За стеной фильтров. Что Интернет скрывает от вас? [заметки]
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Коллаборативная фильтрация, или совместная фильтрация, — это метод анализа информации и интересов пользователя, основанный на сборе данных о предпочтениях и действиях других пользователей. Он основан на идее, что люди, у которых в прошлом обнаружились общие интересы, могут иметь сходные интересы и в будущем. Такие системы могут прогнозировать, например, какая музыка понравится вам, исходя из того, какая музыка понравилась людям, чьи вкусы в прошлом пересекались с вашими. Прим. пер.
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Blade Runner — культовый фильм режиссера Ридли Скотта по мотивам романа Филипа Дика «Мечтают ли андроиды об электроовцах?», существует в семи версиях. Прим. ред.
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Он же «Золотой щит» — система фильтрации контента в Китае, размещенная на интернет-каналах между международными информационными магистралями и местными интернет-провайдерами. Прим. пер.
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318
Штаты, в которых два главных кандидата на пост президента имеют примерно равные шансы на победу и исход голосования не ясен до последнего момента. Прим. пер.
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Тема повышения налогов десятилетиями была в центре политических дискуссий в США. Прим. пер.
322
Monica Scott. Three TV Stations Pull 'Demonstrably False' Ad Attacking Pete Hoekstra. Grand Rapids Press, May 28, 2010, www.mlive.com/politics/index.ssf/2010/05/three_tv_stations_pull_demonst.html.
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Издана на русском языке: Обама Б. Дерзость надежды. М.: Азбука-классика, 2008. Прим. ред.
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Barack Obama. The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream. New York, Crown, 2006, 11.
329
Эту фразу Обама произнес в ходе избирательной кампании в 2008 году, имея в виду прежде всего избирателей со Среднего Запада, выступающих против иммиграции, свободной торговли и т. д. Прим. пер.
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Район Нью-Йорка, популярный в среде богемы. Прим. пер.
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335
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336
Здравствуй, мир! Прим. пер.
337
Контркультурное издание Whole Earth Catalog выпускалось с 1968 по 1972 год и представляло собой каталог разного рода товаров для творчества или ведения аскетичного образа жизни. Прим. пер.
338
Stewart Brand. Whole Earth Catalog, 1968, http://wholeearth.com/issue/1010/article/195/we.are.as.gods.
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Район Сан-Франциско, где в 60-е царила либеральная и богемная атмосфера. Прим. пер.
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Steven Levy, Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. New York: Penguin, 2001, 451.
341
How Eliza Works, http://chayden.net/eliza/instructions.txt.
342
Популярный американский актер-комик. Прим. ред.
343
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344
Из интервью автора с Дугласом Рашкофф, 25 августа, 2010.
345
Gabriella Coleman. The Political Agnosticism of Free and Open Source Software and the Inadvertent Politics of Contrast. Anthropological Quarterly, Vol. 77, no. 3, Summer 2004, 507–519, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost.
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347
В России вышли книги Дэна Ариели «Предсказуемая иррациональность» (М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2010) и «Позитивная иррациональность» (М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2010). Прим. ред.
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Christian Rudder. Exactly What to Say in a First Message. Sept. 14, 2009, http://blog.okcupid.com/index.php/online-dating-advice-exactly-what-to-say-in-a-first-message.
349
С 1978 по 1995 год американский математик Теодор Каминский отправил 16 бомб в университеты и авиакомпании. В результате взрывов погибли 3 человека и было ранено 23. В 1996 году он был арестован и приговорен к пожизненному заключению. Прим. пер.
350
Steven Levy. The Unabomber and David Gelernter. New York Times, May 21, 1995, www.unabombers.com/News/95-ll-21-NYT.htm.
351
Langdon Winner. Do Artifacts Have Politics? Daedalus Vol. 109, no. 1, Winter 1980: 121–136, Section: Technical Arrangements and Social Order.
352
Lawrence Lessig, Code, 2d ed. New York: Basic Books, 2006.
353
Winner. Do Artifacts Have Politics. Section: Technical Arrangements and Social Order.
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355
«1984» — фантастический сатирический роман Джорджа Оруэлла, один из известнейших романов-антиутопий. Прим. ред.
356
Mark Zuckerberg executive bio, Facebook Press Room, accessed on Feb. 8, 2011, http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php7execbios.
357
Карта в настольной игре «Монополия», дающая право на бесплатное освобождение из тюрьмы. Прим. пер.
358
Greg Jarboe. A 'Fireside Chat' with Google's Sergey Brin. Search Engine Watch, Oct. 16, 2003, http://searchenginewatch.com/3081081.
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Gord Hotckiss. Just Behave: Google's Marissa Mayer on Personalized Search. Searchengineland, Feb. 23, 2007, http://searchengineland.com/just-behave-googles-marissa-mayer-on-personalized-search-10592.
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David Kirkpatrick. With a Little Help from his Friends. Vanity Fair, Oct. 2010, www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2010/10/sean-parker-201010.
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362
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David A. Wise and Mark Malseed, The Google Story. New York: Random House, 2005, 42.
364
Jeffrey M. O'Brien. The PayPal Mafia. Fortune, Nov. 14, 2007, http://money.cnn.com/2007/ll/13/magazines/fortime/paypal_mafia.fortune/index2.htm.
365
Troy Wolverton. It's official: eBay weds PayPal. Cnet News, Oct. 3, 2002, http://news.cnet.com/Its-official-eBay-weds-PayPal/2100-1017_3960658.html.
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Peter Thiel. Education of a libertarian. Cato Unbound, Apr. 13, 2009, www.cato-unbound.org/2009/04/13/peter-thiel/the-education-of-a-libertarian.
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Chris Baker. Live Free or Drown: Floating Utopias on the Cheap. Wired, Jan. 19, 2009, www.wired.com/techbiz/startups/magazine/17-02/mf_seasteading?currentPage=all.
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Thiel. Education of a Libertarian.
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Nicholas Carlson. Peter Thiel Says Don't Piss Off the Robots (or Bet on a Recovery). Business Insider, Nov. 18, 2009, www.businessinsider.com/peter-thiel-on-obama-ai-and-why-he-rents-his-mansion-2009-ll#.
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Ronald Bailey. Technology Is at the Center. Reason.com, May 2008, http://reason.com/archives/2008/05/01/technology-is-at-the-center/singlepage.
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Deepak Gopinath. PayPal's Thiel Scores 230 Percent Gain with Soros-Style Fund. CanadianHedgeWatch.com, December 4, 2006, www.canadian-hedgewatch.com/content/news/general/?id=1169.
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Peter Thiel. Your Suffrage Isn't in Danger. Your Other Rights Are. Cato Unbound, May 1, 2009, www.cato-unbound.org/2009/05/01/peter-thiel/your-suffrage-isnt-in-danger-your-other-rights-are.
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Из интервью автора, 5 октября, 2010.
374
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Пер. с англ. Е. Дрозд.
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Из интервью автора, 10 октября, 2010.
379
Jason Mick. Tokyo's 'Minority Report' Ad Boards Scan Viewer's Sex and Age. Daily Tech, July 16, 2010, www.dailytech.com/Tokyos+Minority+Report+Ad+Boards+Scan+Viewers+Sex+and+Age/articlel9063.htm.
380
Сатирическая телепередача на канале Comedy Central. Прим. пер.
381
David Shields. Reality Hunger: A Manifesto. New York: Knopf, 2010.
382
Псевдодокументальный фильм — от англ. mockumentary (to mock — «издеваться» и documentary — «документальный фильм»). Прим. ред.
383
Разговорное слово, обозначающее способность определять чью-либо сексуальную ориентацию. Производное от слов gay и radar. Прим. пер.
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M. Ryan Calo. People Can Be So Fake: ANew Dimension to Privacy and Technology Scholarship. Penn State Law Review 114 (2010), no. 3:810–855.
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Vanessa Woods. Pay Up, You Are Being Watched. New Scientist, Mar. 18, 2005, www.newscientist.com/article/dn7144-pay-up-you-are-being-watched.html.
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387
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388
Maureen Boyle. Video: Catching criminals? Brockton Cops Have an App for That. Brockton Patriot Ledger, June 15, 2010, www.patriotledger.com/news/cops_and_courts/xl602636300/Catching-criminals-Cops-have-an-app-for-that.
389
Jerome Taylor. Google Chief: My Fears for Generation Facebook. Independent, Aug. 18, 2010, www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/google-chief-my-fears-for-generation-facebook-2055390.html.
390
В 2011 году Google предоставил возможность искать изображения, похожие на заданное, а также пытаться их идентифицировать. Несколько позже было выпущено мобильное приложение Google Goggles с похожими функциями. Прим. пер.
391
Гордон Мур в 1965 году предположил, что число транзисторов на кристалле будет удваиваться каждые 24 месяца и мощность вычислительных устройств будет расти по экспоненте. Прим. ред.
392
William Gibson. Interview on NPR's Fresh Air, Aug. 31, 1993, www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyld=1107153.
393
RFID Bracelet Brings Facebook to the Real World. Aug. 20, 2010, www.psfk.com/2010/08/rfid-bracelet-brings-facebook-to-the-real-world.html.
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David Wright, Serge Gutwirth, Michael Friedewald, Yves Punie, and Elena Vildjiounaite. Safeguards in a World of Ambient Intelligence. Berlin/Dordrecht: Springer Science, 2008, Abstract.
396
Фильм Эндрю Никкола, действие которого происходит в будущем, где все люди генетически запрограммированы жить определенным образом. Прим. пер.
397
Digitized Book Project Unveils a Quantitative 'Cultural Genome', http://www.seas.harvard.edu/news-events/news-archive/2books.
398
Digitized Book Project Unveils a Quantitative 'Cultural Genome', http://www.seas.harvard.edu/news-events/news-archive/2books.
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400
Nikki Tait. Google to Translate European Patent Claims. Financial Times, Nov. 29, 2010, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/02f71b76-fbce-lldf-b79a-00144feab49a.html.
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Из интервью автора, 10 сентября, 2010.
402
Graham Bowley. Stock Swing Still Baffles, with an Ominous Tone. New York Times, August 22, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/23/business/23flash.html.
403
Chris Anderson. The End of Theory: The Data Deluge Makes the Scientific Method Obsolete. Wired, June 23, 2008, http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/magazine/16-07/pb_theory.
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Marisol LeBron. 'Migracorridos': Another Failed Anti-immigration Campaign. North American Congress of Latin America, Mar. 17, 2009, https://nacla.org/node/5625.
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Jenni Miller. Hansel and Gretel in 3D? Yeah, Maybe. Moviefone Blog, July 19, 2010, http://blog.moviefone.com/2010/07/19/hansel-and-gretel-in-3-d-yeah-maybe.
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Motoko Rich. Product Placement Deals Make Leap from Film to Books. New York Times, Nov. 9, 2008, www.nytimes.com/2008/02/19/arts/19iht20bookplacement.l0177632.html?pagewanted=all.
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John Hauser and Glen Urban. When to Morph. Aug. 2010, http://web.mit.edu/hauser/www/Papers/Hauser-Urban-Liberali_When_to_Morph_Aug_2010.pdf.
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Jane Wardell. Raytheon Unveils Scorpion Helmet Technology. Associated Press, July 23, 2010, www.boston.com/business/articles/2010/07/23/raytheon_unveils_scorpion_helmet_technology.
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Jane Wardell. Raytheon unveils Scorpion helmet technology.
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Michael Schmidt. To Pack a Stadium, Provide Video Better Than TV. New York Times, July 28, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/07/29/sports/football/29stadium.html?_r=l.
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Gary Hayes. 16 Top Augmented Reality Business Models. Personalize Media (Gary Hayes's blog), Sept. 14, 2009, www.personalizemedia.com/16-top-augmented-reality-business-models.
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Из интервью автора, 6 октября, 2010.
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418
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419
Bill Joy. Why the Future Doesn't Need Us. Wired, Apr. 2000, www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/joy.html.
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Christopher Alexander et al. A Pattern Language. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1977, 8.
421
Sir Tim Berners-Lee. Long Live the Web: A Call for Continued Open Standards and Neutrality. Scientific American, Nov. 22, 2010.
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Christopher Alexander. A Pattern Language, xvi.
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Christopher Alexander. A Pattern Language, 41–43.
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Christopher Alexander. A Pattern Language, 48.
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Christopher Alexander. A Pattern Language, 48.
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430
Часовая передача на станции WBEZ. Прим. ред.
431
A Better Mousetrap. This American Life no. 366, aired Oct. 10, 2008, http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/366/a-better-mousetrap-2008.
432
A Better Mousetrap. This American Life no. 366, aired Oct. 10, 2008, http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/366/a-better-mousetrap-2008.
433
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434
Lisa Wade. Decision Making and the Options We're Offered. Sociological Images Blog, February 17, 2010, http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2010/02/17/decision-making-and-the-options-were-offered/.
435
Gerrymandering — происходит от фамилии губернатора Массачусетса Элбриджа Джерри и слова «саламандра» (salamander). В 1812 году Джерри подписал закон о таксой форме избирательных округов в штате, которая давала преимущество его партии. Один из этих причудливо нарезанных округов на карте сильно напоминал саламандру. Прим. пер.
436
Lawrence Lessig Code, 2d ed., p. 260, http://books.google.com/books?id=lmXIMZiU8yQC&pg=PA260&lpg=PA260&dq=lessig+political+response+transparent+code&source=bl&ots=wR0WRuJ61u&sig=iSIiM0pnEaf-o5VPvtGcgXXEeL8&hl=en&ei=lbI0TfykGsH38Ab7tDJCA8csa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=18cved=0CBcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false.
437
Amit Singhal. Is Google a Monopolist? A Debate. Opinion Journal, Wall Street Journal, Sept. 17, 2010, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703466704575489582364177978.html?mod=googlenews_wsj#U3012719359440EB.
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Philip Foisie's memos to the management of the Washington Post. November 10, 1969, http://newsombudsmen.org/articles/origins/article-l-mcgee.
439
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441
День выборов в Конгресс США. Прим. пер.
442
Из интервью автора.
443
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Cass R. Sunstein, Republic.com. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001.
445
Из телефонного интервью Кэйтлин Петр с Марком Ротенбергом, 5 ноября, 2010.
446
Ассоциация общественных организаций по защите прав потребителей и вообще прав граждан. Прим. пер.
447
Mistakes Do Happen: Credit Report Errors Mean Consumers Lose. US PIRG, accessed Feb. 8, 2010, http://www.uspirg.org/home/reports/report-archives/financial-privacy-security/financial-privacy-security/mistakes-do-happen-credit-report-errors-mean-consumers-lose
448
Это фраза из речи 1972 года американского политика и общественного деятеля Джона Гарднера (работал министром здравоохранения при президенте Линдоне Джонсоне, а затем основал несколько влиятельных общественных организаций). Употреблял это выражение и президент Обама. Прим. пер.
449
Непартийная низовая организация, выступающая за реформу СМИ.