Почему у женщин при социализме секс лучше [заметки]

1

Шерил Сэндберг – американская предпринимательница, главный операционный директор в Facebook с 2008 г., с июня 2012 г. – член совета директоров компании. Ранее – вице-президент по международным веб-продажам и операциям в Google, директор по персоналу Министерства финансов США. В 2012 г. вошла в Time 100 – список наиболее влиятельных людей мира по версии журнала Time. – Прим. ред.

2

Cynthia Hess and Stephanie Roman, “Poverty, Gender, and Public Policies,” IWPR Briefing Paper, Feb. 29, 2016, iwpr.org/publications/poverty-gender-and-public-policies; Maria Shriver, “The Female Face of Poverty,” Atlantic, Jan. 8, 2014; Juliette Cubanski, Giselle Casillas, and Anthony Damico, “Poverty Among Seniors: An Updated Analysis of National and State Level Poverty Rates Under the Official and Supplemental Poverty Measures,” KKF.org, Jan. 10, 2015, www.kff.org/medicare/issue-brief/poverty-among-seniors-an-updated-analysis-of-national-and-state-level-poverty-rates-under-the-official-and-supplemental-poverty-measures; Heidi Moore, “Living Longer and Earning Less: Are Elderly Women Doomed to Be Poor?” Guardian (London), Sept. 26, 2013, www.theguardian.com/money/us-money-blog/2013/sep/26/are-elderly-women-doomed-poverty.

3

Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1988).

4

US Senate, “Sputnik Spurs Passage of the National Defense Education Act,” Oct. 4, 1957, www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Sputnik_Spurs_Passage_of_National_Defense_Education_Act.htm; “Executive Order 10980 – Establishing the President’s Commission on the Status of Women,” Dec. 14, 1961, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=58918; Tim Sharp, “Valentina Tereshkova: First Woman in Space,” Space.com, Jan. 22, 2018, www.space.com/21571-valentina-tereshkova.html; Susan Ware, Title IX: A Brief History with Documents (Long Grove, IL: Waveland, 2014).

5

Бетти Фридан (Бетти Наоми Гольдштейн; 1921−2006) – лидер американского феминизма, создательница и президент Национальной организации женщин США. – Здесь и далее примечания переводчика, если не указано иное.

6

Фридан Б. Загадка женственности. – М.: Прогресс, 1993.

7

Norton T. Dodge, Women in the Soviet Economy: Their Role in Economic, Scientific, and Technical Development (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966).

8

Кундера М. Невыносимая легкость бытия. – СПб.: Азбука-классика, 2002.

9

Milan Kundera, The Unbearable Lightness of Being (New York: Harper Perennial, 2009), 254.

10

International Labor Organization, “Women in Economic Activity: A Global Statistical Survey (1950–2000),” A Joint Publication of the International Labor Organization and INSTRAW, 1985.

11

Слова Инессы Арманд цит. в: Barbara Evans Clements, Bolshevik Feminist: The Life of Aleksandra Kollontai (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1979), 155; Fatos Tarifa, “Disappearing from Politics (Albania),” in Women in the Politics of Postcommunist Eastern Europe, edited by Marilyn Rueschemeyer (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), 269.

12

Katherine Verdery, What Was Communism and What Comes Next (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996); Josie McLellan, Love in the Time of Communism: Intimacy and Sexuality in the GDR (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011). Другие источники рассматриваются в следующих главах.

13

Susan Gal and Gail Kligman, The Politics of Gender After Socialism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000).

14

Janine R. Wedel, Collision and Collusion: The Strange Case of Western Aid to Eastern Europe, 1989–1998 (New York: St. Martin’s, 1998); цит. по: Dagmar Herzog. “Post Coitum Triste Est…? Sexual Politics and Culture in Postunification Germany,” German Politics and Society 94, no. 28 (2010): 111–140; цитату о Советском Союзе приводит Даг Хенвуд в личной электронной переписке с автором от 18 августа 2017 г.

15

Kristen Ghodsee, “Fires,” in Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017).

16

Slavenka Drakulić, How We Survived Communism and Even Laughed (New York: Harper Perennial, 1993), 132; Peter Pomerantsev, Nothing Is True and Everything Is Possible: The Surreal Heart of the New Russia (New York: PublicAffairs, 2014); Justyna Pawlak, “Sex Slavery Plagues Romania and Bulgaria,” Reuters, Jan. 21, 2007, www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-candidates-trafficking/sex-slavery-plagues-romania-and-bulgaria-idUSEIC87273820061228; Krista Georgieva, “I Was Kidnapped by a Bulgarian Human Trafficking Ring,” Vice, Apr. 28, 2013, www.vice.com/en_us/article/avnb8g/human-trafficking-bulgaria-south-italy; Ana Maria Touma and Maria Cheresheva, “Modern Slavery Risk Highlighted in Bulgaria, Romania,” BalkanInsight.com, Aug. 17, 2017, www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/romania-bulgarians-at-great-risk-of-modern-slavery-experts-warn-08-16-2017.

17

INSCOP Research, “Barometrul,” Nov. 2013, на румынском языке: www.inscop.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/INSCOP-noiembrie-ISTORIE.pdf; результаты для Польши см.: Janusz Czapiński and Tomasz Panek, editors, “Special Issue: Social Diagnosis 2011 Objective and Subjective Quality of Life in Poland Report,” Contemporary Economics: Quarterly of University of Finance and Management in Warsaw, 5, no. 3 (2011): 182, ce.vizja.pl/en/issues/volume/5/issue/3#art254; Pew Research Center, “End of Communism Cheered but Now with More Reservations,” Nov. 9, 2011, www.pewglobal.org/2009/11/02/end-of-communism-cheered-but-now-with-more-reservations; John Feffer, Aftershock: A Journey into Eastern Europe’s Broken Dreams (London: Zed, 2017).

18

Great Society – набор программ, предлагавшихся или принятых в США по инициативе президента Линдона Джонсона в целях построения «Великого общества», в котором не будет бедности. – Прим. ред.

19

Kristen Ghodsee, “A Tale of Two Totalitarianisms: The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism,” History of the Present: A Journal of Critical History 4, no. 2 (2014): 115–142; Bulgarian woman in audience, личная переписка с автором по электронной почте, 2011.

20

Costi Rogozanu, “Condamnarea ritualică a comunismului şi de unde începe reformarea stîngii,” December 18, 2014, voxpublica.realitatea.net/politica-societate/condamnarea-ritualica-a-comunismului-si-reformarea-reala-a-stingii-110586.html, пер. и цит.: Liviu Chelcea and Oana Druţă, “Zombie Socialism and the Rise of Neoliberalism in Post-Socialist Central and Eastern Europe,” Eurasian Geography and Economics 57, nos. 4–5 (2016): 521–544, 521.

21

Неофициальное название законов о расовой сегрегации, действовавших в ряде штатов США с 1890 по 1964 г.; названы по имени комического персонажа, бедного неграмотного чернокожего.

22

Kristen Ghodsee and Scott Sehon, “Anti-Anti-Communism,” Aeon.co, March 22, 2018, aeon.co/essays/the-merits-of-taking-an-anti-anti-communism-stance.

23

World Happiness Report 2017, worldhappiness.report/ed/2017/; Katie Baker, “Cockblocked by Redistribution: A Pick-up Artist in Denmark,” Dissent Magazine (Fall 2013), www.dissentmagazine.org/article/cockblocked-by-redistribution; Roosh V., Don’t Bang Denmark: How to Sleep with Danish Women in Denmark (If You Must) (self-published, 2011).

24

В решении по этому делу, принятом минимальным большинством голосов, Верховный суд признал неконституционным ограничение корпоративного финансирования независимых политических передач.

25

William Jordan, “Democrats More Divided on Socialism,” Yougov.com, Jan. 28, 2016, today.yougov.com/topics/politics/articles-reports/2016/01/28/democrats-remain-divided-socialism; Justin McCarthy, “In U. S., Socialist Presidential Candidates Least Appealing,” Gallup, June 22, 2015, news.gallup.com/poll/183713/socialist-presidential-candidates-least-appealing.aspx; Catherine Rampell, “Millennials Have a Higher Opinion of Socialism Than of Capitalism,” Washington Post, Feb. 5, 2016, www.washingtonpost.com/news/rampage/wp/2016/02/05/millennials-have-a-higher-opinion-of-socialism-than-of-capitalism; Marion Smith, “44 % of Millennials Prefer Socialism. Do They Know What It Means?” Dissident, Nov. 2, 2017, blog.victimsofcommunism.org/44-of-millennials-prefer-socialism-do-they-know-what-it-means.

26

Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation (VOCMF), “Annual Report on Attitudes Towards Socialism,” Oct. 2017, victimsofcommunism.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/YouGov-VOC-2017-for-Media-Release-November-2–2017-final.pdf.

27

George Orwell, 1984 (London: Harvill Secker, 1949).

28

См.: VOCMF mission statement, victimsofcommunism.org/education; см.: VOCMF educational initiatives, victimsofcommunism.org/initiative/educational-curriculum; Warner Todd Huston, “Billboards Against Communism Appear in New York’s Times Square,” Breitbart, Oct. 16, 2016, www.breitbart.com/big-government/2016/10/16/billboards-communism-appear-new-yorks-times-square; Jacqueline Klimas, “Cold War Casualties of Communism Seek Museum on National Mall,” Washington Times, June 17, 2014, www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/jun/17/museum-honor-victims-communism-seek-spot-national/; Ghodsee and Sehon, “Anti-Anti-Communism.”

29

Patrick Sharkey, Figure 2 in Neighborhoods and the Black-White Mobility Gap, Pew Charitable Trusts, 2009, www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/reports/0001/01/01/neighborhoods-and-the-blackwhite-mobility-gap.

30

Baruch/Benedict Spinoza as quoted by David A. Teutsch, editor, Imagining the Jewish Future: Essays and Responses (Albany: SUNY Press, 1992), 139.

31

George Bernard Shaw, An Intelligent Woman’s Guide to Capitalism and Socialism (New York: Welcome Rain Publishers, 2016), 201.

32

Margaret Atwood, The Handmaid’s Tale (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017).

33

Marilyn Yalom, The History of the Wife (New York: Harper Perennial, 2001).

34

Shaw, The Intelligent Woman’s Guide, 197.

35

Emily Shire, “Why Sexism Persists in the Culinary World,” Week, Nov. 14, 2013, theweek.com/articles/456436/why-sexism-persists-culinary-world.

36

Richard Savill, “Harry Potter and the Mystery of J K’s Lost Initial,” Telegraph (London), July 19, 2000, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1349288/Harry-Potter-and-the-mystery-of-J-Ks-lost-initial.html; Lillian MacNell, Adam Driscoll, and Andrea Hunt, “What’s in a Name: Exposing Gender Bias in Student Ratings of Teaching,” Innovative Higher Education 40, no. 4 (2015): 291–303.

37

Brocialists – «братья в социализме».

38

Claudia Golden and Cecilia Rouse, “Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of ‘Blind’ Auditions on Female Musicians,” American Economic Review 90, no. 4 (2000): 715–741.

39

Картина американского художника Нормана Роквелла (1943), ставшая знаменитой в качестве военного плаката.

40

Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1988); Anna Krylova, Soviet Women in Combat: A History of Violence on the Eastern Front (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010).

41

International Labor Organization, “Women in Economic Activity: A Global Statistical Survey (1950-2000),” A Joint Publication of the International Labor Organization and INSTRAW, 1985.

42

Kristen Ghodsee, “Pressuring the Politburo: The Committee of the Bulgarian Women’s Movement and State Socialist Feminism,” Slavic Review 73, no. 3 (2014): 538–562.

43

Zsuzsa Ferge, “Women and Social Transformation in Central-Eastern Europe.” Czech Sociological Review 5, no. 2 (1997): 159–178, 161.

44

Niall McCarthy, “Scandinavia Leads the World in Public Sector Employment,” Forbes, July 21, 2017, www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2017/07/21/scandinavia-leads-the-world-in-public-sector-employment-infographic/#19dd03061820; OECD, Government at a Glance, 2017, 96, www.oecd.org/gov/government-at-a-glance-22214399.htm; Sheila Wild, “The Growing Gender Pay Gap in the Public Sector Is a Problem for Us All,” Guardian (London), Nov. 9, 2016, www.theguardian.com/public-leaders-network/2015/nov/09/growing-gender-gap-public-sector-equal-pay-day.

45

Michael Greenstone and Adam Looney, “Should the United States Have 2.2 Million More Jobs?” The Hamilton Project, May 3, 2013, www.hamiltonproject.org/papers/does_the_united_states_have_2.2_million_too_few_jobs.

46

David J. Deming, Noam Yuchtman, Amira Abulafi, Claudia Goldin, and Lawrence F. Katz, “The Value of Postsecondary Credentials in the Labor Market: An Experimental Study,” American Economic Review 106, no. 3 (2016): 778–806; Mehrsa Baradaran, “Postal Banking Worked – Let’s Bring It Back,” Nation, Jan. 7, 2016, www.thenation.com/article/postal-banking-worked-lets-bring-it-back.

47

Экономика краткосрочных контрактов, сдельной и внештатной работы.

48

Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014); Oxfam International, “Just 8 Men Own Same Wealth as Half the World,” Jan. 16, 2017, www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressreleases/2017-01-16/just-8-men-own-same-wealth-half-world. См. также: David Harvey, Seventeen Contradictions and the End of Capitalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014); Sif Sigmarsdottir, “Once More, Iceland Has Shown It Is the Best Place in the World to Be Female,” Guardian (London), Jan. 5, 2018, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jan/05/iceland-female-women-equal-pay-gender-equality.

49

Center for American Progress, “Toward a Marshall Plan for America: Rebuilding Our Towns, Cities, and the Middle Class,” May 16, 2017, www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/reports/2017/05/16/432499/toward-marshall-plan-america; Anne Lowrey, “Should the Government Guarantee Everyone a Job?” Atlantic, May 18, 2017, www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/05/should-the-government-guarantee-everyone-a-job/527208.

50

Я пересказываю притчу своими словами на основе записей, которые сделала во время проповеди. Более подробное рассмотрение аспекта этой притчи, связанного с социальной справедливостью, см. в: Matthew Skinner, “Matthew 20:1–16: Justice Comes in the Evening,” HuffingtonPost, September 14, 2011, www.huffingtonpost.com/matthew-l-skinner/parable-of-the-workers-in-the-vineyard-commentary_b_961120.html.

51

Aditya Chakrabortty, “A Basic Income for Everyone? Yes, Finland Shows It Can Really work,” Guardian (London), Nov. 1, 2017, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/oct/31/finland-universal-basic-income; блестящую критику ББД см. в: Alyssa Battistoni, “The False Promise of Universal Basic Income,” Dissent (Spring 2017), www.dissentmagazine.org/article/false-promise-universal-basic-income-andy-stern-ruger-bregman.

52

Горацио Элджер (1832−1899) – американский литератор, эксплуатировавший тему жизненного успеха нищих бездомных детей, упорным трудом и оптимизмом добившихся богатства и счастья.

53

Один из главных героев фильмов «Уолл-стрит» (1987) и «Уолл-стрит: Деньги не спят» (2010), беспринципный финансист, мошенник.

54

Карл (Карой) Поланьи (1886−1964) – американский и канадский экономист, антрополог, социолог и политический философ, один из основоположников экономической антропологии.

55

A. Michael Spence, Market Signaling: Informational Transfer in Hiring and Related Screen Processes (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974).

56

Alfred Meyer, The Feminism and Socialism of Lily Braun (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), 66.

57

International Socialist Congress, 1910; Second International Conference of Socialist Women, archive.org/details/InternationalSocialistCongress1910SecondInternationalConferenceOf, 22.

58

Richard Stites, The Women’s Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilism and Bolshevism, 1860–1930 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978); Gail Lapidus, Women in Soviet Society: Equality, Development, and Social Change (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978); Beatrice Brodsky Farnsworth, “Bolshevism, the Woman Question, and Aleksandra Kollontai,” American Historical Review 81, no. 2 (1976): 292–316, 296; Elizabeth Wood, The Baba and the Comrade: Gender and Politics in Revolutionary Russia (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997).

59

Alexandre Avdeev, Alain Blum, and Irina Troitskaya, “The History of Abortion Statistics in Russia and the USSR from 1990 to 1991,” Population 7 (1995): 452.

60

CESifo: DICE [Database for International Comparisons in Europe], Parental Leave Entitlements: Historical Perspectives (Around 1870–2014), www.cesifo-group.de/ifoHome/facts/DICE/Social-Policy/Family/Work-Family-Balance/parental-leave-entitlements-historical-perspective/fileBinary/parental-leave-entitlements-historical-perspective.pdf.

61

Article 43, paragraph 1, Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria, 1971, parliament.bg/bg/19 (на болгарском языке); Milanka Vidova, Nevyana Abadjieva, and Roumyana Gancheva, 100 Questions and Answers Concerning Bulgarian Women (Sofia, Bulgaria: Sofia Press, 1983).

62

. Enhancing the Role of Women in the Building of a Developed Socialist Society: Decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party of March 6, 1973 (Sofia: Sofia Press, 1974), 10.

63

Josie McLellan, Love in the Time of Communism: Intimacy and Sexuality in the GDR (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011); Kristen Ghodsee, “Pressuring the Politburo: The Committee of the Bulgarian Women’s Movement and State Socialist Feminism,” Slavic Review 73, no. 3 (2014): 538–562.

64

Из личной переписки читательницы с автором по электронной почте, 4 октября 2017 г.

65

Kristen R. Ghodsee, “Sozialismus und Sex,” Die Weltwoche, 2017, www.weltwoche.ch/ausgaben/2017–34/artikel/sozialismus-und-sex-die-weltwoche-ausgabe-342017.html; Cambridge Women’s Pornography Cooperative, Porn for Women (San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2007).

66

Myra Marx Ferre, Varieties of Feminism: German Gender Politics in a Global Perspective (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012), 161; Cynthia Gabriel, “‘Now It Is Completely the Other Way Around’: Political Economies of Fertility in Re-Unified Germany,” in Barren States: The Population “Implosion” in Europe, edited by Carrie B. Douglass (New York: Berg, 2005), 73–92.

67

Dagmar Herzog, Sex After Fascism: Memory and Morality in Twentieth-Century Germany (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005); Helen Frink, Women After Communism: The East German Experience (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2001).

68

Gail Kligman, The Politics of Duplicity: Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu’s Romania (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).

69

Jessica Deahl, “Countries Around the World Beat the U. S. on Paid Parental Leave,” National Public Radio, Oct. 6, 2016, www.npr.org/2016/10/06/495839588/countries-around-the-world-beat-the-u-s-on-paid-parental-leave.

70

Steven Saxonberg and Tomas Sirovatka, “Failing Family Policy in Post-Communist Central Europe,” Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis 8, no. 2 (2006): 185–202.

71

Susan Gal and Gail Kligman, The Politics of Gender after Socialism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000).

72

Valentina Romei, “Eastern Europe Has the Largest Population Loss in Modern History,” Financial Times, May 27, 2016, www.ft.com/content/70813826-0c64-33d3-8a0c-72059ae1b5e3; Ruth Alexander, “Why Is Bulgaria’s Population Falling Off a Cliff?” BBC News, Sept. 7, 2017, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41109572.

73

CESifo: DICE, Parental Leave Entitlements; Nadja Popovich, “The US Is Still the Only Developed Country That Doesn’t Guarantee Paid Maternity Leave,” Guardian (London), Dec. 3, 2014, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2014/dec/03/-sp-america-only-developed-country-paid-maternity-leave.

74

Nancy L. Cohen, “Why America Never Had Universal Child Care,” New Republic, April 24, 2013, newrepublic.com/article/113009/child-care-america-was-very-close-universal-day-care; Richard Nixon, “387 – Veto of the Economic Opportunity Amendments of 1971,” Dec. 9, 1971, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=3251.

75

“The Relation of Child Care to Cognitive and Language Development: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network,” Child Development 71, no. 4 (2000): 960–980, and Ellen Peisner-Feinberg and Margaret Burchinol, “Relations Between Preschool Children’s Child-Care Experiences and Concurrent Development: The Cost, Quality, and Outcomes Study,” Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 43, no. 3 (1997): 451–477; John R. Lott Jr., личная переписка по электронной почте с автором, 14 и 15 августа 2017 г.; John R. Lott, “Public Schooling, Indoctrination, and Totalitarianism,” Journal of Political Economy 107, no. 6 (1999): S127 – S157.

76

John R. Lott, “The New York Times Wants Us to Believe Communists Have Better Sex,” Fox News, Aug. 14, 2017, www.foxnews.com/opinion/2017/08/14/new-york-times-wants-us-to-believe-communists-have-better-sex.html.

77

Pew Research Center, Women and Leadership: Public Says Women Are Equally Qualified, but Barriers Persist, Jan. 14, 2015, www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/01/14/women-and-leadership.

78

США; образ из национального гимна Соединенных Штатов Америки.

79

Все данные взяты с сайта Межпарламентского союза, www.ipu.org, в частности из базы данных о женщинах в политике: archive.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm.

80

Данные о Соединенных Штатах: Catalyst, “Women the S&P 500 Companies,” www.catalyst.org/knowledge/women-sp-500-companies, данные о Скандинавии взяты из отчета Форума Гарвардской школы экономики по корпоративному управлению и финансовому регулированию: “Gender Parity on Boards Around the World,” Jan. 5, 2017, corpgov.law.harvard.edu/2017/01/05/gender-parity-on-boards-around-the-world; Nathan Hegedus, “In Sweden, Women Make Up 45 % of Parliament But Only 13 % of Corporate Leadership,” Quartz.com, Dec. 17, 2012, qz.com/37036/in-sweden-women-make-up-45-of-parliament-but-only-13-of-corporate-leadership; Cristina Zander, “Even Scandinavia Has a CEO Gender Gap,” Wall Street Journal, May 21, 2014, www.wsj.com/articles/how-sandvik-scania-are-addressing-the-ceo-gender-gap-1400712884.

81

Ghodsee, “Pressuring the Politburo: The Committee of the Bulgarian Women’s Movement and State Socialist Feminism,” Slavic Review 73, no. 3 (2014): 538–562.

82

Мэри Уолстонкрафт (1759−1797) – британская писательница и феминистка, жена предтечи анархистского движения Уильяма Годвина и мать писательницы Мэри Шелли.

83

Джон Стюарт Милль (1806−1873) – британский философ, социолог, экономист и политик, один из основоположников философии либерализма.

84

Clare Goldberg Moses, “Equality and Difference in Historical Perspective: A Comparative Examination of the Feminisms of the French Revolutionaries and the Utopian Socialists,” in Rebel Daughters: Women and the French Revolution, edited by Sara Melzer and Leslie Rabine (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 231–253.

85

L. Goldstein, “Early Feminist Themes in French Utopian Socialism: The St.-Simonians and Fourier,” Journal of the History of Ideas 43, no. 1 (1982); “Degradation of Women in Civilization,” Théorie des Quatre Mouvements et des Destinées Générales (The Theory of the Four Movements and of the General Destinies), 3rd ed. (originally published in 1808, this ed. 1841–1848, reprinted in Women, the Family, and Freedom: The Debate in Documents, Volume One, 1750–1880, edited by Susan Groag Bell and Karen M. Offen (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1983), 40–41.

86

S. Joan Moon, “Feminism and Socialism: The Utopian Synthesis of Flora Tristan,” in Socialist Women: European Socialist Feminism in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries, edited by Marilyn J. Boxer and Jean H. Quataert (New York: Elsevier, 1978).

87

Friedrich Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State, 1884, www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1884/origin-family/ch02c.htm.

88

Engels, The Origin of the Family.

89

См. также: Rochelle Ruthchild, Equality and Revolution: Women’s Rights in the Russian Empire 1905–1917 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010), 235, and Rochelle Ruthchild, “‘Going to the Ballot Box Is a Moral Duty for Every Woman’: The Great War and Women’s Rights in Russia,” in Russia’s Home Front in War & Revolution, 1914–22, Book 2: The Experience of War and Revolution, edited by Adele Lindenmeyr, Christopher Read, and Peter Waldron (Bloomington, IN: Slavica, 2018), 1–38.

90

Louise Bryant, “Mirrors on Moscow,” 1923, www.marxists.org/archive/bryant/works/1923-mom/kollontai.htm.

91

R. C. Elwood, Inessa Armand: Revolutionary and Feminist (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Robert McNeal, Bride of the Revolution: Krupskaya and Lenin (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1972); Cathy Porter, Alexandra Kollontai: A Biography (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2014). О русской кампании по распространению грамотности см.: Ben Eklof, “Russian Literacy Campaigns 1861–1939,” in National Literacy Campaigns and Movements: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, edited by Robert F. Arnove and Harvey J. Graff (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2008), 128–129; Helen McCarthy and James Southern, “Women, Gender, and Diplomacy: A Historical Survey,” in Gender and Diplomacy, edited by Jennifer Cassidy (New York: Routledge, 2017), 15–31, 24.

92

Anna Krylova, Soviet Women in Combat: A History of Violence on the Eastern Front (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011).

93

Mateja Jeraj, “Vida Tomšič,” in A Biographical Dictionary of Women’s Movements and Feminisms: Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries, edited by Francisca de Haan, Krasimira Daskalova, and Anna Loutfi (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006), 575–579; Chiara Bonfigioli, “Revolutionary Networks: Women’s Political and Social Activism in Cold War Italy and Yugoslavia (1945–1957),” PhD diss., University of Utrecht, 2012.

94

Kristen Ghodsee, “The Left Side of History: The Legacy of Bulgaria’s Elena Lagadinova,” Foreign Affairs, April 29, 2015, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/bulgaria/2015-04-29/left-side-history; Kristen Ghodsee, The Left Side of History: World War II and the Unfulfilled Promise of Communism in Eastern Europe (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015); Krassimira Daskalova, “A Woman Politician in the Cold War Balkans: From Biography to History,” Aspasia: The International Yearbook of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern European Women’s and Gender History 10 (2016); and John D. Bell, The Bulgarian Communist Party from Blagoev to Zhivkov (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1985).

95

“A Girl Who Hated Cream Puffs,” Time, Sept. 20, 1948, 33; W. H. Lawrence, “Aunty Ana,” New York Times, Feb. 29, 1948; Robert Levy, Ana Pauker: The Rise and Fall of a Jewish Communist (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); Valentina Tereshkova, Valentina Tereshkova, The First Lady of Space: In Her Own Words, Spacebusiness.com, 2015.

96

Michael Parks, “Profile: Galina Semyonova: No Mere Token in Soviet Politburo,” Los Angeles Times, Jan. 15, 1991, articles.latimes.com/1991-01-15/news/wr-327_1_soviet-union; Leonid Lipilin, “Woman of Action,” Soviet Life (March 1991): 22–23; Bill Keller, “A Soviet Woman’s Point of View,” New York Times, Jan. 24, 1989, www.nytimes.com/1989/01/24/world/a-soviet-woman-s-point-of-view.html.

97

. Women in the Politics of Postcommunist Eastern Europe, edited by Marilyn Rueschemeyer (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998); Marilyn Rueschemeyer and Sharon Wolchik, editors, Women in Power in Post-Communist Parliaments (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009); The World’s Women 1970–1990: Trends and Statistics, United Nations, 1991; Kerin Hope, “Bulgaria Builds on Legacy of Female Engineering Elite,” Financial Times, March 9, 2018, www.ft.com/content/e2fdfe6e-0513-11e8-9e12-af73e8db3c71; Peter Lentini, “Statistical Data on Women in the USSR,” Lorton Paper #10, 1994.

98

Susan Wellford, “A Quota Worth Making,” U. S. News and World Report, Feb. 21, 2017, www.usnews.com/opinion/civil-wars/articles/2017-02-21/the-us-should-consider-gender-quotas-to-increase-women-in-politics.

99

Квоты не только способствуют гендерному разнообразию, но и в целом увеличивают выбор квалифицированных кандидатов. Имеются некоторые свидетельства того, что корпорации с более разнообразным составом совета директоров более прибыльны. Marcus Noland, Tyler Moran, and Barbara Kotschwar, “Is Gender Diversity Profi able? Evidence from a Global Survey,” Working Paper Series of the Peterson Institute for International Economics, Feb. 2016; Margarethe Weirsema and Marie Louise Mors, “What Board Directors Really Think of Gender Quotas,” Harvard Business Review, Nov. 14, 2016; Oliver Staley, “You Know Those Quotas for Female Board Members in Europe? They’re Working,” Quartz.com, May 3, 2016, qz.com/674276/you-know-those-quotas-for-female-board-members-in-europe-theyre-working; and Daniel Boffey, “EU to Push for 40 % Quota for Women on Company Boards,” Guardian (London), Nov. 20, 2017, www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/20/eu-to-push-for-40-quota-for-women-on-company-boards.

100

Pew Research Center, Women and Leadership: Public Says Women Are Equally Qualified, but Barriers Persist, Jan. 14, 2015, www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/01/14/women-and-leadership.

101

The Rockefeller Foundation, “Women in Leadership: Why It Matters,” May 12, 2016, www.rockefellerfoundation.org/report/women-in-leadership-why-it-matters, and KPMG, “KPMG Women’s Leadership Study,” Sept. 13, 2016, home.kpmg.com/ph/en/home/insights/2016/09/kpmg-women-s-leadership-study.html.

102

“A Girl Who Hated Cream Puffs,” 33.

103

Slavenka Drakulić, How We Survived Communism and Even Laughed (New York: Harper Perennial, 1993), 31.

104

Roy Baumeister and Kathleen Vohs, “Sexual Economics: Sex as Female Resource for Social Exchange in Heterosexual Interactions,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 8, no. 4 (2004): 339–363.

105

Roy Baumeister, Tania Reynolds, Bo Winegard, and Kathleen Vohs, “Competing for Love: Applying Sexual Economics Theory to Mating Contests.” Journal of Economic Psychology 63 (Dec. 2017): 230–241.

106

Baumeister et al., “Competing for Love.”

107

См., напр.: Laurie A. Rudman, “Myths of Sexual Economics Theory: Implications for Gender Equality,” Psychology of Women Quarterly 4, no. 3 (2017): 299–313.

108

Видео Остинского института «Экономика секса»: www.youtube.com/watch?v=cO1ifNaNABY. Интересный анализ влияния просмотра этого видео на молодую аудиторию: Laurie A. Rudman and Janelle Fetteroff, “Exposure to Sexual Economics Theory Promotes a Hostile View of Heterosexual Relationships,” Psychology of Women Quarterly 4, no. 1 (2017): 77–88. Экономический аспект абортов: George Akerlof, Janet Yellen, and Michael Katz, “An Analysis of Out-of-Wedlock Childbearing in the United States,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 11, no. 2 (1996): 277–317. Работы Шошаны Госсбард по экономической стороне любви также являются интересными предшественниками сексуально-экономической теории.

109

Simon Chang, Rachel Connelly, and Ping Ma, “What Will You Do If I Say ‘I Do’?: The Effect of the Sex Ratio on Time Use Within Taiwanese Married Couples,” Population Research and Policy Review 35, no. 4 (20164): 471–500, and Simon Chang and Xiaobo Zhang, “Mating Competition and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Taiwan,” IFPRI Discussion Paper 01203, Aug. 29, 2013, papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2143013.

110

Roy Baumeister and Juan Pablo Mendoza, “Cultural Variations in the Sexual Marketplace: Gender Equality Correlates With More Sexual Activity,” Journal of Social Psychology 151, no. 3 (2011): 350–360.

111

В оригинале – буржуазия. Далее цит. по: Маркс К., Энгельс Ф. Манифест Коммунистической партии. – М., 1955.

112

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto, 1848, www.marxists.org.

113

August Bebel, “Woman of the Future,” in Woman and Socialism, translated by Meta L. Stern (New York: Socialist Literature, 1910), www.marxists.org/archive/bebel/1879/woman-socialism/index.htm.

114

Bebel, Woman and Socialism; John Lauritsen, “The First Politician to Speak Out for Homosexual Rights,” 1978, paganpressbooks.com/jpl/BEBEL.HTM. Хотя социалистические страны в XX в. в общем рассматривали гомосексуальность как тяжелое наследие буржуазного упадка, которое должно преследоваться, сексологи Чехословакии и Восточной Германии постепенно перешли к менее критическому отношению. Восточная Германия готовилась санкционировать однополые отношения незадолго до падения Берлинской стены. См.: Josie McLellan, Love in the Time of Communism: Intimacy and Sexuality in the GDR (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011); Friedrich Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, 1884, www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1884/origin-family/ch02c.htm.

115

John Simkin, “Alexandra Kollontai,” Spartacus Educational, Sept. 1997, updated Oct. 2017, spartacus-educational.com/RUSkollontai.htm; Alexandra Kollontai, Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated Communist Woman, 1926, www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1926/autobiography.htm; Alexandra Kollontai, “Theses on Communist Morality in the Sphere of Marital Relations,” 1921, www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1921/theses-morality.htm.

116

Cathy Porter, Alexandra Kollontai: A Biography (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2014); Alix Holt, Alexandra Kollontai: Selected Writings (New York: W. W. Norton, 1980).

117

Kollontai, “Theses on Communist Morality.”

118

Wendy Z. Goldman, Women, the State, and Revolution: Soviet Family Policy and Social Life, 1917–1936 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), and Kollontai, Autobiography.

119

Данные о 1552 московских студентах цит. в: Sheila Fitzpatrick, “Sex and Revolution: An Examination of Literary and Statistical Data on the Mores of Soviet Students in the 1920s,” Journal of Modern History 50, no. 2 (1978): 252–278. См. также: Goldman, Women, the State, and Revolution; Richard Stites, The Women’s Liberation Movement in Russia: Feminism, Nihilism, and Bolshevism, 1860–1930 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978); Gail Lapidus, editor, Women, Work, and Family in the Soviet Union (New York: Routledge, 1981); Gail Lapidus, Women in Soviet Society: Equality, Development and Social Change (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978).

120

Frances Lee Bernstein, The Dictatorship of Sex: Lifestyle Advice for the Soviet Masses (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2011).

121

Mikhail Stern and August Stern, Sex in the Soviet Union, edited and translated by Mark Howson and Cary Ryan (New York: Times Books, 1980).

122

Anna Temkina and Elena Zdravomyslova, “The Sexual Scripts and Identity of Middle-Class Russian Women,” Sexuality & Culture 19 (2015): 297–320, 306.

123

Temkina and Zdravomyslova, “The Sexual Scripts,” 307.

124

Temkina and Zdravomyslova, “The Sexual Scripts,” 308.

125

Peter Pomerantsev, Nothing Is True and Everything Is Possible: The Surreal Heart of the New Russia (New York: PublicAffairs, 2015).

126

Dagmar Herzog, Sex After Fascism: Memory and Morality in Twentieth-Century Germany (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007); Dagmar Herzog, “East Germany’s Sexual Evolution,” in Socialist Modern: East German Everyday Culture and Politics, edited by Katherine Pence and Paul Betts (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2008), 72. См. также: Donna Harsch, Revenge of the Domestic: Women, the Family, and Communism in the German Democratic Republic (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008).

127

Ingrid Sharp, “The Sexual Unification of Germany,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 13, no. 3 (July 2004): 348–365.

128

Herzog, “East Germany’s Sexual Evolution,” 73.

129

Kurt Starke and Walter Friedrich, Liebe und Sexalität bis 30 (Berlin: Deutcher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1984), 187, 202–203, цит. в: Herzog, “East Germany’s Sexual Evolution,” 86.

130

Ulrich Clement and Kurt Starke, “Sexualverhalten und Einstellungen zur Sexualität bei Studenten in der DRD und in der DDR,” Zitschrift für Sexualforschung 1 (1988) цит. в: Herzog, “East Germany’s Sexual Evolution,” 87; Werner Habermehl, “Zur Sexualität Jugendlicher in der BRD und DDR,” in Sexualität BDR/DDR im Verhleich, 20–40, 38; and Kurt Starke and Konrad Weller, “Differences in Sexual Conduct Between East and West German Adolescents Before Unification,” статья, представленная на Ежегодной конференции Международной академии изучения сексуальности в Праге, 1992, обе работы цит. в: Sharp, “The Sexual Unification of Germany,” 354–355.

131

Sharp, “The Sexual Unification of Germany,” 356.

132

Paul Betts, Within Walls: Private Life in the German Democratic Republic (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), and Josie McLellan, Love in the Time of Communism: Intimacy and Sexuality in the GDR (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011).

133

Herzog, “East Germany’s Sexual Evolution,” 90.

134

Все данные взяты из результатов первой волны Всемирного обзора ценностей (1981−1984) с использованием интернет-страницы “Online Data Analysis”: www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSOnline.jsp.

135

Agnieszka Kościańska, “Sex on Equal Terms? Polish Sexology on Women’s Emancipation and ‘Good Sex’ from the 1970s to the Present,” Sexualities 19, nos. 1–2 (2016): 236–256. О польском женском комитете см.: Jean Robinson, “Women, the State, and the Need for Civil Society: The Liga Kobiet in Poland,” in Comparative State Feminism, edited by Dorothy McBride Stetson and Amy G. Mazur (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995), 203–220, и Malgorzata Fidelis, Women, Communism, and Industrialization in Postwar Poland (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014).

136

Agnieszka Kościańska, “Beyond Viagra: Sex Therapy in Poland,” Czech Sociological Review 20, no. 6 (2014): 919–938, 919.

137

Агнешка Косьцяньская, личная переписка по электронной почте с автором, август 2017 г.; Agnieszka Kościańska, “Feminist and Queer Sex Therapy: The Ethnography of Expert Knowledge in Poland,” in Rethinking Ethnography in Central Europe, edited by Hana Cervinkova, Michal Buchowski, and Zdenek Uherek (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2015).

138

Agnieszka Kościańska, “Beyond Viagra: Sex Therapy in Poland,” Czech Sociological Review 20, no. 6 (2014): 919–938.

139

См., напр.: Maria Bucur, “Sex in the Time of Communism,” 2012, www.publicseminar.org/2017/12/sex-in-the-time-of-communism, and Gail Kligman, The Politics of Duplicity: Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu’s Romania (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998); Georgi Gospodinov, “Секс по време на социализъм: хигиена, медицина и физкултура” in Любовта при социализма, edited by Daniela Koleva (Sofia: RIBA, 2015). Цитируемый фрагмент взят из публичного обновления статуса в «Фейсбуке», 12 октября 2017 г.

140

Kateřina Lišková, “Sex Under Socialism: From Emancipation of Women to Normalized Families in Czechoslovakia,” Sexualities 19, no. 2 (2016): 211–235.

141

Оригинальное исследование с использованием только данных за 1992−1994 гг.: S. Kornrich, J. Brines, and K. Leupp, “Egalitarianism, Housework, and Sexual Frequency in Marriage,” American Sociological Review 78 (2013): 26–50. Последующее исследование на основе данных 1992−1994 гг. и 2006 г.: Daniel Carlson, Amanda Miller, Sharon Sassler, and Sarah Hanson, “The Gendered Division of Housework and Couples’ Sexual Relationships: A Re-Examination,” Journal of Marriage and Family 78, no. 4 (2016): 975–995.

142

Лонгитюдное исследование немецких пар: M. D. Johnson, N. L. Galambos, and J. R. Anderson, “Skip the Dishes? Not So Fast! Sex and Housework Revisited,” Journal of Family Psychology 30, no. 2 (2016): 203–213.

143

Mark Fisher, Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative? (Ropley, Hampshire, UK: Zero Books, 2009).

144

Об эмоциональном труде см.: Arlie Russell Hochschild, The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012).

145

Elizabeth O’Brien, “People Are Stalling Their Divorce So They Don’t Lose Health Care,” Time, July 24, 2017, time.com/money/4871186/people-are-stalling-their-divorce-so-they-dont-lose-health-care.

146

Albert Einstein, “Why Socialism?” Monthly Review 1 (1949), monthlyreview.org/2009/05/01/why-socialism.

147

Борг – связанные коллективным разумом кибернетические организмы из вселенной «Звездного пути».

148

Информацию о Борг см.: www.startrek.com/database_article/borg; Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992).

149

Юрчак А. Это было навсегда, пока не кончилось. Последнее советское поколение. – М.: НЛО, 2014.

150

Alexei Yurchak, Everything Was Forever Until It Was No More (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005).

151

Эти слова приписывают Маргарет Мид, хотя письменный источник отсутствует. Подробное объяснение высказывания можно найти на сайте Института межкультурных исследований: www.interculturalstudies.org/faq.html.

152

. Seema Mehta, “Trump Backers Tweet #Repealthe19th After Polls Show He’d Win If Only Men Voted,” Los Angeles Times, Oct. 12, 2016, www.latimes.com/nation/politics/trailguide/la-na-trailguide-updates-trump-backers-tweet-repealthe19th-1476299001-htmlstory.html.

153

Matthew Biedlingmaier, “Coulter: ‘If We Took Away Women’s Right to Vote, We’d Never Have to Worry About Another Democrat President,’” Media Matters, Oct. 4, 2007, www.mediamatters.org/research/2007/10/04/coulter-if-we-took-away-womens-right-to-vote-we/140037.

154

John R. Lott and Lawrence Kenny, “Did Women’s Suffrage Change the Size and Scope of Government?” Journal of Political Economy 107 (1999): 1163–1198, 1164.

155

См. сайт The Curse of 1920: thecurseof1920.com/index.html.

156

Gary D. Naler, The Curse of 1920: The Degradation of Our Nation in the Last 100 Years (Salem, MO: RTC Quest Publications, 2007), 48; Roosh V., “How to Save Western Civilization,” Rooshv.com, March 6, 2017, www.rooshv.com/how-to-save-western-civilization. Оригинальная статья Рамзпола «Как женский суфраж уничтожил западную цивилизацию» была размещена здесь: www.theapricity.com/forum/showthread.php?164336-How-Female-Suffrage-Destroyed-Western-Civilization.

157

Julia Mead, “Why Millennials Aren’t Afraid of Socialism,” Nation, Jan. 10, 2017, www.thenation.com/article/why-millennials-arent-afraid-of-the-s-word.

158

Sarah Leonard, “Why Are So Many Young Voters Falling for Old Socialists?” New York Times Sunday Review, June 16, 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/06/16/opinion/sunday/sanders-corbyn-socialsts.html.

159

Richard Fry, “Millennials and Gen Xers Outvoted Boomers and Older Generations in 2016 Election,” FactTank, July 31, 2017, www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/07/31/millennials-and-gen-xers-outvoted-boomers-and-older-generations-in-2016-election.

160

Mark Fisher, “Why Mental Health Is a Political Issue,” Guardian (London), July 6, 2010, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jul/16/mental-health-political-issue.

161

David Harvey, Seventeen Contradictions and the End of Capitalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).

162

«Чистку» не следует понимать буквально. А. Паукер была смещена со всех постов в рамках борьбы с «космополитизмом», провела два месяца под арестом; в последние годы жизни работала переводчицей в издательстве.