Поля крови. Религия и история насилия [заметки]

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Библейские цитаты в русском тексте обычно даются по Синодальному переводу. В отдельных местах в перевод внесены изменения, отражающие понимание текста К. Армстронг. – Прим. пер.

Значение глагола religio – «связывать», и римляне исталковывали religio как связь между людьми и богами. – Прим. ред.

В авестийском языке санскритские «дэвы» стали «дайвами».

Нарамсин (Наран-Суэн) не сын, а внук Саргона. – Прим. ред.

Асура – санскритский аналог авестийского понятия «ахура» («владыка»).

Эквивалент санскритского понятия «нирвана» на палийском диалекте, который, видимо, и был языком Будды. Буквально это слово означает «угасание».

Экзегеза – истолкование священных текстов. – Прим. ред.

Комментарии

Лев. 16:21–22

René Girard, Violence and the Sacred, trans. Patrick Gregory (Baltimore, 1977), p. 251 (Жирар Р. Насилие и священное. – М.: НЛО, 2010.)

Stanislav Andreski, Military Organization in Society (London, 1968); Robert L. O’Connell, Ride of the Second Horseman: The Birth and Death of War (New York and Oxford, 1995), pp. 6–13, 106–10,128–29; O’Connell, Of Arms and Men: A History of War, Weapons and Aggression (New York and Oxford, 1989), pp. 22–25; John Keegan, A History of Warfare (London, 1993), pp. 223–29; Bruce Lincoln, ‘War and Warriors: An Overview’, in Death, War and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology and Practice (Chicago and London, 1991), pp. 138–40; Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture (Boston, 1955 ed.), pp. 89–104 (Хейзинга Й. Homo Ludens. Человек играющий. – СПб.: Издательство Ивана Лимбаха, 2015.); Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2001), p. 90; Malise Ruthven, A Fury for God: The Islamist Attack on America (London, 2002), p. 101; James A. Aho, Religious Mythology and the Art of War: Comparative Religious Symbolisms of Military Violence (Westport, Conn., 1981), pp. xi – xiii, 4–35; Richard English, Terrorism: How to Respond (Oxford and New York, 2009), pp. 27–55

Thomas A. Indinopulos & Bryan C. Wilson, eds, What is Religion? Origins, Definitions and Explanations (Leiden, 1998); Wilfred Cantwell Smith, The Meaning and End of Religion: A New Approach to the Religious Traditions of Mankind (New York, 1962); Talal Asad, ‘The Construction of Religion as an Anthropological Category’, in Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam (Baltimore, 1993); Derek Peterson & Darren Walhof, eds, The Invention of Religion: Rethinking Belief in Politics and History (New Brunswick, NJ, & London, 2002); Timothy Fitzgerald, ed., Religion and the Secular: Historical and Colonial Formations (London & Oakville, 2007); Arthur L. Greil & David G. Bromley, eds., Defining Religion: Investigating the Boundaries between the Sacred and Secular (Oxford, 2003); Daniel Dubuisson, The Western Construction of Religion: Myths, Knowledge and Ideology, trans. William Sayers (Baltimore, 1998); William T. Cavanaugh, The Myth of Religious Violence (Oxford, 2009)

Dubuisson, Western Construction of Religion, p. 168

H. J. Rose, ‘Religion, terms relating to’, in M. Carey, ed., The Oxford Classical Dictionary (Oxford, 1949)

Smith, Meaning and End of Religion, pp. 50–68

Louis Jacobs, ed., The Jewish Religion: A Companion (Oxford, 1995), p. 418

Smith, Meaning and End of Religion, pp. 23–25

Ibid., pp. 29–31

Ibid., p. 33

Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, pp. 72–85

Mircea Eliade, The Myth of Eternal Return, Or, Cosmos and History, trans. Willard R. Trask (Princeton, NJ, 1991 ed.), pp. 1–34. (Элиаде М. Миф о вечном возвращении. – М.: Ладомир, 2000.)

Ibid., pp. 32–34; Karl Jaspers, The Origin and Goal of History, trans. Michael Bullock (London, 1953), p. 40. (Ясперс К. Смысл и назначение истории. – М.: Республика, 1994.)

Paul Gilbert, The Compassionate Mind: A New Approach to Life’s Challenges (London, 2009).

P. Broca, ‘Anatomie compare des circonvolutions cérébrales: le grand lobe limbique’, Revue anthropologie, 1, 1868

Gilbert, Compassionate Mind, pp. 170–71

Mencius, The Book of Mencius, 2A. 6. (Мэн-цзы. – СПб.: Петербургское востоковедение, 1999.)

Walter Burkert, Homo Necans: The Anthropology of Greek Sacrificial Ritual, trans. Peter Bing (Berkeley, Los Angeles & London, 1983), pp. 16–22

Mircea Eliade, A History of Religious Ideas, 3 vols, trans. Willard R. Trask (Chicago & London, 1978, 1982, 1985), 1, pp. 7–8, 24 (Элиаде М. История веры и религиозных идей. – М.: Академический проект, 2014.); Joseph Campbell, Historical Atlas of World Mythologies, 2 vols (New York, 1988), 1, pp. 48–49; Campbell, & Bill Moyers, The Power of Myth (New York, 1988), pp. 70–72, 85–87

André Leroi-Gourhan, Treasures of Prehistoric Art (New York, n. d.), p. 112

Jill Cook, The Swimming Reindeer (London, 2010)

Neil MacGregor, A History of the World in 100 Objects (London, 2001), p. 22. (Макгрегор. История мира в 100 предметах. – М.: Эксмо, 2012.)

Ibid., p. 24

J. Ortega y Gasset, Meditations on Hunting (New York, 1985), p. 3

Walter Burkert, Structure and History in Greek Mythology and Ritual (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1980), pp. 54–56; Burkert, Homo Necans, pp. 42–45

O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, p. 33

Chris Hedges, War is a Force That Gives Us Meaning (New York, 2003 ed.), p. 10

Theodore Nadelson, Trained to Kill: Soldiers at War (Baltimore, 2005), p. 64

Ibid., pp. 68–69

Hedges, War is a Force, p. 3

I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Human Ethology (New York, 1989), p. 405

Lt. Col. Dave Grossman, On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society, rev. ed. (New York, 2009), pp. 3–4

Joanna Bourke, An Intimate History of Killing: Face to Face Killing in Twentieth– Century Warfare (New York, 1999), p. 67

Peter Jay, Road to Riches or The Wealth of Man (London, 2000), pp. 35–36

K. J. Wenke, Patterns of Prehistory: Humankind’s First Three Million Years (New York, 1961), p. 130; John Keegan, A History of Warfare (London, 1993), pp. 120–21; O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, p. 35

M. H. Fried, The Evolution of Political Society: An Essay in Political Anthropology (New York, 1967), pp. 101–02; C. McCalley, ‘Conference Archives’, in J. Harris, ed., The Anthropology of War (Cambridge, UK, 1990), p. 11

Lenski, Power and Privilege: A Theory of Social Stratification (Chapel Hill and London, 1966), pp. 189–90

O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 57–58

J. L. Angel, ‘Paleoecology, Pleodeography and Health’, in S. Polgar, ed., Population, Ecology and Social Evolution (The Hague, 1975); David Rindos, The Origins of Agriculture: An Evolutionary Perspective (Orlando, Fla., 1984), pp. 186–87

E. O. James, The Ancient Gods: The History and Diffusion of Religion in the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean (London, 1960), p. 89; S. H. Hooke, Middle Eastern Mythology: From the Assyrians to the Hebrews (Harmondsworth, UK, 1963), p. 83

K. W. Kenyon, Digging up Jericho: The Results of the Jericho Excavations, 1953–1956 (New York, 1957)

Jacob Bronowski, The Ascent of Man (Boston, 1973), pp. 86–88; J. Mellaert, ‘Early Urban Communities in the Near East, 9000 to 3400 BCE’, in P. Mooney, ed., The Origins of Civilization (Oxford, 1979), pp. 22–25; P. Dorell, ‘The Uniqueness of Jericho’, in R. Morrey & P. Parr, eds, Archaeology in the Levant: Essays for Kathleen Kenyon (Warminster, UK, 1978)

Robert Eisen, The Peace and Violence of Judaism: From the Bible to Modern Zionism (Oxford, 2011), p. 12

World Council of Churches, Violence, Nonviolence, and the Struggle for Social Justice (Geneva, 1972), p. 6

Gerhard E. Lenski, Power and Privilege, pp. 105–14; O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, p. 28; E. O. Wilson, On Human Nature (Cambridge, Mass., 1978), p. 140; M. Ehrenburg, Women in Prehistory (London, 1989), p. 38

A. R. Radcliffe, The Andaman Islanders (New York, 1948), p. 43

Ibid., p. 177

John H. Kautsky, The Politics of the Aristocratic Empire, 2nd ed. (New Brunswick and London, 1997), p. 374

Ibid., p. 177

Keegan, History of Warfare, pp. 384–86; John Haldon, Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World (London and New York, 2005), pp. 10–11

Bruce Lincoln, ‘The Role of Religion in Achmenean Imperialism’, in Nicole Brisch, ed., Religion and Power: Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond (Chicago, 2008)

Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence

Эпос о Гильгамеше, 1.2.26. Здесь и далее, за исключением оговоренных случаев, см.: английский перевод: Stephen Mitchell, trans., The Epic of Gilgamesh: A New English Version (New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, 2004). [Здесь и далее перевод И. Дьяконова. Цит. по изд.: Эпос о Гильгамеше («О все видавшем»). – СПб.: Наука, 2006. – Прим. пер.]

Ibid., 1.1.16–18

Ibid., 1.2.8–10

Древнейшие из сохранившихся текстов относятся к концу III тыс. до н. э. Старовавилонский эпос соединяет их в одном произведении (ок. 1700 г. до н. э.). Поэма Син-Леке (ок. 1200 г. до н. э.) представляет стандартный вариант, на котором основано большинство современных переводов

Эпос о Гильгамеше, 1.2.23. см.: перевод Митчелла и поправки в: Andrew George, trans., The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem in Akkadian and Sumerian (London, 1999)

George, Epic of Gilgamesh, p. xlvi

John Keegan, A History of Warfare (London, 1993), pp. 126–30; Robert L. O’Connell, Ride of the Second Horseman: The Birth and Death of War (New York and Oxford, 1995), pp. 88–89

R. M. Adams, Heartlands of Cities: Surveys of Ancient Settlements and Land Use on the Central Floodplains of the Euphrates (Chicago, 1981), pp. 60, 244; William H. McNeill, Plagues and People (London, 1994), p. 47

McNeill, Plagues and People, pp. 54–55

Gerhard E. Lenski, Power and Privilege: A Theory of Social Stratification (Chapel Hill and London, 1966), p. 228

A. L. Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization (Chicago, 1977), pp. 82–83; O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 93–95

Samuel N. Kramer, Sumerian Mythology: A Study of the Spiritual and Literary Achievement of the Third Millennium BC (Philadelphia, 1944), p. 118. [Цит. по изд.: Крамер С. История начинается в Шумере. – М.: Наука, 1965. – Прим. пер.]

Ibid., с. 145. [Цит. по изд.: Крамер С. История начинается в Шумере. – М.: Наука, 1965. – Прим. пер.]

Gottwald, The Politics of Ancient Israel (Louisville, 2001), pp. 118–19

O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 91–92

Georges Dumézil, The Destiny of the Warrior, trans. Alf Hiltebeitel (Chicago and London, 1969), p. 3

Thorkild Jacobsen, ‘The Cosmos as State’, in H. and H. A. Frankfort, eds, The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man: An Essay on Speculative Thought in the Ancient Near East (Chicago, 1946), pp. 148–51

Эпос о Гильгамеше, 1.2.1

Более подробно об этом см.: мою книгу: Армстронг К. Краткая история мифа. – М.: Открытый мир, 2005.

Jacobsen, ‘Cosmos as State’, pp. 145–48; 186–97; George, Epic of Gilgamesh, pp. xxxvii – xxxviii

Jacobsen, ‘Cosmos as State’, pp. 186–91; Tammi J. Schneider, An Introduction to Ancient Mesopotamian Religion (Grand Rapids, Mich. & Cambridge, UK, 2011), pp. 66–79; George, Epic of Gilgamesh, pp. xxxviii – xxxix

Schneider, Introduction, p. 5; Jacobsen, ‘Cosmos as State’ p. 203

John Kautsky, The Politics of Aristocratic Empire, 2nd. ed., pp. 15–16; 107

Thomas Merton, Faith and Violence (Notre Dame, Ind., 1968), pp. 7–8

Walter Benjamin, ‘Theses on the Philosophy of History’, in Illuminations (London, 1999), p. 248

Max Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, trans. A. M. Henderson & Talcott Parsons (New York, 1947), pp. 341–48

Эпос о Гильгамеше, 1.2.24–26

Сказание об Атрахасисе, 1.1. Здесь и далее см.: английский перевод в: Stephanie Dalley, Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others (Oxford and New York, 1989), p. 10. [Здесь и далее перевод В. Афанасьевой. Цит. по изд.: Я открою тебе сокровенное слово: литература Вавилонии и Ассирии / Сост. В. Афанасьева и И. Дьяконова. – М.: Художественная литература, 1981. – Прим. пер.]

Ibid., 1.38–39

Ibid., 1.146–149

Ibid., 1.177–179

Ibid., 1.180

Ibid. 2.5.16–18. (Армстронг соединяет два эпизода – чумы и голода: по наступленье третьего года черты людей исказил голод. По наступленье четвертого года короткими стали их длинные ноги. – Прим. пер.)

Ibid., 3.7

W. G. Lambert & A. R. Millard, Atra-Hasis: The Babylonian Story of the Flood (Oxford, 1969), pp. 31–39.

Schneider, Ancient Mesopotamian Religion, p. 45

Keegan, History of Warfare, p. 128

Эпос о Гильгамеше, 3.26–27 (старовавилонская версия)

Ibid., 1.4.47.–1.5.3

Ibid., 3.1.19–20 (старовавилонская версия)

O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 96–97

A. L. Oppenheimer, ‘Trade in the Ancient Near East’, International Congress of Economic History, 5, 1976

Kautsky, Politics of Aristocratic Empires, p. 178

Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions (Boston, 1973), pp. 41, 45; выделено мной. (Веблен Т. Теория праздного класса. – М.: Либроком, 2015.)

Ibid., p. 30

Эпос о Гильгамеше, 3.3.5–7 (старовавилонская версия)

100

Kautsky, Politics of Aristocratic Empires, pp. 170–72, 346

101

Эпос о Гильгамеше, 3.4.10, 13–15 (старовавилонская версия)

102

Ibid., 3.4.6–8, 23–25

103

Ibid., 3.2.10

104

Chris Hedges, War is a Force That Gives Us Meaning (New York, 2003), p. 21

105

Эпос о Гильгамеше, 5.31–32 (старовавилонская версия)

106

Ibid., 7.303–305

107

R. Cribb, Nomads and Archaeology (Cambridge, UK, 1999), pp. 18, 136, 215

108

O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 67–68

109

K. C. Chang, The Archaeology of Ancient China (New Haven, 1968), pp. 152–54

110

O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 77–78

111

Ibid.

112

Тацит. О происхождении германцев и местоположении Германии, 14 [Перевод А. Бобович. Цит. по изд.: Тацит К. Сочинения в двух томах. Т. 1. Анналы. Малые произведения. – Л.: Наука, 1969. – Прим. пер.]. см.: Kautsky, Politics of Aristocratic Empires, p. 178

113

Veblen, Theory of the Leisure Class, p. 45

114

Bruce Lincoln, ‘Indo-European Religions: An Introduction’, in Death, War and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology and Practice (Chicago and London, 1991), pp. 1–10

115

Mary Boyce, ‘Priests, Cattle and Men’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 1988, pp. 508–26.

116

См., напр., зороастрийский богослужебный текст Ясна 30:7c; 32; 49: 4b; 50: 7a; 30: 106; 44: 4d; 51:96; Bruce Lincoln, ‘Warriors and Non-Herdsmen: A Response to Mary Boyce’, in Death, War and Sacrifice, pp. 147–60

117

Lincoln, ‘Indo-European Religions’, pp. 10–13

118

Ibid., p. 12

119

Bruce Lincoln, ‘War and Warriors: An Overview’, in Death, War and Sacrifice, pp. 138–40

120

Гомер, Илиада XII 310–315. см.: английский перевод: Richard Lattimore, The Iliad of Homer (Chicago and London, 1951). [Перевод Н. Гнедича. Здесь и далее цит. по: Гомер. Илиада. – М.: Правда, 1984. – Прим. пер.]

121

Lincoln, ‘War and Warriors’, p. 143

122

Georges Dumézil, The Destiny of the Warrior, trans. Alf Hiltebeitel (Chicago and London, 1969), pp. 64–74

123

Илиада ХХ 490–494

124

Илиада ХХ: 495–503; Seth L. Schein, The Mortal Hero: An Introduction to Homer’s Iliad (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London), pp. 145–46

125

Lincoln, ‘Indo-European Religions’, p. 4

126

Dumézil, Destiny of the Warrior, pp. 106–07

127

Илиада IV 482–488

128

Одиссея XI 488–491. см.: английский перевод в: Walter Shewring, Homer: The Odyssey (Oxford and New York, 1980). [Перевод В. Жуковского. Цит. по: Гомер. Илиада, Одиссея. – М.: Художественная литература, 1967. – Прим. пер.]

129

James Mellaart, The Neolithic of the Near East (London, 1975), pp. 119, 167, 206–07; O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 74–81

130

J. N. Postgate, Early Mesopotamia: Society and Economy at the Dawn of History (London, 1992), p. 251.

131

O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 132–42

132

Keegan, History of Warfare, pp. 130–31

133

John Romer, People of the Nile: Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt (New York, 1982), p. 115

134

Keegan, History of Warfare, pp. 133–35

135

Yigal Yadin, The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands, 2 vols (New York, 1963), I, pp. 134–35; Robert Adams, The Evolution of Urban Society: Early Mesopotamia and Prehispanic Mexico (Chicago, 1966), p. 149

136

Kramer, Sumerian Mythology, p. 123

137

Ibid., p. 120

138

Kautsky, Politics of Aristocratic Empires, p. 108; ср. Carlo M. Cipolla, Before the Industrial Revolution: European Society and Economy, 1000–1700 (New York, 1976), pp. 129–30, 151

139

Robert L. O’Connell, Of Arms and Men: A History of War: Weapons and Aggression (New York, p. 38); Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 100–01; William H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force and Society since AD 1000 (Chicago, 1982), pp. 2–3; Schneider, Ancient Mesopotamian Religion, pp. 22–23; A. L. Oppenheim, Ancient Mesopotamia, pp. 153–54; Gwendolyn Leick, Mesopotamia: The Invention of the City (London, 2001), pp. 85–108

140

Joseph A. Schumpeter, Imperialism and Social Classes: Two Essays (New York, 1955), p. 25: Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London, 1974), p. 32. (Андерсон П. Родословная абсолютистского государства. – М.: Территория будущего, 2010.)

141

Anderson, Lineages, p. 31

142

Kautsky, Politics of Aristocratic Empires, pp. 148–52

143

Marc Bloch, Feudal Society (Chicago, 1961), p. 298. (Блок М. Феодальное общество. – М.: Издательство имени Сабашниковых, 2003.)

144

Leick, Mesopotamia, p. 95. Морем «наверху» и морем «внизу» названы соответственно Средиземное море и Персидский залив

145

Ibid., p. 100

146

Кодекс Хаммурапи, введение. См. J. B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (Princeton, 1969), p. 164. [Цит. по: Хрестоматия по истории Древнего Востока. Ч. I / Под ред. М. А. Коростовцева, И. С. Кацнельсона, В. И. Кузищина. – М.: Высшая школа, 1980. – Прим. пер.]

147

См. F. C. Frensham, Social Justice in Ancient Israel and in the Ancient Near East (Minneapolis, 1995), p. 193

148

Кодекс Хаммурапи, заключение; выделено мной. см.: Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts, p. 178

149

Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization (Chicago and London, 1974), 3 vols, 1, pp. 108–10

150

Schneider, Ancient Mesopotamian Religion, pp. 105–06. Смысл и этимология слова «Акиту» не известны; Jacobsen, ‘Cosmos as State’, p. 169

151

N. K. Sanders, ed. and trans., ‘The Babylonian Creation Hymn’, in Poems of Heaven and Hell from Ancient Mesopotamia (London, 1971), pp. 44–60

152

Jonathan Z. Smith, ‘A Pearl of Great Price and a Cargo of Yams: A Study in Situational Incongruity’, in Jonathan Z. Smith, Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown (Chicago and London, 1982), pp. 90–96; Mircea Eliade, A History of Religious Ideas, trans. Willard R. Trask, 3 vols, (Chicago, 1978), 1, pp. 72–76; Sanders, ‘Babylonian Creation Hymn’, pp. 47–51

153

Smith, ‘Pearl of Great Price’, p. 91

154

Sanders, ‘Babylonian Creation’, p. 73. [Перевод. В. Афанасьевой. Цит. по: Я открою тебе сокровенное слово… – М.: Художественная литература, 1981. – Прим. пер.]

155

Ibid.

156

Ibid., p. 79

157

O’Connell, Ride of Second Horseman, pp. 141–42

158

Leick, Mesopotamia, pp. 198–216

159

A. K. Grayson, Assyrian Royal Inscriptions, 2 vols (Wiesbaden, 1972, 1976), 1, pp. 80–81

160

H. W. F. Saggs, The Might That Was Assyria (London, 1984), pp. 48–49; Дьяконов И. // Ancient Mesopotamia: Socio-economic history: A collection of studies by Soviet scholars. – Moscow, 1969, pp. 221–22

161

Grayson, Assyrian Royal Inscriptions, pp. 123–24

162

Saggs, Might That Was Assyria, p. 62

163

Ibid., p. 61

164

Песнь о невинном страдальце, 76. см.: Jacobsen, ‘Cosmos as State’, pp. 212–14. [Перевод В. Шилейко. Цит. по: Ассиро-вавилонский эпос / Сост. В. В. Емельянов. – СПб.: Наука, 2007. – Прим пер.]

165

Ясна 46. Norman Cohn, Cosmos, Chaos and the World to Come: The Ancient Roots of Apocalyptic Faith (New Haven and London, 1993), p. 77; Mary Boyce, Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd ed. (London and New York), p. xliii (Бойс М. Зороастрийцы. Верования и обычаи. – М.: Наука, 1987.); Peter Clark, Zoroastrians: An Introduction to an Ancient Faith (Brighton and Portland, Oreg., 1998), p. 19

166

Ясна 30

167

Boyce, Zoroastrians, pp. 23–24

168

Lincoln, ‘Warriors and Non-Herdsmen’, p. 153

169

Ясна 44

170

Lincoln, ‘Warriors and Non-Herdsmen’, p. 158

171

Jarrod L. Whitaker, Strong Arms and Drinking Strength: Masculinity, Violence and the Body in Ancient India (Oxford, 2011), pp. 152–53

172

Ригведа, III 32: 1–4, 9–11. см.: английский перевод: Ralph T. Griffith, The Rig Veda (London, 1992). [Перевод Т. Елизаренковой. Цит. по: Ригведа. Мандалы I–IV. – М.: Наука, 1999. – Прим. пер.]

173

Edwin Bryant, The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Debate (Oxford and New York, 2001); Colin Renfrew, The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins (London, 1987); Romila Thapar, Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2002), pp. 105–07

174

Whitaker, Strong Arms, pp. 3–5; Wendy Doniger, The Hindus: An Alternative History (Oxford, 2009), pp. 111–13.

175

Louis Renou, Religions of Ancient India (London, 1953), p. 20; Michael Witzel, ‘Vedas and Upanishads’, in Gavin Flood, ed., Blackwell Companion to Hinduism (Oxford, 2003), pp. 70–71; J. C. Heesterman, ‘Ritual, Revelation and the Axial Age’, in S. N. Eisenstadt, ed., The Origins and Diversity of Axial Age Civilizations (Albany, NY, 1986), p. 398

176

J. C. Heesterman, ‘Ritual, Revelation and the Axial Age’, pp. 396–98; Heesterman, The Inner Conflict of Tradition: Essays on Indian Ritual, Kingship and Society (Chicago and London, 1985), p. 206; John Keay, India: A History (London, 2000), pp. 31–33; Thapar, Early India, pp. 126–30

177

Ригведа, 1.32.5

178

Шатапатха Брахмана (ШБ), 6.8.11. см.: английский перевод в: J. C. Heesterman, The Broken World of Sacrifice: An Essay in Ancient Indian Religion (Chicago and London, 1993), p. 123

179

Ригведа, 8.16.1; 8.95.6; 10.38.4

180

Whitaker, Strong Arms, pp. 3–5; 16–23; Catherine Bell, Ritual Theory, Ritual Practice (New York, 1992), pp. 180–81, 221

181

Renou, Religions of Ancient India, p. 6; Witzel, ‘Vedas and Upanishads’, p. 73

182

Whitaker, Strong Arms, pp. 115–17

183

Ср. Ригведа, 2.22.4

184

Ригведа, 3.31; 10.62.2

185

Witzel, ‘Vedas and Upanishads’, p. 72

186

Doniger, Hindus, p. 114

187

Heesterman, ‘Ritual and Revelation, ’ p. 403

188

ШБ 7.1.1.1–4, см.: Mircea Eliade, The Myth of the Eternal Return or Cosmos and History, trans. Willard R. Trask (Princeton, 1974), pp. 10–11

189

Майтраяни-самхита, 4.2.1.23.2; см.: Heesterman, Broken World, pp. 23–24; 134–37

190

ШБ 2.2.2.8–10; Heesterman, Broken World, p. 24

191

Georges Dumézil, The Destiny of the Warrior, trans. Alf Hiltebeitel (Chicago and London, 1970), pp. 76–78

192

John H. Kautsky, The Political Consequences of Modernization (New Brunswick and London, 1997), pp. 25–26

193

Whitaker, Strong Arms, p. 158

194

Louis Renou, ‘Sur la Notion de “brahman” ’, Journal Asiatique, 237 (1949); Jan Gonda, Change and Continuity in Indian Religion (The Hague, 1965), p. 200

195

Ригведа, 1.164.46. Гарутмант – это солнце

196

Ригведа, 10.129. 6–7

197

Jan Gonda, The Vision of the Vedic Poets (The Hague, 1963), p. 18

198

Renou, Religions of Ancient India, pp. 220–25; R. C. Zaehner, Hinduism (London, New York and Toronto, 1962), pp. 219–25

199

Ригведа, 10. 90

200

Ibid., 10.90. [Перевод Т. Елизаренковой. Цит. по: Ригведа. Мандалы IХ – X. – М.: Наука, 1999. – Прим. пер.]

201

Bruce Lincoln, ‘Indo-European Religions: An Introduction’, in Death, War and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology and Practice (Chicago and London, 1991), p. 8

202

Bruce Lincoln, ‘Sacrificial Ideology and Indo-European Society’, in Death, War and Sacrifice, p. 173

203

Thapar, Early India, p. 123

204

Lincoln, ‘Sacrificial Ideology’, pp. 174–75

205

Ibid., pp. 143–47

206

Reinhard Bendix, Kings or People: Power and the Mandate to Rule (Berkeley, 1977), p. 228

207

Max Weber, The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism, trans. and ed. Hans H. Gerth and Don Martindale (Glencoe, Ill., 1951), p. 65

208

Alfred Vogts, A History of Militarism: Civilian and Military, rev. ed. (New York, 1959), p. 42

209

Панчавимша-брахмана (ПБ), 7.7: 9–10, см.: Heesterman, Broken World, p. 62

210

ШБ 6.8.14; Heesterman, ‘Ritual, Revelation and the Axial Age’, p. 402

211

J. C. Heesterman, The Inner Conflict of Tradition: Essays on Indian Ritual, Kingship and Society (Chicago and London, 1993) pp. 68, 84–85

212

Ригведа, 1.162.20–21; ср. английский перевод Гриффитса

213

Таиттирия-самхита (ТС), 6.4.8.1; см.: Heesterman, Inner Conflict, p. 209

214

Таиттирия-брахмана (ТБ), 3.7.7.14; см.: Heesterman, Broken World, p. 34

215

Witzel, ‘Vedas and Upanisads’, p. 82

216

Шатапатха Брахмана, 10.6.5.8; см.: Heesterman, Broken World, p. 57

217

Zaehner, Hinduism, pp. 59–60; Renou, Religions of Ancient India, p. 18; Witzel, ‘Vedas and Upanisads’, p. 81 Brian K. Smith, Reflections on Resemblance, Ritual and Religion (Oxford and New York, 1989), pp. 30–34, 72–81

218

Jonathan Z. Smith, ‘The Bare Facts of Ritual’, in Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown (Chicago and London, 1982), p. 63

219

Doniger, Hindus, pp. 137–42; Gavin Flood, An Introduction to Hinduism (Oxford, 2003), pp. 80–81

220

Thapar, Early India, pp. 150–52

221

Законы Ману, 7.16–22; см.: перевод G. Buhler (Delhi, 1962). [Перевод С. Эльмановича, проверенный и исправленный Г. Ильиным. Цит. по: Законы Ману. – М.: Наука, 1992. – Прим. пер.]

222

Thapar, Early India, pp. 147–49; Doniger, Hindus, pp. 165–66.

223

Thapar, Early India, p. 138.

224

Hermann Kulke, ‘The Historical Background of India’s Axial Age’, in S. N. Eisenstadt, ed., The Origins and Diversity of Axial Age Civilizations (Albany, NY, 1986), p. 385

225

Thapar, Early India, p. 154

226

Richard Gombrich, Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo (London and New York, 1988), pp. 55–56

227

Ibid., pp. 58–59; William H. McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (Garden City, NY, 1976), p. 60; Patrick Olivelle, ed. and trans., Samnayasa Upanisads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation (New York and Oxford, 1992), p. 34; Doniger, Hindus, p. 171

228

Thomas J. Hopkins, The Hindu Religious Tradition (Belmont, Calif.,1971), pp. 50–51; Doniger, Hindus, p. 165

229

Чхандогья Упанишада, 5.10.7. Английский перевод Упанишад см.: в: Patrick Olivelle, ed., Upanisads (Oxford and New York). Ср. Брихадараньяка Упанишада, 4.4.23–35; Thapar, Early India, p. 130

230

Olivelle, Samnayasa Upanisads, pp. 37–38

231

Olivelle, Upanisads, p. xxix; Witzel, ‘Vedas and Upanisads’, pp. 85–86

232

Брихадараньяка Упанишада, 1.4.6. [Перевод А. Сыркина. Здесь и далее Цит. по: Брихадараньяка Упанишада. – М.: Наука, 1992. – Прим. пер.]

233

Брихадараньяка Упанишада, 1.4.10

234

Брихадараньяка Упанишада, 4.4.6

235

Брихадараньяка Упанишада, 4.4.23

236

Чхандогья Упанишада, 8:7–12

237

Чхандогья Упанишада, 6.12.1–3

238

Чхандогья Упанишада, 6.9

239

Чхандогья Упанишада, 6.13

240

Чхандогья Упанишада, 6.10

241

Thapar, Early India, p. 132

242

Flood, Introduction to Hinduism, p. 91; Patrick Olivelle, ‘The Renouncer Tradition’, in Gavin Flood, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism (Oxford, 2003) p. 271

243

Steven Collins, Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravada Buddhism (Cambridge, UK, 1982), p. 64 Paul Dundas, The Jains, 2nd ed. (London and New York, 2002), p. 64

244

Heesterman, Broken World, pp. 164–74; Gonda, Change and Continuity, pp. 228–35; 285–94

245

Gonda, Change and Continuity, pp. 380–84; Patrick Olivelle, ‘The Renouncer Tradition’, pp. 281–82

246

Дигха-никая; см.: Olivelle, Samnyasa Upanisads, p. 43

247

Нарадапаравриджка Упанишада, 143; см.: Olivelle, Samnyasa Upanisads, p. 108

248

Ibid., p. 185

249

A. Ghosh, The City in Early Historical India (Simla, 1973), p. 55; Olivelle, Samnyasa Upanisads, pp. 45–46

250

Mircea Eliade, Yoga, Immortality and Freedom, trans. Willard Trask (London, 1958) pp. 59–62. (Элиаде М. Йога. Бессмертие и свобода. – М.: Академический проект, 2014.)

251

Патанджали, Йога-сутра, 2.42; см.: Eliade, Yoga, p. 52

252

Dundas, Jains, pp. 28–30

253

Ibid., pp. 106–07

254

Ачаранга-сутра, 1.4.1.1–2, см.: Dundas, Jains, pp. 41–42

255

Ачаранга-сутра, 1.2.3, ibid.

256

Авашьяка-сутра, 32, ibid., p. 171

257

Раньше западные исследователи полагали, что Будда родился около 563 г. до н. э. Однако современная наука склоняется к мысли, что он жил примерно столетием позже. см.: Heinz Berchant, ‘The Date of the Buddha Reconsidered’, Indologia Taurinensin, 10, n. d.

258

Маджхима-никая, 38. Дальнейшие цитаты из буддийских текстов будут даны по моим собственным переводам, если не указано обратного

259

Я полнее рассказала о духовном методе Будды в книге: Buddha: A Penguin Life (Армстронг К. Будда. – М.: Альпина нон-фикшн, 2008.). См. также: Richard F. Gombrich, How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings (London and Atlantic Highlands, NJ, 1966); Michael Carrithers, The Buddha (Oxford and New York, 1993); Karl Jaspers, The Great Philosophers: The Foundations, ed. Hannah Arendt, trans. Ralph Manheim (London, 1962), pp. 99–105 (Ясперс К. Великие философы. – М.: ИФРАН, 2007); Trevor Ling, The Buddha: Buddhist Civilization in India and Ceylon (London, 1973)

260

Edward Conze, Buddhism: Its Essence and Development (Oxford, 1951), p. 102 (Конзе Э. Буддизм: сущность и развитие. – М.: Наука, 2003.); Hermann Oldenberg, Buddha: His Life, His Doctrine, His Order, trans. William Hoeg (London, 1882), pp. 299–302 (Ольденберг Г. Будда: его жизнь, учение и община. – Издание Д. П. Ефимова, 1898.)

261

Сутта-Нипата, 118. [Перевод Ю. Алихановой. Цит. по: Поэзия и проза Древнего Востока. – М.: Художественная литература, 1973. В перевод внесены незначительные изменения, отражающие понимание текста К. Армстронг. – Прим. пер.]

262

Виная, Махавагга, 1.2; Ling, The Buddha, p. 134

263

Ангуттара-Никая, 1.211

264

Ангуттара-Никая, 1.27; Сутта-Нипата, 700; см.: Bikkhu Nanamoli, ed., The Life of the Buddha, according to the Pali Canon (Kandy, Sri Lanka, 1992), p. 134

265

Маджхима-никая, 89

266

Thapar, Early India, pp. 174–98

267

Patrick Olivelle, ed., Asoka, in History and Historical Memory (Delhi, 2009), p. 1

268

Большой наскальный эдикт, XIII. см.: английский перевод в: Romila Thapar, Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas (Oxford, 1961), pp. 255–56

269

Ibid.

270

Olivelle, Asoka, p. 1

271

Колонный эдикт, VII; см.: Thapar, Asoka, p. 255

272

Большой наскальный эдикт, XII, ibid.

273

Большой наскальный эдикт, XI, ibid., p. 254

274

Ananda K. Coomaraswamy and Sister Nivedita, Myths of the Hindus and Buddhists (New York, 1967), p. 118 (Кумарасвами А. и Нобель М. Мифы буддизма и индуизма. – М.: Центрполиграф, 2010.

275

Shruti Kapila and Faisal Devji, eds., Political Thought in Action: The Bhagavad Gita and Modern India (Cambridge, 2013)

276

Doniger, Hindus, pp. 262–64

277

Thapar, Early India, p. 207

278

Махабхарата, 7.70.44. См. J. A. B. van Buitenen, trans. and ed., The Mahabharata: Volume 3: Book 4: The Book of Virata; Book 5: The Book of the Effort (Chicago and London, 1978).

279

Махабхарата, 5.70.46–66, см.: перевод ван Бёйтенена. [Перевод В. Кальянова. Цит. по: Махабхарата. Книга Пятая. Удьйогапарва, или Книга о старании. – Ленинград: Наука, 1976. – Прим. пер.]

280

Ibid., 7.165.63.

281

Ibid., 9.60.59–63. см.: английский перевод в: John D. Smith, trans. and ed., The Mahabharata: An Abridged Translation (London, 2009). [Перевод В. Кальянова. Цит. по: Махабхарата. Книга девятая. Шальяпарва или книга о Шальве. – М.: Ладомир, 1996. – Прим. пер.]

282

Ibid. 10.8.41. [Перевод В. Кальянова. Цит. по: Махабхарата. Книга десятая. Сауптикапарва, или Книга об избиении спящих воинов. Книга одиннадцатая. Стрипарва, или Книга о женах. – М.: Янус-К, 1998. – Прим. пер.]

283

Ibid. 10.15.32

284

Махабхарата, 12.15. см.: английский перевод в: Doniger, Hindus, p. 270

285

Ibid., 17.3. [См. перевод В. Кальянова в изд.: Махабхарата. Заключительные книги XV–XVIII. – СПб.: Наука, 2005. – Прим. пер.]

286

Бхагавадгита, 1:33–34, 36–37. см.: английский перевод в: The Bhagavad-Gita: Krishna’s Counsel in Time of War, trans. Barbara Stoler Miller (New York, Toronto and London, 1986). [Перевод Б. Л. Смирнова. Здесь и далее Цит. по: Бхагавадгита. – Ашхабад: Ылым, 1978. – Прим. пер.]

287

Ibid., 2.9

288

Ibid., 4.20

289

Ibid., 9.9

290

Ibid., 11.32–33

291

Ibid., 11.55

292

Лецзы, 2, in Mark Edward Lewis, Sanctioned Violence in Early China (Albany, NY, 1990), p. 200. [Перевод Л. Позднеевой. Цит. по: Мудрецы Китая. Ян Чжу, Лецзы, Чжуанцзы. – СПб.: Петербург – XXI век, 1994. – Прим. пер.]

293

Ibid., pp. 167–72

294

Ibid., pp. 176–79

295

Marcel Granet, Chinese Civilization, trans. Kathleen Innes and Mabel Brailsford (London and New York, 1951), pp. 11–12 (Гране М. Китайская цивилизация. – М.: Алгоритм, 2013.); Granet, The Religion of the Chinese People, trans. and ed. Maurice Freedman (Oxford, 1975), pp. 66–68

296

Тайпин Юлань, 79. см.: английский перевод в: Lewis, Sanctioned Violence, p. 203

297

Ibid.

298

Ibid., p. 201

299

Granet, Chinese Civilization, pp. 11–16; Henri Maspero, China in Antiquity, 2nd ed., trans. Frank A. Kiermannn, Jr. (Folkestone, 1978), pp. 115–19

300

John King Fairbank and Merle Goldman, China: A New History, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 2006), p. 34

301

Jacques Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization, 2nd ed., trans. J. R. Foster and Charles Hartman (Cambridge, UK and New York, 1996), pp. 39–40

302

Ibid., pp. 41–50; Jacques Gernet, Ancient China: From the Beginnings to the Empire, trans. Raymond Rudorff (London, 1968), pp. 37–65 (Жерне Ж. Древний Китай. – М.: АСТ, 2004); Wm. Theodore De Bary and Irene Bloom, eds, Sources of Chinese Tradition: From Earliest Times to 1600, 2nd ed. (New York, 1999), pp. 3–25; D. Howard Smith, Chinese Religions (London, 1968), pp. 1–11

303

Gernet, History of Chinese Civilisation, pp. 45–46; Gernet, Ancient China, pp. 50–53; Granet, Religion of the Chinese People, pp. 37–54

304

The Book of Songs, trans. and ed. Arthur Waley (London, 1937), 35, 167, 185

305

Sima Qian, Records of a Master Historian, 1. 56, 79; Granet, Chinese Civilization, p. 12.

306

Gernet, Chinese Civilization, p. 49

307

Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, 3 vols (Chicago and London, 1974), 1, pp. 281–82

308

Lewis, Sanctioned Violence, pp. 15–27; Fairbank and Goldman, China, pp. 49–50

309

Fairbank and Goldman, China, p. 45

310

K. C. Chang, Art, Myth and Ritual: The Path to Political Authority in Ancient China (Cambridge, Mass., 1985), pp. 95–100; Fairbank and Goldman, China, pp. 42–44

311

Walter Burkert, Homo Necans: The Anthropology of Ancient Greek Sacrificial Ritual and Myth, trans. Walter Bing (Berkeley, 1983), p. 47

312

David. N. Keightley, ‘The Late Shang State: When, Where, What? ’, in Keightley, ed., The Origins of Chinese Civilization (Berkeley, 1983), pp. 256–59

313

Michael J. Puett, To Become a God: Cosmology, Sacrifice and Self-Divinization in Early China (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 2002), pp. 32–76

314

Oracle 23 in De Bary and Bloom, Sources, p. 12

315

Lewis, Sanctioned Violence, pp. 26–27

316

Мо-цзы, 3.25. см.: английский перевод в: Gernet, Ancient China, p. 65

317

Шаогао; текст включен в конфуцианский классический текст Шу-цзин («Книга документов»). Цит. по: De Bary and Bloom, Sources, pp. 35–37

318

H. G. Creel, Confucius: The Man and the Myth (London, 1951), pp. 19–25; Benjamin I. Schwarz, The World of Thought in Ancient China (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1985), pp. 57–59. см.: также замечания Жака Жерне в: Jean-Pierre Vernant, Myth and Society in Ancient Greece, 3rd ed., trans. Janet Lloyd (New York, 1996), pp. 80–90

319

Gernet, Ancient China, pp. 71–75

320

Granet, Chinese Civilization, pp. 97–100

321

Fung Yu-lan, A Short History of Chinese Philosophy, trans. Derk Bodde (New York, 1978), pp. 32–37

322

Шу-цзин («Канон Яо и канон Шуня»). См. английский перевод в: De Bary and Bloom, Sources, p. 29.

323

Ли-цзи, 2.263. см.: английский перевод в: James Legge, trans., The Li Ki (Oxford, 1885)

324

Ibid., 2.359; см.: перевод Легге.

325

Granet, Chinese Civilization, pp. 297–308

326

Ли-цзи, 1.215; см.: перевод Легге

327

Granet, Chinese Civilization, pp. 310–43

328

Gernet, Ancient China, p. 75

329

Granet, Chinese Civilization, pp. 261–84; Gernet, History of Chinese Civilization, pp. 261–79; Gernet, Ancient China, p. 75; Holmes Welch, The Parting of the Way: Lao Tzu and the Taoist Movement (London, 1958), p. 18.

330

Цзо-чжуань («Комментарии Цзо»), 1.320. Цит. по: James Legge, trans., The Ch’un Ts’ew and the Tso Chuen, 2nd ed. (Hong Kong, 1960)

331

Ibid., 1.635; см.: перевод Легге

332

Ibid., 2.234; см.: перевод Легге

333

Ibid., 1.627; см.: перевод Легге

334

James A. Aho, Religious Mythology and the Art of War: Comparative Religious Symbolism of Military Violence (Westport, Conn., 1981), pp. 110–11

335

Чуньцю («Вёсны и осени»), X. 17. 4. см.: английский перевод в: J. Legge, The Ch’un Ts’ew and Tso Chuen, 2nd ed. (Hong Kong, 1960). Чуньцю – это хроника государства Лу (722–481 гг. до н. э.) и пятый текст конфуцианского Пятикнижия

336

Ibid., 1.9.6

337

Fingarette, Confucius: The Secular as Sacred (New York, 1972)

338

Benjamin L. Schwartz, The World of Thought in Ancient China (Cambridge, Mass., 1985), p. 62; Fung, Short History, p. 12

339

Wm. Theodore De Bary, The Trouble with Confucianism (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1996), pp. 24–33

340

Аналекты, 12.3. см.: английский перевод в: Edward Slingerland, trans. and ed., Confucius: Analects (New York, 2003). [Перевод В. А. Кривцова. Здесь и далее Цит. по: Древнекитайская философия. Собрание текстов в двух томах. Том 1. – М.: Мысль, 1978. В перевод внесены небольшие изменения в соответствии с переводами, которыми пользуется К. Армстронг. – Прим. пер.]

341

Аналекты, 15.24; см.: английский перевод Слингерлэнда

342

Аналекты, 4.15; 15.23. см.: английский перевод в: Arthur Waley, trans. and ed., The Analects of Confucius (New York, 1992).

343

Аналекты, 6.30; см.: перевод Слингерлэнда

344

Ibid.; см.: перевод Уэйли

345

De Bary, Trouble with Confucianism, p. 30

346

Schwartz, World of Thought, pp. 155, 157–58.

347

Аналекты, 12.1; см.: перевод. ibid., p. 77

348

Ibid.; см.: перевод Слингерлэнда

349

Аналекты, 5.4

350

Fingarette, Confucius, pp. 1–17; 46–79

351

Аналекты, 12.3

352

Аналекты, 7.30

353

Tu Wei-ming, Confucian Thought: Selfhood as Creative Transformation (Albany, NY, 1985), pp. 115–16.

354

Ibid., pp. 57–58; Huston Smith, The World’s Religions: Our Great Wisdom Traditions (San Francisco, 1991), pp. 180–81

355

Аналекты, 13.30

356

Don J. Wyatt, ‘Confucian Ethical Action and the Boundaries of Peace and War’, in Andrew R. Murphy, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence (Chichester, 2011)

357

Аналекты, 12.7; см.: перевод Слингерлэнда

358

Аналекты, 16.2

359

Ibid.

360

Аналекты, 2.3

361

Мэн-цзы, III. A. 4, in D. C. Lau, trans., Mencius (London, 1975). [Перевод Л. И. Думана. Цит. по: Древнекитайская философия. Собрание текстов в двух томах. Том 1. – М.: Мысль, 1978. – Прим. пер.]

362

Xinzhong Yao, An Introduction to Confucianism (Cambridge, UK, 2000), p. 28

363

Мэн-цзы, VII. B. 4; см.: перевод Лау

364

Ibid.

365

Мэн-цзы, VII. B. 2; см.: перевод Лау; Wyatt, ‘Confucian Ethical Action’, pp. 240–44

366

Мэн-цзы, II. A. 1; см.: перевод Лау. [Перевод В. С. Колоколова. Цит. по: Мэн-цзы. – СПб.: Петербургское Востоковедение, 1999. – Прим. пер.]

367

A. C. Graham, Later Mohist Logic, Ethics, and Science (Hong Kong, 1978), p. 4; Gernet, Ancient China, pp. 116–17

368

Мо-цзы, 3.16. см.: английский перевод в: Fung Yu-lan, Short History, p. 55

369

Мо-цзы, 15:11–15. см.: английский перевод в: B. Watson, trans. and ed., Mo-Tzu: Basic Writings (New York, 1963)

370

A. C. Graham, Disputers of the Tao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China (La Salle, Ill., 1989), p. 41.

371

Мо-цзы, 15

372

Graham, Later Mohist Logic, p. 250

373

Lewis, Sanctioned Violence, pp. 56–61

374

Цзо-чжуань, 2.30; см.: перевод Легге

375

R. D. Sawyer, The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China (Boulder, Co., 1993), p. 254

376

Ibid., p. 243

377

Ibid., pp. 97–118; John Keegan, A History of Warfare (London, 1993), pp. 202–08; Robert L. O’Connell, Ride of the Second Horseman: The Birth and Death of War (New York and Oxford, 1989), pp. 171–73; R. D. Sawyer, The Military Classics of Ancient China (Boulder, Colo., 1993)

378

Сунь-цзы. см.: английский перевод в: Thomas Cleary, Sun Tzu: The Art of War (Boston and London, 1988), p. 56. [Перевод. Н. И. Конрада. Здесь и далее Цит. по: Сунь-цзы. У-цзы. Трактаты о военном искусстве. – М.: Terra Fantastica, 2002. – Прим. пер.]

379

Сунь-цзы, глава 3

380

Ibid.

381

Сунь-цзы, глава 1. см.: английский перевод в: De Bary and Bloom, Sources of Chinese Tradition, p. 217.

382

Ibid.; см.: перевод Клири

383

Ibid.

384

Ibid.; см.: перевод Бари и Блума

385

Fairbank and Goldman, China, pp. 53–54

386

Graham, Disputers of the Tao, pp. 172; Schwartz, World of Thought, pp. 215–36; Fung Yu-lan, Short History, pp. 104–17

387

Graham, Disputers of the Tao, pp. 170–213; Schwartz, World of Thought, pp. 186–215; Max Kaltenmark, Lao Tzu and Taoism, trans. Roger Greaves (Stanford, 1969), pp. 93–10

388

Дао дэ цзин, 37. см.: английский перевод в: D. C. Lau, trans., Lao Tzu: Tao Te Ching (London, 1963). [Перевод Ян Хин-шуна. Здесь и далее Цит. по: Древнекитайская философия. Собрание текстов в двух томах. Том 1. – М.: Мысль, 1978. – Прим. пер.]

389

Ibid., 16; см.: перевод Лау

390

Ibid., 78; см.: перевод Лау

391

Ibid., 6; см.: перевод Лау

392

Ibid., 31; см.: перевод Кальтенмарка

393

Ibid., 68; см.: перевод Кальтенмарка

394

Ibid. 22. см.: перевод в: De Bary and Bloom, Sources of Chinese Tradition

395

Шан цзюнь шу. см.: английский перевод в: Lewis, Sanctioned Violence, p. 64

396

Schwartz, World of Thought, pp. 321–23

397

Lewis, Sanctioned Violence, pp. 61–65

398

Graham, Disputers of the Tao, pp. 207–76; Schwartz, World of Thought, pp. 321–43; Fung Yu-lan, Short History, pp. 155–65; Julia Ching, Mysticism and Kingship in China: The Heart of Chinese Wisdom (Cambridge, UK, 1997), pp. 236–41

399

Шан цзюнь шу. см.: перевод в: Mark Elvin, ‘Was There a Transcendental Breakthrough in China? ’ in S. N. Eisenstadt, ed., The Origins and Diversity of the Axial Civilizations (Albany, NY, 1980), p. 352

400

Шан цзюнь шу; см.: Graham, Disputers of the Tao, p. 290

401

Сюнь-цзы, 15.72. см.: перевод в:. Watson, ed. and trans., Hsun-Tzu: Basic Writings (New York, 1963)

402

Ibid.

403

Ibid., 10; см.: Graham, Disputers of the Tao, p. 238

404

Хань Фэй; см.: перевод Уотсона. [Перевод А, И. Иванова. Здесь и далее цит. по: Иванов А. И. Материалы по китайской философии. – СПб., 1912. – Прим. пер.]

405

Ibid.

406

Ching, Mysticism and Kingship, p. 171

407

Сюнь-цзы, 21: 34–38. см.: перевод в: Xunzi, Basic Writings, trans. Barton Watson (New York, 2003)

408

Fairbank and Goldman, China, p. 56; Derk Bodde, ‘Feudalism in China’, in Rushton Coulbourn, ed., Feudalism in History (Hamden, Conn., 1965), p. 69

409

Сыма Цянь, Исторические записки, 6.239 (Сыма Цянь. Исторические записки. – М.: Худлит, 1956.)

410

Ibid., 6.87

411

Lewis, Sanctioned Violence, pp. 99–101

412

Сыма Цянь. Исторические записки, введение. Цит. по: Lewis, Sanctioned Violence, p. 141

413

Schwartz, World of Thought, pp. 237–53

414

Lewis, Sanctioned Violence, pp. 145–57; Derk Bodde, Festivals in Classical China: New Year and Other Annual Observances during the Han Dynasty, 206 BC to AD 220 (Princeton, 1975)

415

Lewis, Sanctioned Violence, p. 147

416

Сыма Цянь. Исторические записки, 8.1, in Fung Yu-lan, Short History, p. 215

417

Fung Yu-lan, Short History, pp. 205–16; Graham, Disputers of the Tao, pp. 313–77; Schwartz, World of Thought, pp. 383–406

418

Fairbank and Goldman, China, pp. 67–71

419

Joseph R. Levenson and Franz Schurman, China: An Interpretive History – from the Beginnings to the Fall of Han (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1969), p. 94

420

De Bary, Trouble with Confucianism, pp. 48–49

421

Янь те лунь, 19. см.: английский перевод в: De Bary and Bloom, Sources of Chinese Tradition, p. 223. [Перевод Ю. Л. Кроля. Цит. по: Хуань Куань, Спор о соли и железе (Янь те лунь). Т. II. – М.: Восточная литература, 2001. – Прим. пер.]

422

Hu Shih, ‘Confucianism’, in Encyclopaedia of Social Science (1930–35) IV, pp. 198–201; Ching, Mysticism and Kingship, p. 85

423

De Bary, Trouble with Confucianism, p. 49; Fairbank and Goldman, China, p. 63

424

Быт. 2:7–3:24

425

Быт. 3:17–19

426

Быт. 4:10–11

427

Быт. 4:17–22

428

Быт. 4:9

429

Быт. 12:1–3

430

Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher, The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology’s New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origins of its Sacred Texts (New York and London, 2001), pp. 103–07; William G. Dever, What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It? What Archaeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel (Grand Rapids, Mich., and Cambridge, UK, 2001), pp. 110–18

431

George W. Mendenhall, The Tenth Generation: The Origins of Biblical Tradition (Baltimore and London, 1973); P. M. Lemche, Early Israel: Anthropological and Historical Studies on the Israelite Society before the Monarchy (Leiden, 1985); D. C. Hopkins, The Highlands of Canaan (Sheffield, 1985); James D. Martin, ‘Israel as a Tribal Society’, in R. E. Clements, ed., The World of Ancient Israel: Sociological, Anthropological and Political Perspectives (Cambridge, UK, 1989); H. G. M. Williamson, ‘The Concept of Israel in Transition’, in Clements, World of Ancient Israel, pp. 94–114

432

Finkelstein and Asher, Bible Unearthed, pp. 89–92

433

John H. Kautsky, The Politics of Aristocratic Empires, 2nd ed. (New Brunswick and London, 1997), p. 275; Karl A. Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power (New Haven, Conn., 1957), pp. 331–32

434

Нав. 9:15; Исх. 6:15; Суд. 1:16; 4:11; 1 Цар. 27:10; Frank Moore Cross, Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1973), pp. 49–50

435

Cross, Canaanite Myth, p. 69; Peter Machinist, ‘Distinctiveness in Ancient Israel’, in Mordechai Cogan and Israel Ephal, eds, Studies in Assyrian History and Ancient Near Eastern Historiography (Jerusalem, 1991)

436

Подробнее см.: Yoram Hazony, The Philosophy of Hebrew Scripture (Cambridge, 2012), pp. 103–60

437

Norman Gottwald, The Hebrew Bible in Its Social World and in Ours (Atlanta, 1993), pp. 115, 163

438

Лев. 25:23–28, 35–55; Втор. 24:19–22; Gottwald, Hebrew Bible, p. 162

439

Об этом процессе см.: мою книгу: A History of God: The 4,000-Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam (London and New York, 1993). (Армстронг К. История Бога. 4000 лет исканий в иудаизме, христианстве и исламе. – М.: Альпина нон-фикшн, 2014.)

440

Пс. 73:13–14; 81:8; 94:3; 95:4сл.; 96:7; Ис. 51:9сл.; Иов 26:12; 40:25–31

441

Быт. 11:1–9

442

Быт. 11:9

443

Быт. 12:1–3. Строго говоря, Яхве повелел Аврааму удалиться из Ура, расположенного на территории нынешнего Ирака. Фарра, отец Авраама, покинул Ур, но добрался только до Харрана. Однако впоследствии Яхве объяснит, что вся миграция была вдохновлена им. Он скажет Аврааму: «Я… вывел тебя из Ура Халдейского» (Быт. 15:7)

444

Hazony, Philosophy of Hebrew Scripture, p. 121

445

Ibid., pp. 122–26

446

Быт. 12:10

447

Быт. 26:12–22; ср. 36: 6–8

448

Быт. 41:57–42:3

449

Быт. 37:7

450

Быт. 37:8

451

Быт. 37:10

452

Быт. 41:51

453

Быт. 41:48–49

454

Быт. 47:13–14, 20–21

455

Быт. 50:4–9. После смерти Иакова братьям разрешили похоронить отца в Ханаане. В Ханаан они отправились в сопровождении большой свиты с колесницами и кавалерией, а их дети и собственность оставались заложниками в Египте

456

Быт. 12:15; 20:2; 26:17–18; 14:11–12; 34:1–2; Hazony, Philosophy of Hebrew Scripture, pp. 111–13, 143

457

Быт. 14:21–25

458

Быт. 18:1–8; 19:1–9

459

Быт. 18:22–32

460

Быт. 49:5–7

461

Быт. 49:8–12; 44:18–34

462

Исх. 1:11, 14

463

Исх. 2:11

464

Hazony, Philosophy of Hebrew Scripture, pp. 143–44

465

Исх. 24:9–11

466

Исх. 31:18

467

Ср. Исх. 24:9–31:18; William M. Schniedewind, How the Bible Became a Book: The Textualization of Ancient Israel (Cambridge, UK, 2004), pp. 121–34

468

Напр., Суд. 1; 3:1–6; Ездр. 9:1–2

469

Regina Schwartz, The Curse of Cain: The Violent Legacy of Monotheism (Chicago, 1997); Hector Avalos, Fighting Words: The Origins of Religious Violence (Amherst, NY, 2005)

470

Mark S. Smith, The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel (New York and London, 1990); Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel’s Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts (New York and London, 2001)

471

Нав. 24; S. David Sperling ‘Joshua 24 Re-examined’, Hebrew Union College Annual 58 (1987); Sperling, The Original Torah: The Political Intent of the Bible’s Writers (New York and London, 1998), pp. 68–72; John Bowker, The Religious Imagination and the Sense of God (Oxford, 1978), pp. 58–68

472

Исх. 20:3

473

Susan Niditch, War in the Hebrew Bible: A Study of the Ethics of Violence (New York and Oxford, 1993), pp. 28–36; 41–62; 152

474

Ср. аналогичную сделку в Числ. 21:2

475

Нав. 6:20

476

Нав. 8:25

477

Нав. 8:28

478

Lauren A. Monroe, Josiah’s Reform and the Dynamics of Defilement: Israelite Rites of Violence and the Making of a Biblical Text (Oxford, 2011), pp. 45–76

479

Стела Меши, 15–17. см.: текст в: Kent P. Jackson, ‘The Language of the Mesha Inscription’, in Andrew Dearman, ed., Studies in the Mesha Inscription and Moab (Atlanta, 1989), p. 98; Norman K. Gottwald, The Politics of Ancient Israel (Louisville, 2001), p. 194; ср. 4 Цар. 3: 4–27

480

Стела Меши, 17; см.: перевод Джексона

481

H. Hoffner, ‘History and the Historians of the Ancient Near East: The Hittites’, Orientalia, 49 (1980); Nidditch, War in the Hebrew Bible, p. 51

482

Суд. 21:25

483

Суд. 11:29–40

484

Суд. 18

485

Суд. 19

486

Суд. 20–21

487

1 Цар. 8:5

488

Суд. 8:11–18

489

Gottwald, Politics of Ancient Israel, pp. 177–79

490

Nidditch, War in the Hebrew Bible, pp. 90–105

491

1 Цар. 17:1–13; Quincy Wright, A Study of Warfare, 2 vols (Chicago, 1942), 1, pp. 401–15

492

Ср. 2 Цар. 2:23

493

2 Цар. 5:6

494

1 Пар. 22:8–9

495

Gösta W. Ahlström, The History of Ancient Palestine (Minneapolis, 1993), pp. 504–05

496

3 Цар. 7:15–26

497

Richard J. Clifford, The Cosmic Mountain in Canaan and the Old Testament (Cambridge, Mass., 1972), passim; Ben C. Ollenburger, Zion, City of the Great King: A Theological Symbol of the Jerusalem Cult (Sheffield, 1987), pp. 14–16; Margaret Barker, The Gate of Heaven: The History and Symbolism of the Temple in Jerusalem (London, 1991), p. 64; Hans-Joachim Kraus, Worship in Israel: A Cultic History of the Old Testament (Oxford, 1966), pp. 201–04

498

3 Цар. 9:3; David Ussishkin, ‘King Solomon’s Palaces’, Biblical Archaeologist, 36 (1973)

499

3 Цар. 10:26–29

500

3 Цар. 4:25

501

3 Цар. 4:1–5:1

502

3 Цар. 5:13–18, что противоречит 3 Цар. 9:20–21. Девтерономические авторы хотели возложить на идолопоклонство Соломона ответственность за катастрофу. Такова была логика их реформы.

503

3 Цар. 11:1–13

504

3 Цар. 12:4

505

3 Цар. 12:17–19

506

Пс. 2:7–8; 109

507

Пс. 109:5–6

508

Andrew Mein, Ezekiel and the Ethics of Exile (Oxford and New York, 2001), pp. 20–38

509

Ам. 2:6

510

Ам. 3:10

511

Ам. 7:17; 9:7–8

512

Ам. 3:11–15

513

Ам. 1:2–2:5

514

Ис. 1:16–17

515

Gottwald, Politics of Ancient Israel, pp. 210–12

516

Finkelstein and Asher, Bible Unearthed, pp. 263–64

517

Ibid., pp. 264–73

518

4 Цар. 21:2–7; 23:10–11

519

Ср. Пс. 67:17; Ahlström, History of Ancient Palestine, p. 734

520

Schniedewind, How the Bible Became a Book, pp. 91–117; Calum M. Carmichael, The Laws of Deuteronomy (Eugene, Oreg., 1974); Bernard M. Levinson, Deuteronomy and the Hermeneutics of Legal Innovation (Oxford, 1998); Moshe Weinfeld, Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomic School (Oxford, 1972); Joshua Berman, Biblical Revolutions: The Transformation of Social and Political Thought in the Ancient Near East (New York and Oxford, 2008)

521

4 Цар. 22:8

522

Исх. 24:3; Schniedewind, How the Bible Became a Book, pp. 121–26

523

Исх. 24:4–8. Данный отрывок был вставлен реформаторами в более древние материалы

524

Втор. 6:4

525

Втор. 7:2–5

526

Втор. 28:64–67

527

4 Цар. 22:11–13

528

4 Цар. 23:5

529

Иез 8:10; ср. Иер 44:15–19

530

4 Цар. 23:4–20

531

Levinson, Deuteronomy and the Hermeneutics of Legal Innovation, pp. 148–49

532

Втор. 7:22–26

533

Втор. 13:8–9

534

Niditch, War in the Hebrew Bible, pp. 65, 77

535

3 Цар. 13:1–2; 4 Цар. 23:15–18; 4 Цар. 23: 25

536

4 Цар. 24:16. Некоторые ученые считают, что эти цифры не вполне точны

537

Иез 3:15; Schiedewind, How the Bible Became a Book, p. 152

538

Mein, Ezekiel, pp. 66–74

539

В еврейских источниках Аншан именуется Эламом

540

Garth Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth: Consequences of Monotheism in Later Antiquity (Princeton, 1993), p. 19

541

Цилиндр Кира, 18. см.: английский перевод Ирвинга Финкеля в: John Curtis, The Cyrus Cylinder and Ancient Persia: A New Beginning for the Middle East (London, 2013), p. 42. [Перевод М. Дандамаева. Здесь и далее цит. по: Мифы древнего и раннесредневекового Ирана. – СПб.: Журнал «Нева», 1998. – Прим. пер.]

542

Bruce Lincoln, Religion, Empire and Torture: The Case of Achaemenian Persia, with a Postscript on Abu Ghraib (Chicago and London, 2007), pp. 36–40

543

Цилиндр Кира, 12, 15, 17; Curtis, Cyrus Cylinder, p. 42

544

Ис. 45:1

545

Ис. 45:1, 2, 4

546

Ис. 40:4–5

547

Иосиф Флавий, Иудейские древности, XI 8. см.: английский перевод: Flavius Josephus, The Antiquities of the Jews, trans. William Whiston (Marston Gate, UK, n. d.) (Иосиф Флавий. Иудейские древности. – М.: АСТ, 2007.)

548

Цилиндр Кира, 16; Curtis, Cyrus Cylinder, p. 42

549

Цилиндр Кира, 28–30; Curtis, Cyrus Cylinder, p. 43

550

Lincoln, Religion, Empire and Torture, p. xi сл.

551

Ibid, pp. 16, 95

552

Bruce Lincoln, ‘The Role of Religion in Achaemenian Imperialism’, in Nicole Brisch, ed., Religion and Power: Divine Kingship in the Ancient World and Beyond (Chicago, 2008), p. 223

553

Clarisse Herrenschmidt, ‘Désignations de l’empire et concepts politiques de Darius Ier d’après inscriptions en Vieux Perse’, Studia Iranica, 5 (1976); Marijan Mole, Culte, mythe, et cosmologie dans l’Iran ancien (Paris, 1963)

554

Дарий. Первая надпись в Накше-Рустаме. см.: текст в: Lincoln, Religion, Empire and Torture, p. 52

555

Ibid., pp. 55–56

556

Дарий. Первая надпись в Накше-Рустаме, 4; см.: ibid., p. 71

557

Дарий. Четвертая надпись в Персеполе; см.: ibid., p. 10

558

Ibid., pp. 26–28

559

Ibid., pp. 73–81; Дарий. надпись 19 в Сузах, ibid., p. 73

560

Cross, Canaanite Myth, pp. 293–323; Mary Douglas, Leviticus as Literature (Oxford and New York, 1999); Douglas, In the Wilderness: The Doctrine of Defilement in the Book of Numbers (Oxford and New York, 2001), pp. 58–100; Niditch, War in the Hebrew Bible, pp. 78–89; 97–99; 132–53

561

Лев. 25

562

Лев. 19:34

563

Douglas, Leviticus as Literature, pp. 42–44

564

Быт. 32:30

565

Числ. 20:14–22

566

Быт. 1:31

567

Неем. 4:17

568

Числ. 31

569

Числ. 31:19

570

2 Пар. 28:9–11

571

2 Пар. 28:15

572

Ис. 45:5

573

Зах. 14:12

574

Зах. 14:16. см.: также Мих. 4: 1–5, 5; Агг. 1:6–9

575

Ис. 60:1–10

576

Ис. 60:11–14

577

Лк. 2:1

578

Robert L. O’Connell, Of Arms and Men: A History of War, Weapons and Aggression (New York and Oxford, 1989), p. 81

579

E. N. Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire (Baltimore, 1976), pp. 25–26; 41–42; 46–47; Susan P. Mattern, Rome and the Enemy: Imperial Strategy in the Principate (Berkeley, 1999), pp. xii; 222

580

O’Connell, Arms and Men, pp. 69–81; John Keegan, A History of Warfare (London, 1993), pp. 263–71

581

W. Harris, War and Imperialism in Republican Rome (Oxford, 1979), p. 56

582

Ibid., p. 51

583

Тацит, Жизнеописание Юлия Агриколы, 30. см.: английский перевод в: Loeb Classical Library. [Перевод А. Бобовича. Цит. по: Корнелий Тацит. Сочинения в двух томах. Том первый. Анналы. Малые произведения. – Ленинград: Наука, 1969. – Прим. пер.]

584

Harris, War and Imperialism, p. 51

585

Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in their Encounter in Palestine during the Early Hellenistic Period, 2 vols, trans. John Bowden (London, 1974), pp. 294–300; Elias J. Bickerman, From Ezra to the Last of the Maccabees (New York, 1962), pp. 286–89; The Jews in the Greek Age (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1990), pp. 294–96; Reuven Firestone, Holy War in Judaism: The Rise and Fall of a Controversial Idea (Oxford and New York, 2012), pp. 26–40

586

Дан. 10–12

587

Дан. 7:13–14

588

Richard A. Horsley, ‘The Historical Context of Q’, in Richard A. Horsley and Jonathan A. Draper, eds, Whoever Hears You Hears Me: Prophets, Performance and Tradition in Q (Harrisburg, Penn., 1999), pp. 51–54

589

Gerhard E. Lenski, Power and Privilege: A Theory of Social Stratification (Chapel Hill and London, 1966), pp. 243–48.

590

John H. Kautsky, The Politics of Aristocratic Empires, 2nd ed. (New Brunswik and London, 1997), p. 81

591

Horsley, ‘Historical Context of Q’, p. 154

592

Flavius Josephus, The Life, trans. H. St. J. Thackeray (Cambridge, Mass., 1926), 10–12; Alan Mason, ‘Was Josephus a Pharisee?: A Re-Examination of the Life, 10–12’, Journal of Jewish Studies, 40 (1989); Alan F. Segal, Paul the Convert: The Apostolate and Apostasy of Saul the Pharisee (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1990), pp. 81–82

593

Иосиф Флавий. Иудейская война VI 51. см.: английский перевод в: G. A. Williamson, Josephus: The Jewish War (Harmondsworth, 1959) [Перевод Я. Чертка. Цит. по: Иосиф Флавий, Иудейская война. – Минск: Беларусь, 1991 – Прим. пер.]

594

Иосиф Флавий. Иудейские древности XVII 157. см.: английский перевод в: Richard A. Horsley, Jesus and the Spiral of Violence: Popular Jewish Resistance in Roman Palestine (Minneapolis, 1993 ed.), p. 76.

595

Иосиф Флавий. Иудейская война, I 655

596

Ibid., II 3.

597

Ibid., II 11–13

598

Ibid., II 57

599

Ibid., II 66–75

600

John Dominic Crossan, God and Empire: Jesus against Rome, Then and Now (San Francisco, 2007), pp. 91–94.

601

Иосиф Флавий, Иудейские древности, XVIII 4–9; см.: Horsley, Spiral of Violence, p. 81; ср. Иудейская война, II 117

602

Иудейская война, II 169–74.

603

Филон. О посольстве к Гаю. См. Philo, On the Embassy to Gaius, trans. F. H. Colson (Cambridge, Mass., 1962), 223–24. [Перевод О. Левинской. Цит. по: Филон Александрийский. Против Флакка; О посольстве к Гаю. / Иосиф Флавий. О древности еврейского народа; Против Апиона. – Москва / Иерусалим: Еврейский университет в Москве / Гешарим, 1994. – Прим. пер.]

604

Иудейские древности, XVIII 292

605

Иудейские древности, XVIII 284

606

Иудейские древности, XX 97–98

607

Иудейская война, II 261–263. [Перевод М. Финкельберг. Цит. по: Иосиф Флавий. Иудейская война. – Москва / Иерусалим: Мосты культуры / Гешарим, 2008. – Прим. пер.]

608

Иудейские древности, XVIII 36–38; Horsley, ‘Historical Context of Q’, p. 58

609

John Dominic Crossan, Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography (New York, 1994), pp. 26–28

610

A. N. Sherwin-White, Roman Law and Roman Society in the New Testament (Oxford, 1963), p. 139. Мф. 18:22–33; 20: 1–15; Лк. 16:1–13; Мк. 12:1–9

611

Мф. 2:16

612

Мф. 14:3–12

613

Мф. 10:17–18

614

Marcus Borg, Jesus: Uncovering the Life, Teachings, and Relevance of a Religious Revolutionary (San Francisco, 2006), pp. 67–68 (Борг М. Иисус. Загадка революционного гения. – М.: Эксмо, 2014.)

615

Мф. 4:1–11; Мк. 12–13; Лк. 4:1–13

616

Лк. 10:17–18

617

M. Lewis, Ecstatic Religion: An Anthropological Study of Spirit Possession and Shamanism (Baltimore, 1971), pp. 31, 32, 35, 127

618

Мк. 5:1–17; Crossan, Jesus, pp. 99–106

619

Лк. 13:31–33

620

Мф. 21:1–11; Мк. 11:1–11; Лк. 19: 28–38

621

Мф. 21:12–13

622

Horsley, Spiral of Violence, pp. 286–89; Sean Frayne, Galilee: From Alexander the Great to Hadrian, 323 BCE to 135 CE. A Study of Second Temple Judaism (Notre Dame, Ind., 1980), pp. 283–86

623

Мф. 5:39, 44

624

Мф. 26:63

625

Лк. 6:20–24

626

Мф. 12:1–12; 23

627

Лк. 13:13

628

Лк. 9:23–24

629

Лк. 1:51–54

630

Мк. 12:13–17; Horsley, Spiral of Violence, pp. 306–16

631

F. F. Bruce, ‘Render to Caesar’, in F. Bammel and C. F. D. Moule, eds, Jesus and the Politics of His Day (Cambridge, 1981), p. 258

632

Мк. 12:38–40

633

Horsley, Spiral of Violence, pp. 167–68

634

A. E. Harvey, Strenuous Commands: The Ethic of Jesus (London and Philadelphia, 1990), pp. 162, 209

635

Лк. 14:14, 23–24; Crossan, Jesus, pp. 74–82

636

Лк. 6:20–21. Crossan, Jesus, p. 61, отмечает, что здесь использовано именно слово «нищие» («птохóс»), а не «бедняки» («пéнес»)

637

Crossan, Jesus, pp. 68–70

638

Лк. 6:24–25

639

Мф. 20:16

640

Мф. 6:11–13

641

Gerd Theissen, The First Followers of Jesus: A Sociological Analysis of the Earliest Christians, trans. John Bowden (London, 1978), pp. 8–14

642

Мк. 1:15; перевод мой

643

Мф. 9:36

644

Warren Carter, ‘Construction of Violence and Identities in Matthew’s Gospel’, in Shelly Matthews and E. Leigh Gibson, eds, Violence in the New Testament (New York and London, 2005), pp. 93–94

645

John Pairman Brown, ‘Techniques of Imperial Control: The Background of the Gospel Event’, in Norman Gottwald, ed., The Bible of Liberation: Political and Social Hermeneutics (Maryknoll, NY, 1983), pp. 357–77; Gerd Theissen, The Miracle Stories: Early Christian Tradition (Philadelphia, 1982), pp. 231–44; Warren Carter, Matthew and the Margins: A Socio-Political and Religious Reading (Sheffield, 2000), pp. 17–29, 36–43, 123–27; 196–98

646

Мф. 6:10

647

Лк. 6:30–31

648

Лк. 6:31–38

649

Деян. 2:23, 32–35; Флп 2:9

650

Ср. Мф. 10:5–6

651

James B. Rives, Religion in the Roman Empire (Oxford, 2007), pp. 13–20

652

Ibid., pp. 104–14

653

Jonathan Z. Smith, ‘Fences and Neighbours: Some Contours of Early Judaism’, in Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown (Chicago and London, 1982), pp. 1–18; John W. Marshall, ‘Collateral Damage: Jesus and Jezebel in the Jewish War’, in Matthews and Gibson, eds, Violence in the New Testament, pp. 38–39; Julia Galambush, The Reluctant Parting: How the New Testament’s Jewish Writers Created a Christian Book (San Francisco, 2005), pp. 291–92

654

Деян. 5:34–42

655

Деян. 13:44; 14:19; 17:10–15

656

1 Кор. 11:2–15

657

1 Кор. 14:21–25

658

Рим. 13:1–2

659

Рим. 13:6

660

1 Кор. 7:31

661

Деян. 4:32, 34–35

662

1 Кор. 12:12–27

663

Лк. 24:13–32

664

Флп. 2:3–5

665

Флп. 2:6–11

666

Флп. 2:3–4

667

Ин. 1

668

1 Ин. 7:42–47

669

1 Ин. 2:18–19

670

Тацит, История, I 11; Marshall, ‘Collateral Damage’, pp. 37–38

671

Firestone, Holy War, pp. 46–47.

672

Michael S. Berger, ‘Taming the Beast: Rabbinic Pacification of Second-Century Jewish Nationalism’, in James K. Wellman, Jr., ed., Belief and Bloodshed: Religion and Violence across Time and Tradition (Lanham, Md., 2007), pp. 54–55

673

Иерусалимский Талмуд (ИТ), Таанит 4.5; Эйха Рабба, 2.4; см.: C. G. Montefiore and H. Loewe, eds, A Rabbinic Anthology (New York, 1974)

674

Дион Кассий, История, LXIX 12; Mireille Hadas-Lebel, Jerusalem against Rome, trans. Robyn Freshat (Leuven, 2006), pp. 398–409

675

Berger, ‘Taming the Beast’, pp. 50–52

676

Вавилонский Талмуд (ВТ), Берахот, 58а; Шаббат, 34а; Бава Батра, 75а; Санхедрин, 100а; см.: Montefiore and Loewe, Rabbinic Anthology; Firestone, Holy War, p. 73

677

Firestone, Holy War, pp. 52–61

678

Berger, ‘Taming the Beast’, p. 48

679

Авот де рабби Натан, B. 31; см.: Robert Eisen, The Peace and Violence of Judaism: From the Bible to Modern Zionism (Oxford, 2011), p. 86. [Перевод Н. Переферковича. Здесь и далее цит. по: Талмуд. Мишна и Тосефта. Том четвертый. – СПб.: Издательство Сойкина, 1903. – Прим. пер.]

680

ВТ Песахим, 118а; см.: ibid.

681

Eisen, Peace and Violence, p. 86; Hadas-Lebel, Jerusalem against Rome, pp. 265–95

682

Мехильта де рабби Ишмаэль, 13; ВТ Авода Зара, 18а; см.: Montefiore and Loewe, Rabbinic Anthology.

683

ВТ Шаббат, 336б; ВТ Берахот 58а; см.: Montefiore and Loewe, Rabbinic Anthology

684

Wilfred Cantwell Smith, What is Scripture? A Comparative Approach (London, 1993), p. 290; Gerald L. Bruns, ‘Midrash and Allegory: The Beginnings of Scriptural Interpretation’, in Robert Alter and Frank Kermode, eds, A Literary Guide to the Bible (London, 1987), pp. 629–30; Nahum S. Glatzer, ‘The Concept of Peace in Classical Judaism’, Essays on Jewish Thought (University, Ala., 1978), pp. 37–38; Eisen, Peace and Violence, p. 90

685

Michael Fishbane, Garments of Torah: Essays in Biblical Hermeneutics (Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1989), pp. 22–32

686

ВТ Шаббат, 63а; ВТ Санхедрин, 82а; ВТ Шаббат, 133б; см.: Eisen, Peace and Violence, pp. 88–89; Reuven Kimelman, ‘Non-violence in the Talmud’, Judaism, 17 (1968)

687

Авот де рабби Натан, A. 23 in Eisen, Peace and Violence, p. 88

688

Мишна (М), Авот, 4:1; см.: Montefiore and Loewe, Rabbinic Anthology

689

Eisen, Peace and Violence, p. 89

690

ВТ Берахот, 4а; Мегилла, 3а; см.: Montefiore and Loewe, Rabbinic Anthology

691

ВТ Мегилла, 10б; см.: Montefiore and Loewe, Rabbinic Anthology. Ср. Исх. 14

692

М Сота, 8:7; М. Йадайим, 4:4; Тосефта, Киддушим, 5: 4; см.: Firestone, Holy War, p. 74.

693

ИТ Сота, 8.1 in Montefiore and Loewe, Rabbinic Anthology

694

Песн. 2:7; 3:5; 8:4; ВТ Кетубот 110б-11а; Шир га-Ширим Рабба, 2:7; см.: ibid.

695

Firestone, Holy War, pp. 74–75

696

Aviezer Ravitsky, Messianism, Zionism and Jewish Religious Radicalism, trans. Michael Swirsky and Jonathan Chapman (Chicago, 1997), pp. 211–34

697

Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150–750 (London, 1989), pp. 20–24; Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, AD 200–1000 (Oxford and Malden, Mass., 1996), pp. 18–19

698

Brown, World of Late Antiquity, pp. 24–27

699

Peter Brown, The Making of Late Antiquity (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1978), p. 48; Rise of Western Christendom, pp. 19–20.

700

Откр. 3:21; Тацит, Анналы, XV 44. Однако Тацит писал через несколько десятилетий после данного события, и едва ли христиане к тому моменту понимались как отдельная группа. Ср.: Candida R. Moss, The Myth of Persecution: How Early Christians Invented a Story of Martyrdom (New York, 2013), pp. 138–39

701

Тертуллиан, Апология, 20; см.: Moss, Myth of Persecution, p. 128. [Перевод Н. Щеглова. Цит. по: Творения Тертуллиана. Часть 1. Апологетические сочинения Тертуллиана. – Киев: Типография Акционерного Общества «Петр Барский», 1910. – Прим. пер.]

702

W. H. C. Frend, Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church: A Study of the Conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus (Oxford, 1965), p. 331

703

Jonathan Z. Smith, ‘The Temple and the Magician’, in Map is Not Territory: Studies in the History of Religions (Chicago and London, 1978), p. 187; Peter Brown, ‘The Rise of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity’, Journal of Roman Studies LXI (1971)

704

Rives, Religion in the Roman Empire, pp. 207–08

705

Ibid., pp. 68, 82

706

Moss, Myth of Persecution, pp. 127–62; G. E. M. De Ste Croix, ‘Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted? ’, in Michael Whitby and Joseph Street, eds, Martyrdom and Orthodoxy (Oxford, 2006)

707

James B. Rives, ‘The Decree of Decius and the Religion of Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 89 (1999); Robin Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians (New York, 1987), pp. 455–56

708

ВТ Бава Мециа, 59б; см.: Montefiore and Loewe, Rabbinic Anthology

709

Collatio Legum Romanarum et Mosaicarum 15.3; см.: Brown, Rise of Western Christendom, p. 22

710

Ramsey MacMullen, The Second Church: Popular Christianity AD 200–400. Христиане традиционно молились в частных домах. Такие храмы, как базилика, оскорбившая Диоклетиана, были лишь недавним новшеством

711

Moss, Myth of Persecution, pp. 154–58.

712

Candida R. Moss, The Other Christs: Imitating Jesus in Ancient Christian Ideologies of Martyrdom (Oxford, 2010)

713

Виктриций, Восхваление святых, 10.452 B; см.: Peter Brown, The Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity (Chicago, 1981), p. 79

714

Декрет Геласия; см.: ibid.

715

‘The Martyrs of Lyons’ 1.4, in H. Musurillo, trans., The Acts of the Christian Martyrs (Oxford, 1972).

716

Ibid., 9, in Peter Dronke, Women Writers of the Middle Ages: A Critical Study of Texts from Perpetua (†203) to Marguerite Poretz (†1310) (Cambridge, UK, 1984), p. 4

717

Страсти Перпетуи и Фелицитаты, 10; см.: Dronke, Women Writers, p. 4

718

Frend, Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church, p. 15

719

Brown, World of Late Antiquity, pp. 82–84

720

Ориген, Против Цельса, 2:30; см.: trans. Henry Chadwick (Cambridge, 1980). [Перевод Л. Писарева. Цит. по: Ориген. Против Цельса. – М.: Учебно-информационный экуменический центр ап. Павла, 1996. – Прим. пер.]

721

Киприан, Послания, 40:1; 48:4.

722

Ibid., 30.2; Brown, Making of Late Antiquity, pp. 79–80

723

Лактанций, Божественные установления; см.: William Fletcher, trans., Lactantius: Works (Edinburgh, 1971), p. 366

724

Ibid., p. 427

725

Ibid., p. 328

726

Garth Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth: Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity (Princeton, NJ, 1993), pp. 13–16, 34

727

Евсевий, Слово василевсу Константину по случаю тридцатилетия его царствования, 5. см.: перевод в: H. A. Drake, In Praise of Constantine: A Historical Study and New Translation of Eusebius’ Tricennial Orations (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1976), p. 89. [Перевод Санкт-Петербургской Духовной Академии. Цит. по: Евсевий Памфил. Жизнь блаженного василевса Константина. – 2-е изд. – М.: Labarum, 1998. – Прим. пер.]

728

Aziz Al-Azmeh, Muslim Kingship: Power and the Sacred in Muslim, Christian and Pagan Polities (London and New York, 1997), pp. 27–33

729

Michael Gaddis, There is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ: Religious Violence in the Christian Roman Empire (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2005), p. 88.

730

Евсевий, Жизнь Константина, 1.5, 24; 2:19. см.: перевод в: Cameron Averil and Stuart G. Hall, Eusebius’s Life of Constantine: Introduction, Translation and Commentary (Oxford, 1999) [Перевод Санкт-Петербургской Духовной Академии. Здесь и далее цит. по: Евсевий Памфил. Жизнь блаженного василевса Константина. – 2-е изд. – М.: Labarum, 1998. – Прим. пер.]

731

Ibid., 4: 8–13; Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth, pp. 93–94

732

Al-Azmeh, Muslim Kingship, pp. 43–46

733

Мф. 28:19

734

John Haldon, Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204 (London and New York, 2005), pp. 16–19

735

Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth, pp. 93–94; Gaddis, There is No Crime, pp. 62–63

736

Евсевий, Жизнь Константина, 4.61.

737

Евсевий, Жизнь Константина, 4.62. Gaddis, There is No Crime, pp. 63–64

738

Gaddis, There is No Crime, pp. 51–59

739

Евсевий, Жизнь Константина, 4.24

740

Constantine, Letter to Aelafius, Vicor of Africa, trans. Mark Edwards, Optatus: Against the Donatists (Liverpool, 1997), Appendix 3

741

Донатистам не нравилось, что Цецилиана рукоположил Феликс из Аптунги, впавший в отступничество во время гонений при Диоклетиане. Их протест был данью уважения памяти мучеников

742

Gaddis, There is No Crime, p. 51

743

Ibid., pp. 51–58

744

Constantine; trans. Edwards, Optatus, Appendix 9; Gaddis, There is No Crime, p. 57

745

Richard Lim, Public Disputation, Power and Social Order in Late Antiquity (Berkeley, 1995)

746

Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150–750 (London, 1989 ed.), pp. 86–87

747

Ibid., pp. 87–89

748

James B. Rives, Religion in the Roman Empire (Oxford, 2007), pp. 13–20

749

Быт. 18:1–17; Исх. 33:18–23, 34: 6–9; Нав. 5:13–15

750

Jaroslav Pelikan, The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine. Vol. 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (Chicago and London, 1971), p. 145 [Пеликан Я. Христианская традиция. История развития вероучения. Т. 1. Возникновение кафолической традиции. – М.: Духовная библиотека, 2007.]

751

Евсевий, Доказательство в пользу Евангелия, предисловие. см.: перевод в: Eusebius, The Proof of the Gospel, trans. William John Ferrer (Charlottesville, 1981) 5–6

752

Peter Brown, The Body and Society: Men, Women and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity (London and Boston, 1988), p. 236

753

Афанасий Великий, Слово о воплощении Бога-Слова, 8.54. см.: Andrew Louth, Origins of the Christian Mystical Traditions: From Plato to Denys (Oxford, 1981), p. 78. [Цит. по: Афанасий Великий. Творения. Том 1. – М.: Издательство Спасо-Преображенского Валаамского монастыря, 1994. – Прим. пер.]

754

John Meyndorff, Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes (New York and London, 1975), p. 78

755

Brown, World of Late Antiquity, p. 90

756

Evelyne Patlagean, Pauvreté économique et pauvreté sociale à Byzance, 4e – 7e Siècles (Paris, 1977), pp. 78–84

757

Мф. 6:25

758

Деян. 4:34–35

759

Мф. 19:21

760

Афанасий Великий, Житие Антония, 3сл. см.: перевод в: R. C. Gregg, trans., The Life of Antony and the Letter to Marcellinus (New York, 1980). [Цит. по: Афанасий Великий. Творения. Том 3. – М.: Издательство Спасо-Преображенского Валаамского монастыря, 1994. – Прим. пер.]

761

David Caner, Wandering, Begging Monks, Spiritual Authority and the Promotion of Monasticism in Late Antiquity (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2002), p. 25.

762

2 Фес 3:6–12.

763

Афанасий Великий, Жизнь Антония, 50: 4–6.

764

H. I. Bell, V. Martin, E. G. Turner and D. van Berchem, The Abinnaeus Archive (Oxford, 1962), pp. 77, 108.

765

A. E. Boak and H. C. Harvey, The Archive of Aurelius Isidore (Ann Arbor, 1960) pp. 295–96.

766

Peter Brown, The Making of Late Antiquity (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1978), pp. 82–86.

767

Мф. 6:34.

768

Brown, Body and Society, pp. 218–21.

769

Евагрий Понтийский, Слово о духовном делании, 9. см.: Evagrius Ponticus: The Praktikos and Chapters on Prayer, trans. J. E. Bamberger (Kalamazoo, Mich., 1978). [Перевод А. Сидорова. Цит. по: Творения аввы Евагрия. Аскетические и богословские трактаты. – М.: Мартис, 1994. – Прим. пер.]

770

Изречения отцов-пустынников, Олимпий, 2; см.: J. P. Migne, ed., Patrologia Graeca (PG), 161 vols (Paris, 1857–1866), 65, 313d–316a

771

Brown, Making of Late Antiquity, pp. 88–90.

772

Изречения отцов-пустынников, Поэмон; 78; PG 65.352cd

773

Ibid., 60; PG 65:332a

774

Douglas Burton-Christie, The Word in the Desert: Scripture and the Quest for Holiness in Early Christian Monasticism (New York and Oxford, 1993), pp. 261–83

775

Brown, Body and Society, p. 215; Brown, World of Late Antiquity, p. 98

776

Ср. Афанасий Великий, Житие Антония

777

Изречения отцов-пустынников, Макарий Великий, 32; PG 65:273d

778

Brown, World of Late Antiquity, pp. 93–94

779

Gaddis, There is No Crime, p. 278

780

Иларий Пиктавийский, Против Валента и Урсакия, 1.2.6; см.: Lionel R. Wickham, Hilary of Poitiers: Conflicts of Conscience and Law in the Fourth-Century Church (Liverpool, 1997)

781

Афанасий Великий, История ариан, 81; см.: Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, trans. and ed., Nicene and Post Nicene Fathers (NPNF), 14 vols (Edinburgh, 1885) (Афанасий Великий. Послание к монахам, повсюду пребывающим, о том, что сделано арианами при Констанции // Творения, часть 2)

782

Афанасий Великий, Защитительное слово пред царем Констанцием, 33

783

Ср. Быт. 14:18–20

784

Gaddis, There is No Crime, pp. 89–97

785

Ibid., p. 93

786

Сократ Схоластик, Церковная история, 3.15; см.: NPNF. [Перевод Санкт-Петербургской Духовной Академии. Цит. по: Сократ Схоластик. Церковная история. – М.: РОССПЭН, 1996. – Прим. пер.]

787

Gaddis, There is No Crime, pp. 93–94; cf. Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (Berkeley, 2000), pp. 190–218

788

Harold A. Drake, Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance (Baltimore, 2000), pp. 431–36

789

Peter Brown, Power and Persuasion in Late Antiquity: Towards a Christian Empire (Madison, Wis., and London, 1992), pp. 34–70

790

G. W. Bowerstock, Hellenism in Late Antiquity (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1990), pp. 2–5; 35–40; 72–81; Brown, Power and Persuasion, pp. 134–45

791

Григорий Назианзин, Слово 6; PG 35. 728; см.: Brown, Power and Persuasion, p. 50. [Перевод Московской Духовной Академии. Цит. по: Григорий Богослов. Собрание творений. Том 1. – М.: АСТ, 2000. – Прим. пер.]

792

Brown, Power and Persuasion, pp. 123–26

793

Raimundo Panikkar, The Trinity and the Religious Experience of Man (Mary Knoll, NY, 1973), pp. 46–67

794

Gaddis, There is No Crime, pp. 251–82

795

Ср. Евсевий, Церковная история, 6.43.5–10; см.: Eusebius, The History of the Church, trans. G. A. Williamson (London, 1965)

796

Палладий, Диалог о жизни Иоанна Златоуста, 20.561–571.; см.: Palladius, Dialogue on the Life of John Chrysostom, trans. Robert T. Meyer (New York, 1985). [Перевод А. Балаховской. Здесь и далее цит. по: Диалог Палладия, епископа Еленопольского, с Феодором, римским диаконом, повествующий о житии блаженного Иоанна, епископа Константинопольского, Златоуста. – М.: ИМЛИ РАН, 2002. – Прим. пер.]

797

Gaddis, There is No Crime, p. 16

798

Иларий Пиктавийский, Против Валента и Урсакия, 1.2.6

799

Patlagean, Pauvreté économique, pp. 178–81; 301–40

800

Peter Garnsey, Famine and Food Shortage in the Graeco-Roman World (Cambridge, UK, 1988), pp. 257–68

801

E. W. Brooks, The Sixth Book of the Select Letter of Severus, Patriarch of Antioch (London, 1903), 1.9; Brown, Power and Persuasion, p. 148; Brown, World of Late Antiquity, p. 110

802

Созомен, Церковная история, 6.33.2; см.: NPNF, 2nd series, vol. 2

803

Gaddis, There is No Crime, pp. 242–50

804

Caner, Wandering, Begging Monks, pp. 125–49. Ср. 1 Фес. 5:17

805

Gaddis, There is No Crime, pp. 94–97

806

Либаний, Речи, 30:809; см.: A. F. Norman, ed. and trans., Libanius: Select Orations, 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass., 1969, 1977). [Перевод С. Шестакова. Цит. по: Речи Либания. Том 1. – Казань: Типография Казанского университета, 1914. – Прим. пер.]

807

Либаний, Речи, 45.36; ср. Gaddis, There is No Crime, p. 249

808

Амвросий, Послания, 41; ср. Gaddis, There is No Crime, pp. 191–96

809

Ramsey MacMullen, Christianising the Roman Empire, AD 100–400 (New Haven and London, 1984), p. 99

810

Руфин, Церковная история, 11.22; см.: Philip R. Amidon, trans., The Church History of Rufinus of Aquileia (Oxford, 1997). [Перевод В. Тюленева. Цит. по: В. Тюленев. Рождение латинской христианской историографии. С приложением перевода «Церковной истории» Руфина Аквилейского. – СПб.: Издательство Олега Абышко, 2005. – Прим. пер.]

811

Gaddis, There is No Crime, p. 250

812

Ibid., pp. 99–100

813

MacMullen, Christianising the Roman Empire, p. 119

814

Августин, Послания, 93.5.17; см.: перевод в NPNF

815

Августин, О граде Божьем, 18.54; см.: MacMullen, Christianising the Roman Empire, p. 100. [Творения блаженного Августина, епископа Иппонийского. Части 3–5. Издание второе. – Киев: Типография Чолокова, 1905–1910. – Прим. пер.]

816

Peter Brown, ‘Religious Dissent in the Later Roman Empire: The Case of North Africa’, History, 46 (1961); Brown, ‘Religious Coercion in the Later Roman Empire: The Case of North Africa, ’ History, 48 (1963); Gaddis, There is No Crime, p. 133

817

Августин, Послания, 47:5; NPNF

818

Августин, Против Феста, 22.74; NPNF

819

Августин, Послания, 93.6

820

Августин, О свободе воли, 9.1.5; Augustine, On the Free Choice of the Will, trans. Thomas Williams (Indianapolis, 1993).

821

Brown, Rise of Western Christendom, pp. 7–8

822

Gaddis, There is No Crime, pp. 283–89

823

Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, trans. G. R. Driver and Leonard Hodgson (Oxford, 1925), pp. 199–200

824

Сократ, Церковная история, 7.32; NPNF

825

Палладий, Диалог о жизни Иоанна Златоуста, 20. 579

826

Gaddis, There is No Crime, pp. 292–310

827

Послание Феодосия Варсуме, 14 мая 449 года; ibid., p. 298

828

Деяния Халкидонского собора; ibid., p. 156

829

Nestorius, Bazaar of Heracleides, pp. 482–83

830

Gaddis, There is No Crime, pp. 310–27

831

John Meyendorff, ‘The Role of Christ I: Christ as Saviour in the East’, in Bernard McGinn, Jill Raitt and John Meyendorff, eds, Christian Spirituality: High Middle Ages to Reformation (London, 1987), pp. 236–37

832

Meyndorff, Byzantine Theology, pp. 213–15

833

Brown, World of Late Antiquity, pp. 166–8

834

Ibid., p. 166

835

Ibid.

836

Brown, World of Late Antiquity, pp. 160–65; Brown The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, AD 200–1000 (Oxford and Malden, Mass., 1996), pp. 173–74.

837

Максим Исповедник, Амбигвы, 42; см.: Andrew Louth, Maximus the Confessor (London and New York, 1996). [Цит. по: Мейендорф И. Византийское богословие: исторические тенденции и доктринальные темы. – Минск: Лучи Софии, 2001. – Прим. пер.]

838

Максим Исповедник, Послание 2: О любви, 401 г; см.: Louth, Maximus the Confessor.

839

Максим Исповедник, Главы о любви, 1.61. Ср. Мф. 5:44 и 1 Тим 2:4. [Перевод А. Сидорова. Цит. по: Творения преподобного Максима Исповедника. Книга I. Богословские и аскетические трактаты. – М.: Мартис, 1993. – Прим. пер.]

840

Meyendorff, Byzantine Theology, pp. 212–22

841

Подробнее о жизни Мухаммада и истории Аравии см.: Muhammad: A Prophet for Our Time (London and New York, 2006). (Армстронг К. Мухаммад. История пророка. – М.: София, 2008.)

842

Muhammad A. Bamyeh, The Social Origins of Islam: Mind, Economy, Discourse (Minneapolis, 1999), pp. 11–12

843

Toshihiko Izutsu, Ethico-Religious Concepts in the Qur’an (Montreal and Kingston, Ont., 2002), pp. 29, 46

844

R. A. Nicholson, A Literary History of the Arabs (Cambridge, 1953), p. 83

845

Ibid., pp. 28–45

846

Bamyeh, Social Origins of Islam, p. 38

847

Быт. 16; 17:25; 21:8–21

848

Коран 5:69; 88:17–20

849

Коран 3:84–85

850

W. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad at Mecca (Oxford, 1953), p. 68

851

Коран 90:13–17

852

Izutsu, Ethico-Religious Concepts, p. 28

853

Ibid., pp. 68–69; Коран 14: 47; 39:37; 15:79; 30:47; 44:16

854

Коран 25:63, trans., Muhammad Asad, The Message of the Quran (Gibraltar, 1980)

855

W. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad’s Mecca: History of the Quran (Edinburgh, 1988), p. 25

856

W. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad at Medina (Oxford, 1956), pp. 173–231

857

Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah in A. Guillaume, trans. and ed., The Life of Muhammad (London, 1955), p. 232

858

Watt, Muhammad at Medina, pp. 6–8; Bamyeh, Social Origins of Islam, pp. 198–99; Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, 3 vols (Chicago and London, 1974), 1, pp. 75–76

859

Коран 29:46

860

Michael Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History (Princeton and Oxford, 2006), p. 193

861

Martin Lings, Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources (London, 1983), pp. 247–55; Tor Andrae, Muhammad: The Man and His Faith, trans. Theophil Menzil (London, 1936), pp. 213–15; Watt, Muhammad at Medina, pp. 46–59; Bamyeh, Social Origins of Islam, pp. 222–27

862

Коран 48:26; см.: Izutsu, Ethico-Religious Concepts, p. 31

863

Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah, 751, in Guillaume, Life of Muhammad. Ср. Коран 110

864

Paul L. Heck, ‘Jihad Revisited’, Journal of Religious Ethics, 32, 1 (2004); Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, pp. 21–22

865

Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, p. 25; Reuven Firestone, Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam (Oxford and New York, 1999), pp. 42–45

866

Коран 16:125–128

867

Коран 22:39–41; 2:194; 2:197

868

Коран 9:5

869

Коран 8:61

870

Коран 9:29

871

Firestone, Jihad, pp. 49–50

872

Коран 15:94–95; 16:135

873

Коран 2:190; 22: 39–45

874

Коран 2:191, 217

875

Коран 2:191; 9.5, 29

876

Firestone, Jihad, pp. 50–65

877

Коран 2:216. [Здесь и далее перевод Э. Кулиева. Цит. по: Смысловой перевод Священного Корана на русский язык. – Медина: Комплекс имени Короля Фахда по изданию священного Корана, 2002. – Прим. пер.]

878

Коран 9:38–39; см.: M. A. S. Abdel Haleem, trans., The Qur’an: A New Translation (Oxford, 2004)

879

Коран 9:43

880

Коран 9:73–74; 63:1–3

881

Коран 2:109; ср. 50:59

882

Коран 42:15

883

Firestone, Jihad, pp. 73, 157

884

Коран 9:5

885

Коран 2:193

886

Ibid.

887

Garth Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth: Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity (Princeton, 1993), pp. 140–42

888

John Keegan, The History of Warfare (London, 1993), pp. 195–96

889

Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150–750 (London, 1989), p. 193

890

Предание, изложенное в «Мутир», а затем переданное Шамсом ад-Дином Суюти: см.: Guy Le Strange, Palestine under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from AD 650 to 1500 (London, 1890), pp. 139–43; Tabari, Tarikh ar-Rasul wa’l Muluk, 1:2405 in Moshe Gil, A History of Palestine, 634–1099, trans. Ethel Broido (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 70–72, 143–48, 636–38

891

«Книга Заповедей», цитируемая в: Gil, History, p. 69–70

892

Михаил Сириец, Хроника, 3.226. Цит. по: Joshua Prawer, The Latin Kingdom in Jerusalem: European Colonialism in the Middle Ages (London, 1972), p. 216

893

Peter Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, AD 200–1000 (Oxford and Malden, Mass., 1996), p. 185; Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, p. 56

894

Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, pp. 64–89; 168–69

895

David Cook, Understanding Jihad (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2005), pp. 22–24

896

Ibid., pp. 13–19; Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, pp. 46–54; Firestone, Jihad, pp. 93–99

897

Jan Wensinck, Concordance et indices de la tradition musulmane, 5 vols (Leiden, 1992), 1, 994

898

Ibid., 5, 298

899

Al-Hindi, Kanz (Beirut, 1989), 4, p. 282, no. 10,500; Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 18

900

Ibn Abi Asim, Jihad (Medina, 1986), 1, pp. 140–41, no. 11

901

Wensinck, Concordance, 2.212; S. Bashear, ‘Apocalyptic and Other Materials on Early Muslim – Byzantine Wars’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Series 3, 1 (1991)

902

Wensinck, Concordance, 4.344; Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, p. 51

903

Wensinck, Concordance, 2.312

904

Cook, Understanding Jihad, pp. 23–25

905

Ibn al-Mubarak, Kitab al-Jihad (Beirut, 1971), pp. 89–90; no. 105; Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 23

906

Abu Daud, Sunan III, p. 4; no. 2484

907

Коран 3:157, 167

908

Abd al-Wahhab Abd al-Latif, ed., Al-jami al-sahih, 5 vols (Beirut, n. d.), 106, no. 1712 in David Cook, ‘Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic History’, in Andrew R. Murphy, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence (Chichester, 2011), pp. 283–84

909

Ibn al-Mubarak, Kitab al-Jihad, pp. 63–64, no. 64 in Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 26

910

Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, pp. 119–20

911

Ibid., pp. 125–26; Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilisation, 3 vols (Chicago and London, 1974), 1, p. 216; John L. Esposito, Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam (Oxford, 2002), pp. 41–42

912

Al-Azmeh, Muslim Kingship, pp. 68–69. Омейяды научились этому у арабской династии Лахмидов, которые были некогда клиентами Персии. см.: также Timothy H. Parsons, The Rule of Empires: Those Who Built Them, Those Who Endured Them, and Why They Always Fail (Oxford, 2010), pp. 79–80

913

Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150–750 (London, 1971, 1989), pp. 201–02

914

Michael Bonner, Aristocratic Violence and Holy War: Studies in the Jihad and the Arab – Byzantine Frontier (New Haven, 1996), pp. 99–106

915

Абу Нувас, Диван, 452, 641; см.: Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, p. 129

916

Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, pp. 127–31

917

Ibid., pp. 99–110

918

Peter Partner, God of Battles: Holy Wars of Christianity and Islam (London, 1997), p. 51

919

Ср. Ibn al-Mubarak, Kitab al-Jihad, p. 143, no. 141; Al Bayhagi, Zuhd (Beirut, n. d.), p. 165, no. 273 in Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 35

920

Parsons, Rule of Empires, p. 77; Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, p. 89; Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 1. p. 305

921

Aziz Al-Azmeh, Muslim Kingship: Power and the Sacred in Muslim Christian and Pagan Politics (London and New York, 1997), p. 239; Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 1, pp. 444–45

922

Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 1, pp. 315–54

923

Ibid., p. 317; Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, pp. 92–93; Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 21

924

Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 1, p. 323

925

Сунниты формируют большинство, выстраивая свою жизнь на основе «обычая» (сунны) Пророка

926

Название «Фатимиды» связано с тем, что исмаилиты, подобно всем шиитам, почитали Фатиму, дочь Пророка, жену Али и мать Хусейна

927

Bernard Lewis, The Assassins (London, 1967); Edwin Burman, The Assassins: Holy Killers of Islam (London, 1987)

928

H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘Pope Gregory VII’s “Crusading” Plans of 1074’, in B. Z. Kedar, H. E. Mayer and R. C. Smail, eds, Outremer (Jerusalem, 1982)

929

Jonathan Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (London, 1986), pp. 17–22

930

Joseph R. Strager, ‘Feudalism in Western Europe’, in Rushton Coulborn, ed., Feudalism in History (Hamden, Conn., 1965), p. 21; Michael Gaddis, There is No Crime for Those Who Have Christ: Religious Violence in the Christian Roman Empire (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2005), pp. 334–35; John Keegan, A History of Warfare (London, 1993), pp. 283, 289

931

Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150–750 (London, 1989), p. 134

932

J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Frankish Church (Oxford, 1983), pp. 187, 245

933

Peter Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, AD 200–1000 (Oxford and Malden, Mass., 1996), pp. 254–57

934

Ibid., pp. 276–302

935

Einard, ‘Life of Charlemagne’, in Lewis Thorpe, trans., Two Lives of Charlemagne (Harmondsworth, UK, 1969), p. 67

936

Karl F. Morrison, Tradition and Authority in the Western Church, 300–1140 (Princeton, 1969), p. 378

937

Rosamund McKitterick, The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751–987 (London and New York, 1983), p. 62

938

Brown, World of Late Antiquity, pp. 134–35

939

Алкуин, Письмо 174; см.: R. W. Southern, Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages (Harmondsworth, UK, 1970), p. 32

940

Строго говоря, это письмо написал за него Алкуин. См.: Алкуин, Письмо 93; Wallace-Hadrill, Frankish Church, p. 186

941

Brown, Rise of Western Christendom, p. 281

942

Talal Asad, ‘On Discipline and Humility in Medieval Christian Monasticism’, in Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam (Baltimore and London, 1993), p. 148

943

Ibid., pp. 130–34

944

Southern, Western Society and the Church, pp. 217–24

945

Georges Duby, ‘The Origins of a System of Social Classification’, in The Chivalrous Society, trans. Cynthia Postan (London, 1977), p. 91

946

Georges Duby, ‘The Origins of Knighthood’, in ibid., p. 165

947

Основополагающая хартия короля Эдгара для нового собора (Винчестер); см.: Southern, Western Society and the Church, pp. 224–25

948

Peter Brown, The World of Late Antiquity, AD 150–750 (London, 1989 ed.), pp. 86–87

949

Brown, Rise of Western Christendom, p. 301

950

Georges Duby, The Three Orders: Feudal Society Imagined, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (London, 1980), p. 151; Riley-Smith, First Crusade, p. 3

951

Marc Bloch, Feudal Society, trans. L. A. Manyon (London, 1961), pp. 296, 298

952

Georges Duby, The Early Growth of the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century, trans. Howard B. Clarke (Ithaca, NY, 1974), p. 49

953

Duby, ‘Origins of a System of Social Classification, ’ pp. 91–92

954

Первая известная нам формулировка этой системы содержится в поэме Адельберона Ланского (ок. 1028–1030 гг.) и в «Деяниях епископов Камбре» Герарда Камбрейского (ок. 1025 г.). Однако она могла возникнуть и раньше: см.: Duby, ‘Origins of Knighthood’, p. 165

955

Епископ Мербад Реннский; см.: J. P. Migne, ed., Patrologia Latina (PL) (Paris 1844–64), 1971, 1483–34; ср.: PL, 162, 1058–59; R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe, 950–1250 (Oxford, 1987), p. 102

956

Maurice Keen, Chivalry (New Haven and London, 1984), pp. 46–47

957

Thomas Head and Richard Landes, eds, The Peace of God: Social Justice and Religious Response in France around the Year 1000 (Ithaca, NY, 1992); Tomaz Mastnak, Crusading Peace: Christendom, the Muslim World and Western Political Order (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2002), pp. 1–18; Duby, Chivalrous Society, pp. 126–31; H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘The Peace and the Truce of God in the Eleventh Century’, Past and Present, 46 (1970)

958

James Westfall Thompson, Economic and Social History of the Middle Ages (New York, 1928), p. 668

959

Нарбоннский собор 1054 г.; см.: Duby, Chivalrous Society, p. 132

960

Glaber, Historiarum V. i. 25 in Mastnak, Crusading Peace, p. 11

961

Duby, ‘Origins of Knighthood’, p. 169

962

P. A. Sigal, ‘Et les marcheurs de Dieu prirent leurs armes, ’ L’Histoire, 47 (1982); Riley-Smith, First Crusade (London, 1986), p. 10

963

Riley Smith, First Crusade, pp. 7–8

964

Ibid., pp. 17–27.

965

Урбан, Послание князьям Каталонии; ibid., p. 20

966

Мф. 19:29

967

Mastnak, Crusading Peace, pp. 130–36

968

Sigal, ‘Et les marcheurs de Dieu’, p. 23; Riley-Smith, First Crusade, p. 23

969

Riley-Smith, First Crusade, pp. 48–49

970

‘Chronicle of Rabbi Eliezer bar Nathan’, in Schlomo Eidelberg, trans. and ed., The Jews and the Crusaders: The Hebrew Chronicles of the First and Second Crusades (London, 1977), p. 80

971

Guibert of Nogent, De Vita Sua, II. 1, in Joseph McAlhany and Jay Rubinstein, trans. and ed., Monodies and On the Relics of the Saints: The Autobiography and a Manifesto of a French Monk from the Time of the Crusades (London, 2011), p. 97

972

Henri Pirenne, Economic and Social History of Europe (New York, 1956), pp. 7, 10–12

973

John H. Kautsky, The Political Consequences of Modernization (New York, London, Sydney, Toronto, 1972), p. 48

974

Georges Duby, ‘The Transformation of the Aristocracy’, in Chivalrous Society, p. 82

975

Norman Cohn, Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages (London, 1984), pp. 68–70

976

Duby, ‘The Juventus, ’ in Chivalrous Society, pp. 112–21

977

Ibid., p. 120

978

Cohn, Pursuit of the Millennium, p. 63

979

Riley-Smith, First Crusade, p. 46

980

Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi, Recueil des Historiens des Croisade (RHC), ed. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (1841–1906), 3 in ibid., p. 36

981

E. O. Blake, ‘The Formation of the “Crusade Idea” ’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 21, 1 (1970); Mastnak, Crusading Peace, pp. 56–57

982

The Deeds of the Franks and the Other Pilgrims to Jerusalem, trans. Rosalind Hill (London, 1962), p. 27

983

Fulcher of Chartres, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 1098–1127, trans. and ed. Frances Rita Ryan (Knoxville, 1969), p. 96

984

Riley-Smith, First Crusade, p. 91

985

Ibid., pp. 84–85

986

Ibid., p. 117

987

John Fowles, The Magus, revised edition (London, 1997), p. 413. [Перевод Б. Кузьминского. Цит. по: Фаулз Дж. Волхв. – М.: Эксмо, 2009. – Прим. пер.]

988

Mastnak, Crusading Peace, p. 66

989

Deeds of the Franks, p. 91

990

Раймунд Ажильский, История франков, которые взяли Иерусалим; см.: August C. Krey, ed. and trans., The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Participants (Princeton, NJ, and London, 1921), p. 266. [Перевод М. Заборова. Здесь и далее цит. по: Заборов М. История крестовых походов в документах и материалах. – М.: Высшая школа, 1977. – Прим. пер.]

991

Fulcher, History of the Expedition, p. 102

992

Раймунд Ажильский, История франков; см.: Krey, ed., First Crusade, p. 266

993

Robert the Monk, Historia Iherosolimitana (Paris, 1846), RHC, 3, p. 741

994

Fulcher, History of the Expedition, pp. 66–67; Robert the Monk, Historia, p. 725; Riley-Smith, First Crusade, p. 143

995

Keegan, History of Warfare, p. 295

996

Бернард Клервосский, Похвала новому рыцарству, 2.3; 2,1; см.: M. Conrad Greenia, RHC, trans., In Praise of the New Knighthood: A Treatise on the Knights Templar and the Holy Places of Jerusalem (Collegeville, Minn., 2008)

997

Ibid., 3, 5

998

Amin Maalouf, The Crusades through Arab Eyes, trans. Jon Rothschild (London, 1984), pp. 38–39. Конечно, цифры, которые приводит Ибн аль-Асир, завышены. На тот момент численность жителей этого города не превышала 10 000 человек

999

Michael Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History (Princeton and Oxford, 2006), pp. 137–38

1000

Ибн аль-Асир, Полный свод истории, X. 92; см.: Francesco Gabrieli, ed., Arab Historians of the Crusades, trans. E. J. Costello (London, Melbourne and Henley, 1978)

1001

Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (Edinburgh, 1999), pp. 75–81 (Хильдебранд К. Крестовые походы. Взгляд с Востока. – СПб.: Диля, 2008.)

1002

Maalouf, Crusades through Arab Eyes, pp. 2–3

1003

Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, pp. 139–40; Emanuel Sivan, ‘Genèse de contre-croisade: une traité damasquine de début du XIIe siècle’, Journal Asiatique, 254 (1966)

1004

R. A. Nicholson, The Mystics of Islam (London, 1963 ed.), p. 105. [Перевод З. Миркиной. Цит. по: Фильштинский И. М. Арабская поэзия средних веков. – М.: Художественная литература, 1975. – Прим. пер.]

1005

Ибн аль-Каланиси, История Дамаска, 173; см.: Gabrieli, ed., Arab Historians of the Crusades

1006

Камаль ад-Дин, Сливки истории Алеппо, II, 187–90; см.: Gabrieli, ed., Arab Historians of the Crusades.

1007

Maalouf, Crusades through Arab Eyes, p. 147

1008

Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 113

1009

Здесь и далее факты изложены по: Ибн аль-Асир, Полный свод истории, XI, 264–67; см.: Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades

1010

Баха ад-Дин, Салах ад-Дин; ibid., p. 100. [Цит. по: Баха ад-Дин. Саладин, победитель крестоносцев. – М.: Диля, 2009. – Прим. пер.]

1011

Ибн аль-Асир, Полный свод истории; ibid., pp. 141–42

1012

Ибн аль-Асир, Полный свод истории; Maalouf, Crusades through Arab Eyes, pp. 205–06

1013

Christopher J. Tyerman, ‘Sed nihil fecit? The Last Capetians and the Recovery of the Holy Land’, in J. Gillingham and J. C. Holt, eds, War and Government in the Middle Ages: Essays in Honour of J. O. Prestwich (Totowa, NJ, 1984); Norman Housley, The Later Crusades, 1274–1580: From Lyons to Alcazar (Oxford, 1992), pp. 12–30; Mastnak, Crusading Peace, pp. 139–40

1014

Ср. Противоположные точки зрения в: R. W. Southern, The Making of the Middle Ages (London, Melbourne, Sydney, Auckland, Johannesburg, 1967), pp. 56–62; Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 3 vols (Cambridge, 1954), pp. 474–77

1015

Hillenbrand, Crusades, pp. 249–50

1016

David Abulafia, Frederick II: A Medieval Emperor (New York and Oxford, 1992), pp. 197–98

1017

From John Esposito, Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam (Oxford, 2002), pp. 43–46; David Cook, Understanding Jihad (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2005), pp. 63–66; Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History, pp. 143–44; Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilisation (Chicago and London, 1974), pp. 468–71; Natana J. Delong-Bas, Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad (Cairo, 2005), pp. 247–55; Hillenbrand, Crusades, pp. 241–43

1018

R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society: Power and Deviance in Western Europe 950–1250 (Oxford, 1987)

1019

Ibid., pp. 26–43

1020

H. G. Richardson, The English Jewry under the Angevin Kings (London, 1960), p. 8; John H. Mundy, Liberty and Political Power in Toulouse (New York, 1954), p. 325

1021

Moshe Gil, A History of Palestine, 634–1099, trans. Ethel Broido (Cambridge, UK, 1992), pp. 370–80; F. E. Peters, The Distant Shrine: The Islamic Centuries in Jerusalem (New York, 1993), pp. 73–74; 92–96. Греки называли этот храм храмом Воскресения, а крестоносцы переименовали его в храм Гроба Господня

1022

Cohn, Pursuit of the Millennium, pp. 76–78, 80, 86–87

1023

Ibid., pp. 87–88

1024

Moore, Formation of Persecuting Society, pp. 105–06

1025

Ibid., pp. 84–85; Richardson, English Jewry, pp. 50–63

1026

Пьер Абеляр, Диалог, 51; см.: P. J. Payer, trans., A Dialogue of a Philosopher with a Jew and a Christian (Toronto, 1979), p. 33. [Пер. С. Неретиной. Цит. по: Пьер Абеляр. Теологические трактаты. – М.: Прогресс, 1995. – Прим. пер.]

1027

M. Montgomery Watt, The Influence of Islam on Medieval Europe (Edinburgh, 1972), pp. 74–86

1028

Duby, ‘Introduction’, in Chivalrous Society, pp. 9–11

1029

Jonathan and Louise Riley-Smith, The Crusades: Idea and Reality, 1095–1274 (London, 1981), pp. 78–79

1030

Ibid., pp. 83, 85

1031

Zoe Oldenbourg, Le Bucher de Montségur (Paris, 1959), pp. 115–16

1032

Ibid., p. 89

1033

J. D. Mansi, Sacrorum Consiliorum nova et amplissima collectio (Paris and Leipzig, 1903), Vol. 21, 843 in Moore, Formation of Persecuting Society, p. 111

1034

Norman Cohn, Warrant for Genocide (London, 1967), p. 12 (Кон Н. Благословение на геноцид. Миф о всемирном заговоре евреев и «протоколах сионских мудрецов». – М.: Прогресс, 1990.)

1035

Peter the Venerable, Summary of the Whole Heresy of the Diabolic Sect of the Saracens in Norman Daniel, Islam and the West: The Making of an Image (Edinburgh, 1960), p. 124

1036

Benjamin Kedar, Crusade and Mission: European Approaches to the Muslims (Princeton, NJ, 1984), p. 101.

1037

Moore, Formation of Persecuting Society, pp. 60–67

1038

Ibid., pp. 102, 110–11

1039

Larry Benson, ed. and trans., King Arthur’s Death: The Middle English Stanzaic Morte d’Arthur and the Alliterative Morte d’Arthur (Kalamazoo, Mich., 1994), line 247

1040

Песнь о Роланде, строка 2196. см.: Dorothy L. Sayers, trans., The Song of Roland (Harmondsworth, 1957). [Перевод Ю. Корнеева. Здесь и далее цит. по: Песнь о Роланде. Коронование Людовика. Нимская телега. Песнь о Сиде. Романсеро. – М.: Художественная литература, 1976. – Прим. пер.]

1041

Ibid., строки 2344–2352

1042

Ibid., строки 1881–1882

1043

Keen, Chivalry, pp. 60–63

1044

P. M. Matarasso, trans. and ed., The Quest of the Holy Grail (Harmondsworth, 1969), pp. 119–20

1045

Franco Cardini, ‘The Warrior and the Knight’, in James Le Goff, ed., The Medieval World, trans. Lydia C. Cochrane (London, 1990), p. 95

1046

Keith Busby, trans., Raoul de Hodence, Le roman des eles: The Anonymous Ordene de Cevalerie (Philadelphia, 1983), p. 175

1047

Richard W. Kaeuper, Holy Warrior: The Religious Ideology of Chivalry (Philadelphia, 2009), pp. 53–57

1048

A. T. Holden, S. Gregory and David Crouch, trans. and eds, History of William Marshal, 2 vols (London, 2002–06), lines 16, 853–63

1049

Kaeuper, Holy Warrior, pp. 38–49

1050

Henry of Lancaster, ‘Book of Holy Remedies’ in A. J. Arnold, ed., Le Livre de Seyntz Medicines: The Unpublished Devotional Treatises of Henry of Lancaster (Oxford, 1940), p. 4

1051

Geoffroi de Charny, The Book of Chivalry of Geoffroi de Charny: Text, Context and Translation, trans. Richard W. Kaeuper and Elspeth Huxley (Philadelphia, 1996), p. 194

1052

Ibid., pp. 174, 176–77

1053

Ibid.

1054

Mastnak, Crusading Peace, pp. 233–39

1055

Malcolm Barber, The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Templars (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 280–313; Norman Cohn, Europe’s Inner Demons: The Demonization of Christians in Medieval Christendom (London, 1975), pp. 79–101

1056

Brian Tierney, The Crisis of Church and State, 1050–1300 (Toronto, 1988), p. 172; J. H. Shennon, The Origins of the Modern European State 1450–1725 (London, 1974); Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, 2 vols (Cambridge, UK, 1978), 1, p. xxiii; A. Fall, Medieval and Renaissance Origins: Historiographical Debates and Demonstrations (London, 1991), p. 120

1057

Mastnak, Crusading Peace, pp. 244–46

1058

J. N. Hillgarth, Ramon Lull and Lullism in Fourteenth-Century France (Oxford, 1971), pp. 107–11, 120.

1059

Christopher J. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 1095–1588 (Chicago, 1988), pp. 324–43; William T. Cavanaugh, Migrations of the Holy: God, State and the Political Meanings of the Church (Grand Rapids, Mich., 2011)

1060

John Barnie, War in Medieval English Society: Social Values in the Hundred Years War (Ithaca, NY, 1974), pp. 102–03

1061

Mastnak, Crusading Peace, pp. 248–51; Thomas J. Renna, ‘Kingship in the Disputatio inter clericum et militem’, Speculum, 48 (1973)

1062

Ernst K. Kantorowicz¸ ‘Pro Patria Mori in Medieval Political Thought’, American Historical Review, 56, 3 (1951), pp. 244, 256

1063

Felipe Fernández-Armesto, 1492: The Year Our World Began (New York, 2009), pp. 9–11, 52

1064

Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, 3 vols (Chicago and London, 1974), 3, pp. 14–15

1065

Ibid., 2, pp. 334–60

1066

John H. Kautsky, The Politics of the Aristocratic Empire, 2nd ed. (New Brunswick and London, 1997), p. 146

1067

Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London, 1974), p. 505

1068

Fernandez-Armesto, 1492, pp. 2–4

1069

Timothy H. Parsons, The Rule of Empires: Those Who Built Them, Those Who Endured Them, and Why They Always Fail (Oxford, 2010), p. 117; Peter Jay, Road to Riches or The Wealth of Man (London, 2000), p. 147.

1070

Jay, Road to Riches, p. 151

1071

Ibid., pp. 152–53

1072

Henry Kamen, Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492–1763 (New York, 2003), p. 83

1073

Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States: From 1492 to the Present, 2nd ed. (New York, 1996), p. 11 (Говард Зинн. Народная история США. – М.: Весь мир, 2006.)

1074

Massimo Livi-Bacci, A Concise History of World Population (Oxford, 1997), pp. 56–59 (Ливи-Баччи М. Демографическая история Европы. – Рязань: Александрия, 2010.)

1075

Parsons, Rule of Empires, p. 121

1076

Ibid., p. 117

1077

Jay, Road to Riches, p. 150

1078

Mark Levene, Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State: The Rise of the West and the Coming of Genocide (London and New York, 2005), pp. 15–29

1079

Каэтан, На «Вторую часть второй части» Аквината, вопрос 66, пункт 8; см.: Richard Tuck, The Rights of War and Peace: Political Thought and the International Order from Grotius to Kant (Oxford, 1999), p. 70

1080

Francisco de Vitoria, Political Writings, ed. Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrence (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 225–26

1081

Thomas More, Utopia, ed. George M. Logan and Robert M. Adams (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 89–90. [Перевод А. Малеина и Ф. Петровского. Здесь и далее Цит. по: Мор Т. Утопия. – М.: Издательство Академии наук СССР, 1953. – Прим. пер.]

1082

Ibid., p. 58

1083

Ibid.

1084

Tuck, Rights of War and Peace, p. 15. Макс Вебер высказывал аналогичную мысль в 1906 году; см.: H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, trans. and ed., From Max Weber (London, 1948), pp. 71–72

1085

Отрывок из Тацита цитируется в сочинении Джентили «О праве войны»; см.: Gentili, The Rights of War and Peace, in Three Books (London, 1738), 2.2.17; Tuck, Rights of War and Peace, pp. 47–48

1086

Аристотель, Политика, 1256; см.: Richard McKeon, ed., The Basic Works of Aristotle (New York, 1941). [Перевод С. Жебелева. Цит. по: Аристотель. Сочинения: в 4 томах. Том 4. – М.: Мысль, 1983. – Прим. пер.]

1087

Henry Kamen, The Spanish Inquisition: An Historical Revision (London, 1997), pp. 45, 68, 137

1088

Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews (London, 1987), pp. 225–29.

1089

Haim Beinart, Conversos on Trial: The Inquisition in Ciudad Real (Jerusalem, 1981), pp. 3–6

1090

Norman Roth, Conversos, Inquisition and the Expulsion of Jews from Spain (Madison, 1995), pp. 283–84.

1091

Ibid., p. 19

1092

Fernández-Armesto, 1492, pp. 94–96

1093

Johnson, History of the Jews, p. 229; Yirmiyahu Yovel, Spinoza and Other Heretics: I. The Marrano of Reason (Princeton, NJ, 1989), pp. 17–18

1094

Johnson, History of the Jews, pp. 225–29

1095

Kamen, Spanish Inquisition, pp. 57–59; William Monter, Frontiers of Heresy: The Spanish Inquisition from the Basque Lands to Sicily (Cambridge, UK, 1990), p. 53

1096

Kamen, Spanish Inquisition, p. 69

1097

Robin Briggs, ‘Embattled Faiths: Religion and Natural Philosophy’, in Euan Cameron, ed., Early Modern Europe: An Oxford History (Oxford, 1999), pp. 197–205

1098

Jay, Road to Riches, pp. 160–63

1099

Henri Pirenne, Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade (Princeton, 1946), pp. 168–212; Bert F. Hoselitz, Sociological Aspects of Economic Growth (New York, 1960), pp. 163–72

1100

Norman Cohn, Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages (London, 1984 ed.) pp. 107–16

1101

Euan Cameron, ‘The Power of the Word: Renaissance and Reformation’, in Cameron, Early Modern Europe, pp. 87–90

1102

Richard Marius, Martin Luther: The Christian between God and Death (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1999), pp. 73–74, 214–15, 486–87

1103

Joshua Mitchell, Not By Reason Alone: History and Identity in Early Modern Political Thought (Chicago, 1993), pp. 23–30

1104

Martin Luther, ‘Temporal Authority: To What Extent It Should Be Obeyed’, trans. J. J. Schindel, revised by Walther I. Brandt in J. M. Porter, ed., Luther: Selected Political Writings (SPW) (Eugene, Oreg., 2003), p. 54

1105

Ibid., p. 55

1106

Ibid.

1107

Ibid., p. 56

1108

Martin Luther, ‘Whether Soldiers, Too, Can Be Saved’, trans. Charles M. Jacobs, revised by Robert C. Schultz in SPW, p. 108

1109

J. W. Allen, A History of Political Thought in the Sixteenth Century (London, 1928), p. 16; Sheldon S. Wolin, Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought (Boston, 1960), p. 164

1110

Cohn, Pursuit of the Millennium, pp. 245–50

1111

Martin Luther, ‘Admonition to Peace: A Reply to the Twelve Articles of the Peasants in Swabia’ (1525), trans. J. J. Schindel, revised by Walther I. Brandt, in SPW, p. 72

1112

Ibid., p. 78

1113

Ibid., p. 82

1114

Martin Luther, ‘Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants’ (1525), trans. Charles M. Jacobs, revised by Robert C. Schultz in SPW, p. 86

1115

Steven Ozment, The Reformation of the Cities: The Appeal of Protestantism to Sixteenth Century Germany and Switzerland (New Haven, 1975), pp. 10–11, 123–25, 148–50

1116

Charles A. McDaniel, Jr., ‘Violent Yearnings for the Kingdom of God: Münster’s Militant Anabaptism’, in James K. Wellman, ed., Belief and Bloodshed: Religion and Violence across Time and Tradition (Lanham, Md., 2007), p. 74. Социальная опасность сохранялась, хотя в последние дни мюнстерских анабаптистов их вождь Иоанн Лейденский стал называть себя королем, устроил псевдоимперский двор и прибегал к крутым мерам.

1117

Cohn, Pursuit of the Millennium, pp. 255–79

1118

Я подробно обсуждала это в книге: The Case for God (London and New York, 2009) (Армстронг К. Биография Бога. Все, что человечество успело узнать. – М.: Эксмо, 2012.). См. также: Wilfred Cantwell Smith, The Meaning and End of Religion: A New Approach to the Religious Traditions of Mankind (New York, 1962); Belief in History (Charlottesville, Va., 1985); Faith and Belief (Princeton, NJ, 1987)

1119

William T. Cavanaugh, The Myth of Religious Violence (Oxford, 2009), pp. 72–74

1120

Thomas More, A Dialogue Concerning Heresies, ed. Thomas M. C. Lawlor (New Haven, 1981), p. 416

1121

François-André Isambert, ed., Recueil général des anciennes lois françaises depuis l’an 420 jusqu’à la Révolution de 1789 (Paris, 1821–33), 12, p. 819

1122

Brad S. Gregory, Salvation at Stake: Christian Martyrdom in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1999), p. 201

1123

Raymund F. Mentzer, Heresy Proceedings in Languedoc, 1500–1560 (Philadelphia, 1984), p. 172

1124

Philip Spierenberg, The Spectacle of Suffering: Executions and the Evolution of Repression: From a Pre-Industrial Metropolis to the European Experience (Cambridge, UK, 1984); Lionello Puppi, Torment in Art: Pain, Violence and Martyrdom (New York, 1991), pp. 11–69

1125

Gregory, Salvation at Stake, pp. 77–79

1126

David Nicholls, ‘The Theatre of Martyrdom in the French Reformation’, Past and Present, 121 (1998); Susan Brigdon, London and the Reformation (Oxford, 1989), p. 607; Mentzer, Heresy Proceedings, p. 71

1127

Gregory, Salvation at Stake, pp. 80–81

1128

Втор. 13:1–3, 5, 6–11 цитируется Иоганном Экком в «Учебнике общих положений» (1525), а также Кальвином в оправдание казни антитринитария Мигеля Сервета

1129

Gregory, Salvation at Stake, pp. 84–87

1130

Ibid., pp. 111, 154

1131

Ibid., pp. 261–69

1132

Allen, Apologie of the English College (Douai, 1581); Gregory, Salvation at Stake, p. 283

1133

Gregory, Salvation at Stake, pp. 285–86

1134

Kamen, Spanish Inquisition, pp. 204–13

1135

Ibid., p. 203

1136

Ibid., p. 98

1137

Ibid., pp. 223–45

1138

Ibid.

1139

Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, p. 122

1140

J. V. Poliskensky, War and Society in Europe, 1618–1848 (Cambridge, 1978), pp. 77, 154, 217

1141

Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, pp. 142–55

1142

Richard S. Dunn, The Age of Religious Wars, 1559–1689 (New York, 1970), p. 6 (Данн Р. Эпоха религиозных войн. – М.: Центрополиграф, 2011.); James D. Tracy, Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics (Cambridge, 2002), pp. 45–47, 306

1143

William Blockmans, Emperor Charles V, 1500–1558 (London and New York, 2002), pp. 95, 110; William Maltby, The Reign of Charles V (New York, 2002), pp. 112–13

1144

Tracy, Charles V, p. 307; Blockmans, Emperor Charles V, p. 47

1145

Klaus Jaitner, ‘The Pope and the Struggle for Power during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries’, in Klaus Bussman and Heinz Schilling, eds, War and Peace in Europe, 3 vols (Münster, 1998), 1, p. 62

1146

Maltby, Reign of Charles V, p. 62; Tracy, Charles V, pp. 209–15

1147

Tracy, Charles V, pp. 32–34; 46

1148

Maltby, Reign of Charles V, pp. 60–62

1149

Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, p. 164

1150

Dunn, Age of Religious Wars, p. 49

1151

Ibid., pp. 50–51

1152

Steven Gunn, ‘War, Religion and the State’, in Cameron, Early Modern Europe, p. 244

1153

Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, pp. 145–47, 153–58

1154

James Westfall Thompson, The Wars of Religion in France, 1559–1576: The Huguenots, Catherine de Medici, Philip II, 2nd ed. (New York, 1957); Lucien Romier, ‘A Dissident Nobility under the Cloak of Religion’, in J. H. M. Salmon, ed., The French Wars of Religion: How Important Were Religious Factors? (Lexington, Mass., 1967); Henri Hauser, ‘Political Anarchy and Social Discontent’, ibid.

1155

Natalie Zemon Davis, ‘The Rites of Violence: Religious Riot in Sixteenth-Century France’, Past and Present, 59 (1973)

1156

Mack P. Holt, ‘Putting Religion Back into the Wars of Religion’, French Historical Studies, 18, 2 (Autumn 1993); John Bossy, ‘Unrethinking the Sixteenth-Century Wars of Religion’, in Thomas Kselman, ed., Belief in History: Innovative Approaches in European and American Religion (Notre Dame, Ind., 1991); Denis Crouzet, Les guerriers de Dieu: La violence en temps des troubles de religion (Seyssel, 1990); Barbara Diefendorf, Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots in Sixteenth-Century Paris (New York, 1991). Некоторые ученые пытаются доказать, что Дэвис ошибалась, описывая данный конфликт как «глубоко религиозный», поскольку в то время религия все еще охватывала все стороны человеческой деятельности; см.: Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, pp. 159–60

1157

M. P. Holt, The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629 (Cambridge, UK, 1995), pp. 17–18

1158

Bossy, ‘Unrethinking the Sixteenth-Century Wars of Religion’, pp. 278–80

1159

Virginia Reinberg, ‘Liturgy and Laity in Late Medieval and Reformation France, ’ Sixteenth-Century Journal, 23 (Autumn 1992)

1160

Holt, French Wars of Religion, pp. 18–21

1161

Ibid., pp. 50–51

1162

J. H. M. Salmon, Society in Crisis: France in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1975), p. 198; Henry Heller, Iron and Blood: Civil Wars in Sixteenth-Century France (Montreal, 1991), p. 63

1163

Holt, French Wars of Religion, p. 99; Salmon, Society in Crisis, pp. 176; 197.

1164

Salmon, Society in Crisis, pp. 204–05

1165

Holt, French Wars of Religion, pp. 50–51

1166

Heller, Iron and Blood, pp. 209–11

1167

Ibid., p. 126

1168

Holt, French Wars of Religion, pp. 156–57; Salmon, Society in Crisis, pp. 282–91

1169

Salmon, Society in Crisis, pp. 3–4, 126, 168–69; Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, pp. 173–74

1170

Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, pp. 147–50

1171

Geoffrey Parker, The Thirty Years War (London, 1984), pp. 29–33, 59–64

1172

Ibid., p. 195

1173

Dunn, Age of Religious Wars, pp. 71–72

1174

William H. McNeill, Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force and Society since AD 1000 (Chicago, 1982), pp. 120–23; Robert L. O’Connell, Of Arms and Men: A History of War, Weapons and Aggression (New York and Oxford, 1999), pp. 143–44

1175

McNeill, Pursuit of Power, pp. 121–23

1176

Parker, Thirty Years War, pp. 127–28

1177

Jeremy Black, ‘Warfare, Crisis and Absolutism’, in Cameron, Early Modern Europe, p. 211

1178

Parker, Thirty Years War, p. 142

1179

Ibid., pp. 216–17

1180

Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, p. 159; John Bossy, Christianity in the West, 1400–1700 (Oxford, 1985), pp. 170–1

1181

Andrew R. Murphy, ‘Cromwell, Mather and the Rhetoric of Puritan Violence’, in Andrew R. Murphy, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence (Chichester, 2011), pp. 528–34

1182

Thomas Carlyle, ed., Oliver Cromwell’s Letters and Speeches, 3 vols (New York, 1871), 1, p. 154

1183

Ibid., 2, pp. 153–54

1184

Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, p. 172

1185

Ann Hughes, The Causes of the English Civil War (London, 1998), p. 25

1186

Ibid., pp. 10–25, 58–59, 90–97

1187

Ibid., p. 89

1188

Ibid., p. 85. [Цит. по: Законодательство Английской революции. – М.: Издательство АН СССР, 1946. – Прим. пер.]

1189

Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, pp. 160–72

1190

Parker, Thirty Years War, p. 172

1191

Jan N. Brenner, ‘Secularization: Notes toward the Genealogy’, in Henk de Vries, ed., Religion: Beyond a Concept (New York, 2008), p. 433

1192

Heinz Schilling, ‘War and Peace at the Emergence of Modernity: Europe between State Belligerence, Religious Wars and the Desire for Peace in 1648’, in Bussman and Schilling, War and Peace in Europe, p. 14

1193

Thomas Ertman, Birth of the Leviathan: Building States and Regimes in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1997), p. 4

1194

Salmon, Society in Crisis, p. 13

1195

Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, pp. 72–85; Russell T. McCutcheon, ‘The Category “Religion” and the Politics of Tolerance’, in Arthur L. Greil and David G. Bromley, eds, Defining Religion: Investigating the Boundaries between the Sacred and the Secular (Oxford, 2003), pp. 146–52; Derek Peterson and Darren Walhof, ‘Rethinking Religion’, in Peterson and Walhof, eds, The Invention of Religion, pp. 3–9; David E. Gunn, ‘Religion, Law and Violence’, in Murphy, Blackwell Companion, pp. 105–07

1196

Edward, Lord Herbert, De Veritate, trans. Meyrick H. Carre (Bristol, UK, 1937), p. 303

1197

Ibid., p. 298

1198

Edward, Lord Herbert, De Religio Laici, trans. and ed. Harold L. Hutcheson (New Haven, Conn., 1944), p. 127

1199

Thomas Hobbes, Behemoth; or, The Long Parliament, ed. Frederick Tönnies (Chicago, 1990), p. 55

1200

Ibid., p. 95

1201

Thomas Hobbes, On the Citizen, ed. Richard Tuck and Michael Silverthorne (Cambridge, 1998), 3.26; Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. Richard Tuck (Cambridge, 1991), p. 223 (Гоббс Т. Левиафан. – М.: Мысль, 2001.)

1202

Hobbes, Leviathan, pp. 315, 431–34

1203

Ibid., p. 31

1204

Ibid., p. 27

1205

Ibid., p. 17

1206

John Locke, A Letter Concerning Toleration (Indianapolis, 1955), p. 15.

1207

John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge, 1988), ‘Second Treatise’, 5. 24 (Локк Дж. Два трактата о правлении. – М.: Канон+, 2014.)

1208

Ibid., 5.120–21

1209

Ibid., 5.3

1210

Hugo Grotius, Rights of War and Peace, in Three Books (London, 1738), 2.2.17, 2.20.40 (Гроций Г. О праве войны и мира. – М.: Ладомир, 1994.); Tuck, Rights of War and Peace, pp. 103–04

1211

Hobbes, On the Citizen, ed. Tuck, 30

1212

Donne, Sermons of John Donne, ed. George R. Potter and Evelyn M. Simpson (Berkeley, 1959), 4, p. 274

1213

John Cotton and Thomas Morton, ‘New English Canaan’ (1634–35) and John Cotton, ‘God’s Promise to His Plantations’ (1630), in Alan Heimart and Andrew Delbanco, eds, The Puritans in America: A Narrative Anthology (Cambridge, Mass., 1985), pp. 49–50

1214

Kevin Phillips, The Cousins’ Wars: Religious Politics and the Triumph of Anglo-America (New York, 1999), pp. 3–32; Carla Garden Pesteria, Protestant Empire: Religion and the Making of the British Atlantic World (Philadelphia, 2004), pp. 503–15; Clement Fatoric, ‘The Anti-Catholic Roots of Liberal and Republican Conception of Freedom in English Political Thought’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 66 (January 2005)

1215

John Winthrop, ‘A Model of Christian Charity’, in Heimart and Delbanco, Puritans in America, p. 91

1216

John Winthrop, ‘Reasons to Be Considered for… the Intended Plantation in New England’ (1629), in ibid., p. 71

1217

Winthrop, ‘Model of Christian Charity’, in ibid., p. 82

1218

John Cotton, ‘God’s Promise’, in ibid., p. 77

1219

Cushman, ‘Reasons and Considerations Touching the Lawfulness of Removing out of England into the Parts of America’, in ibid., pp. 43–44

1220

Perry Miller, ‘The Puritan State and Puritan Society’, in Errand into the Wilderness (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1956), pp. 148–49

1221

John Smith, ‘A True Relation’, in Edwin Arber and A. C. Bradley, eds, John Smith: Works (Edinburgh, 1910), p. 957

1222

Perry Miller, ‘Religion and Society in the Early Literature of Virginia’, in Errand, pp. 104–05

1223

William Crashaw, A Sermon Preached in London before the right honourable Lord werre, Lord Gouernour and Captaine Generall of Virginea (London, 1610), in ibid., pp. 111, 138

1224

Ibid., p. 101

1225

David S. Lovejoy, Religious Enthusiasm in the New World: Heresy to Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1985), pp. 11–13; Louis B. Wright, Religion and Empire: The Alliance between Piety and Commerce in English Expansion, 1558–1625 (Chapel Hill, 1943); Miller, ‘Religion and Society’, pp. 105–08.

1226

Samuel Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumous, or Purchas His Pilgrim, 3 vols (Glasgow, 1905–06), 1, pp. 1–45.

1227

‘A True Declaration of the Estate of the Colonie in Virginia’ (1610), in Peter Force, ed., Tracts (New York, 1844), 3, pp. 5–6

1228

Miller, ‘Religion and Society’, pp. 116–17

1229

Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States: From 1492 to the Present, 2nd ed. (London and New York, 1996), p. 12

1230

Ibid., p. 13

1231

Andrew Preston, Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith: Religion in American War and Diplomacy (New York and Toronto, 2012), pp. 15–17

1232

Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumous, 1, pp. xix, 41–45, 220–22, 224, 229

1233

Ibid., pp. 138–39

1234

Preston, Sword of the Spirit, pp. 31–38

1235

Ibid., p. 33

1236

Ibid., p. 35

1237

Bradford, History of the Plymouth Plantation, in Zinn, People’s History, p. 15

1238

Ronald Dale Kerr, ‘Why Should You Be So Furious? The Violence of the Pequot War’, Journal of American History, 85 (December 1998)

1239

Preston, Sword of the Spirit, pp. 41–45; Andrew R. Murphy, ‘Cromwell, Mather and the Rhetoric of Puritan Violence’, in Murphy, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence (Chichester, 2011), pp. 525–35

1240

Miller, ‘Puritan State’, pp. 150–51

1241

Sherwood Eliot Wirt, ed., Spiritual Awakening: Classic Writings of the Eighteenth-Century Devotios to Inspire and Help the Twentieth-Century Reader (Tring, 1988), p. 110

1242

Alan Heimert, Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1968), p. 43

1243

Miller, ‘Puritan State’, p. 150

1244

Stoddard, ‘An Examination of the Power of the Fraternity’ (1715), in Heimart and Delbanco, Puritans in America, p. 388

1245

Perry Miller, ‘Jonathan Edwards and the Great Awakening’, in Errand, pp. 162–66

1246

Ibid., p. 165

1247

Ruth H. Bloch, Visionary Republic: Millennial Themes in American Thought, 1756–1800 (Cambridge, UK, 1985), pp. 14–15

1248

В первоначальном проекте Декларации упоминались такие самоочевидные права, как «жизнь, свобода и собственность». Лишь впоследствии появилось упоминание о «стремлении к счастью»

1249

Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1990), p. 198

1250

Bloch, Visionary Republic, pp. 81–88

1251

Timothy Dwight, A Valedictory Address to the Young Gentlemen Who Commenced Bachelors of Arts, July 27 1776 (New Haven, Conn., 1776), p. 14

1252

Lovejoy, Religious Enthusiasm in the New World, p. 226

1253

Ibid.

1254

Thomas Paine, Common Sense and the Crisis (New York, 1975), p. 59

1255

Bloch, Visionary Republic, p. 55

1256

Ibid., pp. 60–63

1257

Ibid., pp. 29, 31

1258

Edwin S. Gaustad, Faith of Our Fathers: Religion and the New Nation (San Francisco, 1987), p. 38

1259

Madison to William Bradford, 1 April 1774, in William T. Hutchinson and William M. E. Rachal, eds, The Papers of James Madison (Chicago, 1962), 1, pp. 212–13

1260

Madison, ‘Memorial and Remonstrance’ (1785), 7, in Gaustad, Faith of Our Fathers, p. 145

1261

Jefferson, Statute for Establishing Religious Freedom (1786), in ibid., p. 150

1262

Henry S. Stout, ‘Rhetoric and Reality in the Early Republic: The Case of the Federalist Clergy’, in Mark A. Noll, ed., Religion and American Politics: From the Colonial Period to the 1980s (Oxford and New York, 1990), pp. 65–66, 75

1263

Nathan O. Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1989), p. 22

1264

Ibid., pp. 25–29

1265

John F. Wilson, ‘Religion, Government and Power in the New American Nation’, in Noll, Religion and American Politics

1266

Gaustad, Faith of Our Fathers, p. 44

1267

Perry Miller, Roger Williams: His Contribution to the American Tradition, 2nd ed. (New York, 1962), p. 192

1268

Miller, ‘Puritan State’, p. 146

1269

Джефферсон – Уильяму Болдуину, 19 января 1810 г.; см.: Dickenson W. Adams, ed., Jefferson’s Extracts from the Gospels (Princeton, 1983), p. 345; Джефферсон – Чарльзу Клею, 29 января 1816 г., ibid., p. 364

1270

Hatch, Democratization of American Christianity, pp. 68–157

1271

Daniel Walker Howe, ‘Religion and Politics in the Antebellum North’, in Noll, Religion and American Politics, pp. 132–33; George Marsden, ‘Afterword’, ibid., pp. 382–83

1272

Mark A. Noll, ‘The Rise and Long Life of the Protestant Enlightenment in America’, in William M. Shea and Peter A. Huff, eds, Knowledge and Belief in America: Enlightenment Traditions and Modern Religious Thought (New York, 1995); ср. D. W. Bebbington, Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s (London, 1989), p. 74; Michael Gauvreau, ‘Between Awakening and Enlightenment’, in The Evangelical Century: College and Creed in English Canada from the Great Revival to the Great Depression (Kingston and Montreal, 1991), pp. 13–56

1273

Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. and trans. Harvey Claflin Mansfield and Delba Winthrop (Chicago, 2000), p. 43; курсив де Токвиля (Токвиль А. Демократия в Америке. – М.: Прогресс, 1992.)

1274

Henry F. May, The Enlightenment in America (New York, 1976); Mark A. Noll, America’s God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln (Oxford and New York, 2002), pp. 93–95

1275

Mark A. Noll, The Civil War as a Theological Crisis (Chapel Hill, 2006), pp. 24–25

1276

John M. Murrin, ‘A Roof without Walls: The Dilemma of American National Identity’, in Richard Beeman, Stephen Botein and Edward E. Carter II, eds, Beyond Confederation: Origins of the Constitution and American Identity (Chapel Hill, 1987), pp. 344–47

1277

Noll, Civil War, pp. 25–28

1278

Claude E. Welch, Jr., Political Modernization (Belmont, Calif. 1967), pp. 2–6

1279

John H. Kautsky, The Political Consequences of Modernization (New York, London, Sydney, Toronto, 1972), pp. 45–47

1280

T. C. W. Blanning, ‘Epilogue: The Old Order Transformed’, in Euan Cameron, ed., Early Modern Europe: An Oxford History (Oxford, 1999), pp. 345–60; Michael Burleigh, Earthly Powers: The Clash of Religion and Politics from the French Revolution to the Great War (New York, 1995), pp. 48–66

1281

M. G. Hutt, ‘The Role of the Curés in the Estates General of 1789’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 6 (1955).

1282

George Lefebvre, The Great Fear of 1789, trans. R. R. Farmer and Joan White (Princeton, NJ, 1973)

1283

Philip G. Dwyer, Talleyrand (London, 2002), p. 24

1284

Ibid., pp. 61–62

1285

Mark Noll, The Old Religion in a New World: The History of North American Christianity (Grand Rapids, Mich., 2002), pp. 82–83; Gertrude Himmelfarb, The Roads to Modernity (New York, 2004), pp. 18–19

1286

Burleigh, Earthly Powers, pp. 96–101; Claude Petitfrere, ‘The Origins of the Civil War in the Vendée’, French History, 2 (1998), pp. 99–100

1287

Инструкции Комитета общественной безопасности (1794 г.); см.: Burleigh, Earthly Powers, p. 100

1288

Reynald Secher, Le Génocide franco-français: La Vendée-vengé (Paris, 1986), pp. 158–59

1289

Jonathan North, ‘General Hocte and Counterinsurgency’, Journal of Military History, 67 (2003)

1290

Mircea Eliade, Patterns in Comparative Religion, trans. Rosemary Sheed (London, 1958), p. 11 (Элиаде М. Очерки сравнительного религиоведения. – М.: Ладомир, 1999.)

1291

Burleigh, Earthly Powers, pp. 79–80

1292

Ibid., p. 76

1293

Jules Michelet, Historical View of the French Revolution from its Earliest Indications to the Flight of the King in 1791, trans. C. Cooks (London, 1888), p. 393

1294

Burleigh, Earthly Powers, p. 81

1295

Boyd C. Schafer, Nationalism: Myth and Reality (New York, 1952), p. 142

1296

Ibid.

1297

Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution, ed. François Furet and Françoise Melonio (Chicago, 1998), 1, p. 101. [Пер. М. Федоровой. Цит. по: Токвиль А. Старый порядок и революция. – М.: Московский философский фонд, 1997. – Прим. пер.]

1298

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Politics and the Arts, Letter to M. D’Alembert on the Theatre, trans. Alan Bloom (Ithaca, NY, 1960), p. 126. [Ж.-Ж. Руссо. Избранные сочинения. Том 1. – М.: Художественная литература, 1961. – Прим. пер.]

1299

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract and Other Later Political Writings, ed. Victor Gourevitch (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 150–51

1300

Donald Greer, The Incidence of Terror in the French Revolution (Gloucester, Mass., 1935)

1301

John Keegan, A History of Warfare (London and New York, 1993), pp. 348–59; Robert L. O’Connell, Of Arms and Men: A History of Weapons and Aggression (New York and Oxford, 1989), pp. 174–88; William H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force and Society Since AD 1000 (Chicago, 1982), pp. 185–215

1302

Russell Weighley, The Age of Battles (Bloomington, Ind., 1991); O’Connell, Arms and Men, pp. 148–50

1303

John U. Neff, War and Human Progress: An Essay in the Rise of Industrial Civilisation (New York, 1950), pp. 204–05; Theodore Ropp, War in the Modern World (Durham, NC, 1959), pp. 25–26

1304

Keegan, History of Warfare, p. 344; O’Connell, Arms and Men, pp. 157–66; McNeill, Pursuit of Power, p. 172

1305

См. перевод Крейна Бринтона в: McNeill, Pursuit of Power, p. 192. [Цит. по: Хрестоматия по всеобщей истории государства и права. Учебное пособие. – М., 1994. – Прим. пер.]

1306

Keegan, History of Warfare, p. 350

1307

Ibid., pp. 351–52

1308

O’Connell, Arms and Men, p. 185

1309

George Annesley, The Rise of Modern Egypt: A Century and a Half of Egyptian History (Durham, UK, 1997), p. 7.

1310

Gaston Wait, ed. and trans., Nicholas Turc, Chronique D’Egypte: 1798–1804 (Cairo, 1950), p. 78

1311

Peter Jay, Road to Riches or The Wealth of Man (London, 2000), pp. 205–36; Gerhard E. Lenski, Power and Privilege: A Theory of Social Stratification (Chapel Hill and London, 1966), pp. 297–392; Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, 3 vols (Chicago and London, 1974), 3, pp. 195–201

1312

Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 3, p. 194

1313

John H. Kautsky, The Politics of Aristocratic Empires, 2nd ed. (New Brunswick and London, 1997), p. 349; даже фашистские правительства были коалициями.

1314

Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 3, pp. 199–201; G. W. F. Hegel, The Philosophy of Right, paragraphs 246, 248

1315

Kautsky, Political Consequences of Modernization, pp. 60–61

1316

Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 3, p. 208; Bassam Tibi, The Crisis of Political Islam: A Pre-Industrial Culture in the Scientific-Technological Age (Salt Lake City, Utah, 1988), pp. 1–25

1317

Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 33, pp. 210–12

1318

O’Connell, Arms and Men, p. 235; Percival Spear, India (Ann Arbour, Mich., 1961), p. 270

1319

Daniel Gold, ‘Organized Hinduisms: From Vedic Truth to Hindu Nation’, in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds, Fundamentalisms Observed (Chicago and London, 1991), pp. 534–37

1320

Wilfred Cantwell Smith, The Meaning and End of Religion: A New Approach to the Religious Traditions of Mankind (New York, 1964), pp. 61–62

1321

Patwant Singh, The Sikhs (New York, 1999), p. 28

1322

Guru Garth Sahib, 1136, in ibid., p. 18

1323

John Clark Archer, The Sikhs in Relation to Hindus, Christians and Ahmadiyas (Princeton, NJ, 1946), p. 170

1324

T. N. Madan, ‘Fundamentalism and the Sikh Religious Tradition’, in Marty and Appleby, eds, Fundamentalisms Observed, 602

1325

Kenneth W. Jones, ‘The Arya Samaj in British India, 1875–1947’, in Robert D. Baird, ed., Religion in Modern India (Delhi, 1981), pp. 50–52

1326

Madan, ‘Fundamentalism’, p. 605

1327

Ibid., pp. 603–6

1328

Harjot S. Oberoi, ‘From Ritual to Counter Ritual: Rethinking the Hindu – Sikh Question, 1884–1915’, in Joseph T. O’Connell, ed., Sikh History and Religion in the Twentieth Century (Toronto, 1988), pp. 136–40

1329

N. Gould Barrier, ‘Sikhs and Punjab Politics’, in O’Connell, Sikh History

1330

Madan, ‘Fundamentalism’, p. 617

1331

Mumtaz Ahmad, ‘Islamic Fundamentalism in South Asia: The Jama’at-i-Islami and the Tablighi Jamaat’, in Marty and Appleby, eds, Fundamentalisms Observed, p. 460

1332

O’Connell, Arms and Men, pp. 231–35

1333

Ibid., p. 191

1334

Ibid., p. 233

1335

G. W. Steevans, With Kitchener to Khartoum (London, 1898), p. 300.

1336

Speech of Sir John Ardagh, 22 June 1899, in The Proceedings of the Hague Peace Conference (London, 1920), pp. 286–87

1337

Elbridge Colby, ‘How to Fight Savage Tribes’, American Journal of International Law, 21, 2 (1927); выделено автором

1338

Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (New Perspectives on the Past) (Oxford, 1983).

1339

Anthony Giddens, The Nation-State and Violence (Berkeley, 1987), p. 89

1340

Ibid., pp. 85–89; William T. Cavanaugh, Migrations of the Holy: God, State, and the Political Meaning of the Church (Grand Rapids, Mich., 2011), pp. 18–19

1341

Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London and New York, 2003) (Андерсон Б. Воображаемые сообщества. – М.: Канон-Пресс-Ц, 2001.)

1342

Mark Levene, Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State. Vol. III: The Rise of the West and the Coming of Genocide (London and New York, 2005), pp. 26–27, 112–20; David Stannard, American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World (New York and Oxford, 1992), p. 120; Ward Churchill, A Little Matter of Genocide: Holocaust and Denial in the Americas, 1492 to the Present (San Francisco, 1997), p. 150; Anthony F. C. Wallace, Jefferson and the Indians: The Tragic Fate of the First Americans (Cambridge, Mass., 1999)

1343

Norman Cantor, The Sacred Chain: A History of the Jews (London, 1995), pp. 236–37

1344

John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, Liberty, and Representational Government (London, 1910), pp. 363–64 (Милль Дж. С. Утилитаризм. – Ростов-на-Дону: Донской издательский дом, 2013.)

1345

Цит. по: Antony Smith, Myths and Memories of the Nation (Oxford, 1999), p. 33

1346

Цит. по: Levene, Genocide, pp. 150–51; ср. C. A. Macartney, National States and National Minorities (London, 1934), p. 17

1347

Bruce Lincoln, Holy Terrors: Thinking about Religion after September 11, 2nd ed. (Chicago and London, 2006), pp. 62–63

1348

Johann Gottlieb Fichte, ‘What a People Is, and What Is Love of Fatherland’, in Fichte, Addresses to the German Nation, ed. and trans. Gregory Moore (Cambridge, 2008), p. 105 (Фихте И.-Г. Речи к немецкой нации. – Рязань: Канон+, 2008.)

1349

Zinn, People’s History, pp. 23–58; Basil Davidson, The African Slave Trade (Boston, 1961); Stanley Elkins, Slavery: A Problem of American Institutional and Intellectual Life (Chicago, 1959); Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (New York, 1975).

1350

Лев. 25:45–46; Быт. 9:25–27, 17:12; Втор. 20:10–11; 1 Кор. 7:21; Рим. 13:1, 7; Кол. 3:22, 4:1; 1 Тим. 6:1–2; Фил., passim

1351

Thornhill, ‘Our National Sins’, in Fast Day Sermons or The Pulpit on the State of the Country, ed. anonymous (Charleston, SC, 2009 ed.), p. 48

1352

Beecher, ‘Peace Be Still’, in ibid., p. 276

1353

Van Dyke, ‘The Character and Influence of Abolitionism’, in ibid., p. 137

1354

Lewis, ‘Patriarchal and Jewish Servitude: No Argument for American Slavery’, in ibid., p. 180

1355

Noll, Civil War, pp. 1–8

1356

Ibid., pp. 19–22; ‘The Rise and Long Life of the Protestant Enlightenment in America’, in William M. Shea and Peter A. Huff, Knowledge and Belief in America: Enlightenment Trends and Modern Thought (New York, 1995), pp. 84–124; May, Enlightenment in America, passim.

1357

James M. McPherson, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (New York, 1997), p. 63; ‘Afterword’, in Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout and Charles Reagan Wilson, eds, Religion and the American Civil War (New York, 1998), p. 412

1358

Noll, Civil War, pp. 52–79

1359

Beecher, ‘Abraham Lincoln’, in Patriotic Addresses (New York, 1887), p. 711

1360

Bushnell, ‘Our Obligations to the Dead’, in Building Eras in Religion (New York, 1881), pp. 328–29

1361

O’Connell, Arms and Men, pp. 189–96

1362

Grady McWhiney and Perry D. Jamieson, Attack and Die: The Civil War, Military Tactics, and Southern Heritage (Montgomery, Ala., 1982), pp. 4–7

1363

Bruce Cotton, Grant Takes Command (Boston, 1968), p. 262

1364

O’Connell, Arms and Men, pp. 198–99

1365

Noll, Civil War, pp. 90–92

1366

Alastair McGrath, The Twilight of Atheism: The Rise and Fall of Disbelief in the Modern World (London and New York), pp. 52–55, 60–66.

1367

James R. Moore, ‘Geologists and Interpreters of Genesis in the Nineteenth Century’, in David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers, eds, God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter between Christianity and Science (New York, 1986), pp. 341–43

1368

Noll, Civil War, pp. 159–62

1369

Richard Maxwell Brown, Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence and Vigilantism (New York, 1975), pp. 217–18

1370

O’Connell, Arms and Men, 202–10; McNeill, Pursuit of Power, pp. 242–55

1371

I. F. Clarke, Voices Prophesying War: Future Wars 1763–3749, rev. ed. (Oxford and New York, 1992), pp. 37–88

1372

Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews (London, 1987), p. 365

1373

Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust (Ithaca, NY, 1989), pp. 40–77

1374

Amos Elon, The Israelis: Founders and Sons, 2nd ed. (London, 1981), p. 112

1375

Ibid., p. 338

1376

Eric J. Leed, No Man’s Land: Combat and Identity in World War I (Cambridge, UK, 1979), pp. 39–72

1377

Stefan Zweig, The World of Yesterday: An Autobiography (New York, 1945), p. 224. [Пер. Г. Кагана. Цит. по: Цвейг С. Вчерашний мир. – М.: Вагриус, 2004. – Прим. пер.]

1378

Leed, No Man’s Land, p. 55

1379

Zweig, World of Yesterday, p. 24; ср. Leed, No Man’s Land, p. 47

1380

Цит. по: H. Hafkesbrink, Unknown Germany: An Inner Chronicle of the First World War Based on Letters and Diaries (New Haven, Conn., 1948), p. 37

1381

Rudolf Binding, Erlebtes Leben (Frankfurt, 1928), p. 237

1382

Carl Zuckmayer, Pro Domo (Stockholm, 1938), pp. 34–35

1383

Franz Schauwecker, The Fiery Way (London and Toronto, 1921), p. 29

1384

Цит. по: Carl Schorske, German Social Democracy, 1905–1917 (Cambridge, Mass., 1955), p. 390

1385

Leed, No Man’s Land, p. 29

1386

P. Witkop, ed. Kriegsbriefe gefallener Studenten (Munich, 1936), p. 100

1387

Lawrence, The Mint (New York, 1963), p. 32

1388

De Beauvoir, Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter (New York, 1974), p. 180 (де Бовуар С. Воспоминания благовоспитанной девицы. – М.: Согласие, 2004.)

1389

Emilio Lussu, Sardinian Brigade (New York, 1939), p. 167

1390

Подробнее см.: мою книгу: The Battle for God: A History of Fundamentalism (London and New York, 2000). (Армстронг К. Битва за Бога. История фундаментализма. – М.: Альпина нон-фикшн, 2013.)

1391

Кальвин, Комментарий на Быт. 1:6; см.: The Commentaries of John Calvin on the Old Testament, 30 vols, Calvin Translation Society, 1643–48, 1, p. 86. Подробнее о древних иудейских и христианских истолкованиях Библии, которые не придерживались буквалистского подхода, см.: мою книгу: The Bible: The Biography (London and New York, 2007) (Армстронг К. Библия. Биография книги. – М.: АСТ, 2008)

1392

Hodge, What Is Darwinism? (Princeton, NJ, 1874), p. 142

1393

2 Фес 2:3–12; Откр 16:15; Paul Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture (Cambridge, Mass., 1992), p. 192; George Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism, 1870–1925 (New York and Oxford, 1980), pp. 154–55

1394

Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, pp. 90–92; Robert C. Fuller, Naming the Antichrist: The History of an American Obsession (Oxford and New York, 1995), p. 119

1395

Marsden, Fundamentalism, pp. 184–89; R. Lawrence Moore, Religious Outsiders and the Making of Americans (Oxford and New York, 1986), pp. 160–63; Ronald L. Numbers, The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1992), pp. 41–44, 48–50; Ferenc Morton Szasz, The Divided Mind of Protestant America, 1880–1930 (University, Ala., 1982), pp. 117–35

1396

Marsden, Fundamentalism in America, pp. 187–88

1397

Aurobindo Ghose, Essays on the Gita (Pondicherry, 1972), p. 39

1398

Louis Fischer, ed., The Essential Gandhi (New York, 1962), p. 193

1399

Mahatma Gandhi, ‘My Mission’, Young India, 3 April 1924, in Judith M. Brown, ed., Mahatma Gandhi: Essential Writings (Oxford and New York, 2008), p. 5

1400

Mahatma Gandhi, ‘Farewell’, An Autobiography, in ibid., p. 65

1401

Kenneth W. Jones, ‘The Arya Samaj in British India, 1875–1947’, in Robert D. Baird, ed., Religion in Modern India (Delhi, 1981), pp. 44–45

1402

Radhey Shyam Pareek, Contribution of Arya Samaj in the Making of Modern India, 1875–1947 (New Delhi, 1973), pp. 325–26

1403

Daniel Gold, ‘Organized Hinduisms: From Vedic Truth to Hindu Nation’, in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds, Fundamentalisms Observed (Chicago and London, 1991), pp. 533–42

1404

Vinayak Damodar Savakar, Hindutva (Bombay, 1969), p. 1

1405

Gold, ‘Organized Hinduisms, ’ pp. 575–80

1406

M. S. Golwalkar, We or Our Nationhood Defined (Nagpur, 1939), pp. 47–48

1407

Ibid., p. 35

1408

Sudhir Kakar, The Colours of Violence: Cultural Identities, Religion, and Conflict (Chicago and London, 1996), p. 31

1409

Ibid., p. 38

1410

Gold, ‘Organized Hinduisms’, pp. 531–32; Sushil Srivastava, ‘The Ayodhya Controversy: A Third Dimension’, Probe India, January 1988

1411

Abul Ala Mawdudi, The Islamic Way of Life (Lahore, 1979), p. 37

1412

Charles T. Adams, ‘Mawdudi and the Islamic State’, in John Esposito, Voices of Resurgent Islam (New York and Oxford, 1983); Youssef M. Choueiri, Islamic Fundamentalism (London, 1970), pp. 94–139

1413

Mumtaz Ahmad, ‘Islamic Fundamentalisms in South Asia, ’ in Marty and Appleby, Fundamentalisms Observed, pp. 487–500

1414

Abul Ala Mawdudi, Tafhim-al-Qur’an, in Mustansire Mir, ‘Some Features of Mawdudi’s Tafhim al-Quran’, American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 2, 2 (1985), p. 242

1415

Introducing the Jamaat-e Islami Hind, in Ahmad ‘Islamic Fundamentalism in South Asia, ’ pp. 505–06.

1416

Ibid., pp. 500–01

1417

Khurshid Ahmad and Zafar Ushaq Ansari, Islamic Perspectives (Leicester, 1979), pp. 378–81

1418

Abul Ala Maududi, ‘Islamic Government’, reprinted in Asia 20 (September 1981), p. 9.

1419

Rafiuddin Ahmed, ‘Redefining Muslim Identity in South Asia: The Transformation of the Jama’at-i-Islami’, in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds, Accounting for Fundamentalisms: The Dynamic Character of Movements (Chicago and London, 1994), p. 683

1420

Ахмадиты считались еретиками, поскольку Ахмад (ум. 1908 г.), их основатель, объявил себя пророком.

1421

Ahmad, ‘Islamic Fundamentalism in South Asia, ’ pp. 587–8

1422

Abul Ala Maududi, ‘How to Establish Islamic Order in the Country? ’, The Universal Message, May 1983, pp. 9–10.

1423

Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, 3 vols (Chicago and London, 1974), 3, 218–19

1424

George Annesley, The Rise of Modern Egypt: A Century and a Half of Egyptian History, p. 62

1425

Ibid., pp. 51–56

1426

Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 3, p. 71

1427

Nikkie R. Keddie, Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1981), pp. 72–73, 82

1428

John Kautsky, The Political Consequences of Modernisation (New York, London, Sydney and Toronto, 1972), pp. 146–47

1429

Bruce Lincoln, Holy Terrors: Thinking about Religion after September 11, 2nd ed. (Chicago and London, 2006), pp. 63–65

1430

Daniel Crecelius, ‘Non-Ideological Responses of the Ulema to Modernization’, in Nikki R. Keddie, ed, Scholars, Saints and Sufis: Muslim Religious Institutions in the Middle East since 1500 (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1972), pp. 181–82

1431

Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, trans. Anthony F. Roberts, 4th ed. (London, 2009), p. 53

1432

Alastair Crooke, Resistance: The Essence of the Islamist Revolution (London, 2009), pp. 54–58

1433

Bobby Sayyid, A Fundamental Fear: Eurocentrism and the Emergence of Islamism (London, 1997), p. 57

1434

Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 3, p. 262

1435

Donald Bloxham, The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians (Oxford, 2007), p. 59

1436

Цит. по: Joanna Bourke, ‘Barbarisation vs. Civilisation in Time of War’, in George Kassimeris, ed., The Barbarisation of Warfare (London, 2006), p. 29

1437

Moojan Momen, An Introduction to Shii Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiism (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1985), p. 251; Keddie, Roots of Revolution, pp. 93–94

1438

Azar Tabari, ‘The Role of Shii Clergy in Modern Iranian Politics’, in Nikki R. Keddie, ed., Religion and Politics in Iran: Shiism from Quietism to Revolution (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1983), p. 63

1439

Shahrough Akhavi, Religion and Politics in Contemporary Islam: Clergy – State Relations in the Pahlavi Period (Albany, NY, 1980), pp. 58–59

1440

Majid Fakhry, A History of Islamic Philosophy (New York and London, 1970), pp. 376–81; Bassam Tibi, Arab Nationalism: A Critical Inquiry, trans. Marion Farouk Slugett and Peter Slugett, 2nd ed. (London, 1990), pp. 90–93; Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, pp. 130–61; Hodgson, Venture of Islam, 3, pp. 274–76

1441

Evelyn Baring, Lord Cromer, Modern Egypt, 2 vols (New York, 1908), 2, p. 184

1442

Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, pp. 224, 230, 240–43

1443

John Esposito, ‘Islam and Muslim Politics’, in Esposito, ed., Voices of Resurgent Islam, p. 10; Richard P. Mitchell, The Society of Muslim Brothers (New York and Oxford, 1969), passim

1444

Mitchell, Society of Muslim Brothers, p. 8; даже если эта история и эта речь апокрифичны, они отражают дух раннего братства

1445

Ibid., 9–13, 328

1446

Anwar Sadat, Revolt on the Nile (New York, 1957), pp. 142–43

1447

Mitchell, Society of Muslim Brothers, pp. 205–06

1448

Ibid., p. 302

1449

John O. Voll, ‘Fundamentalisms in the Sunni Arab World: Egypt and the Sudan’, in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds, Fundamentalisms Observed (Chicago and London, 1991), pp. 369–74; Yvonne Haddad, ‘Sayyid Qutb’, in Esposito, ed., Voices of Resurgent Islam; Choueiri, Islamic Fundamentalism, pp. 96–151

1450

Qutb, Fi Zilal al-Quran, 2, 924–25

1451

Harold Fisch, The Zionist Revolution: A New Perspective (Tel Aviv and London, 1968), pp. 77, 87 (Фиш Г. Еврейская революция. – М.: Амана, 1993.)

1452

Theodor Herzl, The Complete Diaries of Theodor Herzl, ed. R. Patai, 2 vols (London and New York, 1960), 2, pp. 793–94

1453

Mircea Eliade, The Sacred and the Profane, trans. Willard J. Trask (New York, 1959), p. 21 (Элиаде М. Священное и мирское. – М.: МГУ.)

1454

Meir Ben Dov, The Western Wall (Jerusalem, 1983), p. 146

1455

Ibid., p. 148

1456

Ibid., p. 146

1457

Meron Benvenisti, Jerusalem: The Torn City (Jerusalem, 1975), p. 84

1458

Ibid., p. 119

1459

Пс. 71:4

1460

Michael Rosenak, ‘Jewish Fundamentalism in Israeli Education’, in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds, Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family, and Education (Chicago and London, 1993), p. 392

1461

Gideon Aran, ‘The Father, the Son and the Holy Land’, in R. Scott Appleby, ed., Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders in the Middle East (Chicago, 1997), p. 310

1462

Ibid.

1463

Ibid., p. 311

1464

Ibid., p. 310

1465

Интервью газете «Маарив» (14 нисана 5723 / 1963 г.). см.: Aviezer Ravitsky, Messianism, Zionism, and Jewish Religious Radicalism, trans. Michael Swirsky and Jonathan Chipman (Chicago and London, 1993), p. 85.

1466

Ian S. Lustick, For the Land and the Lord: Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel (New York, 1988), p. 85; Aran, ‘Father, Son and the Holy Land, ’ p. 310

1467

Samuel C. Heilman, ‘Guides of the Faithful: Contemporary Religious Zionist Rabbis’, in Appleby, ed., Spokesmen for the Despised, p. 357

1468

Ehud Sprinzak, ‘Three Models of Religious Violence: The Case of Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel’, in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds. Fundamentalism and the State: Remaking Politics, Economics and Militance (Chicago and London, 1993), p. 472

1469

Gideon Aran, ‘Jewish Zionist Fundamentalism’, in Marty and Appleby, eds., Fundamentalisms Observed, p. 290.

1470

Gideon Aran, ‘Jewish Religious Zionist Fundamentalism’, in ibid., p. 280

1471

Ibid., p. 308

1472

Keddie, Roots of Revolution, pp. 160–80

1473

Mehrzad Borujerdi, Iranian Intellectuals and the West: The Tormented Triumph of Nativism (Syracuse, NY, 1996), p. 26; Choueiri, Islamic Fundamentalism, p. 156

1474

Michael J. Fischer, ‘Imam Khomeini: Four Levels of Understanding’, in Esposito, ed., Voices of Resurgent Islam, p. 157

1475

Keddie, Roots of Revolution, pp. 154–56

1476

Ibid., pp. 158–59; Momen, Introduction to Shii Islam, p. 254; Hamid Algar, ‘The Oppositional Role of the Ulema in Twentieth-Century Iran’, in Nikki R. Keddie, ed., Scholars, Saints and Sufis: Muslim Religious Institutions in the Middle East since 1500 (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1972), p. 248

1477

Willem M. Floor, ‘The Revolutionary Character of the Ulama: Wishful Thinking or Reality’, in Keddie, ed. Religion and Politics in Iran, Appendix, p. 97

1478

Хамид Алгар. «Смешение мистического и политического в личности и судьбе имама Хомейни»: лекция, прочитанная в Школе востоковедения и африканистики Лондонского университета (Лондон, 9 июня 1998 г.).

1479

John XXIII, Mater et Magistra, ‘Christianity and Social Progress’, in Claudia Carlen, ed., The Papal Encyclicals, 1740–1981, 5 vols (Falls Church, Va., 1981), 5, pp. 63–64

1480

Camilo Torres, ‘Latin America: Lands of Violence’, in J. Gerassi, ed., Revolutionary Priest: The Complete Writings and Messages of Camilo Torres (New York, 1971), pp. 422–23

1481

Thia Cooper, ‘Liberation Theology and the Spiral of Violence’, in Andrew R. Murphy, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence (Chichester, UK, 2011), pp. 543–55

1482

Andrew Preston, Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith: Religion in American War and Diplomacy (New York, 2012), pp. 502–2

1483

Ibid., p. 510

1484

Martin Luther King, Jr., Strength to Love (Philadelphia, 1963), p. 50

1485

Keddie, Roots of Revolution, pp. 282–83; Borujerdi, Iranian Intellectuals, pp. 29–42

1486

Akhavi, Religion and Politics in Contemporary Iran, pp. 129–31

1487

Algar, ‘Oppositional Role of the Ulema’, p. 251

1488

Keddie, Roots of Revolution, pp. 215–59; Sharough Akhavi, ‘Shariati’s Social Thought’, in Keddie, Religion and Politics in Iran; Abdulaziz Sachedina, ‘Ali Shariati: Ideologue of the Islamic Revolution, ’ in Esposito, ed., Voices of Resurgent Islam; Michael J. Fischer, Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1980), pp. 154–67; Borujerdi, Iranian Intellectuals, pp. 106–15

1489

Sayeed Ruhollah Khomeini, Islam and Revolution, trans. and ed. Hamid Algar (Berkeley, 1981), p. 28

1490

Keddie, Roots of Revolution, p. 242; Fischer, Iran, p. 193

1491

Gary Sick, All Fall Down: America’s Fateful Encounter with Iran (London, 1985), p. 30

1492

Keddie, Roots of Revolution, p. 243

1493

Fischer, Iran, p. 195

1494

Momen, Introduction to Shii Islam, p. 288

1495

Fischer, Iran, p. 184

1496

Momen, Introduction to Shii Islam, p. 288

1497

Fischer, Iran, pp. 198–99

1498

Ibid., p. 199; Sick, All Fall Down, p. 51; Keddie, Roots of Revolution, p. 250. По правительственным сводкам, погибло лишь 120 демонстрантов, а 2000 получили ранения. Другие источники называют цифру от 500 до 1000 погибших.

1499

Fischer, Iran, p. 204

1500

Ibid., p. 205; Keddie (Roots of Revolution, pp. 252–53), однако, считает, что участвовало около миллиона человек.

1501

Amir Taheri, The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution (London, 1985), p. 227

1502

Baqir Moin, Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah (London, 1999), pp. 227–28

1503

Daniel Brumberg, ‘Khomeini’s Legacy: Islamic Rule and Islamic Social Justice’, in R. Scott Appleby, ed., Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders of the Middle East (Chicago, 1997)

1504

Joos R. Hiltermann, A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq and the Gassing of Halabja (Cambridge, 2007), pp. 22–36

1505

Homa Katouzian, ‘Shiism and Islamic Economics: Sadr and Bani Sadr’, in Keddie, ed., Religion and Politics in Iran, pp. 161–62.

1506

Michael J. Fischer, ‘Imam Khomeini: Four Levels of Understanding’, in Esposito, ed., Voices of Resurgent Islam, p. 171

1507

Sick, All Fall Down, p. 165

1508

Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (New York, 1963), p. 18 (Арендт Х. О революции. – М.: Европа, 2011.)

1509

Kautsky, Political Consequences of Modernisation, pp. 60–127.

1510

William Beeman, ‘Images of the Great Satan: Representations of the United States in the Iranian Revolution’, in Keddie, ed., Religion and Politics in Iran, p. 215

1511

Rebecca Moore, ‘Narratives of Persecution, Suffering and Martyrdom: Violence in the People’s Temple and Jonestown’, in James R. Lewis, ed., Violence and New Religious Movements (Oxford, 2011); Moore, ‘America as Cherry-Pie: The People’s Temple and Violence’, in Catherine Wessinger, ed., Millennialism, Persecution and Violence: Historical Circumstances (Syracuse, NY, 1986); Wessinger, How the Millennium Comes Violently: Jonestown to Heaven’s Gate (New York, 2000); Mary Maaga, Hearing the Voices of Jonestown (Syracuse, NY, 1998)

1512

Moore, ‘Narratives of Persecution’, p. 102

1513

Ibid., p. 103

1514

Huey Newton, Revolutionary Suicide (New York, 1973) (Ньютон Х. Революционное самоубийство. – Екатеринбург: Ультракультура, 2003.)

1515

Moore, ‘Narratives of Persecution’, p. 106

1516

Ibid., p. 108

1517

Ibid., p. 110

1518

George Steiner, In Bluebeard’s Castle: Some Notes toward the Re-definition of Culture (New Haven, Conn., 1971), p. 3

1519

Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and the Holocaust (Ithaca, NY, 1989), pp. 77–92

1520

Joanna Bourke, ‘Barbarisation vs. Civilisation in Time of War’, in George Kassimeris, ed., The Barbarisation of Warfare (London, 2006), p. 26

1521

Amir Taheri, The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution (London, 1985), p. 85

1522

Michael Barkun, Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement (Chapel Hill, 1994)

1523

Ibid., pp. 107, 109; возможно, всего лишь 50 тысяч членов.

1524

Ibid., p. 213

1525

William T. Cavanaugh, The Myth of Religious Violence (Oxford, 2009), pp. 34–35

1526

C. Gearty, ‘Introduction’, in Gearty, ed., Terrorism (Aldershot, 1996), p. xi

1527

C. Gearty, ‘What is Terror? ’ in Gearty, Terrorism, p. 495; A. Guelke, The Age of Terrorism and the International Political System (London, 2008), p. 7

1528

Richard English, Terrorism: How to Respond (Oxford, 2009), pp. 19–20

1529

A. H. Kydd and B. F. Walter, ‘The Stratagems of Terrorism’, International Security, 31, 1 (Summer, 2006)

1530

P. Wilkinson, Terrorism versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response (London, 2001), pp. 19, 41; Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (Berkeley, 2001), p. 5; J. Horgan, The Psychology of Terrorism (London, 2005), p. 12; English, Terrorism, p. 6

1531

Hugo Slim, ‘Why Protect Civilians? Innocence, Immunity and Enmity in War’, International Affairs, 79, 3 (2003)

1532

Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (London, 1998), p. 14 (Хоффман Б. Терроризм – взгляд изнутри. – Екатеринбург: Ультракультура, 2003.); C. C. Harmon, Terrorism Today (London, 2008), p. 7; D. J. Whittaker, ed., The Terrorist Reader (London, 2001), p. 9.

1533

Harmon, Terrorism Today, p. 160

1534

Martha Crenshaw, ‘Reflections on the Effects of Terrorism’, in M. Crenshaw, ed., Terrorism, Legitimacy, and Power: The Consequences of Political Violence (Middletown, Conn., 1983), p. 25

1535

Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion (London, 2007), p. 132 (Докинз Р. Бог как иллюзия. – М.: КоЛибри, 2015.)

1536

Cavanaugh, Myth of Religious Violence, pp. 24–54

1537

Muhammad Heikal, Autumn of Fury: The Assassination of Sadat (London, 1984), pp. 94–96.

1538

Gilles Kepel, The Prophet and Pharaoh: Muslim Extremism in Egypt, trans. Jon Rothschild (London, 1985), p. 85

1539

Fedwa El Guindy, ‘The Killing of Sadat and After: A Current Assessment of Egypt’s Islamic Movement’, Middle East Insight 2 (January – February 1982).

1540

Kepel, Prophet and Pharaoh, pp. 70–102

1541

Ibid., pp. 152–59

1542

Ibid., pp. 158–59

1543

Patrick D. Gaffney, The Prophet’s Pulpit: Islamic Preaching in Contemporary Egypt (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1994), pp. 97–101

1544

Heikal, Autumn of Fury, pp. 118–19

1545

Ibid., pp. 141–42

1546

Johannes J. G. Jansen, The Neglected Duty: The Creed of Sadat’s Assassins and Islamic Resurgence in the Middle East (New York and London, 1988), pp. 49–88

1547

Ibid., p. 169

1548

Ibid., p. 166

1549

Wilfred Cantwell Smith, Islam in Modern History (Princeton and London, 1957), p. 241

1550

Ibid., pp. 90, 198

1551

Ibid., pp. 90, 198, 201–02

1552

English, Terrorism, p. 51

1553

Abdulaziz A. Sachedina, ‘Activist Shi’ism in Iran, Iraq and Lebanon’, in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds, Fundamentalisms Observed (Chicago and London, 1991), p. 456

1554

Alastair Crooke, Resistance: The Essence of the Islamist Revolution (London, 2009), p. 173

1555

Martin Kramer, ‘Hizbollah: The Calculus of Jihad’, in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds, Fundamentalisms and the State (Chicago and London, 1993), pp. 540–41

1556

Sheikh Muhammad Fadl Allah, Al-Islam wa Muntiq al Quwwa (Beirut, 1976); trans. Crooke, Resistance, p. 173

1557

Kramer, ‘Hizbollah’, p. 542

1558

Sachedina, ‘Activist Shi’ism’, p. 448

1559

Интервью с Фадл-аллахом газете «Кайхан» (14 ноября 1985 г.); см.: Kramer, ‘Hizbollah’, p. 551

1560

Выступление Фадл-аллаха в газете «Аль-Нахар» (14 мая 1985 г.); см.: Kramer, ‘Hizbollah’, p. 550

1561

Kramer, ‘Hizbollah’, pp. 548–49; Ariel Meroni, ‘The Readiness to Kill or Die: Suicide Terrorism in the Middle East’, in Walter Reich, ed., The Origins of Terrorism (Cambridge, UK, 1990), pp. 204–05

1562

Crooke, Resistance, pp. 175–76

1563

Интервью Фадл-аллаха газете «Аль-Шира» (18 марта 1985 г.); Kramer, ‘Hizbollah’, pp. 552–53

1564

Интервью Фадл-аллаха римской газете «Республика» (28 августа 1989 г.); Kramer, ‘Hizbollah’, p. 552

1565

Crooke, Resistance, pp. 175–82

1566

Ibid., p. 182

1567

Ibid., pp. 183–87

1568

Robert Pape, Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism (New York, 2005), pp. xiii, 22

1569

Ehud Sprinzak, The Ascendance of Israel’s Far Right (Oxford and New York, 1991), p. 97; в итоге ранено было лишь двое мэров

1570

Ibid., pp. 94–95

1571

Ibid., p. 96; Aviezar Ravitsky, Messianism, Zionism and Jewish Religious Radicalism, trans. Michael Swirsky and Jonathan Chipman (Chicago and London, 1993), pp. 133–34

1572

Ibid., pp. 97–98.

1573

Gideon Aran, ‘Jewish Zionist Fundamentalism’, in Marty and Appleby, Fundamentalisms Observed, pp. 267–68

1574

Мехильта на Исход 20:13; М. Пирке Авот 6:6; ВТ Хорайот 13а; ВТ Санхедрин 4:5; см.: C. G. Montefiore and H. Loewe, eds, A Rabbinic Anthology (New York, 1974)

1575

Sprinzak, Ascendance of Israel’s Far Right, p. 121

1576

Ibid., p. 22

1577

Amartya Sen, Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny (London and New York, 2006)

1578

Raphael Mergui and Philippe Simonnot, Israel’s Ayatollahs: Meir Kahane and the Far Right in Israel (London, 1987), p. 45

1579

Ibid.

1580

Tom Segev, The Seventh Million: The Israelis and the Holocaust, trans. Haim Watzman (New York, 1991), pp. 515–17

1581

Sprinzak, Ascendance of Israel’s Far Right, p. 221

1582

Ehud Sprinzak, ‘Three Models of Religious Violence: The Case of Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel’, in Marty and Appleby, Fundamentalisms and the State, p. 479

1583

Ibid., p. 480

1584

Ellen Posman, ‘History, Humiliation, and Religious Violence’, in Andrew R. Murphy, ed., The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence (Chichester, UK, 2011), pp. 336–37, 339

1585

Sudhir Kakar, The Colours of Violence: Cultural Identities, Religion and Conflict (Chicago and London, 1996), p. 15

1586

Daniel Gold, ‘Organized Hinduisms: From Vedic Truth to Hindu Nation’, in Marty and Appleby, eds, Fundamentalisms Observed, pp. 532, 572–73

1587

Kakar, Colours of Violence, pp. 48–51

1588

Paul R. Brass, Communal Riots in Post-Independence India (Seattle, 2003), pp. 66–67

1589

Kakar, Colours of Violence, pp. 154–57

1590

Ibid., p. 157

1591

Ibid., p. 158

1592

David Cook, Understanding Jihad (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2005), p. 114

1593

Beverley Milton-Edwards, Islamic Politics in Palestine (London and New York, 1996), pp. 73–116

1594

Ibid., p. 118

1595

Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 114

1596

Heilman, ‘Guides of the Faithful: Contemporary Religious Zionist Rabbis’, in R. Scott Appleby, ed., Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders in the Middle East (Chicago, 1997), pp. 352–53

1597

Ibid., p. 354

1598

G. Robinson, Building a Palestinian State: The Incomplete Revolution (Bloomington, Ind., 1997); Jeroen Gunning, ‘Rethinking Religion and Violence in the Middle East’, in Murphy, ed., Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence, p. 519.

1599

Gunning, ‘Rethinking Religion and Violence’, pp. 518–19

1600

Milton-Edwards, Islamic Politics, p. 148

1601

Anne Marie Oliver and Paul F. Steinberg, The Road to Martyrs’ Square: A Journey to the World of the Suicide Bomber (Oxford, 2005), p. 71

1602

Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 116

1603

The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement, Article 1 (Jerusalem, 1988); John L. Esposito, Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam (Oxford, 2002), p. 96

1604

Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 116

1605

Covenant, Article 1; Esposito, Unholy War, p. 96

1606

Talal Asad, On Suicide Bombing: The Wellek Lectures (New York, 2007), pp. 46–47

1607

См. Абдул Азиз Реутизи в: Anthony Shehad, Legacy of the Prophet: Despots, Democrats and the New Politics of Islam (Boulder, Colo., 2001), p. 124

1608

Esposito, Unholy War, pp. 97–98

1609

Bernard Lewis, The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror (New York, 2003); Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism (New York, 2006)

1610

Gunning, ‘Rethinking Religion and Violence’, p. 516

1611

Asad, Suicide Bombing, p. 50

1612

Pape, Dying to Win, p. 130; эти цифры несколько отличаются от тех, что цитировались раннее по другому исследованию. Однако вывод в обоих случаях совпадает.

1613

Robert Pape, ‘Dying to Kill Us’, New York Times, 22 September 2003

1614

См. неопубликованный доклад: May Jayyusi, ‘Subjectivity and Public Witness: An Analysis of Islamic Militance in Palestine’ (2004). Цит. по: Asad, Suicide Bombing

1615

Gunning, ‘Rethinking Religion and Violence’, pp. 518–19

1616

Oliver and Steinberg, Road to Martyrs’ Square, p. 120

1617

Ibid., pp. 101–02; Gunning, ‘Rethinking Religion and Violence’, pp. 518–19

1618

Oliver and Steinberg, Road to Martyrs’ Square, p. 31

1619

Roxanne Euben, ‘Killing (for) Politics: Jihad, Martyrdom, Political Action’, Political Theory, 30, 1 (2002)

1620

Ibid., p. 49

1621

Суд. 16:23–31

1622

John Milton, Samson Agonistes (1671), строки 1710–11. [Здесь и далее цит. по пер. Ю. Корнеева: Мильтон Дж. Потерянный рай. Стихотворения. Самсон-борец. – М.: Художественная литература, 1976. – Прим. пер.]

1623

Ibid., строки 1721–24

1624

Ibid., строки 1752–55

1625

Asad, Suicide Bombing, pp. 74–75

1626

Ibid., p. 63

1627

Bourke, ‘Barbarisation vs. Civilisation’, p. 21

1628

Jacqueline Rose, ‘Deadly Embrace’, London Review of Books, 26, 21 (4 November 2004)

1629

Jason Burke, Al-Qaeda (London, 2003), pp. 72–75; Thomas Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism since 1979 (Cambridge, UK, 2010), pp. 7–8, 40–42; Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, trans. Anthony F. Roberts, 4th ed. (London, 2009), pp. 144–47; Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda’s Road to 9 / 11 (New York, 2006), pp. 95–101; David Cook, Understanding Jihad (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 2005), pp. 128–31

1630

Абдулла Аззам, «Последняя воля Абдуллы Юсуфа Аззама; кто беден пред Господом»; продиктовано 20 апреля 1986 г. См. перевод в: Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 130

1631

Burke, Al-Qaeda, p. 75

1632

Andrew Preston, Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith: Religion in American War and Diplomacy (New York and Toronto, 2012), p. 585

1633

Kepel, Jihad, pp. 137–40, 147–49; Burke, Al-Qaeda, pp. 58–62; Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia, pp. 58–60.

1634

Abdullah Azzam, ‘Martyrs: The Building Blocks of Nations’; trans. Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 129

1635

Ibid.

1636

Ibid.

1637

Абдулла Аззам, «Последняя воля Абдуллы Юсуфа Аззама». см.: перевод в: Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 130

1638

Abdullah Yusuf Azzam, Join the Caravan (Birmingham, UK, n. d.)

1639

Wright, Looming Tower, p. 96

1640

Ibid., p. 130

1641

Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia, pp. 8–37, 229–33

1642

Natana J. DeLong-Bas, Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad (Cairo, 2005), pp. 35, 194–96, 203–11, 221–24

1643

Hamid Algar, Wahhabism: A Critical Essay (Oneonta, NY, 2002)

1644

DeLong-Bas, Wahhabi Islam, pp. 247–56; Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 74

1645

Kepel, Jihad, pp. 57–59, 69–86; Burke, Al-Qaeda, pp. 56–60; John Esposito, Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam (Oxford, 2002), pp. 106–10

1646

Kepel, Jihad, p. 71

1647

Ibid., p. 70

1648

Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia, pp. 19–24

1649

Ibid., pp. 60–64

1650

Al-Quds al-Arabi, 202 (March 2005); Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia, p. 61

1651

Al-Quds al-Arabi

1652

Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia, p. 61

1653

Ibid., pp. 61–62

1654

Ibid. p. 64

1655

Nasir al-Basri, Al-Quds al-Arabi, in ibid.

1656

Michael A. Sells, The Bridge Betrayed: Religion and Genocide in Bosnia (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1996), p. 154

1657

Ibid., p. 9

1658

Ibid., pp. 29–52

1659

Ibid., pp. 1–3

1660

Ibid., p. 72–79, 117

1661

Chris Hedges, War is a Force That Gives Us Meaning (New York, 2003), p. 9

1662

New York Times, 18 October 1995; Sells, Bridge Betrayed, p. 10

1663

S. Burg, ‘The International Community and the Yugoslav Crisis’, in Milton Eshman and Shibley Telham, eds., International Organizations and Ethnic Conflict (Ithaca, NY, 1994); David Rieff, Slaughterhouse: Bosnia and the Failure of the West (New York, 1993)

1664

Thomas L. Friedman, ‘Allies’, New York Times, 7 June 1995

1665

Cook, Understanding Jihad, pp. 119–21

1666

Mahmoun Fandy, Saudi Arabia and the Politics of Dissent (New York, 1999), p. 183

1667

Kepel, Jihad, pp. 223–26

1668

Cook, Understanding Jihad, pp. 135–36; Marc Sageman, Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century (Philadelphia, 2008), pp. 44–46; Burke, Al-Qaeda, pp. 118–35

1669

Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia, pp. 229

1670

Burke, Al-Qaeda, pp. 7–8

1671

Esposito, Unholy War, p. 14

1672

Ibid., pp. 6, 8

1673

Kepel, Jihad, pp. 13–14

1674

Burke, Al-Qaeda, pp. 161–64; DeLong-Bas, Wahhabi Islam, pp. 276–77

1675

Esposito, Unholy War, pp. 21–22; Burke, Al-Qaeda, pp. 175–76

1676

Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia, pp. 102–03

1677

Osama bin Laden, ‘Hunting the Enemy’; Esposito, Unholy War, p. 24

1678

Burke, Al-Qaeda, p. 163

1679

Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia, pp. 133–41

1680

Ibid., p. 133

1681

Ibid., p. 134.

1682

Matthew Purdy and Lowell Bergman, ‘Where the Trail Led: Between Evidence and Suspicion; Unclear Danger: Inside the Lackawanna Terror Case’, New York Times, 12 October 2003

1683

Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 150; Sageman, Leaderless Jihad, p. 81

1684

Cook, Understanding Jihad, pp. 136–41

1685

Abu Daud, Sunan (Beirut, 1988), 3, p. 108, no. 4297; trans. Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 137

1686

Коран 2:249; Burke, Al-Qaeda, pp. 24–25

1687

Коран 2:194; Communiqué from Qaidat al-Jihad, 24 April 2002; Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 178

1688

Sageman, Leaderless Jihad, pp. 81–82

1689

Marc Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks (Philadelphia, 2004), pp. 103–08

1690

Sageman, Leaderless Jihad, pp. 59–60

1691

Ibid., p. 28

1692

Ibid., p. 57

1693

Timothy McDermott, Perfect Soldiers. The 9 / 11 Hijackers: Who They Were, Why They Did It (New York, 2005), p. 65

1694

Fraser Egerton, Jihad in the West: The Rise of Militant Salafism (Cambridge, UK, 2011), pp. 155–56

1695

Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks, p. 105

1696

Antony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Cambridge, UK, 1991), p. 53

1697

Osama bin Laden, ‘Hunting the Enemy’, in Esposito, Unholy War, p. 23

1698

Andrew Sullivan, ‘This Is a Religious War’, New York Times Magazine, 7 October 2001

1699

William T. Cavanaugh, The Myth of Religious Violence (Oxford, 2009), p. 204

1700

Emanuel Sivan, Arab Historiography of the Crusades (Tel Aviv, 1973)

1701

Hegghammer, Jihad in Saudi Arabia, pp. 104–05

1702

См. перевод текста в: Bruce Lincoln, Holy Terrors: Thinking about Religion after September 11, 2nd ed. (Chicago, 2006), Appendix A, ‘Final Instructions to the Hijackers of September, 11, Found in the Luggage of Muhammad Atta and Two Other Copies’. Найдены были еще две копии: в машине одного из террористов, в которой тот ехал, прежде чем воспользоваться рейсом 77 American Airlines на Вашингтон, и в Пенсильвании на месте падения самолета, следовавшего рейсом 93 United Airlines.

1703

См., напр., пункты 10, 24 и 30 «последних инструкций» в: Lincoln, Holy Terrors, p. 98, 100–101

1704

Ibid., пункт 1; Lincoln, Holy Terrors, p. 97

1705

См… Cook, Understanding Jihad, Appendix 6, p. 196; Lincoln, p. 97

1706

См. пункт 14 в: Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 197; Lincoln, Holy Terrors, p. 98

1707

См. пункт 16 в: Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 197

1708

Ibid., Lincoln, Holy Terrors, p. 200

1709

Ibid.

1710

Ibid., p. 201

1711

Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 234, прим. 37

1712

Коран 3:173–174

1713

Cook, Understanding Jihad, Appendix 6, p. 198

1714

Ibid., p. 201

1715

Louis Atiyat Allah, ‘Moments Before the Crash, By the Lord of the 19’ (22 January 2003), ibid., Appendix 7, p. 203

1716

Ibid., p. 207

1717

Ibid.

1718

Ibid.

1719

Osama bin Laden, videotaped address, 7 October 2001, Appendix C in Lincoln, Holy Terrors, p. 106, para. 1

1720

Hamid Mir, ‘Osama claims he has nukes. If US uses N. Arms it will get the same response’, Dawn: The Internet Edition, 10 November 2001

1721

Ibid., paras 3, 6, 8, 9, 11, in Lincoln, Holy Terrors, pp. 106–07

1722

‘George W. Bush, Address to the Nation, October 7th, 2001’, Appendix B, in ibid.

1723

Remarks by the President at the Islamic Centre of Washington DC, 17 September 2001, http:/usinfo.state.gov/islam/50917016.htm

1724

‘George W. Bush, Address to the Nation’, p. 104

1725

Paul Rogers, ‘The Global War on Terror and its Impact on the Conduct of War’, in George Kassimeris, The Barbarisation of Warfare (London, 2006), p. 188

1726

Cook, Understanding Jihad, p. 157. Кук комментирует: «К сожалению, в свете того, что мы узнали о тюрьме Абу-Грейб весной 2004 г., этот рассказ не столь неправдоподобен, как может показаться»

1727

Anthony Dworkin, ‘The Laws of War in the Age of Asymmetric Conflict’, in Kassimeris, Barbarisation of Warfare, pp. 220, 233

1728

Joanna Bourke, ‘Barbarisation vs. Civilisation in Time of War’, in ibid., p. 37

1729

Dworkin, ‘Laws of War’, p. 220

1730

Rogers, ‘Global War on Terror’, p. 192

1731

The Guardian, Datablog, 12 April 2013. ООН начала сообщать статистику потерь среди гражданского населения с 2007 г.

1732

Sageman, Leaderless Jihad, pp. 136–37

1733

White House press release, ‘President Discusses the Future of Iraq’, 26 February 2003

1734

White House press release, ‘President Bush Saluting Veterans at White House Ceremony’, 11 November 2002

1735

Timothy H. Parsons, The Rule of Empires: Those Who Built Them, Those Who Endured Them, and Why They Always Fail (Oxford, 2010), pp. 423–50

1736

Bruce Lincoln, Religion, Empire, and Torture: The Case of Achaemenian Persia, with a Postscript on Abu Ghraib (Chicago and London, 2007), pp. 97–99

1737

Ibid., pp. 97–98

1738

Лк. 4:18–19

1739

Lincoln, Religion, Empire and Torture, pp. 101–07

1740

Ibid., pp. 102–03

1741

Susan Sontag, ‘What Have We Done? ’ Guardian, 24 May 2005

1742

Lincoln, Religion, Empire and Torture, pp. 101–02

1743

Parsons, The Rule of Empires, pp. 423–34

1744

Bashir, Friday Prayers, Umm al-Oura, Baghdad, 11 June 2004 in Edward Coy, ‘Iraqis Put Contempt for Troops on Display’, Washington Post, 12 June 2004; Kassimeris, ‘Barbarisation of Warfare’, p. 16

1745

Rogers, ‘Global War on Terror’, pp. 193–94

1746

Dworkin, ‘Laws of War’, p. 253

1747

Sageman, Leaderless Jihad, pp. 139–42

1748

Ibid., pp. 31–32

1749

Michael Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History (Princeton and Oxford, 2006), p. 164

1750

Sageman, Leaderless Jihad, pp. 156–57

1751

Ibid., p. 159.

1752

John L. Esposito and Dahlia Mogahed, Who Speaks for Islam? What a Billion Muslims Really Think; Based on Gallup’s World Poll – the largest study of its kind (New York, 2007), pp. 69–70

1753

Цит. по: Joos R. Hiltermann, A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq and the Gassing of Halabja (Cambridge, UK, 2007), p. 243

1754

Naureen Shah, ‘Time for the Truth about “targeted killings” ’, Guardian, 22 October 2013

1755

Rafiq ur Rehman, ‘Please tell me, Mr President, why a US drone assassinated my mother’; theguardian.com, 25 October 2013

1756

Коран 29:46. Есть и другие подобные отрывки.

1757

Коран 22:40.

1758

Еще один фактор: господство ваххабитских идей, которые пропагандировались в исламском мире при молчаливом потворстве Соединенных Штатов.

1759

John Fowles, The Magus, revised edition (London, 1987), p. 413.

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