Гражданская война, террор и бандитизм (Систематизация социологии и социальная динамика) - [4]

of the Russian S.F.S.R. elected him president of the Russian

republic against Gorbachev's wishes. In his new role, Yeltsin

publicly supported the right of Soviet republics to greater

autonomy within the Soviet Union, took steps to give the Russian

republic more autonomy, and declared himself in favour of a

market-oriented economy and a multiparty political system.

In July 1990 Yeltsin quit the Communist Party. His victory in the

first direct, popular elections for the presidency of the Russian

republic (June 1991) was seen as a mandate for economic reform.

During the brief coup against Gorbachev by hard-line Communists in

August 1991, Yeltsin defied the coup leaders and rallied

resistance in Moscow while calling for the return of Gorbachev.

When the coup crumbled a few days after it had begun, Yeltsin

emerged as the country's most powerful political figure. In

December 1991 he and the presidents of Ukraine and Belarus

(Belorussia) established a new Commonwealth of Independent States

that would replace the foundering U.S.S.R. When the Soviet Union

collapsed after Gorbachev's resignation as Soviet president on

December 25, the Russian government under Yeltsin's leadership

then assumed many of the former superpower's responsibilities for

defense, foreign affairs, and finance.

As president of an independent Russia, Yeltsin set about the

formidable task of transforming his country's decaying command

economy into one based on free markets and private enterprise.

Early in 1992 he ended government price subsidies and controls

over food and other consumer goods, while also allowing the

unhindered growth of free markets in the cities. In

September-October 1993 Yeltsin's leadership was severely tested

when hard-line legislators staged a coup after Yeltsin had

dissolved parliament. Although the coup was suppressed, Yeltsin's

supporters fared poorly in elections held in December.

EUROPE ADRIFT AFTER THE COLD WAR: Relations with Russia.

20th-Century International Relations Relations with Russia.

Even the prospect of a unified Europe could not ensure peace and

prosperity unless two other issues were addressed: the future of

NATO and the relationship among the EU, the United States, and the

struggling democracies of eastern Europe, above all Russia.

Western relations with the new Russia began auspiciously. In early

1992 Yeltsin toured western Europe and signed friendship treaties

with Britain and France in exchange for aid and credits. On Jan.

3, 1993, Bush and Yeltsin signed the START II pact, promising to

slash their long-range nuclear arsenals by two-thirds within a

decade. After a personal appeal from former President Richard

Nixon, the Bush administration also approved an economic

assistance package for Russia, and Congress voted funds to help

Russia dismantle its nuclear weapons. On April 4, 1993, at a

summit meeting with Yeltsin at Vancouver, Clinton pledged an

additional $1,600,000,000 in aid. It remained unclear, however,

how much the Western powers could influence Russia's future. Did

outside assistance hasten Russia's progress toward capitalism, or

just help it to subsidize old, inefficient industries? Should

Western leaders urge "shock therapy" to propel Russia quickly into

capitalist modes even at the risk of high unemployment, or should

they advise Yeltsin to reform slowly? Should NATO stand firm

against signs of Russian assertion in foreign policy, or might

accommodationist policies boost Yeltsin's popularity at home?

Such questions became paramount after September 1993 when a

coalition of Yeltsin's opponents in the Russian Congress of

People's Deputies challenged his reforms and emergency powers and

called for the President's ouster. On September 21 Yeltsin

dissolved the parliament, and the latter promptly impeached him in

favour of deposed Vice President Aleksandr Rutskoy. Violence soon

erupted between security forces and mobs of Communist and

nationalist sympathizers marching in support of the insurgent

deputies. On October 4, Yeltsin ordered army units to attack the

parliament with heavy weapons, resulting in an estimated 142

deaths. He clearly was acting in "undemocratic" fashion, but he

did so to suppress opponents of democracy who had been elected

under the Communist constitution. When fully free elections were

held in December 1993, however, ex-Communists and extreme

nationalists led by Vladimir Zhirinovsky won stunning victories.

Clinton's expert on Russian affairs, Strobe Talbott, immediately

called for "less shock, more therapy" in Russian economic policy,

and Yelstin proceeded to dismiss his more liberal ministers. He

also took a harder line in foreign policy in hopes of deflecting

the criticism that he was too eager to please his Western

benefactors.

This ominous turn of events called into question the fundamental

assumption of Russian partnership that underpinned Clinton's

foreign policy.

Copyright (c) 1996 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. All Rights

Reserved

Анализируя карьеру Ельцина, можно утверждать, что вначале это была типичная карьера советского гражданина построенная не на знаниях и умственных способностях, а на умении приспосабливаться. Таким же как Б.Ельцин был Л.Брежнев. Извлеченный из провинции в Москву Н.Хрущевым, Л.Брежнев поторопился спихнуть и занять его место при первой возможности. Б.Ельцин был извлечен из провинции Б.Горбачевым и спихнул последнего при первой же возможности. Чтобы выдернуть трон из-под М.Горбачева, во имя личных интересов он разваливает крепко сколоченную огромную империю и оставляет миллионы русских брошенными в бывших колониях. Поведение Б.Ельцина хорошо описывается "Железным законом олигархии" Роберта Михельса и тем, что я пишу в четвертой главе своей книги о стереотипной психологии голема. Пока Б.Ельцин был внизу он был сторонник свободы и демократии, но как только он выбрался наверх, он крепко вцепился в свое место и силой разгоняте Государственную Думу. Не обладая никакими знаниями в области экономики и социологии, он правит страной посредством своих инстинктов. В этом отношении он ничем не отличается от И.Сталина. Разница лишь в направлении. И.Сталин сплачивал народ и для этого он ликвидировал НЭП, создавал колхозы и Архипелаг ГУЛаг. Марксистская идеология отвечала потребностям И.Сталина и была им положена в основу. Б.Елцин разваливает все что только можно. Сравнительно за короткий срок он развалил империю, развалил страну, развалил марксистскую идеологию, развалил армию, развалил социалистическую экономику... При Б.Ельцине началась гражданская война на Северном Кавказе. Сначала это была Чечня, которая отделилась от России. Процесс развала не окончен. Кто еще отделится?