Аристотель. Идеи и интерпретации - [218]

Ключевые слова: история медицины, Гиппократ, Аристотель, Гален, аподиктический метод, древнегреческая рациональная медицина.

Dmitry Balalykin, Nataliya Shok

The apodictic method in the tradition of ancient Greek rational medicine

Hippocrates, Aristotle, Galen

The authors suggest a definition of the apodictic method that can be applied to the history of medicine and reveals its development in the works of Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen. The apodictic method of proof in medicine is anatomical dissections, the rational doctrine of general pathology and clinical systematics. The particular approach to using this method of rigorous proof in the works of ancient authors allows us to distinguish three stages in the development of ancient medicine’s methodology. The first was the period of the apodictic method’s birth, which determined the foundations of Greek rational medicine based on the principles of Hippocrates. Under these principles, an explanation for the phenomena of nature, and the human body as a part of it, is based on the search for, and study of, natural causes. The foundation period of the apodictic method is associated with the works of Aristotle, which are devoted to the theory of argumentation, contain a formulation for the strict requirements for proof, movement theory, and systematic dissections of animals based on this practice. They also include the formation of the principles of comparative anatomy, which subsequently influenced the development of Herophilos’ practice of systematic anatomic autopsies and the development of his health concepts. The third stage was the period of apodictic method — characterized by the works of Galen. He introduced the apodictic method into medical practice and proved its importance for the further development of medical science. The integrated theoretical and practical system established by Galen became a historic milestone, which divided the period of the birth of ancient Greek rational medicine from the period of rational medicine in the protoscience period.

Keywords: history of medicine, Hippocrates, Aristotle, Galen, apodictic method, ancient Greek rational medicine.

Д.А. Балалыкин

Микроструктура живой материи в натурфилософской системе Галена

Статья посвящена изучению понятия «гомеомерия» в натурфилософской системе Галена. Автором статьи с позиций истории и философии медицины проанализированы трактаты Галена Три комментария на книгу Гиппократа «О природе человека», Искусство медицины, Гален к Патрофилу — о том, из чего состоит медицинское искусство, в которых описано основополагающее для натурфилософской системы Галена учение о гомеомериях. Поставлен вопрос о соответствии взглядов Галена устоявшимся в истории философии представлениям о гомеомериях. Автор статьи указывает на существенную разницу между интерпретациями этого понятия разными философами Античности и тем, что именно вкладывал в это понятие Гален, разделявший точку зрения Аристотеля на данный вопрос. Натурфилософская система требовалась ему для комплексного осмысления устройства и принципов жизнедеятельности человеческого организма, а также причин развития заболеваний и методов их лечения. Все это, по мнению Галена, должно быть объяснено в рамках определенной философской (т. е. общенаучной) системы. Представление о целесообразности функции как основе понимания предназначения, заложенного Творцом в устройство разных органов и тканей, и определяет подход Галена к идее гомеомерий как мельчайших частей, из которых они состоят.

Ключевые слова: натурфилософия, история науки, Гален, история медицины, гомеомерии, Анаксагор, микроструктура живой материи.

Dmitry Balalykin

The microstructure of the living matter in natural-philosophical system of Galen

The paper studies the concept of «homoeomeries» in natural philosophy system of Galen. With regard to the analysis of the history and philosophy of medicine author interested in treatises of Galen (In Hippocratis de natura hominis librum commentarii III, Ars medica, De constitutione artis medicae ad Patrophilum), which clearly describes the fundamental importance of the doctrine of homoeomeries for the whole system of natural philosophy of Galen. The author raises the question of compliance with the views of Galen to the entrenched in the history of philosophy ideas about homoeomeries. The author points to a significant difference between the interpretations of the term by various philosophers of antiquity, on the one hand, and the fact that it has invested in this concept Galen, who shared with the point of view of Aristotle on the matter. Natural-philosophical system he needed for an integrated understanding of the principles of the device and functioning of the human organism, as well as the causes of diseases, treatments and therapies. All this, according to Galen, should be explained in the framework of a certain philosophical (i.e. general scientific) system. Expediency functions as a basis of understanding mission, pledged by the Creator into the various organs and tissues, and determines the approach to the idea of Galen homoeomeries.