warfare”, p. 201; Fynn, “Ghana-Asante (Ashanti)”, p. 40; Mbaeyi, British Military and Naval Forces, p. 34-35.

621

Donald R. Morris, The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation under Shaka and Its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1964), p. 352-388, 545-575; Ellis, Social History of the Machine Gun, p. 82; Hutchison, Machine Guns, p. 39; Scarlata, “The British Martini-Henry Rifle”, p. 36.

622

Henri-Nicholas Frey, Campagne dans le Haut Sénégal et dans le Haut Niger (1885-1886) (Paris: Plon, 1888), p.60-62; B.Olatunji Oloruntimehin, “Senegambia-Mahmadou Lamine”, in Michael Crowder, ed., West African Resistance: The Military Response to Colonial Occupation (London: Hutchinson, 1971), p. 93-94; Person, Samori, vol. 2, p. 907.

623

Garcia, Le royaume du Dahomé, p. 163-167; David Ross, “Dahomey”, in Michael Crowder, ed., West African Resistance: The Military Response to Colonial Occupation (London: Hutchinson, 1971), p. 158-161; Callwell, Small Wars, p. 260; Kea, “Firearms and Warfare”, p. 213.

624

Atmore, Chirenje, and Mutenge, “Firearms in South Central Africa”, p. 553-554; Ellis, Social History of the Machine Gun, p. 90; Hutchison, Machine Guns, p. 63.

625

Callwell, Small Wars, p. 440-442; Wallis, West African Warfare, p. 56.

626

Pierre Gentil, La conquête du Tchad, 2 vols. (Vincennes: Etat-major de l’Armée de terre, Service historique, 1971), vol. 1, p. 99; Alexander S. Kanya-Forstner, The Conquest of the Western Sudan: A Study in French Military Imperialism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969), p.10; Michael Crowder, Introduction, p. 6-7, and Muffett, “Nigeria-Sokoto Caliphate”, p. 284-285, both in Michael Crowder, ed., West African Resistance: The Military Response to Colonial Occupation (London: Hutchinson, 1971).

627

Guy, “A Note on Firearms”, p. 560-562; Marks and Atmore, “Firearms in Southern Africa”, p. 519-527; Fisher and Rowland, “Firearms in the Central Sudan”, p. 229-230; Muffett, “Nigeria-Sokoto Caliphate”, p. 287; Crowder, introduction, p. 11.

628

Cyril Falls, A Hundred Years of War (London: Duckworth, 1953), p. 118-119; Callwell, Small Wars, p. 30-31, 75-76; Wallis, West African Warfare, p. 44-45; Brian Bond, introduction to Brian Bond, ed., Victorian Military Campaigns (London: Hutchinson, 1967), p. 25.

629

M.Legassick, “Firearms, Horses and Samorian Army Organization, 1870-1898”, Journal of African History 7 (1966), p. 95-115; Person, Samori, vol. 2, p. 905-912. См. также: Person, “Guinea-Samori”, in Michael Crowder, ed., West African Resistance: The Military Response to Colonial Occupation (London: Hutchinson, 1971), p. 111-143.

630

Callwell, Small Wars, p. 389, 438-439; Hutchison, Machine Guns, p.67-70.

631

Не следует забывать о том, что почти самоубийственные атаки большими силами пехоты на противника, вооруженного винтовками и пулеметами, были свойственны не только африканцам. Именно этой тактики придерживались европейские командиры, бросавшие своих солдат из окопов на укрепления вражеских войск на полях сражений Первой мировой войны. И эти атаки также заканчивались огромными потерями со стороны наступавших. Разница же заключалась в том, что война в Европе продолжалась четыре года, но ценой ее было во много раз большее число жизней, чем при завоевании Африки.

632

Winston S. Churchill, The River War, p. 274, 279.

633

Winston S. Churchill, The River War, p. 300.

634

Цит. по: Webb, The Great Plains, p. 195.

635

The Times Atlas of World History, rev. ed. by Geoffrey Barraclough (London: Times Books, 1979), p. 160, 164, 220. См. также Historical Atlas of the World (Skokie, Ill.: Rand McNally, 1997), p. 58-59, иAtlas of American History (Skokie, Ill.: Rand McNally, 1993), P. 12-18, 22-29.

636

Напр.: Times Atlas, p. 220, и Historical Atlas of the World, p. 59.

637

См. карту в: Michael Williams, Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis: An Abridgment (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), p. 205.

638

Frank R. Secoy, Changing Military Patterns on the Great Plains (17th Century through Early 19th Century) (Locust Valley, N.Y.: Augustin, 1953), p. 5, 39, 95_97, 104-105; Garavaglia and Wor-man, Firearms of the American West, p. 344-360; Paul Russell, Man’s Mastery of Malaria (London: Oxford University Press, 1955), P. 103-130.

639

О традиционном вооружении индейцев см.: Colin F.Taylor, Native American Weapons (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001).

640

Josiah Gregg, Commerce on the Prairies, ed. Max L. Moorhead (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1954), p. 416-417.

641

Colonel Richard Irving Dodge, Our Wild Indians: Thirty-Three Years’ Personal Experience among the Red Men of the Great West (Hartford, Conn.: Worthington, 1882; reprint, New York: Archer House, 1960), p. 449-450.

642

R. G. Robertson, Rotting Face: Smallpox and the American Indian (Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Press, 2001), p. 245; Webb, The Great Plains, p.167-169. Об армейских винтовках в период до Гражданской войны см.: Russell, p. 173-191.

643

John E. Parsons, ed., Sam’l Colt’s Own Record (Hartford: Connecticut Historical Society, 1949), p. 10.

644

Robert Wooster, The Military and United States Indian Policy, 1865-1903 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), p. 33; McChristian, U.S. Army in the West, p. 113; Butler, United States Firearms, p. 190; Gattia, Cosi sparavano i “nostri”, p. 106.

645

Rosebush, American Firearms, p. 65-67; Gattia, Cosi sparavano i “nostri”, p. 114.

646

Dodge, Our Wild Indians, p. 422.

647

Ibid., p. 450.

648

Hatch, Remington Arms, p. 140-141; Gattia, Cosi sparavano i “nostri”, p. 105-106; Rosebush, American Firearms, p. 62-64; Dodge, Our Wild Indians, p. 423.

649

Robertson, Rotting Face, p. 242-246.

650

Dodge, Our Wild Indians, p. 295-296.

651

Согласно утверждениям Магнуссена (Daniel O.Magnussen, Peter Thompson’s Narrative of the Little Bighorn Campaign of 1876: A Critical Analysis of an Eyewitness Account of the Custer Debacle (Glendale, Calif.: Arthur H. Clark, 1974), p. 151-152) и Розбуша (Rosebush, American Firearms, p. 71), патроны в данных винтовках часто заклинивало, и их трудно было извлекать. Тем не менее археологические находки на месте сражения это не подтверждают. См.: McChristian, U.S. Army in the West, p. 114.

652

Gregory F. Michno, Lakota Noon: The Indian Narrative of Custer’s Defeat (Missoula, Mont.: Mountain Press, 1997), p. 49, 110, 192; Bruce A. Rosenberg, Custer and the Epic of Defeat (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1974), p. 27, 68-70; Wooster, Indian Policy, p. 33; Hatch, Remington Arms, p. 154-155; Rosebush, American Firearms, p. 69-70; McChris-tian, U.S. Army in the West, p. 115.

653

Anthony Smith, Machine Gun: The Story of the Men and the Weapon That Changed the Face of War (New York: St.Martin’s, 2002), p. 74, 106; Rosebush, American Firearms, p. 72-74.

654

Kristine L.Jones, “Civilization and Barbarism and Sarmiento’s Indian Policy”, in Joseph T. Criscenti, ed., Sarmiento and His Argentina (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1993), p.37-38; Richard O. Perry, “Warfare on the Pampas in the 1870s”, Military Affairs 36, no. 2 (April 1972), p. 52-58.

655

Jones, “Civilization and Barbarism”, p. 35-37.

656

Nora Siegrist de Gentile and María Haydee Martín, Geopolítica, cienciay técnica a través de la campana del desierto (Buenos Aires: Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires, 1981), p. 92-96.

657

David Vinas, Indio, ejército yfrontera (Mexico: Siglo Veintiuno Editores, 1982), p. 90.

658

Perry, “Warfare on the Pampas”, p. 54-56; Siegrist de Gentile and Haydée Martín, Geopolítica, p. 96-97.

659

Orlando Mario Punzi, Historia del desierto: La conquista del desierto pampeano patagónico: La conquista del Chaco (Buenos Aires: Ediciones Corregidor, 1983), p. 48-49; Jones, “Civilization and Barbarism”, p. 41; Siegrist de Gentile and Haydee Martín, Geopolítica, p. 106.

660

Lobodón Garra [Liborio Justo], A sangre y lanza, o el último combate del capitanejo Nehuén: Tragedia e infortúnio de la Epopeya del Desierto (Buenos Aires: Ediciones Anaconda, 1969), p. 428-429.

661

Enrique González Lonzieme, La Armada en la Conquista delDesierto (Buenos Aires: Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires, 1977), p. 57-96; Ricardo Capdevila, “La corbeta ‘Uruguay’: Su par-ticipación en la Conquista del Desierto y las tierras australes argentinas”, in Congreso Nacional de Historia sobre la Conquista del Desierto celebrado en la ciudad de Gral. Roca del 6 al 10 de no-viembre de 1979 (Buenos Aires: Academia Nacional de la Historia, 1980), p. 259-268.

662

Felix Best, Historia de las guerras argentinas, de la independencia,

internacionales, civiles y con el indio (Buenos Aires: Ediciones Penser, 1960), p.387-391; Juan Carlos Walther, La conquista del desierto (Buenos Aires: Círculo Militar, 1964), p.752; Argentine Republic, Ministerio del Interior, Campana delDesierto (1878-1884) (Buenos Aires: Archivo General de la Nación, 1969), prologue; Roberto Levillier, Historia de Argentina (Buenos Aires: Plaza y Janés, 1968), vol.4, p.2956-2960; Pun-zi, Historia del desierto, p. 53-55; Perry, “Warfare on the Pampas”, p. 56-57.

663

Acción y presencia del Ejército en el sur del país (N.p.: Comando del Vto Cuerpo de Ejército “Teniente General D. Julio Argentino Roca”, 1997), p. 28-31.

664

Jean-Pierre Blancpain, Les Araucans et lafrontière dans l’histoire du Chili des origines auXIXe siècle: Une épopée américaine (Frankfurt: Vervuert Verlag, 1990), p. 134-135; Luis Carlos Parenti-ni and Patricia Herrera, “Araucanía maldita: su imagen a través de la prensa, 1820-1860”, in Leonardo León et al., eds., Araucanía: La frontera mestiza, siglo XIX (Santiago: Ediciones UCSH, 2003), p. 63-100.

665

Patricia Cerda-Hegerl, Fronteras del sur: La region del Bío-Bío y la Araucanía chilena, 1604-1883 (Temuco, Chile: Universi-dad de la Frontera, 1990), p. 131-132, 142; Manuel Ravest Mora, Ocupación militar de la Araucanía (1861-1883) (Santiago: Lican-ray, 1997), p. 9-10; Blancpain, Les Araucans, p. 140-143.

666

José Bengoa, Historia del pueblo mapuche: Siglos XIX y XX, 6th ed. (San tiago: LOM Ediciones, 2000), p. 275; Blancpain, Les Araucans, p. 141-145.

667

Ravest Mora, Ocupación Militar de la Araucanía, p. 11.

668

R. A. Caulk, “Firearms and Princely Power in Ethiopia in the Nineteenth Century”, Journal of African History 13 (1972), p. 610-613; Richard Pankhurst, “Guns in Ethiopia”, Transition 20 (1965), p. 20-29; Jonathan Grant, Rulers, Guns, and Money: The Global Arms Trade in the Age of Imperialism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007), p. 47.

669

Pankhurst, “Guns in Ethiopia”, p. 29-30.

670

Pankhurst, “Guns in Ethiopia”, p. 30; Caulk, “Firearms and Princely Power”, p. 621-622; Grant, Rulers, Guns, and Money, p. 47-63

671

Romain H.Rainero, “The Battle of Adowa, on 1st March 1896: A Reappraisal”, in J. A. De Moor and H. L. Wesserling, eds., Imperialism and War: Essays on Colonial Wars in Asia and Africa (Leiden: E.J.Brill, 1989), p.193-197; Pankhurst, “Guns in Ethiopia”, p. 31-32.

672

Еще одним знаменитым примером стало поражение, нанесенное Японией России в 1905 г. В настоящем издании Япония мною не рассматривается, поскольку к тому моменту она уже была промышленной страной с великодержавными амбициями, а не мишенью западного империализма.

673

Henri-Nicolas Frey, L’aviation aux armées et aux colonies et autres questions militaires actuelles (Paris: Berger-Levrault, 1911), p. 85-86. Здесь примечателен тот факт, что Фрей говорит о «так называемых низших расах», а не просто о «низших расах» – возможно, по причине того, что приобретение этими народами скорострельных винтовок заставило отзываться о них в более почтительном тоне.

674

О братьях Райт см.: Tom Crouch, The Bishop’s Boys: A Life of Wilbur and Orville Wright (New York: Norton, 1989); Crouch, First Flight: The Wright Brothers and the Invention of the Airplane (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Interior, 2002); биографии, посвященные их экспериментам, а также следующую работу, рассматривающую прежде всего технологические вопросы их изобретений: Peter L.Jakab, Visions of a Flying Machine: The Wright Brothers and the Process of Invention (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1990).

675

John H. Morrow, Jr., The Great War in the Air (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993), p.35-47; Hilary St. George Saunders, Per Ardua: The Rise of British Air Power, 1911-1939 (London: Oxford University Press, 1945), p. 29.

676

Robin Higham, 100 Years of Air Power and Aviation (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2003), p. 37.

677

Цит. по: David E.Omissi, Air Power and Colonial Control: The Royal Air Force, 1919-1939 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990), p. 5.

678

Omissi, Air Power, p. 6.

679

Angelo del Boca, Italiani in Libia, 2 vols. (Rome: Laterza, 1986-88), vol. 1, p. 108; Luigi Túccari, I gov er ni militari della Libia, 1911-1919, 2 vols. (Rome: Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito, 1994), vol. 1, p. 72; John Wright, “Aeroplanes and Airships in Libya, 1911-1912”, Maghreb Review 3, no. 10 (November-December 1978), p. 20-21.

680

Wright, “Aeroplanes and Airships in Libya”, p. 21.

681

Francis McCullagh, Italy’s Warfor the Desert, Being Some Experiences of a War-Correspondent with the Italians in Tripoli (London: Herbert and Daniel, 1912), p. 122-123.

682

«Господство в воздухе» (итал. ).

683

Giulio Douhet, Il dominio dell’aria: Saggio sull’arte della guerra aerea (Rome: Amministrazione della Guerra, 1921).

684

Roger G. Miller, A Preliminary to War: The 1st Aero Squadron and the Mexican Punitive Expedition of 1916 (Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program, 2003), p. 1-2; Herbert M. Mason, The Great Pursuit (New York: Random House, 1970), p.104-108; John D.Eisenhower, Intervention! The United States Involvement in the Mexican Revolution, 1913-1917 (New York: Norton, 1993), p. 239.

685

Miller, Preliminary to War, p. 20-22; Mason, The Great Pursuit, p. 109-110; Eisenhower, Intervention, p. 255-256.

686

Цит. по: Eisenhower, Intervention, p. 256. См. также: Mason, The Great Pursuit, p. 108-118, 221-222; Miller, Preliminary to War, p. 10-11, 41-51.

687

James S.Corum and Wray R.Johnson, Airpower in Small Wars: Fighting Insurgents and Terrorists (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2003), p. 20.

688

Omissi, Air Power, p. 101-103.

689

David Killingray, “‘A Swift Agent of Government’: Air Power in British Colonial Africa, 1916-1939”, Journal of African History 25, no. 4 (1984), p. 429-435. См. также: Douglas Jardine, The Mad Mullah of Somaliland (London: H. Jenkins, 1923), p. 263-278.

690

Anthony Towle, Pilots and Rebels: The Use of Aircraft in Unconventi onal Warfare, 1918-1988 (London: Brassey’s, 1989), p. 27-34; Killingray, “‘A Swift Agent of Government’”, p.430-439; Corum and Johnson, Airpower in Small Wars, p. 77-83.

691

О развернувшихся на этих реках боевых действиях см.: Bryan Perrett, Gunboat! Small Ships at War (London: Cassell, 2000), p. 143-156.

692

Jafna L.Cox, “A Splendid Training Ground: The Importance of the Royal Air Force in Its Role in Iraq, 1919-32”, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 13 (1984), p. 157.

693

Peter Sluglett, Britain in Iraq, 1914-1932 (London: Ithaca Press, 1976), p. 262.

694

Mark Jacobsen, “‘Only by the Sword’: British Counter-Insurgency in Iraq, 1920”, Small Wars and Insurgencies 2, no. 2 (August 1991), p. 327.

695

Charles Townshend, Britain’s Civil Wars: Counterinsurgency in the Twentieth Century (Boston: Faber and Faber, 1986), p. 94.

696

Charles Tripp, A History of Iraq (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 41-44; Toby Dodge, Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation-Building and a History Denied (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003), p.135; Robert Stacey, “Imperial Delusions: Cheap and Easy Peace in Mandatory Iraq”, World History Bulletin 21, no. 1 (Spring 2005), p. 27-28; Jacobsen, “‘Only by the Sword’”, p. 351-352; Sluglett, Britain in Iraq, p. 41; Omissi, Air Power, p. 22-24; Cox, “A Splendid Training Ground”, p. 160-161; Townshend, Britain’s Civil Wars, p. 95; Corum and Johnson, Airpower in Small Wars, p. 55-56.

697

Cox, “A Splendid Training Ground”, p. 159.

698

Priya Satia, “The Defense of Inhumanity: Air Control and the British Idea of Arabia”, American Historical Review 111, no. 1 (February 2006), p. 26.

699

Townshend, Britain’s Civil Wars, p. 146.

700

Stacey, “Imperial Delusions”, p. 28; Omissi, Air Power, p. 16-22; Cox, “A Splendid Training Ground”, p. 157-160.

701

О политике королевских ВВС в указанный период см.: Barry D. Power, Strategy without Slide Rule: British Air Strategy, 1914-1939 (London: Croom Helm, 1976), chapter 6.

702

Omissi, Air Power, p. 25.

703

Christopher Catherwood, Churchill’s Folly: How Winston Churchill Created Modern Iraq (New York: Carroll and Graf, 2004), p. 133-134.

704

Dodge, Inventing Iraq, p. 135-136; Sluglett, Britain in Iraq, p. 259-263.

705

Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, 4 vols. (London: Heineman, 1975), vo1. 4, p. 803.

706

Omissi, Air Power, p. 31; Satia, “The Defense of Inhumanity”, p. 32.

707

Towle, Pilots and Rebels, p. 55, 18-19, 244. Об аэропланах, летчиках и патрулировании пустыни в начале 1920-х гг. см. мемуары генерал-лейтенанта Джона Глабба: John B. Glubb, War in the Desert: An RAF Frontier Campaign (London: Hoddet and Stoughton, 1969).

708

Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 4, p. 494.

709

Townshend, Britain’s Civil Wars, p. 147-148.

710

Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 4, p. 810.

711

Killingray, “‘A Swift Agent of Government’”, p. 432П15.

712

Omissi, Air Power, p. 160; Townshend, Britain’s Civil Wars, p. 147-148.

713

Совершенно иначе британскую доктрину осуществления контроля над оккупированными территориями с помощью авиации представляет подполковник ВВС США Дэвид Дин: по его утверждениям, британские чиновники колониальной администрации поддерживали контакт с разведкой королевских ВВС по радиосвязи; при первых признаках волнений среди жителей самолеты пролетали над населенными пунктами, предупреждая через громкоговорители о последствиях; если предупреждений оказывалось недостаточно, производились точечные бомбардировки, позволявшие добиться политических целей при минимальном уровне насильственных действий. Однако в реальности такой идиллический подход применялся редко. См.: David J. Dean, The Air Force Role in Low Intensity Conflict (Mobile, Ala.: Air University Press, 1986), p. 24-25, и Dean, “Air Power in Small Wars: The British Air Control Experience”, Air University Review, July-August 1983, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aure-view/1983/jul-aug/dean.html (по состоянию на 28 января 2009 г.).

714

Satia, “The Defense of Inhumanity”, p. 38.

715

Corum and Johnson, Airpower in Small Wars, p. 82.

716

Killingray, “‘A Swift Agent of Government’”, p. 437-438.

717

Satia, “The Defense of Inhumanity”, p. 37.

718

Corum and Johnson, Airpower in Small Wars, p. 58.

719

Satia, “The Defense of Inhumanity”, p. 35; Townshend, Britain’s Civil Wars, p. 97.

720

Thomas R. Mockaitis, British Counter-Insurgency, 1919-1960 (London: Macmillan, 1990), p. 29.

721

Towle, Pilots and Rebels, p. 20.

722

Townshend, Britain’s Civil Wars, p. 148-149; см. также: Mockaitis, British Counter-Insurgency, p. 29-30.

723

Sluglett, Britain in Iraq, p. 265.

724

Tripp, History of Iraq, p. 31-33, 45-47.

725

Cox, “A Splendid Training Ground”, p. 168-169; Sluglett, Britain in Iraq, p. 81-86, 117-122; Omissi, Air Power, p. 27-32; Dodge, Inventing Iraq, p. 137; Jacobsen, “‘Only by the Sword’”, p. 358.

726

Cox, “A Splendid Training Ground”, p. 170; Omissi, Air Power, p. 30-35; Corum and Johnson, Airpower in Small Wars, p. 61.

727

Cox, “A Splendid Training Ground”, p. 171.

728

Gilbert, Churchill, vol.4, p. 796-797; Sluglett, Britain in Iraq, p. 264.

729

Sluglett, Britain in Iraq, p. 267; Dodge, Inventing Iraq, p. 153-155.

730

Sluglett, Britain in Iraq, p. 264; Cox, “A Splendid Training Ground”, p. 171-173.

731

Stacey, “Imperial Delusions”, p. 29.

732

Brian Bond, British Military Policy between the Two World Wars (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980), p.16; Cox, “A Splendid Training Ground”, p. 175; Sluglett, Britain in Iraq, p. 127. В период после 1930 г. иракских ополченцев, которые слишком тесно ассоциировались с британцами, сменила регулярная иракская армия под командованием офицеров-суннитов, многие из которых ранее служили в османской армии.

733

Sluglett, Britain in Iraq, p. 91.

734

Omissi, Air Power, p. 35.

735

Sebastian Balfour, Deadly Embrace: Morocco and the Road to the Spanish Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), P. 52-55.

736

José Warleta Carrillo, “Los comienzos bélicos de la aviación espanola”, Revue internationale d’histoire militaire 56 (1984), p. 239-262.

737

Shannon Fleming, Primo de Rivera and Abd-el-Krim: The Struggle in Spanish Morocco, 1923-1927 (New York: Garland, 1991), p. 65-70; David S.Woolman, Rebels in the Rif: Abd el Krim and the Rif Rebellion (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1968), p. 82; Balfour, Deadly Embrace, p. 64-75.

738

См.: Daniel R. Headrick, Ejércitoy política en Espana (1866—1898) (Madrid: Editorial Tecnos, 1981).

739

Balfour, Deadly Embrace, p. 56-57.

740

Corum and Johnson, Airpower in Small Wars, 71-72; Balfour, Deadly Embrace, 149.

741

Rudibert Kunz and Rolf-Dieter Müller, Giftgas gegen Abd el Krim: Deutschland, Spanien und der Gaskrieg in Spanisch-Marokko, 1922—1927 (Freiburgim-Breisgau: Verlag Rombach, 1990), p. 58-59.

742

Kunz and Müller, Giftgas gegen Abd el Krim, p. 74-90.

743

Balfour, Deadly Embrace, p. 141-143; Fleming, Primo de Rivera andAbd-el-Krim, p. 141-142.

744

Balfour, Deadly Embrace, p. 124-156.

745

Kunz and Müller, Giftgas gegen Abd el Krim, p. 135.

746

Général A. Niessel, “Le rôle militaire de l’aviation au Maroc”, Revue de Paris 33 (February 1926), p. 509; Fleming, Primo de Rivera and Abd-el-Krim, p.136, 224-226; Corum and Johnson, Airpower in Small Wars, p. 69-70.

747

Fleming, Primo de Rivera and Abd-el-Krim, p. 229-240.

748

Woolman, Rebels in the Rif, p. 194.

749

Woolman, Rebels in the Rif, p. 190-192; Fleming, Primo de Rivera andAbd-el-Krim, p. 285-299.

750

Walter B. Harris, France, Spain and the Rif (London: E. Arnold, 1927), p. 300-301; Woolman, Rebels in the Rif, p. 202-3; Corum and Johnson, Airpower in Small Wars, p. 75-76; Niessel, “Le rôle militaire de l’aviation au Maroc”, p. 523.

751

Woolman, Rebels in the Rif, p. 196, 204-205; Corum and Johnson, Airpower in Small Wars, p. 72-77.

752

Eric Salerno, Genocidio in Libia: Le atrocità nacoste dell’avventura colonial italiana, 1911-1931 (Rome: Manifestolibri, 2005), p. 64; Balfour, Deadly Embrace, p. 128.

753

Corum and Johnson, Airpower in Small Wars, p. 81.

754

Giorgio Rochat, Guerre italiane in Libia e in Etiopia: Studi militari, 1921-1939 (Treviso: Pagus, 1991), p. 124.

755

Sven Lindqvist, A History of Bombing, trans. Linda Haverty Rugg (New York: New Press, 2001), p. 70.

756

Angelo del Boca et al., I gas di Mussolini: Ilfascismo e la guerra d’Etiopia (Rome: Riuniti, 1996), p. 152.

757

Lindqvist, A History of Bombing, p. 70; см. также Rochat, Guerre italiane, p. 143-176.

758

Dennis Mack Smith, Mussolini’s Roman Empire (New York: Viking, 1976), p. 67-73; Angelo del Boca, The Ethiopian War 1935-1941, trans. P. D. Cummins (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), p. 54-78; Ferdinando Pedriali, “Le arme chimiche in Africa Orientale: Storia, tecnica, obiettivi, efficacia”, in Angelo del Boca et al., I gas di Mussolini: Ilfascismo e la guerra d’Eti-opia (Rome: Riuniti, 1996), p. 89-104; Rochat, Guerre italia-ne, p. 124-129.

759

Del Boca, I gas di Mussolini, p. 162.

760

Для ознакомления с указанными примерами из трудов по истории военной авиации см.: Robin Higham, 100 Years of Air Power and Aviation (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2003); Basil Collier, A History of Air Power (London: Wei-denfeld and Nicholson, 1974); James L. Stokesbury, A Short History of Air Power (New York: William Morrow, 1986).

761

Самая знаменитая из этих книг (Colonel Charles E.Callwell, Small Wars: Their Principles and Practice, London: HMSO, 1896), выдержавшая множество последующих переизданий, была написана еще до создания аэропланов. В еще одной классической работе, книге Чарльза Гвинна (Charles Gwynn, Imperial Policing, London: Macmillan, 1934), авиация упоминается, однако ее роль принижается.

762

Среди наиболее значимых из этих работ следует упомянуть следующие: Anthony Towle, Pilots and Rebels: The Use of Aircraft in Unconventional Warfare (London: Brassey’s, 1989); David E. Omissi, Air Power and Colonial Control: The Royal Air Force, 1919-1939 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990); James S. Corum and Wray R. Johnson, Airpower in Small Wars: Fighting Insurgents and Terrorists (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2003).

763

Западная часть Индокитая, которую составляли Лаос и Камбоджа, боролась за свою независимость одновременно с Вьетнамом, при этом плотность населения этих стран была гораздо ниже вьетнамской. Уровень развития этих территорий (а также контроля французов над ними) также был более низким.

764

Towle, Pilots and Rebels, p. 106-116; Corum and Johnson, Airpower in Small Wars, p. 139-146.

765

Lionel Max Chassin, Aviation Indochine (Paris: Amiot-Dumont, 1954), p. 47-67. В 1951-53 гг. генерал Шассен был главнокомандующим группировкой французских ВВС в Индокитае.

766

Chassin, Aviation Indochine, p. 71-75, 176-186.

767

Towle, Pilots and Rebels, p.108-113, 247-248; Corum and Johnson, Airpower in Small Wars, p. 145-156.

768

Towle, Pilots and Rebels, p. 107; Corum and Johnson, Airpower in Small Wars, p. 150-160.

769

Chassin, Aviation Indochine, p. 201-214; Towle, Pilots and Rebels, p.111-112; Corum and Johnson, Airpower in Small Wars, P. 157-159.

770

Edgar O’Ballance, The Algerian Insurrection, 1954-1962 (Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1967), p. 90, 141, 215; Towle, Pilots and Rebels, p. 117-119; Corum and Johnson, Airpower in Small Wars, p. 161-166.

771

Mohamed Lebaoui, Vérités sur la Révolution algérienne (Paris: Gallimard, 1970), p. 127-138; Serge Bromberger, Les rebelles algériens (Paris: Plon, 1958), p. 218-221, 251-255; Hartmut Elsenhans, Frankreich’s Algerienkrieg, 1954—1962: Entkolonisierungsversuch einer kapitalistischen Metropole: Zum Zusammenbruch der Kolo-nialreiche (Munich: C.Hansen, 1974), p.381-383; O’Ballance, The Algerian Insurrection, p. 39, 48-54, 88-89, 98, 138-140.

772

Martin Thomas, “Order before Reform: The Spread of French Military Operations in Algeria, 1954-1958”, in David Killingray and David Omissi, eds., Guardians of Empire: The Armed Forces of the Colonial Powers c. 1700-1964 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999), p. 216.

773

Towle, Pilots and Rebels, p. 117-125; Corum and Johnson, Airpower in Small Wars, p. 166-170.

774

Corum and Johnson, Airpower in Small Wars, p. 171-172.

775

General Michel Forget, Guerrefroide et guerre d’Algérie 1954-1964: témoignage sur une période agitée, Paris: Economica, 2002), p. 163-204; Alastair Horne, A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954-1962 (New York: New York Review Books, 2006), p. 334-338.

776

Michael Adas, Dominance by Design: Technological Imperatives and America’s Civilizing Mission (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006), p. 291; Max Boot, The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power (New York: Basic Books, 2002), p. 292.

777

Ronald B. Frankum, Jr., Like Rolling Thunder: The Air War in Vietnam, 1964-1975 (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005), P. 7-9.

778

Mark Clodfelter, The Limits of Air Power: The American Bombing of North Vietnam (New York: Free Press, 1989), p. 133; Frankum, Like Rolling Thunder passim; Towle, Pilots and Rebels, p. 163-164.

779

Donald J. Mrozek, Air Power and the Ground War in Vietnam (Washington, D.C.: Pergamon-Brassey, 1989), p. 114-128; Higham, 100 Years, p. 248; Towle, Pilots and Rebels, p. 159-165.

780

Raphael Littauer and Norman Uphoff, The Air War in Indochina (Boston: Beacon Press, 1972), p. 91-96; Frankum, Like Rolling Thunder, p. 88-92; Mrozek, Air Power, p.132-139; Towle, Pilots and Rebels, p. 168.

781

Цит. по: Adas, Dominance by Design, p. 311.

782

Mrozek, Air Power, p. 139-144; Towle, Pilots and Rebels, p. 165.

783

Mrozek, Air Power, p. 27. См. также: Corum and Johnson, Airpower in Small Wars, p. 267-274.

784

Цит. по: Adas, Dominance by Design, p. 291.

785

Robert A. Pape, Bombing to Win: Air Power and Coercion in War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996), p. 175-184.

786

Boot, Savage Wars of Peace, p. 291.

787

Frankum, Like Rolling Thunder, p. 20-21, 79; Clodfelter, The Limits of Air Power, p. 133; Higham, 100 Years, p. 245-252; Littau-er and Uphoff, The Air War in Indochina, p. 9-10. Из расчета же на одного военнослужащего вес бомб, сброшенных США во Вьетнаме, превысил аналогичный показатель по Второй мировой в двадцать шесть раз; см.: Gabriel Kolko, Vietnam: Anatomy of a War, 1940-1975 (London: Pantheon, 1986), p. 189.

788

General David Shoup, “The New American Militarism”, Atlantic Monthly (April 1969), p. 55.

789

Pape, Bombing to Win, p. 184-95; Clodfelter, The Limits of Air Power, p. 131-136.

790

Pape, Bombing to Win, p.192; Littauer and Uphoff, The Air War in Indochina, p. 69-72; Higham, 100 Years, p. 247.

791

Michael T. Klare, War without End: American Planning for the Next Vietnams (New York: Vintage, 1972), p.170-191; Paul Dickson, The Electronic Battlefield (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1976), p. 83-95; Paul N. Edwards, The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1996), p. 3-4; James W. Gibson, The Perfect War: Technowar in Vietnam (Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986), p. 396-398.

792

О высокоточном оружии и «умных бомбах», применявшихся во Вьетнаме, см.: Paul G.Gillespie, Weapons of Choice: The Development of Precision Guided Munitions (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2006), chapter 5: “Vietnam: Precision Munitions Come of Age”.

793

Pape, Bombing to Win, p. 175-201; Clodfelter, The Limits of Air Power, p. 159-162; Mrozek, Air Power, p. 101-103.

794

Higham, 100 Years, p. 264; Clodfelter, The Limits of Air Power, p. 131, 165; Frankum, Like Rolling Thunder, p. 152.

795

Clodfelter, The Limits of Air Power, p. 203.

796

Richard M. Nixon, No More Vietnams (New York: Arbor House, 1985), p. 56.

797

Edward Girardet, Afghanistan: The Soviet War (New York: St. MarOn’s, 1985), p. 12, 33-33.

798

Edgar O’Ballance, Afghan Wars, 1839-1992: What Britain Gave Up and the Soviet Union Lost, 2nd ed. (New York: Brassey’s, 2002), P. 97-99.

799

Mark Galeotti, Afghanistan, the Soviet Union’s Last War (London: Frank Cass, 1995), p. 199; O’Ballance, Afghan Wars, p. 100-101.

800

Girardet, Afghanistan, p. 32-38; Corum and Johnson, Airpower in Small Wars, 393-397.

801

Towle, Pilots and Rebels, p. 194-201; Corum and Johnson, Airpower in Small Wars, p. 391-392; O’Ballance, Afghan Wars, p. 102-103, 122-123; Girardet, Afghanistan, p. 30, 42-43.

802

Girardet, Afghanistan, p. 37-43; Towle, Pilots and Rebels, p. 197-198; Galeotti, Afghanistan, p. 196.

803

Girardet, Afghanistan, p. 33; O’Ballance, Afghan Wars, p. 114.

804

О помощи США афганцам и установках Stinger см.: George Crile, Charlie Wilson’s War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2003), chapter 28; Towle, Pilots and Rebels, p. 192-205; Corum and Johnson, Airpower in Small Wars, p. 393-397; O’Ballance, Afghan Wars, p. 145-163.

805

О стратегической доктрине см.: Pape, Bombing to Win, p. 211-212.

806

Двумя первыми была классическая промышленная революция конца XVIII – начала XIX в., символами которой стали текстильная индустрия и паровые двигатели, и вторая промышленная революция конца XIX – начала XX в. (с ней были связаны сталелитейная, химическая и электротехническая промышленность, а также применение двигателей внутреннего сгорания).

807

Alex Roland, The Military-Industrial Complex (Washington, D.C.: AHA Publications, 2001).

808

Данная концепция импульса технологического развития заимствована мною у Томаса Хьюза. См.: Thomas P. Hughes, Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983), p. 140.

809

Richard Hallion, Storm over Iraq: Air Power and the Gulf War(Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992), p. 308-312; Lon O. Nordeen, Air Warfare in the Missile Age (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985), p. 233.

810

David R. Mets, The Long Search for a Surgical Strike: Precision Munitions and the Revolution in Military Affairs (Maxwell Air Force Base, Ala.: Air University Press, 2001), p.28-29; Kenneth P. Werrell, Chasing the Silver Bullet: U.S. Air Force Weapons Development from Vietnam to Desert Storm (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2003), p. 258; Williamson Murray and Maj. Gen. Robert H. Scales, Jr., The Iraq War: A Military History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003), p. 49; James F.Dunnigan and Austin Bay, From Shield to Storm: High-Tech Weapons, Military Strategy, and Coalition Warfare in the Persian Gulf (New York: Morrow, 1992), p. 221-222; Hallion, Storm over Iraq, p. 303-307; Nordeen, Air Warfare in the Missile Age, p. 59, 230.

811

Hallion, Storm over Iraq, p. 293-294; Werrell, Chasing the Silver Bullet, p. 221-247; Dunnigan and Bay, From Shield to Storm, p. 204.

812

James P. Coyne, Airpower in the Gulf (Arlington, Va.: Air Force Association, 1992), p. 74-75; Hallion, Storm over Iraq, p. 276-292; Dunnigan and Bay, From Shield to Storm, p. 203.

813

Hallion, Storm over Iraq, p. 23-24, 284-287; Coyne, Airpower in the Gulf, p. 78.

814

Dunnigan and Bay, From Shield to Storm, p. 205-206.

815

Данные цифры взяты из: John Keegan, The Iraq War (New York: Knopf, 2004), p. 129. Прочие авторы приводят иные показатели. Так, Маррэй и Скэйлз (Murray and Scales, The Iraq War, p. 82) ведут речь о 5,1 тыс. танков и орудий; согласно же Нордину (Nordeen, Air Warfare in the Missile Age, p. 206), в распоряжении Ирака имелось 800 тыс. военнослужащих, 4,7 тыс. танков и 3,7 тыс. орудий, а согласно Пэйпу (Pape, Bombing to Win, p. 252) – 300 тыс. военнослужащих, 3,5 тыс. танков и 2,5 тыс. орудий.

816

Nordeen, Air Warfare in the Missile Age, p. 208; Hallion, Storm over Iraq, p. 242-243; Pape, Bombing to Win, p. 227.

817

Werrell, Chasing the Silver Bullet, p. 223; Nordeen, Air Warfare in the Missile Age, p. 208; Hallion, Storm over Iraq, p. 169; Murray and Scales, The Iraq War, p. 4.

818

Pape, Bombing to Win, p. 227; Nordeen, Air Warfare in the Missile Age, p. 208; Murray and Scales, The Iraq War, p. 81-82.

819

Chalmers Johnson, The Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic (New York: Henry Holt, 2004), p. 219, 242; Nordeen, Air Warfare in the Missile Age, p. 209-213, 231; Pape, Bombing to Win, p. 220-222.

820

Coyne, Airpower in the Gulf, p. 47-69; Hallion, Storm over Iraq, p.163-174.

821

В данном случае цифры снова разнятся. Согласно Майклу Путре (Michael Puttré, “Satellite-Guided Munitions”, Scientific American, February 2003, p. 70), на бомбы с лазерным наведением пришлось 6% от общего их числа, в то время как Гиллеспи (Gillespie, Weapons of Choice, p. 137-138) приводит показатель 8%, Хэллион (Hallion, Storm over Iraq, p. 188) – 9%, а Метс (Mets, The Long Search, p. 35-36) – 10%. См. также: Werrell, Chasing the Silver Bullet, p. 258.

822

Norman Friedman, Desert Victory: The Warfor Kuwait (Annapo lis: Naval Institute Press, 1991), p. 147-168; Rod Alonso, “The Air War”, in Bruce W. Watson et al., Military Lessons of the Gulf War (London: Greenhill, 1991), p. 61-80; Michael Mazarr, Don M. Snider, and James A. Blackwell, Jr., Desert Storm: The Gulf War and What We Learned (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1993), p. 93-124; Nordeen, Air Warfare in the Missile Age, p. 230; Pape, Bombing to Win, p. 228.

823

Hallion, Storm over Iraq, p.175-195; Dunnigan and Bay, From Shield to Storm, p. 145-153; Coyne, Airpower in the Gulf, p. 52-54.

824

Friedman, Desert Victory, p. 169-196.

825

Werrell, Chasing the Silver Bullet, p. 249; Hallion, Storm over Iraq, p. 231-247; Dunnigan and Bay, From Shield to Storm, p. 145; Murray and Scales, The Iraq War, p. 4-7.

826

Hallion, Storm over Iraq, p. 1.

827

Puttré, “Satellite-Guided Munitions”, p. 73. См. также: Todd S. Purdum, A Time of Our Choosing: America’s War in Iraq (New York: Henry Holt, 2003), p. 96-98.

828

69. Johnson, Sorrows of Empire, p. 226-251.

829

О снижающейся себестоимости европейского огнестрельного оружия в ранний период Нового времени см.: Philip T.Hoffman, “Why Is It That Europeans Ended Up Conquering the Rest of the Globe? Price, the Military Revolution, and Western Europe’s Comparative Advantage in Violence”, http://gpih.ucdavis.edu/files/Hoffman/pdf (по состоянию на 9 марта 2008 г.).

830

Puttré, “Satellite-Guided Munitions”, p. 68-72; Mets, The Long Search, p. 43; Murray and Scales, The Iraq War, p. 71-76, 155-161.

831

Purdum, A Time of Our Choosing, p.121-122; Murray and Scales, The Iraq War, p. 163.

832

Purdum, A Time of Our Choosing, p. 99, 129; Murray and Scales, The Iraq War, p. 82, 162-163; Nordeen, Air Warfare in the Missile Age, p. 234-236.

833

Выражение «шок и трепет» (shock and awe) было впервые использовано в 1996 г. бывшим офицером ВМФ Харланом Уллманом и Джеймсом Уэйдом в исследовательской работе, выполненной для Национального университета обороны. Harlan K. Ullman and James P. Wade, Shock and Awe: Achieving Rapid Dominance,http://www.dodccrp.org/files/Ullman_Shock.pdf (по состоянию на 28 января 2009 г.); Purdum, A Time of Our Choosing, p. 124.

834

Purdum, A Time of Our Choosing, p. 5, 122; Murray and Scales, The Iraq War, p.110, 166-178; Keegan, The Iraq War, p. 127, 142-143.

835

Mets, The Long Search, p. 43.

836

Возможно, армия и пехота США уже поняли это, поскольку в декабре 2006 г. впервые за более чем двадцатилетний срок ими был выпущен новый учебник по борьбе с повстанцами; см.: George Packer, “Knowing the Enemy”, New Yorker, December 18, 2006, p. 62.

837

Murray and Scales, The Iraq War, p. 183.

838

Мао Цзэдун, «О затяжной войне», Избранные произведения, том 2 (Москва: Издательство иностранной литературы, 1953), с. 191-337 (http://library.maoism.ru/on_protracted_war.htm).

839

Tim Weiner, “Lockheed and the Future of Warfare”, New York Times, November 28, 2004, p. 1, 4.

840

Steven Ashley, “Mach 3 Hunter-Killer: An Advanced Turbine Design for Versatile Missiles”, Scientific American (September 2006), 26.