Проклятие Тутанхамона [заметки]

1

1 Carnarvon, No Regrets: The Memoirs of the Earl of Carnarvon, pp. 118—22.

2

2 Ibid., p. 119.

3

3 Ibid., p. 124.

4

1 Sir Alan Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharaohs.

5

2 Brier, The Murder of Tutankhamen: A 3000-year-old Murder Mystery, p. 8.

6

3 Ibid.

7

1 Fairman, «Once again the so-called coffin of Akhenaten», JEA 47 (1960), p. 37.

8

2 See ibid., pp. 30—2.

9

3 See Aldred and Sandison, «The Pharaoh Akhenaten: a problem in Egyptology and pathology», BHM 36 (1962), p. 301.

10

4 See Davis, The Tomb of Queen Tlyi: The Discovery of the Tomb, 1910.

11

5 See Smith, «Note of the estimate of the age attained by the person whose skeleton was found in the tomb», pp. xxiii-xxiv. See also Smith, The Royal Mummies, p. 54.

12

6 Harrison, «An Anatomical Examination of Pharaonic Remains Purported to be Akhenaten, JEA 52 (1966), pp 95— 119.

13

7 Ibid, p. 111.

14

8 Ibid.

15

9 Derry, «Note on the skeleton hitherto believed to be that of King Akhenaten, ASAE 31 (1931), pp. 115—19. See also Engelbach, «Material or a revision of the history of the heresy period of the XVIIIth Dynasty, ASAE 40 (1940), p. 151.

16

10 Filer, The KV 55 body: the facts», EA 17 (Autumn 2000), pp. 13–14.

17

11 See Note 17 for a fuller account of the controversy over the age of the body found in KV 55.

18

12 Derry, pp. 116—17.

19

13 Filer, p. 14.

20

14 Harrison, pp. 113—14.

21

15 Welsh, Tutankhamun's Egypt, p. 54.

22

16 Engelbach, «The so-called coffin of Akhenaten», ASAE 31 (1931), pp. 98-114; Engelbach, 1940, p. 152.

23

17 For the theory that Smenkhkare was Nefertiti see, for instance, Samson, Nefertiti and Cleopatra: Queen-Monarcbs of Ancient Egypt, pp. 86—9, 95—7, and Reeves, Akhenaten: Egypt's False Prophet, 2001, pp. 170—3, after the work of John R Harris in 1973. For strong arguments against this conclusion, see Allen, «Nefertiti and Smenkh-ka-re», GM 141 (1994), pp. 7—17.

24

18 Harris, «Akhenaten and Nefernefruaten in the Tomb of Tut» ankhamun», in Reeves, After Tut» ankhamun: Research and excavation in the Royal Necropolis at Thebes, 1992, pp. 55–62.

25

19 Eaton-Krauss, «The Sarcophagus in the Tomb of Tut» ankhamun», in Reeves, 1992, pp. 85–90.

26

20 Welsh, Tutankhamun's Egypt, p. 8.

27

21 For a more recent case for the body from KV 55 being that of Smenkhkare see Rose, «Who's in Tomb 55», Archaeology 55:2 (March/April 2002), pp. 22–27; Filer, «Anatomy of a Mummy», Archaeology 55:2, (March/April 2002), pp. 26–29.

28

22 See, for example, Reeves, 2001, pp. 81–84, 173—4.

29

23 Fairman, «Once again the so-called coffin of Akhenaten», JEA 47 (I960), pp. 25–40.

30

24 Harrison, pp. 115—16.

31

25 Davis, Excavations: Biban el Moluk: Tbe Tombs of Har-mhabi and Touatankhamanou, 1912, p. 2.

32

26 Ibid., pp. 3, 125.

33

27 Ibid., p. 127.

34

28 Ibid., p. 128.

35

29 Ibid.; Carter and Mace, The Tomb of Tut.ankh.Amen, I, pp. 77—8; Welsh, Tutankhamun’s Egypt, pp. 9—10.

36

30 Hoving, Tutankhamun — The Untold Story, pp. 61—2.

37

31 Davis, 1912, p. 3.|

38

1 Mahdy, Tutankhamun: The Life and,Death of a Boy King, pp. 54—5.

39

2 Harris, «How long was the Reign of Horemheb?» JEA 54 (1968), p. 97; Aldred and Sandison, «The Pharaoh Akhenaten: a problem in Egyptology and pathology», BHM 36 (1962), pp. 298-9.

40

3 Vandenberg, The Forgotten Pharaoh: The Discovery of Tutankhamun, p. 21.

41

4 Ibid.

42

5 Ibid., pp. 24—5.

43

6 Petrie, Tell el Amama, p. 38.

44

7 Redford, Akhenaten: The Heretic King p. 141.

45

8 Petrie, p. 41.

46

9 Ibid.

47

10 Deny, «Note on the skeleton hitherto believed to be that of King Akhenaten; ASAE 31 (1931), p. 116.

48

11 See, for instance, Aldred and Sandison, pp. 305—15.

49

12 Burridge, «Akhenaten: A New Perspective. Evidence of a Genetic Disorder in the Royal Family of 18th Dynasty Egypt», JSSEA 23 (1993), p. 65.

50

13 Ibid.

51

14 Phillips, Act of God: Tutankhamun, Moses and the Myth of Atlantis, p. 68.

52

15 Burridge, p. 65.

53

16 Burridge, pp. 63–74; Burridge, «Did Akhenaten Suffer from Marfan's Syndrome?», BA 59:2 (June 1996), pp. 127—8.

54

17 Filer, «The KV 55 body: the facts», EA 17 (Autumn 2000), p. 4.

55

18 See Collins, Gods of Eden, Ch. 11.

56

19 See Stecchini, Notes on the Relation of Ancient Measures to the Great Pyramid», in Tompkins, Secrets of the Great Pyramid, pp. 287–382.

57

20 Molleson & Campbell, «Deformed Skulls at Tell Arpachi-yah: the Social Context», in Campbell & Green (eds), The Archaeology of Death in the Ancient Near East, Oxbow Monograph No. 51, 1995, pp. 45–55.

58

21 Hoving, Tutankhamun — The Untold Story, p. 27.

59

22 James, Howard Carter: The Path to Tutankhamun, Appendix II, pp. 413—15, and Carter Tut.Ankh.Amen: The Politics of Discovery, pp. 3–6.

60

1 Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun, p. 44.

61

2 Burghclere, «Introduction», in Carter and Mace, The Tomb ofTut.ankhAmen, I, p. 27.

62

3 See Laughlin, Archaeology and the Bible, p. 72.

63

4 Carnarvon and Carter, Five Years» Explorations at Thebes: A record of work done 1907 — 1911-

64

5 Winstone, Howard Carter and the Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun, p. 114.

65

6 Carter and Mace, I, p. 80.

66

7 Ibid., I, p. 81.

67

8 Ibid.

68

9 Ibid. I, p. 82.

69

10 Ibid.

70

11 Breasted, Pioneer to the Past: The Story of James Henry Breasted Archaeologist, p. 328.

71

12 Carter and Mace, I,p. 82.

72

13 Ibid., I, p. 83.

73

14 Ibid., I, p. 85.

74

15 Breasted, р. 328.

75

16 Ibid.

76

17 Carter and Mace, I, p. 85.

77

18 Hoving, Tutankhamun — The Untold Story, p. 73.

78

19 Ibid.

79

1 Carter and Mace, The Tomb of Tut.ankh.Amen, I, p. 90.

80

2 Gardiner, My Working Years, p. 37.

81

3 Carter and Mace, I, p. 87.

82

4 Breasted, Pioneer to the Past: The Story of James Henry Breasted Archaeologist, p. 332.

83

5 Carter and Mace, I, p. 88.

84

6 Ibid., I, p. 89.

85

7 See, for example, James, Howard Carter: the Path to Tutankhamun.

86

8 Hoving, Tutankhamun — The Untold Story, p. 81.

87

9 A letter from Herbert E Winlock, assistant curator of Egyptology at the Metropolitan Museum, New York, to its director Edward Robinson, dated 28 March 1923, quoted in Hoving, p. 82. See also James, p. 218, who quotes the first paragraph.

88

10 Breasted, p. 342.

89

11 Letter from Winlock to Robinson, 28 March 1923, op. cit.

90

12 Ibid.

91

13 Breasted, p. 342.

92

14 Letter from Winlock to Robinson, 28 March 1923, op. cit.

93

15 Ibid.

94

16 Ibid.

95

17 Hoving, p. 52.

96

18 Breasted, p. 342.

97

19 See Frayling, The Face of Tutankhamun, pp. 55—6.

98

2 °Carter, Lett's No. 46 Indian and Colonial Rough Diary 1922, entry for Friday, 24 November, the Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.

99

21 James, p. 305.

100

22 Carter, Lett's No. 46 Indian and Colonial Rough Diary 1922, entry for Friday, 24 November, the Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.

101

23 See, for instance, Alan H Gardiner's account of events quoted in his daughter Margaret Gardiner's A Scatter of Memories, p. 98: «On November 23rd Carnarvon arrived at Luxor with his daughter Evelyn».

102

24 Carter and Mace, I, p. 92.

103

25 Ibid.

104

26 Ibid, I, p. 93 n. 1.

105

27 Ibid., I, p. 94.

106

28 Ibid., I, p. 96.

107

29 Ibid., I, p. 96.

108

3 °Carter, MSS. Notebook 1, the Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.

109

31 Ibid.

110

32 Carter and Mace, I, p. 100.

111

33 Ibid.

112

34 Ibid., I, p. 101.

113

1 Carter and Mace, The Tomb of Tut.ankh.Amen, I, p. 98.

114

2 Carter, Lett's No. 46 Indian and Colonial Rough Diary 1922, entry for Sunday, 26 November, the Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.

115

3 Carnarvon, typewritten draft article dated 10 December 1922, quoted in Reeves and Taylor, Howard Carter before Tutankhamun, pp. 140—1.

116

4 Carnarvon, «The Egyptian treasure: story of the discovery», The Times, 11 December 1922, pp. 13–14.

117

5 Type written draft article written by Lord Carnarvon, 10 December 1922, quoted in Reeves, Howard Carter before Tutankhamun, pp. 140—1.

118

6 Ibid.

119

7 Ibid.

120

8 Ibid.

121

9 Carter, TutAnkhAmen: The Politics of Discovery, p. 4.

122

1 °Carter and Mace, I, p. 93.

123

11 Hoving, Tutankhamun — The Untold Story, pp. 84—5.

124

12 Carter, p.4.

125

13 Hoving, p. 85.

126

14 Carter and Mace, I, p. 101.

127

15 Hoving, pp. 90—103-

128

16 Ibid., p. 91.

129

17 Carter and Mace, I, p. 97.

130

18 Carter and Mace, I, p. 104.

131

19 Ibid., I, p. 178.

132

20 Wynne, Behind the Mask of Tutankhamen, pp. 114—16.

133

21 Herbert, Mervyn, diary 1917—23 (an earlier diary covers the period 1912—17 but is not referenced in this work), Private Papers Collection, Middle East Centre, St Anthony's College, Oxford, GB165-0144. Permission to quote from the diary was kindly given by Janet Powell and Martin Argles.

134

22 Ibid.

135

23 Ibid.

136

24 Ibid.

137

25 Carter and Mace, I, 101—2.

138

26 Lucas, «Notes on Some of the Objects from the Tomb of Tutankhamun», ASAE 41(1942), pp. 135—47.

139

27 Ibid., p. 136.

140

28 Ibid.

141

29 Ibid.

142

30 Lucas, «Notes on Some of the Objects from the Tomb of Tutankhamun», ASAE 45 (1947), pp. 133-4.

143

31 Ibid.

144

32 Herbert, George, account of discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb (copy), c. 1922—23, British Library Manuscript Collection, RP 17991.

145

33 Ibid., pp. 5–6, 9.

146

34 Letter from Lord Carnarvon to Alan H. Gardiner, 28 November 1922, quoted in Reeves and Taylor, Howard Carter Before Tutankhamun, pp. 141—2. This letter forms part of a collection of Gardiner papers archived at the Griffith Institute, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.26

147

1 The Turin papyrus of Rameses IVs tomb, Museo Egizio, Turin. See Carter and Gardiner, «The tomb of Ramesses IV and the Turin plan of a royal tomb\JEA 4 (1917), pp. 130—58. See also Desroches-Noblecourt, Tutankhamen: life and Death of a Pharaoh, p. 259 and pi. 165.

148

2 See Carter and Mace, The Tomb of TutankhAmen, I, p. 183.

149

3 Ibid., I, p. 184.

150

4 Ibid.

151

5 Ibid., I» p. 185.

152

6 Burton, Harry, Griffith Institute, Oxford, photograph GB7 282.

153

7 Herbert, account of discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb (copy), c. 1922—23, British Library Manuscript Collection, RP 17991, pp. 1-Ю.

154

8 Gardiner, My Working Years, pp. 37—8.

155

9 Dawson to Robbins, Memorandum, «Informing him of Lord Carnarvon's offer of exclusive news on the opening of Tutankhamun's tomb», 14 November 1922, TNL Archive at the Archives and Records Office of the News International Group, GR/3/19/3.

156

1 Rapp, unpublished memoirs (GB165 — 0234), Private Papers Collection, Middle East Centre, Oxford.

157

2 Letter from James Henry Breasted to his son Charles Breasted, dated 12 March 1923, quoted in Breasted, Pioneer to the Past, p. 347.

158

3 Breasted, p. 347.

159

4 James, Howard Carter: The Path to Tutankhamun, p. 254.

160

5 Letter from Lord Carnarvon to Howard Carter, 23 February 1923? in the Carter archives of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, and quoted in James, p. 254 and Hoving, Tutankhamun — The Untold Story, pp. 222—3.

161

6 Hoving, p. 222.

162

7 For instance, see Reeves and Taylor, Howard Carter before Tutankhamun, pp. 156—7.

163

8 Merton, «Ld. Carnarvon's Death. 16 Years» Work in Egypt», The Times, 6 April 1923, p. 11.

164

9 Brackman, The Search for the Gold of Tutankhamen, p. 106.

165

10 Merton, op cit.

166

11 Breasted, p. 347.

167

12 Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun, p. 62.

168

13 James, pp. 256—7.

169

14 Ibid, p.257

170

15 Gardiner, My Working Years, p.40.

171

16 Merton.

172

17 Letter from Lady Evelyn Herbert to Howard Carter, 18 March 1923, in the Carter archives of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and quoted in James, pp. 257—8.

173

18 Letter from Albert Lythgoe to Howard Carter, 20 March 1923, held by the Egyptology Department of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and quoted in Hoving, pp. 223—4.

174

19 Merton, op. cit.

175

20 Letter from the Hon. Richard Bethell to Howard Carter, 26 March 1923, held by the Egyptology Department of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and quoted in Hoving, p. 224.

176

21 Merton, op. cit.

177

22 Ibid.

178

23 Carnarvon, No Regrets: Memoirs oj the Earl of Carnarvon, pp. 120, 124.

179

24 Letter from Alan Gardiner to his wife, dated 1 April 1923, quoted by Margaret Gardiner in A Scatter of Memoirs, pp. 107-8.

180

25 Merton, op. cit.

181

26 Ibid.

182

27 Lord Carnarvon's last hours: sudden failure of hotel lights\ Daily Express, 6 April 1923, p. 1.

183

28 Merton, op. cit. Merton incorrectly states that his death occurred at 2.30 a.m.

184

29 Ibid.

185

30 Ibid.

186

31 Daily Express, 6 April 1923, p. 1.

187

32 This appears to have been Algernon Maudslay (1873–1948), a public servant, although the authors have been unable to verify this fact.

188

33 Gardiner, pp. 39–40.

189

34 Reeves, p. 62.

190

35 Hoving, p. 221.

191

36 Letter from Lord Carnarvon to Howard Carter, December 1922 — January 1923, source unknown, quoted in Hoving, p. 153.

192

37 Weigall, Tutankhamen And Other Essays, p. 96.

193

38 Ibid., p. 89.

194

1 Brackman, The Search for the Gold of Tutankhamen, p. 114.

195

2 From a conversation between Anthony Leadbetter, a surviving godson of Almina, Countess of Carnarvon, and the authors on 3 August 2001.

196

3 Carnarvon, Ermin Tales: More Memoirs of the Earl of Carnarvon, 1980, p. 16.

197

4 Ibid.

198

5 Ibid.

199

6 Ibid.

200

7 Ibid.

201

8 Ibid.

202

9 Ibid.

203

10 From a conversation between Anthony Leadbetter and the authors on 3 August 2001.

204

11 Cheiro (Hamon), Confessions: memoirs of a modem seer, 1932, р. 38; «Cheiro» (Hamon), Real Life Stories: A Collection of Sensational Personal Experiences, 1934, p. 29.

205

12 «Cheiro» (Hamon), 1932, Mark Twain, p. 168; Sarah Bernhardt, p. 147; Austin Chamberlain, pp. 123—4; Oscar Wilde, p. 152; Mata Hari, pp. 248-57.

206

13 Ibid., p. 132.

207

14 Ibid., pp. 97—100.

208

15 Ibid., pp. 108—9.

209

16 Ibid., p. 113–16

210

17 Ibid., p. 39–42.

211

18 Ibid., p. 62.

212

19 Ibid., p. 66.

213

20 Ibid., p. 68.

214

21 Wynne, Behind the Mask of Tutankhamen, p. 51.

215

22 «Cheiro» (Hamon), 1932, pp. 135—44.

216

23 Ibid., pp. 142, 144.

217

24 «Cheiro» (Hamon), 1934, p. 45.

218

25 Ibid., pp. 19–26, 35–47. See also Nelson, Out of the Silence, pp. 31—2.

219

26 «Cheiro» (Hamon), 1934, p. 45.

220

27 Ibid, p. 46.

221

28 Ibid., p. 47.

222

29 Ibid.

223

3 °Carnarvon, No Regrets: Memoirs of the Earl of Carnarvon, 1976, p. 120.

224

31 Lee…the grand piano came by camel: Arthur С Mace, the neglected Egyptologist, p. 111.

225

32 Carter, The Tomb ofTut.ankh.Amen, II, p. xxv.

226

33 Ibid.

227

34 'Lord Carnarvon's last hours: sudden failure of hotel lights», Daily Express, 6 April 1923, p. 1.

228

35 Rapp, unpublished memoirs (GB165 — 0234), Private Papers Collection, Middle East Centre, Oxford.

229

36 Weigall, Tutankhamen And Other Essays, p. 137.

230

37 Ibid, pp. 137-8.

231

38 Wynne, p. 95.

232

39 Ibid., pp. 95—6.

233

40 Ibid., p. 96.

234

41 Ibid., p. 96.

235

42 Ibid.

236

43 Ibid.

237

44 Ibid., p. 103.

238

45 Ibid.

239

46 Ibid., p. 104.

240

47 Ibid.

241

48 Ibid.

242

49 Carnarvon, 1976, pp. 120—2.

243

50 See Coats and Bell, Marie Corelli: The Writer & the Woman.

244

51 Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun, p. 62 and Mahdy, Tutankhamun: The Life and Death of a Boy King, p. 129.

245

52 Keys, «Curse (& Revenge) of the Mummy Invented by Victorian Writers», The Independent, 31 December 2000.

246

53 Ibid.

247

54 LMA (Louisa May Alcott), «Lost in a Pyramid» The New World, vol. 1, no. 1, 1869, p, 8. Periodicals collection, Library of Congress, Washington DC, Cat. No. AP2 N6273. See also Montserrat, «Louisa May Alcott and the Mummy's Curse», KMT 9:2 (Summer 1998), pp. 70—5.

248

55 See Stoker, The Jewel of Seven Stars. By far the best film to be based on Stoker's book is The Awakening (1980), starring Charlton Heston.

249

56 A letter from Herbert E Winlock, assistant curator of Egyptology at the Metropolitan Museum, New York, to its director Edward Robinson, 28 March 1923, quoted in Hoving, Tutankhamun — The Untold Story, p. 82. See also James, Howard Carter: The Path to Tutankhamun, p. 218, who quotes the first paragraph.

250

57 Vandenberg, The Forgotten Pharaoh: The discovery of Tutankhamun, p. 158.

251

58 Ibid.

252

59 Weigall, pp. 137-8.

253

60 Wynne, p. 200.

254

1 Carnarvon, No Regrets: Memoirs of the Earl of Carnarvon, p. 124.

255

2 Ibid.

256

3 Ibid.

257

4 'Lord Carnarvon's last hours: sudden failure of hotel lights», Daily Express, 6 April 1923, p. 1.

258

5 Winstone, Howard Carter and the Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun, p. 189.

259

6 Daily Express, 6 April 1923, p. 1.

260

7 For instance, see Vandenberg, The Forgotten Pharaoh: The Discovery of Tutankhamun, 1978, p. 160.

261

8 For instance, see Carnarvon, p. 126; Wynne, Behind the Mask of Tutankhamun, p. 134.

262

9 Daily Express, 6 April 1923, p. 1.

263

10 For those readers who possess a copy of Nicholas Reeves's superb book The Complete Tutankhamun, a photograph of the death certificate (currently on display at High-clere Castle) appears in a plate on Page 63, and the time of death is clearly visible.

264

11 Mahdy, Tutankhamun: The Life and Death of a Boy King, p. 130.

265

12 Vandenberg, 1978, p. 161.

266

13 Ibid.

267

14 Carnarvon, p. 127.

268

15 Ibid.

269

16 'Egyptian collectors in a panic: Sudden rush to hand over their treasures to museums: Groundless fears», Daily Express, 7 April 1923, p. 1.

270

17 Ibid.

271

18 Ibid.

272

19 Brackman, p. 113.

273

20 Ibid.

274

21 Ibid., p. 114.

275

22 Hoving, Tutankhamun — The Untold Story, p. 227.

276

23 Ibid.

277

24 Ibid.

278

25 Vandenberg, The Curse of the Pharaohs, 1973, p. 19-

279

26 Ibid.

280

27 Ibid.

281

28 A letter from Herbert E Winlock, assistant curator of Egyptology at the Metropolitan Museum, New York, to its director Edward Robinson, 28 March 1923, quoted in Hoving, Tutankhamun — The Untold Story, p. 82. See also James, Howard Carter: The Path to Tutankhamun, p. 218, who quotes the first paragraph.

282

29 Carter, The Tomb of Tut.ankhAmen, II, p. xxv.

283

30 See Lucas, «The Chemistry of the Tomb, in Carter, II, pp. 162-88.

284

31 Ibid., -II, p. 165.

285

32 Ibid., II, pp. 165-6.

286

33 Ibid., II, p. 166.

287

34 Vandenberg, 1973, p. 157.

288

35 Ibid.

289

36 Ibid.

290

37 NBC television report, no screening date, c. 1990s.

291

38 Hoving, p. 221.

292

1 Quoted in Brackman, The Search for the Gold of Tutankhamen, p. 114.

293

2 Morton, «Tragedy of Lord Carnarvon», Daily Express, 6 April 1923, p. 4.

294

3 A number of Internet news sites posted articles on the discovery. For example see: http://www.egyptvoyager.com/ drhawass_findingthetomb_2.htm.

295

4 Posted on various Internet news sites. For example see: http://abcnews.go.com/sections/science/DailyNews/egyptmayor000523.html,

296

5 Email from Michael Carmichael to Andrew Collins, dated 11 January 2002.

297

6 Ibid.

298

7 Letter from Arthur С. Mace to his wife Winifred, dated 4 March 1923, quoted in Lee…the grand piano came by camel: Arthur С Mace, the neglected Egyptologist, p. 109.

299

8 Letter from Arthur С Mace to his wife Winifred, dated 4 March 1923, quoted in James, Howard Carter: The Path to Tutankhamun, p. 253.

300

9 Letter from Arthur С Mace to Albert Lythgoe, dated 14 January 1927, from the Mace file at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, quoted in Lee, p. 138.

301

10 Ibid.

302

11 Ibid, pp. 139-40.

303

12 Letter from Arthur С Mace to Albert Lythgoe, dated 14 January 1927, from the Mace file at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York,quoted in ibid., p. 140.

304

13 Letter from Arthur С Mace to Albert Lythgoe, dated 7 August 1927, from the Mace file at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, quoted in ibid.

305

14 Ibid.

306

15 Chris Ogilvie-Herald spoke at length with Christopher С Lee, the curator of the Paisley Museum in Scotland, during July 2001, who was unable to elaborate any further on the cause of Mace's arsenic poisoning.

307

16 Email from Dorothy Arnold to Andrew Collins, dated 12 March 2002.

308

17 Pearce, «Bangladesh's arsenic poisoning — who is to blame?» UNESCO Courier, January 2001.

309

18 F. Hoefear, Histoire de la chimie, 1842,1, p. 226, quoted in Lucas, «Poisons in Ancient Egypt», JEA 24 (1938), pp. 198—9.

310

19 Pliny, Natural History, XV, xiii, 45.

311

20 Lucas, p. 198.

312

21 Ibid., p. 199.

313

22 Ibid., p. 199.

314

23 Email from Michael Carmichael to Andrew Collins, dated 11 January 2002.

315

24 See Davis, The Serpent and the Rainbow.

316

25 For further information on arsenic sulphate visit www. sis.gov.eg/pharo/html/immort03.htm.

317

26 See Lucas, op cit.

318

27 Harmon, «Oakland arsenic fears resurface», Detroit News, 12 March 1997.

319

28 Hoving, Tutankhamun — The Untold Story, p. 221.

320

29 Email from Michael Carmichael to Andrew'Collins, dated 11 January 2002.

321

1 Carter, TutAnkhAmen, The Politics of Discovery, pp. 10–12.

322

2 Ibid., p. 69.

323

3 Ibid., p. 5.

324

4 Ibid.

325

5 Ibid., Appendix I, p. 133

326

6 Ibid.

327

7 Ibid., p. 134

328

8 Carter and Mace, The Tomb ofTut.ankhAmen, II, p. 51.

329

9 Ibid., II, p. 53.

330

1 °Carter, p. 99.

331

11 Hoving, Tutankhamun — The Untold Story, p. 325.

332

1 Lucas, Notes on Some of the Objects from the Tomb of Tutankhamun», ASAE 41 (1942) pp. 136.

333

2 Carter, The Tomb ofTut.ankhAmen, II, pp. 89–90.

334

3 Ibid., II, p. 90.

335

4 Lucas, p. 137.

336

5 Ibid.

337

6 Ibid, pp. 137-8.

338

7 Hoving, Tutankhamun — The Untold Story, p. 350.

339

8 Ibid.

340

9 Ibid.

341

10 Ibid., pp. 350—1.

342

11 Ibid., p. 351.

343

12 Ibid.

344

13 Ibid.

345

14 Ibid., p. 354.

346

15 Ibid.

347

16 Ibid., p. 352–353.

348

17 Ibid.

349

18 Ibid., p. 350.

350

19 Ibid., p. 352.

351

20 Ibid.

352

21 Ibid., p. 351.

353

22 Ibid.

354

23 Ibid., p. 356.

355

24 See Harris, «Akhenaten and Nefernefruaten in the Tomb of Tutankhamun,» in Reeves, After Tufankhamun: Research and excavation in the Royal Necropolis at Thebes, p. 60. For information online concerning the Nelson-Atkins sequins go to http://echoesofeternity.umkc.edu/Sequins.htm

356

25 Harris, p. 60.

357

26 Hoving, p. 356.

358

27 Ibid. p. 355.

359

28 Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun, pp. 96—7.

360

29 Carter, III, p. 34.

361

30 Hoving, p. 357.

362

31 Ibid.

363

32 Lee…the grand piano came by camel: Arthur C. Mace, the neglected Egyptologist, p. 100, from a conversation with Margaret Orr.

364

33 «Cheiro» (Hamon), Real Life Stories: A Collection of Sensational Personal Experiences, p. 47.

365

34 Ibid., p. 49–50.

366

35 'Tragedy of the Hon. R Bethell. Death at his club. Tutankhamen curse recalled.», Daily Mail, 16 November 1929, p. 11.

367

36 «Cheiro» (Hamon), p. 52, cf. Universal News Service press release on the death of Lord Westbury, February 1930.

368

37 Ibid., p. 49.

369

38 Ibid., p. 51.

370

39 Daily Mail, 16 November 1929, p. 11.

371

40 Tragedy of Lord Westbury. «I cannot stand any more horrors.» Pharoah's curse», Daily Express, 22 February 1930, pp. 1–2.

372

41 Ibid, p. 1.

373

42 See Hoving, pp. 27–37.

374

43 Letter from Arthur Weigall to Howard Carter, dated 25 January 1923, to be found in the Carter Files, Department of Egyptian Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, and quoted in James, Howard Carter: the Path to Tutankhamun, p. 242.

375

44 James, pp. 242—3.

376

1 Кееdick, op. cit.

377

2 The exact date of the exchange is not recorded in Keedick's memoirs.

378

3 Hoving, Tutankhamun — The Untold Story, p. 311.

379

4 Letter from Lord Carnarvon to Alan H Gardiner, dated 28 November 1922, quoted in Reeves and Taylor, Howard Carter: Before Tutankhamun, p. 141.

380

5 Budge, Tutankhamen: Amenism, Atenism, and Egyptian Monotheism etc., pp. xviii — xix.

381

6 Merton, «An Egyptian treasure: Great find at Thebes: Lord Carnarvon's long quest»; «Doctor Petrie's views: Unique finds», The Times, 30 November 1922, p. 13.

382

7 'The Egyptian find: Lord Carnarvon's hopes: Difficulties of photography: The unopened chamber», The Times 18 December 1922, p. 14.

383

8 Telegram from Howard Carter to Alan H Gardiner, date unknown, c. early December 1922, quoted in Vandenberg, The Forgotten Pharaoh, p. 125.

384

9 The Egyptian treasure: The importance of the find: Dr. A Gardiner's views», The Times 4 December 1922, p. 7.

385

1 °Carter and Mace, The Tomb of Tut.ankhAmen, I, p. viii.

386

11 Carter and Mace, I, p. viii.

387

12 Herbert, account of discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb (copy), c. 1922—3, British Library Manuscript Collection, RP 17991.

388

13 Reeves, «Tutankhamun and his Papyri», GS 88 (1985), pp. 39–45.

389

14 Ibid., p. 39.

390

15 Ibid.

391

16 Belzoni, Narrative, p. 235 f.; cf. Belzoni, Description of the Egyptian Tomb, 1821, 10, quoted in Ibid., p. 40.

392

17 List of Egyptian Antiquities belonging to Ну. Salt Esqr. forwarded to the British Museum, one of two MSS in the Department of Egyptian Antiquities, the British Museum, quoted in ibid, p. 40.

393

18 Ibid., p. 40, cf. Arundale, Bonomi and Birch, Gallery, 47.

394

19 Ibid., pp. 40—1. The item in question is British Museum No. EA882.

395

20 Ibid, pp. 40, 44 n. 14.

396

21 Reeves and Taylor, Howard Carter: Before Tutankhamun, p. 18.

397

22 Reeves, 1985, p. 41.

398

23 Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun, 1995, p. 129.

399

24 Budge, p. xii.

400

25 Brackman, The Search for the Gold of Tutankhamen, p. 180.

401

26 Hoving, p. 311.

402

27 Keedick, op. cit.

403

1 Ex. 1: 8. All biblical quotations and references are taken from the Revised King James Bible, unless otherwise indicated

404

2 Ex. 1: 11.

405

3 Ex. 1: 12.

406

4 Ex. 1: 14.

407

5 Ex. 2: 1.

408

6 Ex. 2: 3.

409

7 Ex. 2: 10.

410

8 Acts 7: 22.

411

9 Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, II, x, 1–2.

412

10 Ех. 3: 1.

413

11 Ex. 3: 2–3.

414

12 Ех. 3: 7–8.

415

13 Ех. 3: 14.

416

14 Ех. 3: 14–15.

417

15 Ех. 14: 21.

418

16 Ех. 16: 1.

419

17 Ех. 19: 11.

420

18 Ех. 33: 6.

421

19 Ех. 32: 4.

422

20 Deut. 34: 1.

423

21 Deut. 34: 6.

424

22 Keedick, «Howard Carter», unpublished memoirs, c. 1924.

425

23 Easton, The Illustrated Bible Dictionary, s.v. «Pharaoh», pp. 538—42, which describes Rameses II as Pharaoh of the Oppression.

426

24 Gen. 45: 10; 46: 28, 29, 34.

427

25 Gen. 47: 11.

428

26 Num. 13: 22

429

27 Ps. 78: 12, 43.

430

28 Easton, s.v. «Zo» an», pp. 713—14.

431

29 Bietak, «Avaris and Piramesse: Archaeological Exploration in the Eastern Nile Delta», PBA 65 (1979), pp. 228—9.

432

30 Adam, «Recent discoveries in the Eastern Delta», ASAE 55 (1958), pp. 306, 318-20.

433

31 Ibid., p. 320.

434

32 Ibid., p. 323; Habachi, «Khata» na-Qantir, Importance», ASAE 52 (1952), p. 443.

435

33 See Adam, pp. 322—4.

436

34 Habachi, pp. 443—4.

437

35 Van Seters, The Hyksos: a new investigation, pp. 127—51.

438

36 Naville, The Geography of the Exodus», JEA 10 (1924), pp. 28–32.

439

37 Wan Seters, pp. 148—9.

440

38 Bietak., pp. 247—53.

441

39 Ibid, p. 269.

442

40 Ibid, р. 273.

443

41 Ibid., р. 279-

444

42 Easton, s.v. «Pharaoh», pp. 538—42.

445

43 Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, «Hymn of Victory of Mer-ne-Ptah (The «Israel Stela»)», pp. 376—8.

446

44 Ibid, p. 378.

447

45 Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, pp. 57–73.

448

46 Pritchard, p. 378 n. 19.

449

47 Lichtheim, pp. 77.

450

48 P Anastasi VI, 4: 11—5:5, in Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times, p. 228.

451

49 Naville, The Store-city of Pithom and the Route of the Exodus, pp. 4–5.

452

50 Ibid.

453

51 Ibid., p. 4.

454

52 Ibid., pp. 13–14, 28.

455

53 Ibid, pp. 4, 10, 12–13.

456

54 Ibid., pp. 12–13.

457

55 Ibid., pp. 11–12. See Ex. 5:7–8.

458

56 Holladay, Cities of the Delta, pi. Ill: Tell el Maskhuta: Preliminary Report on the Wadi Tumilat Project 1978–1979, pp. 10–27.

459

57 Millard, «How Reliable Is Exodus?», BAR 24:4 (July/August 2000), p. 55.

460

58 A11 dates for biblical events are taken from Easton, The Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Appendix I–Chronological tables, pp. 715–727. However, Wright, The Illustrated Bible Treasury, p. 173, gives 973 BC as the date for the foundation of Solomon's Temple.

461

59 Ex. 12: 40.

462

60 Bimson, «A Chronology for the Middle Kingdom and Israel's Egyptian Bondage», SISR3 (1979), pp. 64—9.

463

61 Ibid.

464

62 Wilson, The Exodus Enigma, p. 20.

465

63 Ibid.

466

1 Weigall, The Life and Times of Akhenaten.

467

2 Weigall, Tutankhamen And Other Essays, p. 100.

468

3 Ibid., pp. 101—2.

469

4 See Manetho, trans., Waddell, p. xiv.

470

5 Weigall, p. 107.

471

6 Manetho, Aegyptiaca, quoted in Josephus, Flavius Josephus Against Apion, trans. Whiston, I, 26.

472

7 Ibid.

473

8 Ibid.

474

9 Ibid.

475

10 Ibid.

476

11 Ibid.

477

12 Ibid.

478

13 Manetho, trans. Waddell, fr. 54,1. 237.

479

14 Manetho, trans. Whiston, I, 26.

480

15 Ibid., Osarsiph, or Osarseph in Manetho, trans. Waddell, fr. 54,1. 238.3.

481

16 Manetho, trans. Whiston, I, 26.

482

17 Ibid. I, 14.

483

18 Manetho, trans. Waddell, fr. 54,1. 246.

484

19 Manetho, trans. Whiston, I, 26.

485

20 Ibid.

486

21 Ibid. It is «grandfather Rapses» in Manetho, trans. Waddell, fr. 54,1. 245.

487

22 Manetho, trans. Whiston, I, 27.

488

23 Weigall, pp. 108-9.

489

24 Ibid., p. 109.

490

25 Ibid., p. 110.

491

26 Ibid., p. 111.

492

27 Ibid.

493

28 Ibid., p. 112.

494

29 Ibid.

495

30 See Greenberg, The Hab/piru, and Na» aman, «Habiru and Hebrews: the transfer of a social term to the literary sphere», JNES 45: 4 (1986), pp. 271—88; Rowton, «Dimorphic structure and the problem of the «Apiru-«Ibrim», JNES 35:1 (1976), pp. 13–20.

496

31 Weigall, pp. 115-6.

497

32 See Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums, ii, pp. 421, 424-5, and Meyer, Aegyptische Chronologie, pp. 92—5.

498

33 Budge, Tutankhamen, Amenism, Atenism and Egyptian Monotheism etc., p. xiii.

499

34 Freud, Moses and Monotheism, pp. 97—8.

500

35 Ibid., p, 42.

501

36 Ex. 12: 12.

502

37 Weigall,p. 111.

503

38 Hecataeus of Abdera, quoted in Diodorus Siculus, Bib-liotheca Historica, 40, 1–8.

504

39 Ibid., 40, 1.

505

40 Ibid., 40, 3.

506

41 Apion, Aegyptiaca, quoted in Josephus, II, 2.

507

42 Redford, Akhenaten: the Heretic King p. 152.

508

43 Weigall, p. 110.

509

44 Budge, Gods of the Egyptians, I, p. 471; II, p. 361.

510

45 Aldred, Akhenaten — King of Egypt, pp. 43, 260;

511

46 Redford, pp. 146—7.

512

47 Aldred, pp. 87, 273.

513

48 Apion, in Josephus, II, 2

514

1 Manetho, Aegyptiaca, quoted in Josephus, «Flavius Josephus Against Apion», trans. Whiston, I, 26.

515

2 Ibid.

516

3 Ibid.

517

4 Ibid.

518

5 Redford, Pharaonic King-Lists, Annals and Day-books, 1986, p. 293.

519

6 Assmann, Moses the Egyptian: The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism, p. 39.

520

7 For an extensive discussion on the relationship between the Hyksos, the Thera eruption and the Tempest Stela see Chapter 16, Note 49- See also Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times, 1992, pp. 419—20.

521

8 Aldred, Akhenaten: King of Egypt, pp. 173—4.

522

9 Ibid., p. 174.

523

10 Pendlebury, «Summary report on the excavations at Tell el-«Amarnah 1935–1936», JEA 22 (1936), p. 198.

524

11 Ibid.

525

12 See Pendlebury, pp. 197—8.

526

13 Aldred, p. 174.

527

14 Pendlebury, p. 198.

528

15 Aldred, p. 180.

529

16 See, for example, Reeves, Akhenaten; Egypt's False Prophet, pp. 75–78.

530

17 Assmann, p. 26.

531

18 See Pausanias, Description of Greece, 1,42.

532

19 Aldred, p. 164.

533

20 Mahdy, Tutankhamun: The Life and Death of a Boy King p. 175.

534

21 Manetho, trans. Whiston, I, 26.

535

22 Aldred, p. 164.

536

23 Manetho, trans. Whiston, I, 26.

537

24 Manetho, trans. Waddell, fr. 54,1. 232.

538

25 Ibid., fr. 50, 1. 96, from Josephus, Contra Apionem, who gives the reign of Orus as 36 years 5 months; fr. 51, from Theophilus, Ad Autolyc. iii. 19, who gives 36 years 5 months; fr. 52, from Syncellus, according to Africanus, who gives 37 years; fr. 53 (a), from Syncellus, according to Eusebius, who gives 36 years (38 years in another copy); 53 (b) Armenian version of Eusebius, which gives 28 years.

539

26 Ibid., fr. 50, 1. 96, from Josephus, Contra Apionem, who gives the reign ofAmenophisas 30 years 10 months; fr. 51, from Theophilus, Ad Autolyc. iii. 19, who gives 30 years 10 months; fr. 52, from Syncellus, according to Africanus, who gives 31 years; fr. 53 (a), from Syncellus, according to Eusebius, who gives 31 years; 53 (b) Armenian version of Eusebius, which gives 31 years.

540

27 Ibid., fr. 50,1. 96, from Josephus, Contra Apionem, who gives the names of 18 kingsof the Eighteenth Dynasty; fr. 51, from Theophilus, Ad Autolyc. iii. 19, who gives 18 kings; fr. 52, from Syncellus, according to Africanus, who gives 16 kings; fr. 53 (a), from Syncellus, according to Eusebius, who gives 14 kings (but Syncellus elsewhere says he leaves out two kings); 53 (b) Armenian version of Eusebius, which gives 14 kings.

541

28 Ibid., fr. 52, from Syncellus, according to Africanus; fr. 53 (a), from Syncellus, according to Eusebius; fr. 53 (b), Armenian version of Eusebius: «This is the king who was reputed to be Memnon, a speaking stone».

542

29 Manetho, trans. Waddell, fr. 50,1. 96, from Josephus, Contra Apionem, who gives thereign of Acencheres as 12 years 1 month; fr. 51, from Theophilus, Ad Autolyc. iii. 19, who gives the reign of Acencheres as 12 years 1 month; fr. 52, from Syncellus, according to Africanus, who gives the reign of Acherres as 12 years; fr. 53 (a), fromSyncellus, according to Eusebius, who gives the reign of Achencherses as 12 years; 53 (b), Armenian version of Eusebius, which gives the reign of Achencheres as 16 years.

543

30 Ibid., fr. 50, from Josephus, Contra Apionem; fr. 51, from Theophilus, Ad Autolyc. iii. 19.

544

31 Ibid., fr. 50, from Josephus Contra Apionem; fr. 51, from Theophilus, Ad Autolyc. iii. 19.

545

32 Ibid., fr. 52, from Syncellus, according to Africanus.

546

33 Ibid., fr. 53 (a), from Syncellus, according to Eusebius; fr. 53 (b), Armenian version of Eusebius.

547

34 Ibid., fr. 50,1. 96, from Josephus, Contra Apionem, who gives the reign of Ramessesas 1 year 4 months; fr. 51, from Theophilus, Ad Autolyc, iii. 19, who gives him 1 year 4 months; fr. 52, from Syncellus, according to Africanus, who gives him 1 year; fr. 53 (a), from Syncellus, according to Eusebius, who gives him 68 years; 53 (b), Armenian version of Eusebius, which gives him 68 years.

548

35 Ibid., fr. 50, 1. 96, from Josephus, Contra Apionem, who gives the reign of Harmals as 4 years 1 month; fr. 51, from Theophilus, Ad Autolyc, iii. 19, who gives the reign of Harmais as 4 years 1 month; fr. 52, from Syncellus, according to Africanus, who gives the reign of Armesis as 5 years; fr. 53 (a), from Syncellus, according to Eusebius, who gives the reign of «Armais, also called Danaus» as 5 years; 53 (b), Armenian version of Eusebius, which gives the reign of Armais, also called Danaus» as 5 years.

549

36 Ibid., fr. 53 (a), from Syncellus, according to Eusebius.

550

37 Ibid., fr. 53 (b), Armenian version of Eusebius.

551

38 Ibid., fr. 53 (a), Syncellus's additional note to Eusebius's text.

552

39 See Manetho, trans. Waddell, fr. 52, from Africanus.

553

40 For a full resume of these different Graeco-Egyptian and Graeco-Roman Exodus accounts, see Redford, 1986, pp. 282—96.

554

41 See, for instance, Lysimachos, Aegyptiaca, from Josephus, Contra Apionem, trans. Waddell, I, 34.

555

42 Ibid.

556

43 Ibid.

557

44 Ibid., I, 35.

558

45 Cheremon, quoted in ibid., I, 33.

559

46 Ibid.

560

47 Pompeius Trogus, quoted in Assmann, p. 36.

561

48 Bower, Scotichronicon, I, 9.

562

49 Ibid.

563

50 Ibid., I, 12.

564

51 Ibid., I, 14.

565

52 Ibid., I, 15.

566

53 Ibid., I, 18.

567

54 Ibid.

568

55 For the descendants of Scota colonising the Irish DilRiata, see Lebor Gabala Erenn: The book of the taking of Ireland, Bk. 5, VIII, 384-6. Bk. 5, VIII, 387.

569

56 For Scota going to Scotland see the «Pleading of Baldred Biset», 1301, as referenced in the Intro, to Bower, p. xx.

570

57 For Scota going straight to Ireland see «Instructions», 1301, as referenced in the Intro, to Bower, p. xx.

571

58 For Scota going first to Ireland and then on to Scotland see Chron. Piets-Scots, 106— 16 and SEHI, 609—10, as referenced in the Intro, to Bower, p. xix. Here Scota is the wife of Neius or Niulus, a Greek, the son of a certain Lacedaemonian Aeneas, a prince of the Choriscii.

572

59 See the «Pleading of Baldred Biset», f 301, as referenced in the Intro, to Bower, p. xx.

573

60 Nennius, Historia Brittonum, 15.

574

61 Bower, I, 10.

575

62 See Evans, Kingdom of the Ark.

576

63 Moran, The Amama Letters, EA35, 11–15.

577

64 Aldred, p. 283.

578

65 Ibid.

579

66 Goetze, «The Plague Prayers of Mursilis» in Pritchard (ed.), Ancient Near Eastern Textsre lating to the Old Testament, KUB, xiv, 8; KUB, xxiv, 3, pp. 394—6.

580

67 Ibid. KUB, xiv, 8, p. 394.

581

68 Ibid., KUB, xiv, 8, p. 395.

582

69 Ibid., KUB, xxiv, 3, p. 396.

583

70 Kitchen, Suppiluliuma and the Amama Pharaohs: A Study in Relative Chronology, p. 47.

584

71 Moran, EA11, 5—14.

585

72 Phillips, Act of God, pp. 301—2.

586

73 Ex. 11: 1.

587

74 Ex. 12: 29–30.

588

75 Phillips, pp. 302—3.

589

76 Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharaohs, pp. 244—5.

590

77 Redford, 1986, p. 282.

591

1 Giveon, «Toponymes quest-Asiatiques a Soleb», in VT 14,1964, pp. 239—55; Giveon, Les Bedouins Shosou des documents Egyptians, 1971, pp. 24—8.

592

2 Giveon, 1964, pp. 244—5; Giveon, 1971, pp. 25—7.

593

3 Giveon, 1964, pp. 244—5; Giveon, 1971, p. 27.

594

4 Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times, p. 272 n. 70, cf. P. Harris I, 76:9 («Se» ir with the Shasu clans»).

595

5 Ward, «The Shasu «Bedouin»: notes on a recent publication», JESHO 15 (1972), pp. 50-1.

596

6 Ibid.

597

7 Grdseloff, «Edom, d'apres les sources egyptiennes», RHJE 1 (1947), p. 74 n. 1, after Champillion and Sethe.

598

8 P Anastasi IV, 18, quoted in Redford, p. 228.

599

9 Bedford, p. 203.

600

10 Redford, p. 270. See also Moran, The Amama Letters, EA 285: 5–6.

601

11 Barkay, «What's an Egyptian Temple doing in Jerusalem?», BAR 26:3 (May/June 2000), pp. 48–57, 67.

602

12 Redford, p. 271. See also Moran, EA 287.

603

13 Redford, p. 275; Ward, p. 46

604

14 Redford, p. 275.

605

15 Giveon, 1971, pp. 235—6.

606

16 Ward, p. 52, cf. P Anastasi I, 19, 1–4 & 23, 7–8.

607

17 Ibid., p. 53.

608

18 Ibid., p. 54.

609

19 Giveon, The Shasu of the Late XXth Dynasty», JARCE 8 (1969-70), p. 52.

610

20 Giveon, 1971, pp. 48—9-

611

21 Giveon, 1969—70, pp. 51—3.

612

22 Giveon, 1971, p. 28.

613

23 Ibid., p. 28.

614

24 Ibid., p. 236.

615

25 See Grdseloff, pp. 86, 98—9.

616

26 Ibid., pp. 81-2.

617

27 Redford, pp. 272-3.

618

28 Giveon, 1971, pp. 74—7; Grdseloff, pp. 79–83.

619

29 Gen. 32: 38.

620

30 See Greenberg, The Hab/piru, and Na'aman, «Habiru and Hebrews: the transfer of a social term to the literary sphere», JNES 45: 4 (1986), pp. 271—88; Rowton, «Dimorphic structure and the problem of the «Apiru-'Ibrtm», JNE§ 35:1 (1976), pp. 13–20.

621

31 Ех. 3: 1.

622

32 Easton, The Illustrated Bible Dictionary, s.v. «Horeb», p. 336.

623

33 Ex. 3: 14.

624

34 Ex. 3: 15, trans. Propp. Exodus 1—18: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, p. 6.

625

35 Propp, p. 204.

626

36 Ex. 6: 3.

627

37 Gen. 33: 20.

628

38 Ex. 15: 17.

629

39 Ex. 15: 17, trans. Propp, p. 22.

630

40 Ex. 3: 5.

631

41 Ex. 19: 11, 18, 20, 23.

632

42 Ex. 33: 6.

633

43 Ex. 32: 15.

634

44 Kings 19: 8.

635

45 1 Kings 19: 9.

636

46 1 Kings 19: 3.

637

47 Harel, The Sinai Journeys: The Route of the Exodus, p. 181.

638

48 Ibid.

639

49 Ibid.

640

50 Ibid.

641

51 Ibid.

642

52 Petrie, Researches in Sinai, pp. 251—2.

643

53 Ibid., pp. 252-3.

644

54 Ex. 13: 17.

645

55 Ex. 13: 18.

646

56 Propp, pp. 339, 486—7.

647

57 Ex. 15: 22.

648

58 Lucas, The Route of the Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt, pp. 32—3. Ex. 15: 27. Lucas, p. 48. 1 Kings 9: 26. Ex. 16: 1. Ex. 17: 1–6.

649

59 Ex. 15: 27

650

60 Lucas, p. 48.

651

61 1 Kings 9: 26.

652

62 Ex. 16: 1

653

63 Ex. 17: 1–6.

654

64 Ех. 19: 1–2.

655

65 Finkelstein and Silberman, The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of its Sacred Texts, p. 13.

656

66 Deut. 33: 2.

657

67 Jud. 5: 3–5.

658

68 Redford, p. 272 n. 70, cf. E Moment, Kemi 5 (1937), pi. Ill («despoiler of the land of the Shasu, plunderer of the mountain of Se» ir»); Ward, pp. 50-1.

659

69 Redford, p. 272 n. 70, cf. P Anastasi vi. 54–56 («clans of the Shasu of Edom»); Giveon, 1971, pp. 235—6.

660

70 Deut. 2: 10.

661

71 Deut. 2: 11.

662

72 Gen. 6: 4, Num. 13: 33. See Collins, From, the Ashes of Angels, for a full account of the relationship between the Anakim, Nephilim and the Watchers of the «Book of Enoch».

663

73 Gen. 36: 20.

664

74 Gen. 14: 6

665

75 Deut. 2: 12, 16.

666

76 Gen. 36: 8.

667

77 Gen. 36: 20.

668

78 Odelain and Seguineau, Dictionary of Proper Names and Places in the Bible, s.v. «Horites», p. 164.

669

79 Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament, «Hymn of Victory of Mer-ne-Ptah (The «Israel Stela»)», p. 378 n. 19.

670

80 Easton, s.v. «Se» ir», p. 611.

671

81 Gen. 36: 9.

672

82 Gen. 36: 8.

673

83 Bamberger, Fallen Angels, p. 154.

674

84 Ibid.

675

85 Lev. 9: 3, 15; 10: 16.

676

86 Lev. 16: 9—10.

677

87 See Collins, From the Ashes of Angels, p. 252.

678

88 Bamberger, p. 154, cf. Pirfee d'R Eliezer, ed. D Luria, Warsaw, 1852; Bereshit Rabba, ed. J. Theodor and Ch. Albeck, Berlin, 1912-29.

679

89 Ibid.

680

90 Bamberger, p. 155.

681

91 Gen. 25: 30-1.

682

92 Gen. 36: 16; 1 Chr. 1: 36

683

93 Neilsen, The Site of the Biblical Mount Sinai: A claim for Petra, p. 11.

684

94 Num. 20: 14–21.

685

1 Vaux, The Bible and the Ancient Near East, p. 152.

686

2 2 Kings 22: 2.

687

3 2 Chron. 25: 1.

688

4 2 Chron. 25: 14.

689

5 Eze. 35: 3–5.

690

6 Mackenzie, The Myths of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 52.

691

7 Ibid.

692

8 Gen. 10: 22, 11: 10, 24-7, 22: 21.

693

9 Gen. 11: 26.

694

10 1 Chron. 1: 32.

695

11 Gen. 11: 28, 31, 15: 7.

696

12 Gen. 11: 2.

697

13 Woolley, Ur of the Chaldees, p. 14.

698

14 Ibid.

699

15 Gilbert, Magi: The quest for a secret tradition, p. 177.

700

16 Ibid.

701

17 Ibid.

702

18 Gundiiz, The Knowledge of Ufe» JSS 3 (1994), pp. 32-3, 35.

703

19 Gen. 12: 1–5.

704

20 Gen. 12: 6.

705

21 Gen. 12: 8.

706

22 Jg. 21: 19.

707

23 Easton, The Illustrated Bible Dictionary, s.v. «Si» nai», p. 634.

708

24 Giinduz, p. 201.

709

25 Ibid., p. 200.

710

26 Ibid., p. 224.

711

27 Ibid.

712

28 Ibid, p. 44.

713

29 Ibid.

714

30 Ibid., p. 224; Drawer, The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran, pp: 265—9.

715

31 Drower, p. 266.

716

32 Ibid.

717

33 Gtinduz, p. 225.

718

34 Ibid., p. 207.

719

35 Ibid.

720

36 Oesterley and Robinson, Hebrew Religion: Its Origin and Development, p. 65.

721

37 Ibid., p. 128. See also Nielsen, Die altarabische Mondreli-gion und die mosaische Ueberlieferung 1904, p. 50.

722

38 Ibid.

723

39 Ex. 12: 12–28.

724

40 Deut. 16: 1: «Observe the month of Abib and keep the passover unto the Lord thy God». See also Oesterley and Robinson, p. 128; Nielsen, Handbuch der Altarabischen Altertums-kunde, 1927, i, 244.

725

41 Propp, Exodus 1 —18: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, p. 392.

726

42 Ex. 12: 9.

727

43 Ex. 12: 46.

728

44 Oesterley and Robinson, p. 131.

729

45 Nielsen, The Site of the Biblical Mount Sinai: A claim for Petra, 1928, p. 21.

730

46 Ibid., p. 23.

731

47 At the Council of Nicea in AD 325 it was decided that since the Last Supper is thought to have occurred on the feast of the Passover (most probably on the Feast of the Unleavened Bread), then Easter Day should be celebrated on the first Sunday either on or after the full moon that follows the spring equinox in the northern hemisphere. This Roman calculation of Easter Day was imposed on the Church of England at the Synod of Whitby in AD 664.

732

48 Propp, p. 399.

733

49 Num. 29: 12–13.

734

50 Num. 29: 17.

735

51 Num. 29: 20.

736

52 Num. 20: 32.

737

53 Oesterley and Robinson, pp. 128—9. For a review of the lunar cult among the Semitic peoples of the Near East see Nielsen, 1901, pp. 50 ff., and 1927, i, pp. 213-24.

738

54 Gunduz, pp. 2, 12, 37, 51, 119, 131

739

55 Ibid., p. 83, 118-19.

740

56 Num. 1: 1.

741

57 Num. 9: 1.

742

58 Num. 10: 12.

743

59 Num. 10: 33, 35.

744

60 Easton, s.v. «Paran», p. 521.

745

61 Num. 11: 35.

746

62 Num. 13: 21.

747

63 Num. 13: 26.

748

1 Num. 20: 16.

749

2 Num. 20: 11.

750

3 Num. 20: 8.

751

4 Num. 20: 11.

752

5 Num. 27: 14; Deut. 32: 51-2.

753

6 Num. 27: 14.

754

7 Easton, The Illustrated Bible Dictionary, s.v. «Meribah», pp. 458-9.

755

8 Deut. 32: 51.

756

9 Stanley, Sinai and Palestine in connection with their history, p. 67.

757

10 The Koran, Sura 2: 60.

758

11 Zayadine, «Caravan Routes Between Egypt and Nabataea and the Voyage of Sultan Baibars to Petra in 1276» in Hadadi, Studies in the history and Archaeology of Jordan, II, p. 173, quoting al-Nuwairi's MS No. 1578, Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris.

759

12 Ibid, p. 169.

760

13 Ibid, p. 170. al spring is more likely to be the true site of Ain Musa.

761

14 Josephus, Antiquities oj the Jews, I, xii, 4.

762

15 Zayadine, p. 173, Quoting Nuwairi.

763

16 Browning, Petra, p. 128.

764

17 Stanley, p. 95.

765

18 Stanley, p. 89, quoting Sheikh Mohammed, source unknown.

766

19 Zayadine, p. 173, Quoting Nuwairi.

767

20 2 Kings 14: 7; 2 Chron. 25: 11–12.

768

21 Zayadine, p. 167.

769

22 Browning, pp. 26—7.

770

23 Finkelstein and Silberman, The Bible Unearthed, p. 63.

771

24 Ibid.,'pp. 95—6.

772

25 The Targums of Onkelos, Jonathan and Jerusalem refer to Kadesh-barnea as Rekem-Giah, «of the ravine». See Stanley, p. 94 n. 3.

773

26 Nielsen, The site of the biblical Mount Sinai: A claim for Petra, p. 9, cf. the Targum of Deut. 1: 19.

774

27 Rekem, or Rokan, was an ancient name for Petra, see Jerome, De hoc. Heb voc. Petra and Rekem, quoted in Stanley, p. 94 n. 3. See also Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, IV, vii, 1, who states that Petra was called Arecem, after a Midianite king named Rekem. He says also that Mount Hor lay above Arke, i.e. Arecem, or Rekem.

775

28 Browning, p. 114.

776

29 Stanley, p. 94 n. 3, cf. Schwarz, pp. 23—4.

777

30 Josephus, iy iv, 5.

778

31 Ibid., IV, iv, 6.

779

32 Ibid.

780

33 Ibid., IV, iv, 7.

781

34 Jerome, De hoc. Heb. Voc. Petra and Rekem, as quoted in Stanley, p. 94 n. 3 & 4.

782

35 Num. 20: 1.

783

36 Ex. 17: 1. 37» Ex. 17: 6–7.

784

37 Ex. 17: 6–7.

785

38 Stanley, p. 95.

786

40 Browning, р. 185.

787

40 Browning, р. 185.

788

41 Ibid.,p. 211.

789

42 Ibid., p. 212.

790

43 Ibid.

791

44 For instance, see The Koran, Sura 2: 54, 28: 17.

792

45 Browning, p. 212.

793

46 Ibid., pp. 214-16.

794

47 Ex. 24: 5.

795

48 Ex. 24: 6.

796

48 Ex. 24: 6.

797

49 Browning, p. 213.

798

50 Ibid., pp. 215-16.

799

51 Ibid., p. 216.

800

52 Nielsen, p. 16.

801

53 The betyl is orientated at an angle of 251 degrees from north.

802

54 Nielsen, p. 16.

803

55 Ibid.

804

56 Ibid.

805

57 Ibid.

806

58 Ibid. See also Nielsen,

807

59 Glueck, The Other Side of the Jordan, p. 178.

808

60 Personal communication between Andrew Collins and Ahmad Muammar, an archaeologist and tour guide from Wadi Musa, in March 2002.

809

61 See Robertson Smith, The Religion of the Semites, pp. 201—12, for a full account of the veneration of pillars among the early Semites.

810

62 Personal communication between Andrew Collins and Ahmad Muammar in March 2002.

811

63 Browning, pp. 46—7.

812

64 Ibid., pp. 108, 210-11.

813

65 Personal communication between Andrew Collins and Ahmad Muammar in March 2002.

814

66 Browning, p. 48.

815

67 Gunduz, «The Knowledge of Life», JSS 3 (1994), pp. 83, 118-19.

816

68 Ibid.,p. 154.

817

69 Ibid., p. 138.

818

70 Ibid., p. 154.

819

71 Rev. 17: 3–6. For the association between Venus and Babylon see Hislop, The Two Babylons, or the papal worship proved to be the worship of Nimrud and his wife, pp. 5–6. 72 Nielsen, p. 21.

820

73 Nielsen, p. 21.

821

73 Nielsen, p. 21.

822

1 See Nielsen, Die altarabische Mondreligion und die mosaische Ueberlieferung 1904, pp. 171—6.

823

2 Num. 20: 22.

824

3 Num. 20: 25–29.

825

4 Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, IV iv, 6–7; IV, vii, 1.

826

5 Ibid., IV, iv, 7.

827

6 Deut. 32: 51-2.

828

7 Deut. 34: 1–5.

829

8 Deut. 52: 50.

830

9 Nielsen, The Site of the Biblical Mount Sinai: A claim for Petra, p. 19.

831

10 This story of Nabi Harun was related to Andrew Collins by Mu» tasim Nawafleh, the head barman of the Petra Forum Hotel, Petra, in March 2002.

832

11 Browning, Petra, p. 172.

833

12 Nielsen, 1928, p. 22; Ex. 24: 9.

834

13 Ex. 24: 10.

835

14 Ex. 24: 15.

836

15 Personal communication between Andrew Collins and Ahmad Muammar in March 2002.

837

16 Ibid.

838

17 Ibid.

839

18 Ex. 3: 5.

840

19 Phillips, The Moses Legacy.

841

20 Browning, p. 212.

842

21 Ibid., pp. 196-7.

843

22 Nielsen, 1928, pp. 15–16.

844

23 Ibid., pp. 15–16,18-19-

845

24 Ех. 15: 17, trans. Propp, Exodus 1—18: A New Translation with Introduction andCommentary, p. 22.

846

25 Giveon, Les Bedouins Shosou des documents Egyptians, p. 28.

847

26 Ibid., p. 236.

848

27 Habak 3: 3.

849

28 Gen. 36: 11, 15,42.

850

29 Amos 1: 12.

851

30 Easton, The Illustrated Bible Dictionary, s.v. «Bozrah», p. 107.

852

31 Jer. 49: 7; Ezek. 25: 13.

853

32 Obad. 8–9.

854

33 Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, s.v. «Phoenicians», ix, p. 893.

855

34 Sanchoniatho, in Philo, as quoted in Cory, Ancient Fragments, p. 4.

856

35 Gen. 25: 25.

857

36 Gen. 25: 27.

858

37 Sanchoniatho, in Philo, as quoted in Cory, p. 5.

859

38 Ibid.

860

39 Ex. 18: 1.

861

1 Num. 14: 45; 21: 3.

862

2 Num. 21: 1–2.

863

3 Odelain and Seguineau, Dictionary of Proper Names and Places in the Bible, s.v. «Arail, p. 34; s.v. «Hormah», p. 164.

864

4 Num. 21:4.

865

5 Num. 21: 11.

866

6 Finkelstein and Silberman, The Bible Unearthed, p. 64.

867

7 Ibid.

868

8 Num. 21: 4.

869

9 Num. 21: 11.

870

10 Num. 23: 1–6.

871

11 Deut. 34: 1–4.

872

12 Deut. 34: 5.

873

13 Deut. 34: 6.

874

14 Num. 25: 3; Josh. 22: 17–18.

875

15 Num. 25: 1–6; 31: 16.

876

16 Num. 25: 9.

877

17 Num. 32: 39.

878

18 Num. 21: 33-5.

879

19 Num. 22: 2,4.

880

20 Jos. 9: 17–27; 10: 12–13.

881

21 Jos. 10: 28–39.

882

22 Num. 31: 1-12.

883

23 Num. 21: 25.

884

24 Num. 21: 33.

885

25 Jos. 5: 10–15; 6: 1-27.

886

26 Jos. 7: 2–5; 8: 1-29.

887

27 Jos. 11: 10–13.

888

28 Jos. 11: 11–13.

889

29 Easton, The Illustrated Bible Dictionary, s.v. «Lachish», p. 413.

890

30 Jos. 10: 31-2.

891

31 Silberman, «Visions of the Future: Albright in Jerusalem», BA 56:1 (1993), pp. 8-16.

892

32 See, for example, Redford, Egypt, Canaan and Israel in Ancient Times, p. 265.

893

33 See Alt, Essays on Old Testament History and Religion.

894

34 Silberman, 1992, pp. 25—6.

895

35 Mendenhall, «The Hebrew Conquest of Palestine», BA 25:3 (1962), pp. 66–87.

896

36 Ibid., p. 73.

897

37 Ibid.

898

38 See Gottwald, The Tribes ofYahweh.

899

39 Mendenhall, p. 73.

900

40 Ibid.

901

41 Ibid., p. 74.

902

42 Ibid.

903

43 Finkelstein and Silberman, p. 104.

904

44 Mazar, «The «Bull Site» — An Iron Age I Open Cult Place», BASOR 247 (1937), pp. 27–42. See also ibid., p. 109-

905

45 Mazar, p. 30.

906

46 Finkelstein and Silberman, p. 109.

907

47 Ibid., p. 119.

908

48 Ibid.

909

49 Ibid., pp. 43-7.

910

50 Ex. 12: 37

911

51 Finkelstein and Silberman, pp. 112—13. See also Silberman, «Who Were the Israelites?», Archaeology 45:2 (1992), pp. 22–30.

912

52 See Whitelam, The Invention of Ancient Israel: The Silencing of Palestinian History, pp. 164—7.

913

53 See Finkelstein and Silberman, p. 129.

914

54 Josephus, Wars of the Jews, VI, ix, 3.

915

1 Comay, Who's Who in Jewish History after the period of the Old Testament, s.v. «Rothschild family», p. 313.

916

2 Luke, 21: 25.

917

3 Luke, 21: 26—8.

918

4 See Gidney, The history of the London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews from 1809 to 1908.

919

5 Michell, Eccentric Lives and Peculiar Notions, p. 169.

920

6 Ibid., p. 170.

921

7 Herzl, Derjudenstaat: Versuch einer modemen Losung der Judenfrage… Dritte Auflage.

922

8 Ps. 137: 5. See Weizmann, Trial and Error: The Autobiography of Chaim Weizmann, p. 125.

923

9 Dugdale, Arthur James Balfour: First Earl of Balfour, etc., vol. 1, pp. 434—5.

924

10 Weizmann, p. 164.

925

11 Ibid, p. 165.

926

12 Ibid, p. 192.

927

13 Dugdale, p. 433.

928

14 Ibid.

929

15 Weizmann, p. 200.

930

16 Ibid., pp. 191, 224.

931

17 Ibid., pp. 191–192.

932

18 Pope and Wheal, The Macmillan Dictionary of the First World War, s.v. «United States of America», p. 487.

933

19 John, Behind the Balfour Declaration: The Hidden Origins of Today's Mideast Crisis, p. 58.

934

20 Landman, Great Britain, the Jews and Palestine, p. 4.

935

21 John, p. 58.

936

22 Ibid., p. 59.

937

23 Landman, p. 4.

938

24 John, p. 60.

939

25 Ibid.

940

26 Ibid., pp. 62—3.

941

27 Ibid., p. 63.

942

28 Landman, p. 5.

943

29 Landman, p. 4.

944

30 Ibid., p. 5, cf. the Franco-British Convention, December 1920 (Cmd. 1195).

945

31 Ibid.

946

32 John, p. 67.

947

33 Ibid.

948

34 Weizmann, p. 256.

949

35 Ibid., p. 266.

950

1 See Graves, Lawrence and the Arabs.

951

2 Weizmann, Trial and Error, p. 293.

952

3 See Westrate, The Arab Bureau: British Policy in the Middle East, 1916—20.

953

4 Weizmann, p. 319.

954

5 Ibid., quoting an account from 1923 by Philip Graves, Times correspondent at the time of the Jerusalem pogrom.

955

6 Ibid., p. 320, quoting an account from 1923 by Philip Graves, Times correspondent at the time of the Jerusalem pogrom.

956

7 Ibid, pp. 348-9.

957

8 Ibid, p. 349.

958

9 Ibid, pp. 350-1.

959

10 Ibid, p. 350.

960

11 Ibid, p. 351.

961

12 Ibid.

962

13 Ibid, pp. 351—2.

963

14 Ibid, p. 343.

964

15 Ibid, p. 353.

965

16 Ibid, p. 355.

966

17 Ibid, p. 348.

967

18 Ibid, p. 360.

968

19 Ibid, p. 364.

969

20 Shepherd, Ploughing Sand: British Rule in Palestine 1917–1948, p. 39.

970

21 Ibid.

971

22 Ibid.

972

23 The reference here to the «Egyptian Government» does not, of course, mean theZaghlul government of 1924, but the one officiating in Tutankhamun's day.

973

24 From Lee Keedick's memoirs, headed «Howard Carter».

974

25 Ibid.

975

26 Weizmann, p. 562.

976

27 Hoving, Tutankhamun — The Untold Story, p. 348.

977

1 From Lee Keedick's memoirs, headed «Howard Carter», c. 1924.

978

2 Ferguson, The House of Rothschild: The World's Banker 1849–1998, p. 247.

979

3 Carnarvon, No Regrets, p. 6.

980

4 Greenwood, Highclere Castle, «Smoking Room»: «The table was probably brought to Highclere by the fifth Countess who was an illegitimate daughter of the wealthy Alfred de Rothschild».

981

5 Identified by the authors during a visit to Highclere on Friday, 3 August 2001.

982

6 Ferguson, p. 247; Carnarvon, pp. 6, 115.

983

7 Ibid., p. 21.

984

8 Ibid.

985

9 Hyde, Norman Birkett: The Life of Lord Birkettpf Ulverston, p. 149.

986

10 Ibid.

987

11 Ibid., pp. 133-56.

988

12 Personal interview between Tony Leadbetter, a surviving godson of Almina, Countess of Carnarvon, and the authors on 3 August 2001.

989

13 Ibid..

990

14 Personal interview between Tony Leadbetter and the authors on 3 August 2001.

991

15 The Egyptian Gazette, 30 March 1923.

992

16 Ferguson, p. 247.

993

17 Comay, Who's Who in Jewish History after the period of the Old Testament, Rothschild Family, p. 307.

994

18 Ferguson, p. 281.

995

19 Comay, SV, Rothschild Family, p. 313.

996

20 Ferguson, p. 452.

997

21 Weizmann, Trial and Error, p. 205.

998

22 Ibid., p. 204.

999

23 Hoving, Tutankhamun — The Untold Story, p. 221. Hoving accepts that Carnarvon's decline in health began prior to the fatal mosquito bite that led eventually to Carnarvon's unexpected death. Email. from Thomas Hoving to Chris Ogilvie-Herald dated 18 July 2001.

1000

1 See Carter, The Tomb of Tut. ankh.Amen, II, pp. 106—40; Deny, «Report upon the Examination of Tut.ankh.Amen's Mummy», in Carter, II, pp. 143—61.

1001

2 Brier, The Murder of Tutankhamen: A 3000-year-old Murder Mystery, pp. 166—7.

1002

3 Ibid, р. 167.

1003

4 RG Harrison's comments quoted in ibid, p. 165.

1004

5 Ibid. pp. 172-3.

1005

6 Ibid, p. 172.

1006

7 Ibid, p. 173.

1007

8 Ibid.

1008

9 Giiterbock, «The Deeds of Suppiluliuma as Told by His Son Mursili IVJCS 10 (1965), pp. 41-130.

1009

10 Ibid, pp. 107—8, Fragment 31, Bo 4543 and 9181.

1010

11 Ibid, p. 94, Fragment 28, Kbo V 6, Aiii.

1011

12 Aldred, Akhenaten: King of Egypt, p. 221.

1012

13 See, for instance, Aldred, p. 221.

1013

14 See, for instance, Mahdy Tutankhamun: The Life and Death of a Boy King p. 301.

1014

15 Ibid, p. 174.

1015

16 Ginzberg, The Legends of the Jews, II, p. 297.

1016

17 Weigall, Tutankhamen and Other Essays, p. 116.

1017

18 Ginzberg, II, p. 297.

1018

1 Hesse, «Pig Lovers and Pig Haters: Patterns of Palestinian Pork Production», JE 10:2(Winter 1990), pp. 195–225. For a full distribution of Iron Age pig remains see Table 3, pp. 215—16.

1019

2 Finkelstein and Silberman, The Bible Unearthed, pp. 119—20.

1020

3 Ibid, p. 119.

1021

4 See Finkelstein, «Ethnicityand Origin of the Iron Settlers in the Highlands of Canaan,» BA 59:4 (December 1996), p. 206.

1022

5 Finkelstein and Silberman, pp. 119—20.

1023

6 See Hunn, «The Abominations of Leviticus Revised: A Commentary on Anomaly in Symbolic Anthropology», in Ellen and Reason, eds. Classifications in their Social Context, 1979, pp. 103–116.

1024

7 Lev. 11: 7–8.

1025

8 Deut. 14: 8.

1026

9 Vaux, The Bible and the Ancient Near East, p. 267.

1027

10 See Hesse.

1028

11 Blaisdell, «Abominable and relatively unclean flesh: parasites and the prohibition against pork in Ancient Egypt and Israel», Argos 19 (1998), pp. 363—70.

1029

12 Herodotus, The History of Herodotus ii, 47.

1030

13 Ibid.

1031

14 Ibid.

1032

15 Ibid.

1033

16 Ibid.

1034

17 Plutarch, Isis and Osiris, 8.

1035

18 Aelian, On the Characteristics of Animals, x, 16.

1036

19 Ibid.

1037

20 Ibid.

1038

21 Ibid.

1039

22 Ibid.

1040

23 Budge, The Gods of the Egyptians, ii, p. 368.

1041

24 Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times, p. 47.

1042

25 Frazer, The Golden Bough, p. 475.

1043

26 Hastings, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, xii, p. 133.

1044

27 Frazer, The Golden Bough, pp. 472—6.

1045

28 Te Velde, Seth, God of Confusion, p. 119.

1046

29 Ibid., pp. 121-2.

1047

30 Bietak, p. 269—70; Habachi, «Khata» na-Qanttr: importance», ASAE 52 (1952), pp. 458-70.

1048

31 Te Velde, pp. 124-5.

1049

32 Ibid., p. 125.

1050

33 Bietak, p. 270.

1051

34 Gardiner, Late Egyptian Stories, pp. 85—6.

1052

35 Bietak, «Avaris and Piramesse: Archaeological Exploration in the Eastern Nile Delta», PBA 65 (1979), pp. 250—1.

1053

36 Bietak, p. 251.

1054

37 See Vaux, p. 253.

1055

38 Ibid., pp. 252-4.

1056

39 Ibid., p. 259.

1057

40 See ibid., p. 265.

1058

41 Ibid, р. 256, quoting A. Bertholet, Kulturgeschichte Israels, 1919, p. 23.

1059

42 Ibid, p. 266, cf. the works of Movers and Bochart, Hie-rozoicon, 1675, col. 702—3.

1060

43 Hesse, p. 212.

1061

1 Ex. 2: 10; Propp, Exodus 1—18: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary, p. 152..

1062

2 Propp, p. 152.

1063

3 Ex. 6: 16.

1064

4 Num. 3: 33, 35; 26: 57.

1065

5 Num. 3: 17; 1 Chron. 5: 27; 6: 1.

1066

6 Easton, The Illustrated Bible Dictionary, s.v. «Merari», pp. 457-8.

1067

7 Osman, Moses: Pharaoh of Egypt, p. 185; Propp, p. 276, after Cody, 1969: 40 n. 4.

1068

8 Osman, p. 185.

1069

9 Num. 3: 32.

1070

10 Ex. 6: 25.

1071

11 1 Chron. 27: 17.

1072

12 Easton, s.v. «Phinehas», p. 548.

1073

13 Propp, p. 280, after Lauth 1871: 139—40; Cody 1969:71.

1074

14 Osman, p. 185.

1075

15 Ex. 6: 25.

1076

16 Propp, p. 280.

1077

17 Ex. 6: 21.

1078

18 Propp, p. 280.

1079

19 Easton, s.v. «Hur», p. 340.

1080

20 Odelain and Seguineau, Dictionary of Proper Names and Places of the Bible, s.v.'Hur», p. 166; Propppp. 617—8.

1081

21 Propp, p. 617, cf. ibn Ezra; Houtman 1989: 118.

1082

22 Ex. 17: 8—10.

1083

23 Ex. 17: 11.

1084

24 Ex. 17: 12.

1085

25 Ex. 17; 12. Trans. Propp, p. 26.

1086

26 Ех. 17: 13–15. Trans, ibid.

1087

27 Propp, p. 620.

1088

28 Ibid.

1089

29 Ex. 24: 14.

1090

30 1 Kings 2: 27, 35; 1 Chron. 29: 22.

1091

31 Num. 3: 4.

1092

32 Num. 20: 25-6.

1093

33 Num. 3: 32.

1094

34 Jg. 20: 28.

1095

35 Deut. 10:8; 31:9; 25.

1096

36 Ex. 32: 26-9.

1097

37 Sam. 1: 3.

1098

38 Sam. 4:4, 11, 17, cf. 2: 29, 34.

1099

39 Odelain and Seguineau, s.v. «Hophni», p. 164.

1100

40 Budge, An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, i, 480a.

1101

41 Osman, p. 185.