Так полон или пуст? [заметки]

Шрифт

Интервал

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«Локоны любви» (англ. Locks of Love) – некоммерческая организация, обеспечивающая париками детей, страдающих от потери волос. – Примеч. автора.

Sharot T. et al. Neural Mechanisms Mediating Optimism Bias // Nature. 450; 7166 (2007). P. 102–105.

Fischer M., Leitenberg H. Optimism and Pessimism in Elementary School-Aged Children // Child Development. 57; 1 (1986). P. 241–248.

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Weinstein N. D. Unrealistic Optimism About Susceptibility to Health Problems: Conclusions from a Community-Wide Sample // Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 10; 5 (1987). P. 481–500.

Ibid.; Weinstein N. D. Unrealistic Optimism About Future Life Events // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 39; 5 (1980). P. 806–820.

Weinstein N. D. Unrealistic Optimism.

«Большое яблоко» (англ. The Big Apple) – одно из самых известных прозвищ Нью-Йорка. – Здесь и далее, если не указано иное, примеч. ред.

Холли Голайтли – главный персонаж новеллы Трумена Капоте «Завтрак у Тиффани», роль которой в экранизации 1961 г. сыграла Одри Хепбёрн.

Leibnitz G. W. Essais de Théodicée sur la bonté de Dieu, la liberté de l’homme et l’origine du mal. Paris, 1710. Ch. 1. [Лейбниц Г. В. Опыт теодицеи о благости Бога, свободе человека и происхождении зла // Соч. в четырех томах: Т. IV. М.: Мысль. 1989.]

Документальный сериал «Расследования авиакатастроф» (Mayday), сезон 4, эпизод 9.

Evans D. Safety: Mode Confusion, Timidity Factors // Avionics Magazine. July 1, 2005.

Ibid.

U. S. Summary Comments on Draft Final Report of Aircraft Accident Flash Airlines Flight 604, Boeing 737–300, SU-ZCF.

Ibid. Экспертная команда Египта не пришла к тому выводу, что сделали американские эксперты.

Kennedy Crash Bodies Recovered // BBC News. July 22, 1999.

Student Pilot – Flight Training Online. Disorientation (Vertigo).

Ibid.; Nolte E. Heart over Mind: The Death of JFK, Jr. URL: http://airlinesafety.com

Student Pilot – Flight Training Online. Disorientation (Vertigo).

Kennedy Crash Bodies Recovered // BBC News. July 22, 1999.

U. S. Summary Comments on Draft Final Report of Aircraft Accident Flash Airlines Flight 604, Boeing 737–300, SU-ZCF.

Документальный сериал «Расследования авиакатастроф» (Mayday).

U. S. Summary Comments on Draft Final Report of Aircraft Accident Flash Airlines Flight 604, Boeing 737–300, SU-ZCF.

Adelson E. H. Lightness Perception and Lightness Illusions // The New Cognitive Neurosciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000. P. 339–351.

Thompson P. Margaret Thatcher: A New Illusion // Perception. 9 (1980). P. 483–484.

Kanwisher N., McDermott J., Chun M. M. The Fusiform Face Area: A Module in Human Extrastriate Cortex Specialized for Face Perception // Journal of Neuroscience. 17; 11 (1997). P. 4302–4311.

Sacks O. The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat // New York: Pikador, 1970. [Сакс О. Человек, который принял жену за шляпу, и другие истории из врачебной практики. М.: АСТ, 2011.]

Ekman P. Emotions Revealed: Understanding Faces and Feelings. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003.

Бой Джордж (наст. имя – Джордж Алан О’Дауд) – британский певец и композитор, один из пионеров музыкального направления New Romantic («Новая романтика»).

Rhodes G. et al. Expertise and Configural Coding in Face Recognition // British Journal of Psychology. 80 (1989). P. 313–331.

Ibid.

Adachi I., Chou D. P., Hampton R. R. Thatcher Effect in Monkeys Demonstrates Conservation of Face Perception Across Primates // Current Biology. 19; 15 (2009). P. 1270–1273. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.067

Alicke M. D., Govorun O. The Better-Than-Average Effect // The Self in Social Judgment. Alicke M. D. et al. (eds.). New York: Psychology Press, 2005. P. 85–108.

Swenson O. Are We All Less Risky and More Skillful Than Our Fellow Drivers? // Acta Psychologica. 47; 2 (1981). P. 145–146. doi:10.1016/0001–6918(81)90005–6

U. S. Summary Comments on Draft Final Report of Aircraft Accident Flash Airlines Flight 604, Boeing 737–300, SU-ZCF.

Pronin E., Lin D. Y., Ross L. The Bias Blind Spot: Perceptions of Bias in Self Versus Others // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 28 (2002). P. 369–381.

Из презентации Эмили Пронин (Project on Law and Mind Sciences (PLMS) Conference, Harvard Law School, March 8, 2008).

Collins D. Scalia-Cheney Trip Raises Eyebrows // CBS News. January 17, 2003.

См.: Lithwick D. Sitting Ducks // Slate. February 3, 2004.

Pronin E., Kugler M. B. Valuing Thoughts, Ignoring Behavior: The Introspection Illusion as a Source of the Bias Blind Spot // Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 43 (2006). P. 565–578.

Wilson T. D. Strangers to Ourselves: Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2002. P. 159–182.

Johansson P. et al. Failure to Detect Mismatches Between Intention and Outcome in a Simple Decision Task // Science. 310; 5745 (2005). P. 116–119. doi:10.1126/science.1111709

Ibid.

Hall L., Johansson P. Using Choice Blindness to Study Decision Making and Introspection // A Smorgasbord of Cognitive Science. Gärdenfors P. and Wallin A. (eds.). Nora, Sweden: Nya Doxa, 2008. P. 267–283.

Ibid.

How to Make Better Decisions // Horizon, BBC. February 2008.

Wilson T. D., Schooler J. W. Thinking Too Much: Introspection Can Reduce the Quality of Preferences and Decisions // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 60; 2 (1991). P. 181–192.

Nordgren L. F., Dijksterhuis A. The Devil Is in the Deliberation: Thinking Too Much Reduces Preference Consistency // Journal of Consumer Research: An Interdisciplinary Quarterly. 36; 1 (2009). P. 39–46.

Raby C. R. et al. Planning for the Future by Western Scrub-Jays // Nature. 445; 7130 (2007). P. 919–921. doi:10.1038/nature05575

Morell V. et al. Nicola Clayton Profile: Nicky and the Jays // Science. 315; 5815 (2007). P. 1074–1075.

Raby C. R. et al. Planning for the Future by Western Scrub-Jays; Clayton N. S., Bussey T. J., Dickinson A. Can Animals Recall the Past and Plan for the Future? // Neuroscience. 4; 8 (2003). P. 685–691. doi:10.1038/nrn1180; Correia S. P. C., Dickinson A., Clayton N. S. Western Scrub-Jays Anticipate Future Needs Independently of Their Current Motivational State // Current Biology. 17; 10 (2007). P. 856–861. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.063

Tulving E. Episodic Memory: From Mind to Brain // Annual Review of Psychology. 53 (2002). P. 1–25. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114

Bischof-Köhler D. Zur Phylogenese menschlicher Motivation // Emotion und Reflexivität. Eckensberger Lutz H. et al. Munich: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1985. P. 3–47.

Suddendorf T., Corballis M. The Evolution of Foresight: What Is Mental Time Travel, and Is It Unique to Humans? // Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 30; 3 (2007). P. 313–351. doi:10.1017/S 0140525X07001975; Roberts W. A. Mental Time Travel: Animals Anticipate the Future // Current Biology. 17; 11 (2007). P. R 418–420. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.04.010

Raby C. R. et al. Planning for the Future by Western Scrub-Jays // Nature. 445; 7130 (2007). P. 919–921. doi:10.1038/nature05575

Dally J. M., Emery N. J., Clayton N. S. Food-Caching Western Scrub-Jays Keep Track of Who Was Watching When // Science. 314. 5780 (2006). P. 1662–1665. doi:10.1126/science.1126539

Correia S. P. C., Dickinson A., Clayton N. S. Western Scrub-Jays Anticipate Future Needs Independently of Their Current Motivational State // Current Biology. 17; 10 (2007). P. 856–861. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.063

Raby C. R. et al. Planning for the Future by Western Scrub-Jays // Nature. 445; 7130 (2007). P. 919–921. doi:10.1038/nature05575

Morell V. et al. Nicola Clayton Profile: Nicky and the Jays // Science. 315; 5815 (2007). P. 1074–1075.

Bird L. R. et al. Spatial Memory for Food Hidden by Rats (Rattus norvegicus) on the Radial Maze: Studies of Memory for Where, What, and When // Journal of Comparative Psychology. 117 (2003). P. 176–187.

Zentall Th. R. Mental Time Travel in Animals: A Challenging Question // Behavioral Processes. 72; 2 (2006). P. 173–183. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2006.01.009

McKenzie T. et al. Can Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) Plan for the Future? Studies of Temporal Myopia in Food Choice // Learning & Behavior. 32; 4 (2004). P. 377–390.

Woollett K., Spiers H. J., Maguire E. A. Talent in the Taxi: A Model System for Exploring Expertise. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B // Biological Sciences. 364; 1522 (2009). P. 1407–1416. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0288

Твигги (наст. имя – Лесли Хорнби) – британская супермодель, актриса, певица.

Ронни Скотт (1927–1996) – британский саксофонист и владелец джаз-клуба.

Джорджи Фэйм (наст. имя – Клайв Пауэлл) – британский джазовый певец; с 1961 по 1966 г. был вокалистом группы The Blue Flames.

Брэт Мэверик – гениальный игрок в покер и обаятельный мошенник, герой фильма Ричарда Доннера «Мэверик» 1994 года. Айсмен, или Человек-лед, – супергерой из вселенной Marvel Comics, один из Людей Икс.

Maguire E. A. et al. Navigation-Related Structural Change in the Hippocampi of Taxi Drivers // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 9; 8 (2000). P. 4398–4403. doi:10.1073/pnas.070039597

Taxi Drivers’ Brains ‘Grow’ on the Job. URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/677048.stm

Ibid.

Lee D. W., Miyasato L. E., Clayton N. S. Neurobiological Bases of Spatial Learning in the Natural Environment: Neurogenesis and Growth in the Avian and Mammalian Hippocampus // Neuroreport. 9; 7 (1998). P. R 15–27.

Krebs J. R. et al. Hippocampal Specialization of Food-Storing Birds // Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of United States of America. 86; 4 (1989). P. 1388–1392.

Smulders T. V., Sasson A. D., DeVoogd T. J. Seasonal Variation in Hippocampal Volume in a Food-Storing Bird, the Black-Capped Chickadee // Journal of Neurobiology. 27; 1 (1995). P. 15–25. doi:10.1002/neu.480270103

Reboreda J. C., Clayton N. S., Kacelnik A. Species and Sex Differences in Hippocampus Size in Parasitic and Non-Parasitic Cowbirds // Neuroreport. 7; 2 (1996). P. 505–508.

Jacobs L. F. et al. Evolution of Spatial Cognition: Sex-Specific Patterns of Spatial Behavior Predict Hippocampal Size // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87; 16 (1990). P. 6349–6352.

Tulving E. Episodic Memory: From Mind to Brain // Annual Review of Psychology. 53 (2002). P. 1–25. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114

Hassabis D. et al. Patients with Hippocampal Amnesia Cannot Imagine New Experiences // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104; 5 (2007). P. 1726–1731. doi:10.1073/pnas.0610561104

Matheson S. M., Asher L., Bateson M. Larger. Enriched Cages Are Associated with ‘Optimistic’ Response Biases in Captive European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris): Applied Animal Behaviour // Science. 109 (2008). P. 374–383.

Varki A. Human Uniqueness and the Denial of Death // Nature. 460; 7256 (2009). P. 684. doi:10.1038/460684c

Ibid.

Spencer L. Walking the Talk // NBA Encyclopedia, Playoff Edition. URL: http://www.nba.com/encyclopedia/coaches/pat_riley_1987–88.html

McCallum J. The Dread R Word // Sports Illustrated. April 18, 1988.

Ibid.

Merton K. M. Social Theory and Social Structure. New York: Free Press. 1968. P. 477.

Berlin’s Wonderful Horse: He Can Do Almost Everything but Talk // New York Times. September 4, 1904.

Ibid.

‘Clever Hans’ Again: Expert Commission Decides That The Horse Actually Reasons // New York Times. October 2, 1904.

Rosenthal R., Jacobson L. Pygmalion in the Classroom. New York: Irvington Publishers, 1992.

Duncan S. C. et al. Adolescent Alcohol Use Development and Young Adult Outcomes // Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 49; 1 (1997). P. 39–48.

Good T. L. Two Decades of Research on Teacher Expectations: Findings and Future Directions // Journal of Teacher Education. (1987). P. 32–47.

100

Bengtsson S. L., Lau H. C., Passingham R. E. Motivation to Do Well Enhances Responses to Errors and Self-Monitoring // Cerebral Cortex. 19; 4 (2009). P. 797–804.

101

Cadinu M. R. et al. Why Do Women Underperform Under Stereotype Threat Evidence for the Role of Negative Thinking // Psychological Science. 16; 7 (2005). P. 572–578.

102

Steele C. M., Aronson J. Stereotype Threat and the Intellectual Test Performance of African Americans // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 69; 5 (1995). P. 797–811.

103

Buxton R. B. Introduction to Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Principles and Techniques. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2009. P. ix – x.

104

Эл Грин (полное имя Элберт Грин) – американский вокалист в стилях ритм-энд-блюз и госпел, композитор и продюсер, получивший за свою карьеру несколько статуэток «Грэмми».

105

Bengtsson S. L., Lau H. C., Passingham R. E. Motivation to Do Well Enhances Responses to Errors and Self-Monitoring // Cerebral Cortex. 19; 4 (2009). P. 797–804.

106

The New Cognitive Neurosciences. Gazzaniga M. S. (ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999. P. 7–22.

107

Saxe R., Carey S., Kanwisher N. Understanding Other Minds: Linking Developmental Psychology and Functional Neuroimaging // Annual Review of Psychology. 55 (2004). P. 87–124.

108

The New Cognitive Neurosciences. Gazzaniga M. S. (ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999. P. 7–22.

109

Лобные доли не единолично производят все эти сложные расчеты. Они получают важную информацию относительно ценности действий и результатов от многих других разделов мозга. Особенно большой вклад вносят подкорковые структуры, которые участвуют в обработке мотивов и эмоций, прежде всего полосатое тело и мозжечковая миндалина. – Примеч. автора.

110

Carter C. S., Bostvinick M. M., Cohen J. D. The Contribution of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex to Executive Processes in Cognition // Reviews in the Neurosciences. 10; 1 (1999). P. 49–57.

111

Эти два желания противоречат друг другу. Сигнал о конфликте, насколько известно, подаст зона в лобной доле под названием «передняя поясная кора головного мозга». – Примеч. автора.

112

Ibid.

113

Мик Джаггер (полное имя Майкл Филипп Джаггер) – британский рок-музыкант, вокалист группы The Rolling Stones, в репертуаре которой есть песня «You Can’t Always Get What You Want» с такими словами: «Ты не можешь всегда получать то, что хочешь, / Но если постараешься, однажды обнаружишь, / Что получаешь все, что тебе нужно».

114

Brown J. D., Marshal M. A. Great Expectations: Optimism and Pessimism in Achievement Settings // Optimism and Pessimism: Implications for Theory, Research, and Practice. Chang Edward C. (ed.). Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association, 2000. P. 239–256.

115

Peterson Ch., Bossio L. M. Optimism and Physical Well-being // Chang Edward C. (ed.). Optimism and Pessimism: Implications for Theory, Research, and Practice. Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association, 2000. P. 126–146.

116

Ibid.

117

Scheier M. F., Carver Ch. S., Bridges M. W. Optimism, Pessimism, and Psychological Well-being // Optimism and Pessimism: Implications for Theory, Research, and Practice. Chang Edward C. (ed.). Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association, 2000. P. 189–216.

118

Ibid.

119

Peterson Ch., Bossio L. M. Optimism and Physical Well-being // Optimism and Pessimism: Implications for Theory, Research, and Practice. Chang Edward C. (ed.). Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association, 2000. P. 126–146.

120

Puri M., Robinson D. T. Optimism and Economic Choice // Journal of Financial Economics. 86; I (2007). P. 71–99.

121

Ibid.

122

Ketteler J. 5 Money Rules for Optimists. URL: http://moneywatch.bnet.com/investing/article/5-money-rules-for-optimists/457670

123

Gardner D. Obama Can Save Us! Polls Show Wave of Optimism Sweeping the Nation. URL: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1119783/Obama-save-says-America-polls-wave-optimism-sweeping-nation.html

124

«Бычий» рынок (англ. Bull market) – тип рынка, характеризующийся постепенным ростом цен в течение определенного периода времени.

125

Obama B. The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream. New York: Crown, 2006.

126

Gardner D. Obama Can Save Us! Polls Show Wave of Optimism Sweeping the Nation. URL: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1119783/Obama-save-says-America-polls-wave-optimism-sweeping-nation.html

127

Ibid.

128

Gallup poll // USA Today. January 4 and January 9, 2001.

129

Royal Society of Arts symposium. ‘Private Optimism vs. Public Despair: What Do Opinion Polls Tell Us?’. November 6, 2008.

130

Книга вышла в США в 2011 г., когда Барак Обама был действующим президентом. Его второй срок длился с 2012 по 2017 г., когда на этом посту его сменил Дональд Трамп.

131

Инаугурационная речь Барака Обамы от 20 января 2009 года.

132

Речь Барака Обамы в честь победы на выборах от 4 ноября 2008 года.

133

Zlomislic D. New Emotion Dubbed ‘Elevation’ // Toronto Star. December 11, 2008.

134

Silvers J. A., Haidt J. Moral Elevation Can Induce Nursing // Emotion 8; 2 (2008). P. 291–295. doi:10.1037/1528–3542.8.2.291

135

Domes G. et al. Oxytocin Attenuates Amygdala Responses to Emotional Faces Regardless of Valence // Biological Psychiatry. 62; 10 (2007). P. 1187–1190. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.025

136

Kosfeld M. et al. Oxytocin Increases Trust in Humans // Nature. 435; 7042 (2005). P. 673–676. doi:10.1038/nature03701

137

Overproduction of Goods, Unequal Distribution of Wealth, High Unemployment, and Massive Poverty. Memo from President’s Economic Council to President Franklin Roosevelt, March 10, 1933.

138

Инаугурационная речь Барака Обамы от 20 января 2009 года.

139

URL: http://www.kennedy-center.org

140

Gardner D. Obama Can Save Us! Polls Show Wave of Optimism Sweeping the Nation. URL: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1119783/Obama-save-says-America-polls-wave-optimism-sweeping-nation.html

141

Gallup poll // USA Today. January 4 and January 9, 2001.

142

URL: http://www.ipsos-mori.com

143

BBC poll. January 20, 2009.

144

URL: http://www.ipsos-mori.com

145

Ibid.

146

Данные относятся, самое позднее, к 2011 г.

147

Некоторые из приведенных цифр включают в себя попытки убийства, а некоторые – нет. Это обстоятельство ограничивает сравнение по странам. Страны, показатели которых не включают покушения на убийство, выделены жирным шрифтом. – Примеч. автора.

148

Sharot T., Korn C., Dolan R. How Optimism Is Maintained in the Face of Reality // Nature Neuroscience. 14 (2011). P. 1475–1479. doi: 10.1038/nn.2949

149

Royal Society of Arts symposium. ‘Private Optimism vs. Public Despair: What Do Opinion Polls Tell Us?’. November 6, 2008.

150

URL: http://www.ipsos-mori.com

151

Dravigne A. The Effect of Live Plants and Window Views of Green Spaces on Employee Perceptions of Job Satisfaction. Master’s thesis. Texas State University. San Marcos. 2006.

152

URL: http://ipsos-mori.com

153

Kahneman D. et al. A Survey Method for Characterizing Daily Life Experience: The Day Reconstruction Method // Science. 306; 5702 (2004). P. 1776–1180. doi:10.1126/science.1103572

154

Gilbert D. Does Fatherhood Make You Happy? // Time. June 11, 2006.

155

Lucas R. E. et al. Re-examining Adaptation and the Set Point Model of Happiness: Reactions to Changes in Marital Status//Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 84; 3 (2003). P. 527–539.

156

Are We Happy Yet? URL: http://pewresearch.org

157

Kahneman D. et al. Would You Be Happier If You Were Richer? A Focusing Illusion // Science. 312; 5782 (2006). P. 1908–1910. doi:10.1126/ science.1129688

158

Layard R. Happiness: Lessons from a New Science. London: Penguin, 2005. P. 41–54.

159

Brickman P., Coates D., Janoff-Bulman R. Lottery Winners and Accident Victims: Is Happiness Relative? // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 36; 8 (1978). P. 917–927.

160

Diener E., Biswas-Diener R. Will Money Increase Subjective Well-being? // Social Indicators Research. 57 (2002). P. 119–169.

161

Schnall P. et al. A Longitudinal Study of John Strain and Ambulatory Blood Pressure: Results from a Three-Year Follow-up // Psychosomatic Medicine. 60 (1998). P. 697–706.

162

Kahneman D. et al. Would You Be Happier If You Were Richer? A Focusing Illusion // Science. 312; 5782 (2006). P. 1908–1910. doi:10.1126/ science.1129688

163

Ibid.

164

Glimcher P. W. Decisions, Uncertainty, and the Brain: The Science of Neuroeconomics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004. P. 189–191.

165

Kahneman D. et al. Would You Be Happier If You Were Richer? A Focusing Illusion // Science. 312; 5782 (2006). P. 1908–1910. doi:10.1126/ science.1129688

166

Yonelinas A. P. Components of Episodic Memory: The Contribution of Recollection and Familiarity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B // Biological Sciences. 356; 1413 (2001). P. 1363–1374. doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0939

167

Phelps E. A., Sharot T. How (and Why) Emotion Enhances the Subjective Sense of Recollection // Current Directions in Psychological Science 17; 2 (2008). P. 147–152.

168

Sharot T., Yonelinas A. P. Differential Time-Dependent Effects of Emotion on Recollective Experience and Memory for Contextual Information // Cognition. 106; 1 (2008). P. 538–547. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.03.002

169

Fujita F., Diener E. Life Satisfaction Set Point: Stability and Change // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 88 (2005). P. 158–164.

170

Diener E., Diener M., Diener C. Factors Predicting the Subjective Well-being of Nations // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 69 (1995). P. 851–864; The World in 2005: The Economist Intelligence Unit’s Quality-of-Life Index. URL: http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/quality_of_life.pdf

171

Seligman M. E. P. et al. Positive Psychology Progress: Empirical Validation of Interventions // American Psychologist. 60 (2005). P. 410–421.

172

2005 data from the European Values Study Group & World Values Survey Association.

173

Меннониты – представители одного из протестантских религиозных течений, возникшего в 1530-е гг. в Нидерландах в ходе реформационного движения. В настоящее время самая крупная община меннонитов находится в США.

174

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175

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