Таймхакинг. Как наука помогает нам делать всё вовремя [заметки]

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Пер. Т. Щепкиной-Куперник.

Лингвистическое исследование и подсчет слов (англ.).

Господи! (фр.).

Букв. «человек экономический (лат.); человек, обладающий превосходной экономической интуицией и обширными познаниями в этой сфере, выбирающий наиболее рациональные варианты экономических решений. – Прим. ред.

Это также можно пояснить и на простом математическом примере. Предположим, что возможность того, что Линда работает в банке, составляет 2 % (0,02). Если при этом возможность того, что она феминистка, составляет целых 99 % (0,99), то вероятность того что она одновременно и банковская служащая, и феминистка, составит 0,198 (0,02 × 0,99), что меньше 2 %. – Прим. авт.

А вот еще более простой способ. В какое время вы просыпаетесь в выходные? Если в то же, что и по рабочим дням, то вы, вероятно, «жаворонок». А если значительно позже (на 1,5 ч и более), то вы, вероятно, «сова». – Прим. авт.

Карри М. Режим гения: Распорядок дня великих людей. – М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2013.

Словосочетание «napрuccino» составлено из двух английских слов: «nap» (вздремнуть») и «cappuccino» («капучино»). – Прим. пер.

Главное, чтобы повезло в самом начале (исп.).

Кан изучала именно белых мужчин, потому что на уровне их занятости и заработков меньше сказываются дискриминация по расовому и половому признакам, а также рождение детей. Это позволило исследовательнице отделить экономические условия от таких факторов, как цвет кожи, этническая принадлежность и пол. – Прим. авт.

За четыре сезона, проведенных Юингом в Джорджтауне, «Хойас» трижды выходили в финал чемпионата НАСС. – Прим. авт.

Грант А. Брать или отдавать? Новый взгляд на психологию отношений. – М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2013.

Пер. Е. Калашниковой.

Пер. И. Полоцка.

Пер. Е. Коротковой.

Пер. И. и С. Логачевых.

Пер. Е. Калашниковой.

Саттон Р. Хороший босс, плохой босс: Как стать лучшим, научившись на ошибках худших. – М.: Юнайтед Пресс, 2014.

Среднемесячный заработок даббавала составляет около $210. По индийским меркам, это не бешеные деньги, но их хватает, чтобы содержать деревенскую родню. – Прим. авт.

Браун Дж. Д. Мальчики в лодке. – М.: Эксмо, 2017.

Шихи Г. Возрастные кризисы. – СПб.: Каскад, 2005.

Комментарии

Tad Fitch and Michael Poirier, Into the Danger Zone: Sea Crossings of the First World War (Stroud, UK: The History Press, 2014), 108.

Erik Larson, Dead Wake: The Last Crossing of the Lusitania (New York: Broadway Books, 2016), 1.

Colin Simpson, “A Great Liner with Too Many Secrets,” Life, October 13, 1972, 58.

Fitch and Poirier, Into the Danger Zone, 118; Adolph A. Hoehling and Mary Hoehling, The Last Voyage of the Lusitania (Lanham, MD: Madison Books, 1996), 247.

Daniel Joseph Boorstin, The Discoverers: A History of Man’s Search to Know His World and Himself (New York: Vintage, 1985), 1.

Kit Smith, “44 Twitter Statistics for 2016,” Brandwatch, May 17, 2016. (Электронная версия: https://www.brandwatch.com/2016/05/44-twitter-stats-2016.)

Scott A. Golder and Michael W. Macy, “Diurnal and Seasonal Mood Vary with Work, Sleep, and Daylength Across Diverse Cultures,” Science 333, no. 6051 (2011): 1878–1881.

Обратите внимание, что это исследование проводилось еще до того, как Дональд Трамп стал президентом, а его твиты – частью политической жизни.

Более подробный рассказ об открытии де Мерана см.: Till Roenneberg, Internal Time: Chronotypes, Social Jet Lag, and Why You’re So Tired (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012), 31–35.

William J. Cromie, “Human Biological Clock Set Back an Hour,” Harvard University Gazette, July 15, 1999.

Peter Sheridan Dodds et al., “Temporal Patterns of Happiness and Information in a Global Social Network: Hedonometrics and Twitter,” PloS ONE6, no. 12 (2011): e26752. См. также Riccardo Fusaroli et al., “Timescales of Massive Human Entrainment,” PloS ONE10, no. 4 (2015): e0122742.

Daniel Kahneman et al., “A Survey Method for Characterizing Daily Life Experience: The Day Reconstruction Method,” Science 306, no. 5702 (2004): 1776–1780.

Arthur A. Stone et al., “A Population Approach to the Study of Emotion: Diurnal Rhythms of a Working Day Examined with the Day Reconstruction Method,” Emotion 6, no. 1 (2006): 139–149.

Jing Chen, Baruch Lev, and Elizabeth Demers, “The Dangers of Late-Afternoon Earnings Calls,” Harvard Business Review, October 2013.

Jing Chen, Elizabeth Demers, and Baruch Lev, “Oh What a Beautiful Morning! Diurnal Variations in Executives’ and Analysts’ Behavior: Evidence from Conference Calls.” (Электронная версия: https://www.darden.virginia.edu.uploadedfiles/darden_web/content/faculty_research/seminars_and_conferences/CDL_March_2016.pdf.)

Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, “Extensional Versus Intuitive Reasoning: The Conjunction Fallacy in Probability Judgment,” Psychological Review 90, no. 4 (1983): 293–315.

Galen V. Bodenhausen, “Stereotypes as Judgmental Heuristics: Evidence of Circadian Variations in Discrimination,” Psychological Science 1, no. 5 (1990): 319–322.

Russell G. Foster and Leon Kreitzman, Rhythms of Life: The Biological Clocks That Control the Daily Lives of Every Living Thing (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005), 11.

Carolyn B. Hines, “Time-of-Day Effects on Human Performance,” Journal of Catholic Education 7, no. 3 (2004): 390–413, citing Tamsin L. Kelly, Circadian Rhythms: Importance for Models of Cognitive Performance, U. S. Naval Health Research Center Report, no. 96–1 (1996): 1–24.

Simon Folkard, “Diurnal Variation in Logical Reasoning,” British Journal of Psychology 66, no. 1 (1975): 1–8; Timothy H. Monk et al., “Circadian Determinants of Subjective Alertness,” Journal of Biological Rhythms 4, no. 4 (1989): 393–404.

Robert L. Matchock and J. Toby Mordkoff, “Chronotype and Time-of-Day Influences on the Alerting, Orienting, and Executive Components of Attention,” Experimental Brain Research 192, no. 2 (2009): 189–198.

Hans Henrik Sievertsen, Francesca Gino, and Marco Piovesan, “Cognitive Fatigue Influences Students’ Performance on Standardized Tests,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 10 (2016): 2621–2624.

Nolan G. Pope, “How the Time of Day Affects Productivity: Evidence from School Schedules,” Review of Economics and Statistics 98, no. 1 (2016): 1–11.

Mareike B. Wieth and Rose T. Zacks, “Time of Day Effects on Problem Solving: When the Non-optimal Is Optimal,” Thinking & Reasoning 17, no. 4 (2011): 387–401.

Lynn Hasher, Rose T. Zacks, and Cynthia P. May, “Inhibitory Control, Circadian Arousal, and Age,” в Daniel Gopher and Asher Koriat, eds., Attention and Performance XVII: Cognitive Regulation of Performance: Interaction of Theory and Application (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999), 653–675.

Cindi May, “The Inspiration Paradox: Your Best Creative Time Is Not When You Think,” Scientific American, March 6, 2012.

Mareike B. Wieth and Rose T. Zacks, “Time of Day Effects on Problem Solving: When the Non-optimal Is Optimal,” Thinking & Reasoning 17, no. 4 (2011): 387–401.

Inez Nellie Canfield McFee, The Story of Thomas A. Edison (New York: Barse & Hopkins, 1922).

Till Roenneberg et al., “Epidemiology of the Human Circadian Clock,” Sleep Medicine Reviews 11, no. 6 (2007): 429–438.

Ana Adan et al., “Circadian Typology: A Comprehensive Review,” Chronobiology International 29, no. 9 (2012): 1153–75; Franzis Preckel et al., “Chronotype, Cognitive Abilities, and Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analytic Investigation,” Learning and Individual Differences 21, no. 5 (2011): 483–492; Till Roenneberg, Anna Wirz-Justice, and Martha Merrow, “Life Between Clocks: Daily Temporal Patterns of Human Chronotypes,” Journal of Biological Rhythms 18, no. 1 (2003): 80–90; Iwona Chelminski et al., “Horne and Ostberg Questionnaire: A Score Distribution in a Large Sample of Young Adults,” Personality and Individual Differences 23, no. 4 (1997): 647–652; G. M. Cavallera and S. Giudici, “Morningness and Eveningness Personality: A Survey in Literature from 1995 up till 2006.” Personality and Individual Differences 44, no. 1 (2008): 3–21.

Renuka Rayasam, “Why Sleeping In Could Make You a Better Worker,” BBC Capital, February 25, 2016.

Markku Koskenvuo et al., “Heritability of Diurnal Type: A Nationwide Study of 8753 Adult Twin Pairs,” Journal of Sleep Research 16, no. 2 (2007): 156–162; Yoon-Mi Hur; Thomas J. Bouchard, Jr., and David T. Lykken, “Genetic and Environmental Influence on Morningness-Eveningness,” Personality and Individual Differences 25, no. 5 (1998): 917–925.

Одно из возможных объяснений этого феномена: родившиеся в менее светлое время года достигают ежедневного циркадного пика раньше, чтобы в полной мере воспользоваться ограниченным количеством дневного света. См: Vincenzo Natale and Ana Adan, “Season of Birth Modulates Morning-Eveningness Preference in Humans,” Neuroscience Letters 274, no. 2 (1999): 139–141; Hervé Caci et al., “Transcultural Properties of the Composite Scale of Morningness: The Relevance of the ‘Morning Affect’ Factor,” Chronobiology International 22, no. 3 (2005): 523–540.

Till Roenneberg et al., “A Marker for the End of Adolescence,” Current Biology 14, no. 24 (2004): R1038–1039.

Till Roenneberg et al., “Epidemiology of the Human Circadian Clock,” Sleep Medicine Reviews 11, no. 6 (2007): 429–438; See also Ana Adan et al., “Circadian Typology: A Comprehensive Review,” Chronobiology International 29, no. 9 (2012): 1153–1175.

Ana Adan et al., “Circadian Typology: A Comprehensive Review,” Chronobiology International 29, no. 9 (2012): 1153–1175. See also Ryan J. Walker et al., “Age, the Big Five, and Time-of-Day Preference: A Mediational Model,” Personality and Individual Differences 56 (2014): 170–174; Christoph Randler, “Proactive People Are Morning People,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 39, no. 12 (2009): 2787–2797; Hervé Caci, Philippe Robert, and Patrice Boyer, “Novelty Seekers and Impulsive Subjects Are Low in Morningness,” European Psychiatry 19, no. 2 (2004): 79–84; Maciej Stolarski, Maria Ledzińska, and Gerald Matthews, “Morning Is Tomorrow, Evening Is Today: Relationships Between Chronotype and Time Perspective,” Biological Rhythm Research 44, no. 2 (2013): 181–196.

Renée K. Biss and Lynn Hasher, “Happy as a Lark: Morning-Type Younger and Older Adults Are Higher in Positive Affect,” Emotion 12, no. 3 (2012): 437–441.

Ryan J. Walker et al., “Age, the Big Five, and Time-of-Day Preference: A Mediational Model,” Personality and Individual Differences 56 (2014): 170–174; Christoph Randler, “Morningness-Eveningness, Sleep-Wake Variables and Big Five Personality Factors,” Personality and Individual Differences 45, no. 2 (2008): 191–196.

Ana Adan, “Chronotype and Personality Factors in the Daily Consumption of Alcohol and Psychostimulants,” Addiction 89, no. 4 (1994): 455–462.

Ji Hee Yu et al., “Evening Chronotype Is Associated with Metabolic Disorders and Body Composition in Middle-Aged Adults,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 100, no. 4 (2015): 1494–1502; Seog Ju Kim et al., “Age as a Moderator of the Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Morningness-Eveningness,” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 68, no. 2 (2010): 159–164; Iwona Chelminski et al., “Horne and Ostberg Questionnaire: A Score Distribution in a Large Sample of Young Adults,” Personality and Individual Differences 23, no. 4 (1997): 647–652; Michael D. Drennan et al., “The Effects of Depression and Age on the Horne-Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Score,” Journal of Affective Disorders 23, no. 2 (1991): 93–98; Christoph Randler et al., “Eveningness Is Related to Men’s Mating Success,” Personality and Individual Differences 53, no. 3 (2012): 263–267; J. Kasof, “Eveningness and Bulimic Behavior,” Personality and Individual Differences 31, no. 3 (2001): 361–369.

Kai Chi Yam, Ryan Fehr, and Christopher M. Barnes, “Morning Employees Are Perceived as Better Employees: Employees’ Start Times Influence Supervisor Performance Ratings,” Journal of Applied Psychology 99, no. 6 (2014): 1288–1299.

Catharine Gale and Christopher Martyn, “Larks and Owls and Health, Wealth, and Wisdom,” British Medical Journal 317, no. 7174 (1998): 1675–1677.

Richard D. Roberts and Patrick C. Kyllonen, “Morning-Eveningness and Intelligence: Early to Bed, Early to Rise Will Make You Anything but Wise!” Personality and Individual Differences 27 (1999): 1123–1133; Davide Piffer et al., “Morning-Eveningness and Intelligence Among High-Achieving US Students: Night Owls Have Higher GMAT Scores than Early Morning Types in a Top-Ranked MBA Program,” Intelligence47 (2014): 107–112.

Christoph Randler, “Evening Types Among German University Students Score Higher on Sense of Humor After Controlling for Big Five Personality Factors,” Psychological Reports 103, no. 2 (2008): 361–370.

Galen V. Bodenhausen, “Stereotypes as Judgmental Heuristics: Evidence of Circadian Variations in Discrimination,” Psychological Science 1, no. 5 (1990): 319–322.

Mareike B. Wieth and Rose T. Zacks, “Time-of-Day Effects on Problem Solving: When the Non-optimal is Optimal,” Thinking & Reasoning 17, no. 4 (2011): 387–401.

Cynthia P. May and Lynn Hasher, “Synchrony Effects in Inhibitory Control over Thought and Action,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 24, no. 2 (1998): 363–379; Ana Adan et al., “Circadian Typology: A Comprehensive Review,” Chronobiology International 29, no. 9 (2012): 1153–1175.

Ángel Correa, Enrique Molina, and Daniel Sanabria, “Effects of Chronotype and Time of Day on the Vigilance Decrement During Simulated Driving,” Accident Analysis & Prevention 67 (2014): 113–118.

John A. E. Anderson et al., “Timing Is Everything: Age Differences in the Cognitive Control Network Are Modulated by Time of Day,” Psychology and Aging 29, no. 3 (2014): 648–658.

Brian C. Gunia, Christopher M. Barnes, and Sunita Sah, “The Morality of Larks and Owls: Unethical Behavior Depends on Chronotype as Well as Time of Day,” Psychological Science 25, no. 12 (2014): 2272–2274; Maryam Kouchaki and Isaac H. Smith, “The Morning Morality Effect; The Influence of Time of Day on Unethical Behavior,”Psychological Science 25, no. 1 (2013): 95–102.

Mason Currey, ed., Daily Rituals: How Artists Work (New York: Knopf, 2013), 62–63.

Там же, 29–32, 62–63.

Céline Vetter et al., “Aligning Work and Circadian Time in Shift Workers Improves Sleep and Reduces Circadian Disruption,” Current Biology 25, no. 7 (2015): 907–911.

Karen Van Proeyen et al., “Training in the Fasted State Improves Glucose Tolerance During Fat-Rich Diet,” Journal of Physiology 588, no. 21 (2010): 4289–4302.

Michael R. Deschenes et al., “Chronobiological Effects on Exercise: Performance and Selected Physiological Responses,” European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 77, no. 3 (1998): 249–560.

Elise Facer-Childs and Roland Brandstaetter, “The Impact of Circadian Phenotype and Time Since Awakening on Diurnal Performance in Athletes,” Current Biology 25, no. 4 (2015): 518–522.

Boris I. Medarov, Valentin A. Pavlov, and Leonard Rossoff, “Diurnal Variations in Human Pulmonary Function,” International Journal of Clinical Experimental Medicine 1, no. 3 (2008): 267–273.

Barry Drust et al., “Circadian Rhythms in Sports Performance: An Update,” Chronobiology International 22, no. 1 (2005), 21–44; Joao Paulo P. Rosa et al., “2016 Rio Olympic Games: Can the Schedule of Events Compromise Athletes’ Performance?” Chronobiology International 33, no. 4 (2016): 435–440.

American Council on Exercise, “The Best Time to Exercise,” Fit Facts (2013). (Электронная версия: https://www.acefitness.org/fitfacts/pdfs/fitfacts/itemid_2625.pdf.

Miguel Debono et al., “Modified-Release Hydrocortisone to Provide Circadian Cortisol Profiles,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 94, no. 5 (2009): 1548–1554.)

Alicia E. Meuret et al., “Timing Matters: Endogenous Cortisol Mediates Benefits from Early-Day Psychotherapy,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 74 (2016): 197–202.

Melanie Clay Wright et al., “Time of Day Effects on the Incidence of Anesthetic Adverse Events,” Quality and Safety in Health Care 15, no. 4 (2006): 258–263. Цитата ведущего автора исследования в конце абзаца из статьи “Time of Surgery Influences Rate of Adverse Health Events Due to Anesthesia,” опубликованной в бюллетене Duke News от 3 августа 2006 года.

Alexander Lee et al., “Queue Position in the Endoscopic Schedule Impacts Effectiveness of Colonoscopy,” American Journal of Gastroenterology 106, no. 8 (2011): 1457–1465.

Одно из исследований выявило любопытное гендерное различие. Если колоноскопия проводилась во второй половине дня, то количество выявленных полипов и аденом обычно оказывалось ниже, но… в основном это касалось лишь пациентов женского пола. См.: Shailendra Singh et al., “Differences Between Morning and Afternoon Colonoscopies for Adenoma Detection in Female and Male Patients,” Annals of Gastroenterology 29, no. 4 (2016): 497–501. Некоторые другие исследователи относятся к эффекту времени суток с большей настороженностью. См, например, Jerome D. Waye, “Should All Colonoscopies Be Performed in the Morning?” Nature Reviews: Gastroenterology & Hepatology 4, no. 7 (2007): 366–367.

Madhusudhan R. Sanaka et al., “Afternoon Colonoscopies Have Higher Failure Rates Than Morning Colonoscopies,” American Journal of Gastroenterology 101, no. 12 (2006): 2726–2730; Jerome D. Waye, “Should All Colonoscopies Be Performed in the Morning?” Nature Reviews: Gastroenterology & Hepatology 4, no. 7 (2007): 366–367.

Jeffrey A. Linder et al., “Time of Day and the Decision to Prescribe Antibiotics,” JAMA Internal Medicine 174, no. 12 (2014): 2029–2031.

Hengchen Dai et al., “The Impact of Time at Work and Time Off from Work on Rule Compliance: The Case of Hand Hygiene in Health Care,” Journal of Applied Psychology 100, no. 3 (2015): 846–862. Цифра в 38 % представляет собой «аппроксимированное значение отклонений от установленного порядка в течение 12-часовой смены, или снижение процента соответствия установленному порядку на 8,7 процентных пункта в среднем на одного сотрудника медперсонала в течение 12-часовой смены».

Jim Horne and Louise Reyner, “Vehicle Accidents Related to Sleep: A Review,” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 56, no. 5 (1999): 289–294.

Justin Caba, “Least Productive Time of the Day Officially Determined to Be 2:55 PM: What You Can Do to Stay Awake?” Medical Daily, June 4, 2013. (Электронная версия: http://www.medicaldaily.com/least-productive-time-day-officially-determined-be-255-pm-what-you-can-do-stay-awake-246495.)

Maryam Kouchaki and Isaac H. Smith, “The Morning Morality Effect: The Influence of Time of Day on Unethical Behavior,” Psychological Science 25, no. 1 (2014): 95–102; Maryam Kouchaki, “In the Afternoon, the Moral Slope Gets Slipperier,” Harvard Business Review, May 2014.

Julia Neily et al., “Association Between Implementation of a Medical Team Training Program and Surgical Mortality,” JAMA 304, no. 15 (2010): 1693–1700.

Francesca Gino, “Don’t Make Important Decisions Late in the Day,” Harvard Business Review, February 23, 2016.

Kyoungmin Cho, Christopher M. Barnes, and Cristiano L. Guanara, “Sleepy Punishers Are Harsh Punishers: Daylight Saving Time and Legal Sentences,” Psychological Science 28, no. 2 (2017): 242–247.

Shai Danziger, Jonathan Levav, and Liora Avnaim-Pesso, “Extraneous Factors in Judicial Decisions,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 17 (2011): 6889–6892.

Atsunori Ariga and Alejandro Lleras, “Brief and Rare Mental ‘Breaks’ Keep You Focused: Deactivation and Reactivation of Task Goals Preempt Vigilance Decrements,” Cognition 118, no. 3 (2011): 439–443.

Emily M. Hunter and Cindy Wu, “Give Me a Better Break: Choosing Workday Break Activities to Maximize Resource Recovery,” Journal of Applied Psychology 101, no. 2 (2016): 302–311.

Hannes Zacher, Holly A. Brailsford, and Stacey L. Parker, “Micro-Breaks Matter: A Diary Study on the Effects of Energy Management Strategies on Occupational Well-Being,” Journal of Vocational Behavior 85, no. 3 (2014): 287–297.

Audrey Bergouignan et al., “Effect of Frequent Interruptions of Prolonged Sitting on Self-Perceived Levels of Energy, Mood, Food Cravings and Cognitive Function,” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 13, no. 1 (2016): 13–24.

Li-Ling Wu et al., “Effects of an 8-Week Outdoor Brisk Walking Program on Fatigue in Hi-Tech Industry Employees: A Randomized Control Trial,” Workplace Health & Safety 63, no. 10 (2015): 436–445; Marily Oppezzo and Daniel L. Schwartz, “Give Your Ideas Some Legs: The Positive Effect of Walking on Creative Thinking,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 40, no. 4 (2014): 1142–1152.

Johannes Wendsche et al., “Rest Break Organization in Geriatric Care and Turnover: A Multimethod Cross-Sectional Study,” International Journal of Nursing Studies 51, no. 9 (2014): 1246–1257.

Sooyeol Kim, Young Ah Park, and Qikun Niu, “Micro-Break Activities at Work to Recover from Daily Work Demands,” Journal of Organizational Behavior 38, no. 1 (2016): 28–41.

Kristen M. Finkbeiner, Paul N. Russell, and William S. Helton, “Rest Improves Performance, Nature Improves Happiness: Assessment of Break Periods on the Abbreviated Vigilance Task,” Consciousness and Cognition 42 (2016): 277–285.

Jo Barton and Jules Pretty, “What Is the Best Dose of Nature and Green Exercise for Improving Mental Health? A Multi-Study Analysis,” Environmental Science & Technology 44, no. 10 (2010): 3947–3955.

Elizabeth K. Nisbet and John M. Zelenski, “Underestimating Nearby Nature: Affective Forecasting Errors Obscure the Happy Path to Sustainability,” Psychological Science 22, no. 9 (2011): 1101–1106; Kristen M. Finkbeiner, Paul N. Russell, and William S. Helton, “Rest Improves Performance, Nature Improves Happiness: Assessment of Break Periods on the Abbreviated Vigilance Task,” Consciousness and Cognition 42 (2016), 277–285.

Sooyeol Kim, Young Ah Park, and Qikun Niu, “Micro-Break Activities at Work to Recover from Daily Work Demands,” Journal of Organizational Behavior 38, no. 1 (2016): 28–41.

Hongjai Rhee and Sudong Kim, “Effects of Breaks on Regaining Vitality at Work: An Empirical Comparison of ‘Conventional’ and ‘Smartphone’ Breaks,” Computers in Human Behavior 57 (2016): 160–167.

См, например: Megan A. McCrory, “Meal Skipping and Variables Related to Energy Balance in Adults: A Brief Review, with Emphasis on the Breakfast Meal,” Physiology & Behavior 134 (2014): 51–54; Hania Szajewska and Marek Ruszczyński, “Systematic Review Demonstrating That Breakfast Consumption Influences Body Weight Outcomes in Children and Adolescents in Europe,” Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 50, no. 2 (2010): 113–119.

Авторы этих работ предупреждают, что «результаты должны интерпретироваться со значительной долей осторожности вследствие низкого качества процесса оценки и дефицита информации о качестве использованных научных исследований».

Emily J. Dhurandhar et al., “The Effectiveness of Breakfast Recommendations on Weight Loss: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 100, no. 2 (2014): 507–513.

Andrew W. Brown, Michelle M. Bohan Brown, and David B. Allison, “Belief Beyond the Evidence: Using the Proposed Effect of Breakfast on Obesity to Show 2 Practices That Distort Scientific Evidence,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 98, no. 5 (2013): 1298–1308; David A. Levitsky and Carly R. Pacanowski, “Effect of Skipping Breakfast on Subsequent Energy Intake,” Physiology & Behavior 119 (2013): 9–16.

Enhad Chowdhury and James Betts, “Should I Eat Breakfast? Health Experts on Whether It Really Is the Most Important Meal of the Day,” Independent, February 15, 2016. См. также: Dara Mohammadi, “Is Breakfast Really the Most Important Meal of the Day?” New Scientist, March 22, 2016.

См. например: http://saddesklunch.com; именно с этого сайта и взята, в общем-то, сомнительная цифра в 62 %.

Kevin M. Kniffin et al., “Eating Together at the Firehouse: How Workplace Commensality Relates to the Performance of Firefighters,” Human Performance 28, no. 4 (2015): 281–306.

100

John P. Trougakos et al., “Lunch Breaks Unpacked: The Role of Autonomy as a Moderator of Recovery During Lunch,” Academy of Management Journal 57, no. 2 (2014): 405–421.

101

Marjaana Sianoja et al., “Recovery During Lunch Breaks: Testing Long-Term Relations with Energy Levels at Work,” Scandinavian Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 1, no. 1 (2016): 1–12. См. также: Hongjai Rhee and Sudong Kim, “Effects of Breaks on Regaining Vitality at Work: An Empirical Comparison of ‘Conventional’ and ‘Smartphone’ Breaks,” Computers in Human Behavior 57 (2016): 160–167.

102

Wallace Immen, “In This Office, Desks Are for Working, Not Eating Lunch,” Globe and Mail, February 27, 2017.

103

Mark R. Rosekind et al., “Crew Factors in Flight Operations 9: Effects of Planned Cockpit Rest on Crew Performance and Alertness in Long-Haul Operations,” NASA Technical Reports Server, 1994. (Электронная версия: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950006379.)

104

Tracey Leigh Signal et al., “Scheduled Napping as a Countermeasure to Sleepiness in Air Traffic Controllers,” Journal of Sleep Research 18, no. 1 (2009): 11–19.

105

Sergio Garbarino et al., “Professional Shift-Work Drivers Who Adopt Prophylactic Naps Can Reduce the Risk of Car Accidents During Night Work,” Sleep 27, no. 7 (2004): 1295–1302.

106

Felipe Beijamini et al., “After Being Challenged by a Video Game Problem, Sleep Increases the Chance to Solve It,” PloS ONE9, no. 1 (2014): e84342.

107

Bryce A. Mander et al., “Wake Deterioration and Sleep Restoration of Human Learning,” Current Biology 21, no. 5 (2011): R183–184; Felipe Beijamini et al., “After Being Challenged by a Video Game Problem, Sleep Increases the Chance to Solve It,” PloS ONE9, no. 1 (2014): e84342.

108

Nicole Lovato and Leon Lack, “The Effects of Napping on Cognitive Functioning,” Progress in Brain Research 185 (2010): 155–166; Sara Studte, Emma Bridger, and Axel Mecklinger, “Nap Sleep Preserves Associative but Not Item Memory Performance,” Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 120 (2015): 84–93.

109

Catherine E. Milner and Kimberly A. Cote, “Benefits of Napping in Healthy Adults: Impact of Nap Length, Time of Day, Age, and Experience with Napping,” Journal of Sleep Research 18, no. 2 (2009): 272–281; Scott S. Campbell et al., “Effects of a Month-Long Napping Regimen in Older Individuals,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 59, no. 2 (2011): 224–232; Junxin Li et al., “Afternoon Napping and Cognition in Chinese Older Adults: Findings from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study Baseline Assessment,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 65, no. 2 (2016): 373–380.

110

111

Особенно в сочетании с ярким светом. См.: Kosuke Kaida, Yuji Takeda, and Kazuyo Tsuzuki, “The Relationship Between Flow, Sleepiness and Cognitive Performance: The Effects of Short Afternoon Nap and Bright Light Exposure,”Industrial Health 50, no. 3 (2012): 189–196.

112

Nicholas Bakalar, “Regular Midday Snoozes Tied to a Healthier Heart,” New York Times, February 13, 2007, reporting on Androniki Naska et al., “Siesta in Healthy Adults and Coronary Mortality in the General Population,” Archives of Internal Medicine 167, no. 3 (2007): 296–301. Обращаю ваше внимание на то, что хотя это исследование и показывает наличие некоторой корреляции между кратковременным дневным сном и пониженным риском сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, однако авторы работы не делают вывод о его безусловной пользе для здоровья.

113

Brice Faraut et al., “Napping Reverses the Salivary Interleukin-6 and Urinary Norepinephrine Changes Induced by Sleep Restriction,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 100, no. 3 (2015): E416–426.

114

Mohammad Zaregarizi et al., “Acute Changes in Cardiovascular Function During the Onset Period of Daytime Sleep: Comparison to Lying Awake and Standing,” Journal of Applied Physiology 103, no. 4 (2007): 1332–1338.

115

Amber Brooks and Leon C. Lack, “A Brief Afternoon Nap Following Nocturnal Sleep Restriction: Which Nap Duration Is Most Recuperative?” Sleep 29, no. 6 (2006): 831–840.

116

Amber J. Tietzel and Leon C. Lack, “The Recuperative Value of Brief and Ultra-Brief Naps on Alertness and Cognitive Performance,” Journal of Sleep Research 11, no. 3 (2002): 213–218.

117

118

Luise A. Reyner and James A. Horne, “Suppression of Sleepiness in Drivers: Combination of Caffeine with a Short Nap,” Psychophysiology 34, no. 6 (1997): 721–725.

119

Mitsuo Hayashi, Akiko Masuda, and Tadao Hori, “The Alerting Effects of Caffeine, Bright Light and Face Washing After a Short Daytime Nap,” Clinical Neurophysiology 114, no. 12 (2003): 2268–2278.

120

Renwick McLean, “For Many in Spain, Siesta Ends,” New York Times, January 1, 2006; Jim Yardley, “Spain, Land of 10 P. M. Dinners, Asks If It’s Time to Reset Clock,” New York Times, February 17, 2014; Margarita Mayo, “Don’t Call It the ‘End of the Siesta’: What Spain’s New Work Hours Really Mean, Harvard Business Review, April 13, 2016.

121

Ahmed S. BaHammam, “Sleep from an Islamic Perspective,” Annals of Thoracic Medicine 6, no. 4 (2011): 187–192.

122

Dan Bilefsky and Christina Anderson, “A Paid Hour a Week for Sex? Swedish Town Considers It,” New York Times, February 23, 2017.

123

Mayo Clinic staff, “Napping: Do’s and Don’ts for Healthy Adults”. (Электронная версия: https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/napping/art-20048319.)

124

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Daniel Z. Levin, Jorge Walter, and J. Keith Murnighan, “The Power of Reconnection: How Dormant Ties Can Surprise You,” MIT Sloan Management Review 52, no. 3 (2011): 45–50.

126

Christopher Peterson et al., “Strengths of Character, Orientations to Happiness, and Life Satisfaction,” Journal of Positive Psychology 2, no. 3 (2007): 149–156.

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См.: Anna Brones and Johanna Kindvall, Fika: The Art of the Swedish Coffee Break (Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press, 2015); Anne Quito, “This Four-Letter Word Is the Swedish Key to Happiness at Work,” Quartz, March 14, 2016.

128

Charlotte Fritz, Chak Fu Lam, and Gretchen M. Spreitzer, “It’s the Little Things That Matter: An Examination of Knowledge Workers’ Energy Management,” Academy of Management Perspectives 25, no. 3 (2011): 28–39.

129

Lesley Alderman, “Breathe. Exhale. Repeat: The Benefits of Controlled Breathing,” New York Times, November 9, 2016.

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Claude Brodesser-Akner, “Christie: ‘Stupid’ Mandatory Recess Bill Deserved My Veto,” NJ.com, January 20, 2016. (Электронная версия: http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2016/01/christie_stupid_law_assuring_kids_recess_deserved.html.)

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Olga S. Jarrett et al., “Impact of Recess on Classroom Behavior: Group Effects and Individual Differences,” Journal of Educational Research 92, no. 2 (1998): 121–126.

135

Catherine N. Rasberry et al., “The Association Between School-Based Physical Activity, Including Physical Education, and Academic Performance: A Systematic Review of the Literature,” Preventive Medicine 52 (2011): S10–20.

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Romina M. Barros, Ellen J. Silver, and Ruth E. K. Stein, “School Recess and Group Classroom Behavior,” Pediatrics 123, no. 2 (2009): 431–436; Anthony D. Pellegrini and Catherine M. Bohn, “The Role of Recess in Children’s Cognitive Performance and School Adjustment,” Educational Researcher 34, no. 1 (2005): 13–19.

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Sophia Alvarez Boyd, “Not All Fun and Games: New Guidelines Urge Schools to Rethink Recess,” National Public Radio, February 1, 2017.

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Timothy D. Walker, “How Kids Learn Better by Taking Frequent Breaks Throughout the Day,” KQED News Mind Shift, April 18, 2017; Christopher Connelly, “More Playtime! How Kids Succeed with Recess Four Times a Day at School,” KQED News, January 4, 2016.

139

Anne G. Wheaton, Gabrielle A. Ferro, and Janet B. Croft, “School Start Times for Middle School and High School Students – United States, 2011–2012 School Year,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 64, no. 3 (August 7, 2015): 809–813.

140

Karen Weintraub, “Young and Sleep Deprived,” Monitor on Psychology 47, no. 2 (2016): 46; цит. по: Katherine M. Keyes et al., “The Great Sleep Recession: Changes in Sleep Duration Among US Adolescents, 1991–2012,” Pediatrics 135, no. 3 (2015): 460–468.

141

Finley Edwards, “Early to Rise? The Effect of Daily Start Times on Academic Performance,” Economics of Education Review 31, no. 6 (2012): 970–983.

142

Reut Gruber et al., “Sleep Efficiency (But Not Sleep Duration) of Healthy School-Age Children Is Associated with Grades in Math and Languages,” Sleep Medicine 15, no. 12 (2014): 1517–1525.

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Adolescent Sleep Working Group, “School Start Times for Adolescents,” Pediatrics 134, no. 3 (2014): 642–649.

144

Kyla Wahlstrom et al., “Examining the Impact of Later High School Start Times on the Health and Academic Performance of High School Students: A Multi-Site Study,” Center for Applied Research and Educational Improvement (2014). См. также: Robert Daniel Vorona et al., “Dissimilar Teen Crash Rates in Two Neighboring Southeastern Virginia Cities with Different High School Start Times,” Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 7, no. 2 (2011): 145–151.

145

Pamela Malaspina McKeever and Linda Clark, “Delayed High School Start Times Later than 8:30 AM and Impact on Graduation Rates and Attendance Rates,” Sleep Health 3, no. 2 (2017): 119–125; Carolyn Crist, “Later School Start Times Catch on Nationwide,” District Administrator, March 28, 2017.

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Anne G. Wheaton, Daniel P. Chapman, and Janet B. Croft, “School Start Times, Sleep, Behavioral, Health, and Academic Outcomes: A Review of the Literature,” Journal of School Health 86, no. 5 (2016): 363–381.

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Judith A. Owens, Katherine Belon, and Patricia Moss, “Impact of Delaying School Start Time on Adolescent Sleep, Mood, and Behavior,” Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 164, no. 7 (2010): 608–614; Nadine Perkinson-Gloor, Sakari Lemola, and Alexander Grob, “Sleep Duration, Positive Attitude Toward Life, and Academic Achievement: The Role of Daytime Tiredness, Behavioral Persistence, and School Start Times,” Journal of Adolescence 36, no. 2 (2013): 311–318; Timothy I. Morgenthaler et al., “High School Start Times and the Impact on High School Students: What We Know, and What We Hope to Learn,” Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 12, no. 12 (2016): 168–189; Julie Boergers, Christopher J. Gable, and Judith A. Owens, “Later School Start Time Is Associated with Improved Sleep and Daytime Functioning in Adolescents,” Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 35, no. 1 (2014): 11–17; Kyla Wahlstrom, “Changing Times: Findings from the First Longitudinal Study of Later High School Start Times,” NASSP Bulletin 86, no. 633 (2002): 3–21; Dubi Lufi, Orna Tzischinsky, and Stav Hadar, “Delaying School Starting Time by One Hour: Some Effects on Attention Levels in Adolescents,” Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 7, no. 2 (2011): 137–143.

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Scott E. Carrell, Teny Maghakian, and James E. West, “A’s from Zzzz’s? The Causal Effect of School Start Time on the Academic Achievement of Adolescents,” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 3, no. 3 (2011): 62–81.

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M.D.R. Evans, Paul Kelley, and Johnathan Kelley, “Identifying the Best Times for Cognitive Functioning Using New Methods: Matching University Times to Undergraduate Chronotypes,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 11 (2017): 188.

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Finley Edwards, “Early to Rise? The Effect of Daily Start Times on Academic Performance,” Economics of Education Review 31, no. 6 (2012): 970–983.

151

Brian A. Jacob and Jonah E. Rockoff, “Organizing Schools to Improve Student Achievement: Start Times, Grade Configurations, and Teacher Assignments,” Education Digest 77, no. 8 (2012): 28–34.

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Термин «временной ориентир» впервые появился в работе: Michael S. Shum, “The Role of Temporal Landmarks in Autobiographical Memory Processes,” Psychological Bulletin 124, no. 3 (1998): 423. Автор, получивший в Северо-Западном университете докторскую степень в области психологии, затем оставил бихевиористику, получил вторую докторскую степень по филологии и сейчас пишет романы.

154

Hengchen Dai, Katherine L. Milkman, and Jason Riis, “The Fresh Start Effect: Temporal Landmarks Motivate Aspirational Behavior,” Management Science 60, no. 10 (2014): 2563–2582.

155

Hengchen Dai, Katherine L. Milkman, and Jason Riis, “The Fresh Start Effect: Temporal Landmarks Motivate Aspirational Behavior,” Management Science 60, no. 10 (2014): 2563–2582.

156

Johanna Peetz and Anne E. Wilson, “Marking Time: Selective Use of Temporal Landmarks as Barriers Between Current and Future Selves,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 40, no. 1 (2014): 44–56.

157

Hengchen Dai, Katherine L. Milkman, and Jason Riis, “The Fresh Start Effect: Temporal Landmarks Motivate Aspirational Behavior,” Management Science 60, no. 10 (2014): 2563–2582.

158

Jason Riis, “Opportunities and Barriers for Smaller Portions in Food Service: Lessons from Marketing and Behavioral Economics,” International Journal of Obesity 38 (2014): S19–24.

159

Hengchen Dai, Katherine L. Milkman, and Jason Riis, “The Fresh Start Effect: Temporal Landmarks Motivate Aspirational Behavior,” Management Science 60, no. 10 (2014): 2563–2582.

160

Sadie Stein, “I Always Start on 8 January,” Paris Review, January 8, 2013; Alison Beard, “Life’s Work: An Interview with Isabel Allende,” Harvard Business Review, May 2016.

161

Hengchen Dai, Katherine L. Milkman, and Jason Riis, “Put Your Imperfections Behind You: Temporal Landmarks Spur Goal Initiation When They Signal New Beginnings,” Psychological Science 26, no. 12 (2015): 1927–1936.

162

Jordi Brandts, Christina Rott, and Carles Sola, “Not Just Like Starting Over: Leadership and Revivification of Cooperation in Groups,” Experimental Economics 19, no. 4 (2016): 792–818.

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Jason Riis, “Opportunities and Barriers for Smaller Portions in Food Service: Lessons from Marketing and Behavioral Economics,” International Journal of Obesity 38 (2014): S19–24.

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John C. Norcross, Marci S. Mrykalo, and Matthew D. Blagys, “Auld Lang Syne: Success Predictors, Change Processes, and Self-Reported Outcomes of New Year’s Resolvers and Nonresolvers,” Journal of Clinical Psychology 58, no. 4 (2002): 397–405.

165

Lisa B. Kahn, “The Long-Term Labor Market Consequences of Graduating from College in a Bad Economy,” Labour Economics 17, no. 2 (2010): 303–316.

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Эта идея лежит в основе теории хаоса и сложных систем. См., например: Dean Rickles, Penelope Hawe, and Alan Shiell, “A Simple Guide to Chaos and Complexity,” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 61, no. 11 (2007): 933–937.

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Philip Oreopoulos, Till von Wachter, and Andrew Heisz, “The Short- and Long-Term Career Effects of Graduating in a Recession,” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 4, no. 1 (2012): 1–29.

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Antoinette Schoar and Luo Zuo, “Shaped by Booms and Busts: How the Economy Impacts CEO Careers and Management Styles,” Review of Financial Studies (forthcoming). (Электронные версии: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1955612 или http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1955612.)

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Paul Oyer, “The Making of an Investment Banker: Stock Market Shocks, Career Choice, and Lifetime Income,” Journal of Finance 63, no. 6 (2008): 2601–2628.

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Paul Beaudry and John DiNardo, “The Effect of Implicit Contracts on the Movement of Wages over the Business Cycle: Evidence from Micro Data,” Journal of Political Economy 99, no. 4 (1991): 665–688. См. также: Darren Grant, “The Effect of Implicit Contracts on the Movement of Wages over the Business Cycle: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Surveys,” ILR Review 56, no. 3 (2003): 393–408.

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David P. Phillips and Gwendolyn E. C. Barker, “A July Spike in Fatal Medication Errors: A Possible Effect of New Medical Residents,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 25, no. 8 (2010): 774–779.

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Michael J. Englesbe et al., “Seasonal Variation in Surgical Outcomes as Measured by the American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP),” Annals of Surgery 246, no. 3 (2007): 456–465.

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David L. Olds et al., “Effect of Home Visiting by Nurses on Maternal and Child Mortality: Results of a 2-Decade Follow-up of a Randomized Clinical Trial,” JAMA Pediatrics 168, no. 9 (2014): 800–806; David L. Olds et al., “Effects of Home Visits by Paraprofessionals and by Nurses on Children: Follow-up of a Randomized Trial at Ages 6 and 9 Years,” JAMA Pediatrics 168, no. 2 (2014): 114–121; Sabrina Tavernise, “Visiting Nurses, Helping Mothers on the Margins,” New York Times, March 8, 2015.

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David L. Olds, Lois Sadler, and Harriet Kitzman, “Programs for Parents of Infants and Toddlers: Recent Evidence from Randomized Trials,” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 48, no. 3–4 (2007): 355–391; William Thorland et al., “Status of Breastfeeding and Child Immunization Outcomes in Clients of the Nurse-Family Partnership,” Maternal and Child Health Journal 21, no. 3 (2017): 439–445; Nurse Family Partnership, “Trials and Outcomes” (2017). (Электронная версия: http://www.nursefamilypartnership.org/proven-results/published-research.)

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Uri Simonsohn and Francesca Gino, “Daily Horizons: Evidence of Narrow Bracketing in Judgment from 10 Years of MBA Admissions Interviews,” Psychological Science 24, no. 2 (2013): 219–224.

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Shai Danziger, Jonathan Levav, and Liora Avnaim-Pesso. “Extraneous Factors in Judicial Decisions,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 17 (2011): 6889–6892.

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Lionel Page and Katie Page, “Last Shall Be First: a Field Study of Biases in Sequential Performance Evaluation on the Idol Series,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 73, no. 2 (2010): 186–198; Adam Galinsky and Maurice Schweitzer, Friend & Foe: When to Cooperate, When to Compete, and How to Succeed at Both (New York: Crown Business, 2015), 229.

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Steve Inskeep and Shankar Vedantan, “Deciphering Hidden Biases During Interviews,” National Public Radio’s Morning Edition, March 6, 2013, В интервью Саймонсон цит.: Uri Simonsohn and Francesca Gino, “Daily Horizons: Evidence of Narrow Bracketing in Judgment from 10 Years of MBA Admissions Interviews,” Psychological Science 24, no. 2 (2013): 219–224.

186

Michael Watkins, The First 90 Days: Critical Success Strategies for New Leaders at All Levels, read by Kevin T. Norris (Flushing, NY: Gildan Media LLC, 2013). Audiobook.

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Ram Charan, Stephen Drotter, and James Noel, The Leadership Pipeline: How to Build the Leadership Powered Company, 2nd ed. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2011).

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Harrison Wellford, “Preparing to Be President on Day One,” Public Administration Review 68, no. 4 (2008): 618–623.

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Corinne Bendersky and Neha Parikh Shah, “The Downfall of Extraverts and the Rise of Neurotics: The Dynamic Process of Status Allocation in Task Groups,” Academy of Management Journal 56, no. 2 (2013): 387–406.

190

Brian J. Fogg, “A Behavior Model for Persuasive Design” in Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Persuasive Technology (New York: ACM, 2009). Пояснения по мотивационным волнам см.: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqUSjHjIEFg.

191

Karl E. Weick, “Small Wins: Redefining the Scale of Social Problems,” American Psychologist 39, no. 1 (1984): 40–49.

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Teresa Amabile and Steven Kramer, The Progress Principle: Using Small Wins to Ignite Joy, Engagement, and Creativity at Work (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Review Press, 2011).

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Nicholas Wolfinger, “Want to Avoid Divorce? Wait to Get Married, but Not Too Long,” Institute for Family Studies, July 16, 2015, which analyzed data from Casey E. Copen et al., “First Marriages in the United States: Data from the 2006–2010 National Survey of Family Growth,” National Health Statistics Reports, no. 49, March 22, 2012.

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Scott Stanley et al., “Premarital Education, Marital Quality, and Marital Stability: Findings from a Large, Random Household Survey,” Journal of Family Psychology 20, no. 1 (2006): 117–126.

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Andrew Francis-Tan and Hugo M. Mialon, “‘A Diamond Is Forever’ and Other Fairy Tales: The Relationship Between Wedding Expenses and Marriage Duration,” Economic Inquiry 53, no. 4 (2015): 1919–1930.

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Elliot Jaques, “Death and the Mid-Life Crisis,” International Journal of Psycho- Analysis 46 (1965): 502–514.

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Популярности этой теории в том числе поспособствовала и Гейл Шихи, автор бестселлера 1974 г. «Возрастные кризисы»[22], в котором описаны разные варианты кризиса середины жизни. Жак, правда, впервые упоминается там лишь на с. 369.

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Elliot Jaques, “Death and the Mid-Life Crisis,” International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 46 (1965): 502–514.

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См. также: Terence Chai Cheng, Nattavudh Powdthavee, and Andrew J. Oswald, “Longitudinal Evidence for a Midlife Nadir in Human Well-Being: Results from Four Data Sets,” Economic Journal 127, no. 599 (2017): 126–142; Andrew Steptoe, Angus Deaton, and Arthur A. Stone, “Subjective Wellbeing, Health, and Ageing,” Lancet 385, no. 9968 (2015): 640–648; Paul Frijters and Tony Beatton, “The Mystery of the U-Shaped Relationship Between Happiness and Age,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 82, no. 2–3 (2012): 525–542; Carol Graham, Happiness Around the World: The Paradox of Happy Peasants and Miserable Millionaires (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).

Данные, полученные некоторыми исследователями, говорят о том, что U-образная кривая стабильно наблюдается во всех странах; различия отмечаются лишь в «критической точке» (момент, когда благополучие достигает дна и вновь начинает расти). См.: Carol Graham and Julia Ruiz Pozuelo, “Happiness, Stress, and Age: How the U-Curve Varies Across People and Places,” Journal of Population Economics 30, no. 1 (2017): 225–264; Bert van Landeghem, “A Test for the Convexity of Human Well-Being over the Life Cycle: Longitudinal Evidence from a 20-Year Panel,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 81, no. 2 (2012): 571–582.

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David G. Blanchflower and Andrew J. Oswald, “Is Well-Being U-Shaped over the Life Cycle?” Social Science & Medicine 66, no. 8 (2008): 1733–1749.

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Hannes Schwandt, “Unmet Aspirations as an Explanation for the Age U-Shape in Wellbeing,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 122 (2016): 75–87.

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Alexander Weiss et al., “Evidence for a Midlife Crisis in Great Apes Consistent with the U-Shape in Human Well-Being,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 49 (2012): 19949–199452.

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Maferima Touré-Tillery and Ayelet Fishbach, “The End Justifies the Means, but Only in the Middle,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 141, no. 3 (2012): 570–583.

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Maferima Touré-Tillery and Ayelet Fishbach, “The End Justifies the Means, but Only in the Middle,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 141, no. 3 (2012): 570–583.

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Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould, “Punctuated Equilibria: An Alternative to Phyletic Gradualism,” в Thomas Schopf, ed., Models in Paleobiology (San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper and Company, 1972), 82–115; Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge, “Punctuated Equilibria: The Tempo and Mode of Evolution Reconsidered,” Paleobiology 3, no. 2 (1977): 115–151.

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Connie J. G. Gersick, “Time and Transition in Work Teams: Toward a New Model of Group Development,” Academy of Management Journal 31, no. 1 (1988): 9–41.

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Connie J. G. Gersick, “Time and Transition in Work Teams: Toward a New Model of Group Development,” Academy of Management Journal 31, no. 1 (1988): 9–41.

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Connie J. G. Gersick, “Marking Time: Predictable Transitions in Task Groups,” Academy of Management Journal 32, no. 2 (1989): 274–309.

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Connie J. G. Gersick, “Pacing Strategic Change: The Case of a New Venture,” Academy of Management Journal 37, no. 1 (1994): 9–45.

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Malcolm Moran, “Key Role for Coaches in Final,” New York Times, March 29, 1982; Jack Wilkinson, “UNC’s Crown a Worthy One,” New York Daily News, March 20, 1982; Curry Kirkpatrick, “Nothing Could Be Finer,” Sports Illustrated, April 5, 1982.

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Curry Kirkpatrick, “Nothing Could Be Finer,” Sports Illustrated, April 5, 1982.

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См.: Colleen M. Seifert and Andrea L. Patalano, “Memory for Incomplete Tasks: A Re-Examination of the Zeigarnik Effect,” Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991), 114.

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J. Richard Hackman and Ruth Wageman, “A Theory of Team Coaching,” Academy of Management Review 30, no. 2 (2005): 269–287.

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Hannes Schwandt, “Why So Many of Us Experience a Midlife Crisis,” Harvard Business Review, April 20, 2015. (Электронная версия: https://hbr.org/2015/04/why-so-many-of-us-experience-a-midlife-crisis.)

226

Minkyung Koo et al., “It’s a Wonderful Life: Mentally Subtracting Positive Events Improves People’s Affective States, Contrary to Their Affective Forecasts,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 95, no. 5 (2008): 1217–1224.

227

Juliana G. Breines and Serena Chen, “Self-Compassion Increases Self-Improvement Motivation,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 38, no. 9 (2012): 1133–1143; Kristin D. Neff and Christopher K. Germer, “A Pilot Study and Randomized Controlled Trial of the Mindful Self-Compassion Program,” Journal of Clinical Psychology 69, no. 1 (2013): 28–44; Kristin D. Neff, “The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion,” Self and Identity 2, no. 3 2003): 223–250; Leah B. Shapira and Myriam Mongrain, “The Benefits of Self-Compassion and Optimism Exercises for Individuals Vulnerable to Depression,” Journal of Positive Psychology 5, no. 5 (2010): 377–389; Lisa M. Yarnell et al., “Meta-Analysis of Gender Differences in Self-Compassion,” Self and Identity 14, no. 5 (2015): 499–520.

228

Running USA, 2015 Running USA Annual Marathon Report, May 25, 2016 (Электронная версия: http://www.runningusa.org/marathon-report-2016); Ahotu Marathons, 2017–2018 Marathon Schedule. (Электронная версия: http://marathons.ahotu.com/calendar/marathon); Skechers Performance Los Angeles Marathon, Race History. (Электронная версия: http://www.lamarathon.com/press/race-history); Andrew Cave and Alex Miller, “Marathon Runners Sign Up in Record Numbers,” Telegraph, March 24, 2016.

229

Adam L. Alter and Hal E. Hershfield, “People Search for Meaning When They Approacha New Decade in Chronological Age,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 48 (2014): 17066–17070. Критику некоторых данных и выводов Олтера и Хершфилда см.: Erik G. Larsen, “Commentary On: People Search for Meaning When They Approach a New Decade in Chronological Age,” Frontiers in Psychology 6 (2015): 792.

230

231

Jim Chairusmi, “When Super Bowl Scoring Peaks – or Timing Your Bathroom Break,” Wall Street Journal, February 4, 2017.

232

Clark L. Hull, “The Goal-Gradient Hypothesis and Maze Learning,” Psychological Review 39, no. 1 (1932): 25.

233

Clark L. Hull, “The Rat’s Speed-of-Locomotion Gradient in the Approach to Food,” Journal of Comparative Psychology 17, no. 3 (1934): 393.

234

Arthur B. Markman and C. Miguel Brendl, “The Influence of Goals on Value and Choice,” Psychology of Learning and Motivation 39 (2000): 97–128; Minjung Koo and Ayelet Fishbach, “Dynamics of Self-Regulation: How (Un)Accomplished Goal Actions Affect Motivation,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94, no. 2 (2008): 183–195; Andrea Bonezzi, C. Miguel Brendl, and Matteo De Angelis, “Stuck in the Middle: The Psychophysics of Goal Pursuit,” Psychological Science 22, no. 5 (2011): 607–612; Szu-Chi Huang, Jordan Etkin, and Liyin Jin, “How Winning Changes Motivation in Multiphase Competitions,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 112, no. 6 (2017): 813–837; Kyle E. Conlon et al., “Eyes on the Prize: The Longitudinal Benefits of Goal Focus on Progress Toward a Weight Loss Goal,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 47, no. 4 (2011): 853–855.

235

Kristen Berman, “The Deadline Made Me Do It,” Scientific American, November 9, 2016. (Электронная версия: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/mind-guest-blog/the-deadline-made-me-do-it/.)

236

John C. Birkimer et al., “Effects of Refutational Messages, Thought Provocation, and Decision Deadlines on Signing to Donate Organs,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 24, no. 19 (1994): 1735–1761.

237

Suzanne B. Shu and Ayelet Gneezy, “Procrastination of Enjoyable Experiences,” Journal of Marketing Research 47, no. 5 (2010): 933–944.

238

Uri Gneezy, Ernan Haruvy, and Alvin E. Roth, “Bargaining Under a Deadline: Evidence from the Reverse Ultimatum Game,” Games and Economic Behavior 45, no. 2 (2003): 347–368; Don A. Moore, “The Unexpected Benefits of Final Deadlines in Negotiation,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 40, no. 1 (2004): 121–127.

239

Szu-Chi Huang and Ying Zhang, “All Roads Lead to Rome: The Impact of Multiple Attainment Means on Motivation,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 104, no. 2 (2013): 236–248.

240

Teresa M. Amabile, William DeJong, and Mark R. Lepper, “Effects of Externally Imposed Deadlines on Subsequent Intrinsic Motivation,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 34, no. 1 (1976): 92–98; Teresa M. Amabile, “The Social Psychology of Creativity: A Componential Conceptualization,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45, no. 2 (1983): 357–377; Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan, “The ‘What’ and ‘Why’ of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior,” Psychological Inquiry 11, no. 4 (2000): 227–268.

241

См., например: Marco Pinfari, “Time to Agree: Is Time Pressure Good for Peace Negotiations?” Journal of Conflict Resolution 55, no. 5 (2011): 683–709.

242

Ed Diener, Derrick Wirtz, and Shigehiro Oishi, “End Effects of Rated Life Quality: The James Dean Effect,” Psychological Science 12, no. 2 (2001): 124–128.

243

Daniel Kahneman et al., “When More Pain Is Preferred to Less: Adding a Better End,” Psychological Science 4, no. 6 (1993): 401–405; Barbara L. Fredrickson and Daniel Kahneman, “Duration Neglect in Retrospective Evaluations of Affective Episodes,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65, no. 1 (1993): 45–55; Charles A. Schreiber and Daniel Kahneman, “Determinants of the Remembered Utility of Aversive Sounds,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 129, no. 1 (2000): 27–42.

244

Donald A. Redelmeier and Daniel Kahneman, “Patients’ Memories of Painful Medical Treatments: Real-Time and Retrospective Evaluations of Two Minimally Invasive Procedures,” Pain 66, no. 1 (1996): 3–8.

245

Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011), 380.

246

George F. Loewenstein and Dražen Prelec, “Preferences for Sequences of Outcomes,” Psychological Review 100, no. 1 (1993): 91–108; Hans Baumgartner, Mita Sujan, and Dan Padgett, “Patterns of Affective Reactions to Advertisements: The Integration of Moment-to-Moment Responses into Overall Judgments,” Journal of Marketing Research 34, no. 2 (1997): 219–232; Amy M. Do, Alexander V. Rupert, and George Wolford, “Evaluations of Pleasurable Experiences: The Peak-End Rule,” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 15, no. 1 (2008): 96–98.

247

Andrew Healy and Gabriel S. Lenz, “Substituting the End for the Whole: Why Voters Respond Primarily to the Election-Year Economy,” American Journal of Political Science 58, no. 1 (2014): 31–47; Andrews Healy and Neil Malhotra, “Myopic Voters and Natural Disaster Policy,” American Political Science Review 103, no. 3 (2009): 387–406.

248

George E. Newman, Kristi L. Lockhart, and Frank C. Keil, “‘End-of-Life’ Biases in Moral Evaluations of Others,” Cognition 115, no. 2 (2010): 343–349.

249

George E. Newman, Kristi L. Lockhart, and Frank C. Keil, “‘End-of-Life’ Biases in Moral Evaluations of Others,” Cognition 115, no. 2 (2010): 343–349.

250

Tammy English and Laura L. Carstensen, “Selective Narrowing of Social Networks Across Adulthood Is Associated with Improved Emotional Experience in Daily Life,” International Journal of Behavioral Development 38, no. 2 (2014): 195–202.

251

Laura L. Carstensen, Derek M. Isaacowitz, and Susan T. Charles, “Taking Time Seriously: A Theory of Socioemotional Selectivity,” American Psychologist 54, no. 3 (1999): 165–181.

252

Laura L. Carstensen, Derek M. Isaacowitz, and Susan T. Charles, “Taking Time Seriously: A Theory of Socioemotional Selectivity,” American Psychologist 54, no. 3 (1999): 165–181.

253

К сходным выводам приходили и другие исследователи. См., например: Frieder R. Lang, “Endings and Continuity of Social Relationships: Maximizing Intrinsic Benefits Within Personal Networks When Feeling Near to Death,” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 17, no. 2 (2000): 155–182; Cornelia Wrzus et al., “Social Network Changes and Life Events Across the Life Span: A Meta-Analysis,” Psychological Bulletin 139, no. 1 (2013): 53–80.

254

Laura L. Carstensen, Derek M. Isaacowitz, and Susan T. Charles, “Taking Time Seriously: A Theory of Socioemotional Selectivity,” American Psychologist 54, no. 3 (1999): 165–181.

255

Angela M. Legg and Kate Sweeny, “Do You Want the Good News or the Bad News First? The Nature and Consequences of News Order Preferences,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 40, no. 3 (2014): 279–288; Linda L. Marshall and Robert F. Kidd, “Good News or Bad News First?” Social Behavior and Personality 9, no. 2 (1981): 223–226.

256

257

См., например: William T. Ross, Jr., and Itamar Simonson, “Evaluations of Pairs of Experiences: A Preference for Happy Endings,” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 4, no. 4 (1991): 273–282. Правда, подобные предпочтения не всегда носят позитивный характер. Так, на скачках люди обычно делают больше рискованных ставок в последнем заезде дня. Они надеются на эффектную концовку, но обычно это оборачивается еще более отощавшим бумажником. См.: Craig R. M. McKenzie et al., “Are Longshots Only for Losers? A New Look at the Last Race Effect,” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 29, no. 1 (2016): 25–36. См. также: Martin D. Vestergaard and Wolfram Schultz, “Choice Mechanisms for Past, Temporally Extended Outcomes,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B282, no. 1810 (2015): 20141766.

258

Ed O’Brien and Phoebe C. Ellsworth, “Saving the Last for Best: A Positivity Bias for End Experiences,” Psychological Science 23, no. 2 (2012): 163–165.

259

Robert McKee, Story: Substance, Structure, Style, and the Principles of Screenwriting (New York: Reagan Books/HarperCollins, 1997), 311.

260

John August, “Endings for Beginners,” Scriptnotes podcast 44, July 3, 2012. (Электронная версия: http://scriptnotes.net/endings-for-beginners.)

261

Hal Hershfield et al., “Poignancy: Mixed Emotional Experience in the Face of Meaningful Endings,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94, no. 1 (2008): 158–167.

262

Jon Bischke, “Entelo Study Shows When Employees Are Likely to Leave Their Jobs,” October 6, 2014. (Электронная версия: https://blog.entelo.com/new-entelo-study-shows-when-employees-are-likely-to-leave-their-jobs.)

263

Robert I. Sutton, Good Boss, Bad Boss: How to Be the Best… and Learn from the Worst (New York: Business Plus/Hachette, 2010). Этот ужасный начальник вполне может быть по-человечески несчастен. См.: Trevor Foulk et al., “Heavy Is the Head That Wears the Crown: An Actor-Centric Approach to Daily Psychological Power, Abusive Leader Behavior, and Perceived Incivility,” Academy of Management Journal 60.

264

Patrick Gillespie, “The Best Time to Leave Your Job Is…,” CNN Money, May 12, 2016. (Электронная версия: http://money.cnn.com/2016/05/12/news/economy/best-time-to-leave-your-job/.)

265

Peter Boxall, “Mutuality in the Management of Human Resources: Assessing the Quality of Alignment in Employment Relationships,” Human Resource Management Journal 23, no. 1 (2013): 3–17; Mark Allen Morris, “A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Vocational

Interest-Based Job Fit, and Its Relationship to Job Satisfaction, Performance, and Turnover,” PhD diss., University of Houston, 2003; Christopher D. Nye et al., “Vocational Interests and Performance: A Quantitative Summary of over 60 Years of Research,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 7, no. 4 (2012): 384–403.

266

Deborah Bach, “Is Divorce Seasonal? UW Research Shows Biannual Spike in Divorce Filings,” UW Today, August 21, 2016. (Электронная версия: http://www.washington.edu/news/2016/08/21/is-divorce-seasonal-uw-research-shows-biannual-spike-in-divorce-filings/.)

267

Claire Sudath, “This Lawyer Is Hollywood’s Complete Divorce Solution,” Bloomberg Businessweek, March 2, 2016.

268

Teresa Amabile and Steven Kramer, The Progress Principle: Using Small Wins to Ignite Joy, Engagement, and Creativity at Work (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2011).

269

Jesse Singal, “How to Maximize Your Vacation Happiness,” New York, July 5, 2015.

270

Suketu Mehta, Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found (New York: Vintage, 2009), 264.

271

Ian R. Bartky, Selling the True Time: Nineteenth-Century Timekeeping in America (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000).

272

Deborah G. Ancona and Chee-Leong Chong, “Timing Is Everything: Entrainment and Performance in Organization Theory,” Academy of Management Proceedings 1992, no. 1 (1992): 166–169. См. также работы социального психолога из Мичиганского университета, предвосхитившего это направление научной мысли: Joseph E. McGrath, “Continuity and Change: Time, Method, and the Study of Social Issues,” Journal of Social Issues 42, no. 4 (1986): 5–19; Joseph E. McGrath and Janice R. Kelly, Time and Human Interaction: Toward a Social Psychology of Time (New York: Guilford Press, 1986); Joseph E. McGrath and Nancy L. Rotchford, “Time and Behavior in Organizations,” in L. L. Cummings and Barry M. Staw, eds., Research in Organizational Behavior 5 (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1983), 57–101.

273

Ken-Ichi Honma, Christina von Goetz, and Jürgen Aschoff, “Effects of Restricted Daily Feeding on Freerunning Circadian Rhythms in Rats,” Physiology & Behavior 30, no. 6 (1983): 905–913.

274

Анкона определяет организационный захват ритма как «корректировку или модерацию одного типа поведения с целью синхронизации или ритмического соответствия с другим типом поведения» и утверждает, что он может быть «сознательным, подсознательным или инстинктивным».

275

Till Roenneberg, Internal Time: Chronotypes, Social Jet Lag, and Why You’re So Tired (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012), 249.

276

Ya-Ru Chen, Sally Blount, and Jeffrey Sanchez-Burks, “The Role of Status Differentials in Group Synchronization” in Sally Blount, Elizabeth A. Mannix, and Margaret Ann Neale, eds., Time in Groups, vol. 6 (Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing, 2004), 111–113.

277

Roy F. Baumeister and Mark R. Leary, “The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation,” Psychological Bulletin 117, no. 3 (1995): 497–529.

278

See C. Nathan DeWall et al., “Belongingness as a Core Personality Trait: How Social Exclusion Influences Social Functioning and Personality Expression,” Journal of Personality 79, no. 6 (2011): 1281–1314.

279

Dan Monster et al., “Physiological Evidence of Interpersonal Dynamics in a Cooperative Production Task,” Physiology & Behavior 156 (2016): 24–34.

280

Michael Bond and Joshua Howgego, “I Work Therefore I Am,” New Scientist 230, no. 3079 (2016): 29–32.

281

Oday Kamal, “What Working in a Kitchen Taught Me About Teams and Networks,” The Ready, April 1, 2016. (Электронная версия: https://medium.com/the-ready/schools-don-t-teach-you-organization-professional-kitchens-do-7c6cf5145c0a#.jane98bnh.)

282

Michael W. Kraus, Cassy Huang, and Dacher Keltner, “Tactile Communication, Cooperation, and Performance: An Ethological Study of the NBA,” Emotion 10, no. 5 (2010): 745–749.

283

Björn Vickhoff et al., “Music Structure Determines Heart Rate Variability of Singers,” Frontiers in Psychology 4 (2013): 1–16.

284

James A. Blumenthal, Patrick J. Smith, and Benson M. Hoffman, “Is Exercise a Viable Treatment for Depression?” ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal 16, no. 4 (2012): 14–21.

285

Daniel Weinstein et al., “Singing and Social Bonding: Changes in Connectivity and Pain Threshold as a Function of Group Size,” Evolution and Human Behavior 37, no. 2 (2016): 152–158; Bronwyn Tarr, Jacques Launay, and Robin I. M. Dunbar, “Music and Social Bonding: ‘Self-Other’ Merging and Neurohormonal Mechanisms,” Frontiers in Psychology 5 (2014), 1–10; Björn Vickhoff et al., “Music Structure Determines Heart Rate Variability of Singers,” Frontiers in Psychology 4 (2013): 1–16.

286

Stephen M. Clift and Grenville Hancox, “The Perceived Benefits of Singing: Findings from Preliminary Surveys of a University College Choral Society,” Perspectives in Public Health 121, no. 4 (2001): 248–256; Leanne M. Wade, “A Comparison of the Effects of Vocal Exercises/Singing Versus Music-Assisted Relaxation on Peak Expiratory Flow Rates of Children with Asthma,” Music Therapy Perspectives 20, no. 1 (2002): 31–37.

287

Daniel Weinstein et al., “Singing and Social Bonding: Changes in Connectivity and Pain Threshold as a Function of Group Size,” Evolution and Human Behavior 37, no. 2 (2016): 152–158; Gene D. Cohen et al., “The Impact of Professionally Conducted Cultural Programs on the Physical Health, Mental Health, and Social Functioning of Older Adults,” Gerontologist 46, no. 6 (2006): 726–734.

288

Christina Grape et al., “Choir Singing and Fibrinogen: VEGF, Cholecystokinin and Motilin in IBS Patients,” Medical Hypotheses 72, no. 2 (2009): 223–225.

289

R. J. Beck et al., “Choral Singing, Performance Perception, and Immune System Changes in Salivary Immunoglobulin A and Cortisol,” Music Perception 18, no. 1 (2000): 87–106.

290

Daisy Fancourt et al., “Singing Modulates Mood, Stress, Cortisol, Cytokine and Neuropeptide Activity in Cancer Patients and Carers,” Ecancermedicalscience 10 (2016): 1–13.

291

Daniel Weinstein et al., “Singing and Social Bonding: Changes in Connectivity and Pain Threshold as a Function of Group Size,” Evolution and Human Behavior 37, no. 2 (2016): 152–158; Daisy Fancourt et al., “Singing Modulates Mood, Stress, Cortisol, Cytokine and Neuropeptide Activity in Cancer Patients and Carers,” Ecancermedicalscience 10 (2016): 1–13; Stephen Clift and Grenville Hancox, “The Significance of Choral Singing for Sustaining Psychological Wellbeing: Findings from a Survey of Choristers in England, Australia and Germany,” Music Performance Research 3, no. 1 (2010): 79–96; Stephen Clift et al., “What Do Singers Say About the Effects of Choral Singing on Physical Health? Научный доклад о результатах опроса хористов в Австралии, Англии и Германии был представлен на VII конференции Европейского общества музыкальной когнитивистики (Ювяскюля, Финляндия, 2009).

292

Ahmet Munip Sanal and Selahattin Gorsev, “Psychological and Physiological Effects of Singing in a Choir,” Psychology of Music 42, no. 3 (2014): 420–429; Lillian Eyre, “Therapeutic Chorale for Persons with Chronic Mental Illness: A Descriptive Survey of Participant Experiences,” Journal of Music Therapy 48, no. 2 (2011): 149–168; Audun Myskja and Pal G. Nord, “The Day the Music Died: A Pilot Study on Music and Depression in a Nursing Home,” Nordic Journal of Music Therapy 17, no. 1 (2008): 30–40; Betty A. Baily and Jane W. Davidson, “Effects of Group Singing and Performance for Marginalized and Middle-Class Singers,” Psychology of Music 33, no. 3 (2005): 269–303; Nicholas S. Gale et al., “A Pilot Investigation of Quality of Life and Lung Function Following Choral Singing in Cancer Survivors and Their Carers,” Ecancermedicalscience 6, no. 1 (2012): 1–13.

293

Jane E. Southcott, “And as I Go, I Love to Sing: The Happy Wanderers, Music and Positive Aging,” International Journal of Community Music 2, no. 2–3 (2005): 143–56; Laya Silber, “Bars Behind Bars: The Impact of a Women’s Prison Choir on Social Harmony,” Music Education Research 7, no. 2 (2005): 251–271.

294

Nick Alan Joseph Stewart and Adam Jonathan Lonsdale, “It’s Better Together: The Psychological Benefits of Singing in a Choir,” Psychology of Music 44, no. 6 (2016): 1240–1254.

295

Bronwyn Tarr et al., “Synchrony and Exertion During Dance Independently Raise Pain Threshold and Encourage Social Bonding,” Biology Letters 11, no. 10 (2015).

296

Emma E. A. Cohen et al., “Rowers’ High: Behavioural Synchrony Is Correlated with Elevated Pain Thresholds,” Biology Letters 6, no. 1 (2010): 106–108.

297

Daniel James Brown, The Boys in the Boat: Nine Americans and Their Epic Quest for Gold at the 1936 Berlin Olympics (New York: Penguin Books, 2014), 48.

298

Sally Blount and Gregory A. Janicik, “Getting and Staying In-Pace: The ‘In-Synch’ Preference and Its Implications for Work Groups,” in Harris Sondak, Margaret Ann Neale, and E. Mannix, eds., Toward Phenomenology of Groups and Group Membership, vol. 4 (Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing, 2002), 235–266; см. также: Reneeta Mogan, Ronald Fischer, and Joseph A. Bulbulia, “To Be in Synchrony or Not? A Meta-Analysis of Synchrony’s Effects on Behavior, Perception, Cognition and Affect,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 72 (2017): 13–20; Sophie Leroy et al., “Synchrony Preference: Why Some People Go with the Flow and Some Don’t,” Personnel Psychology 68, no. 4 (2015): 759–809.

299

Stefan H. Thomke and Mona Sinha, “The Dabbawala System: On-Time Delivery, Every Time,” Harvard Business School case study, 2012. (Электронная версия: на http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=38410.)

300

Bahar Tunçgenç and Emma Cohen, “Interpersonal Movement Synchrony Facilitates Pro-Social Behavior in Children’s Peer-Play,” Developmental Science (готовится к печати).

301

Bahar Tunçgenç and Emma Cohen, “Movement Synchrony Forges Social Bonds Across Group Divides,” Frontiers in Psychology 7 (2016): 782.

302

Tal-Chen Rabinowitch and Andrew N. Meltzoff, “Synchronized Movement Experience Enhances Peer Cooperation in Preschool Children,” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 160 (2017): 21–32.

303

Duncan Watts, “Using Digital Data to Shed Light on Team Satisfaction and Other Questions About Large Organizations,” Organizational Spectroscope, April 1, 2016. (Электронная версия: https://medium.com/@duncanjwatts/the-organizational-spectroscope-7f9f239a897c.)

304

Gregory M. Walton and Geoffrey L. Cohen, “A Brief Social-Belonging Intervention Improves Academic and Health Outcomes of Minority Students,” Science 331, no. 6023 (2011): 1447–14451; Gregory M. Walton et al., “Two Brief Interventions to Mitigate a ‘Chilly Climate’ Transform Women’s Experience, Relationships, and Achievement in Engineering,” Journal of Educational Psychology 107, no. 2 (2015): 468–485.

305

Lily B. Clausen, “Robb Willer: What Makes People Do Good?” Insights by Stanford Business, November 16, 2015 (Электронная версия: https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/insights/robb-willer-what-makes-people-do-good.)

306

Но стопроцентной уверенности в том, что Граучо этого не говорил, тоже нет. См.: Fred R. Shapiro, The Yale Book of Quotations (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), 498.

307

Anthony G. Oettinger, “The Uses of Computers in Science,” Scientific American 215, no.3 (1966): 161–166.

308

Frederick J. Crosson, Human and Artificial Intelligence (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970), 15.

309

Fred R. Shapiro, The Yale Book of Quotations (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), 498.

310

“The Popularity of ‘Time’ Unveiled,” BBC News, June 22, 2006. (Электронная версия: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_new/5104778.stm.) См. также: Alan Burdick, Why Time Flies: A Mostly Scientific Investigation (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017), 25.

311

Увлекательное описание истории изучения ностальгии, а также источники этих цитат, см.: Constantine Sedikides et al., “To Nostalgize: Mixing Memory with Affect and Desire,” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 51 (2015): 189–273.

312

Tim Wildschut et al., “Nostalgia: Content, Triggers, Functions,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91, no. 5 (2006): 975–993.

313

Clay Routledge et al., “The Past Makes the Present Meaningful: Nostalgia as an Existential Resource,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 101, no. 3 (2011): 638–622; Wijnand A. P. van Tilburg, Constantine Sedikides, and Tim Wildschut, “The Mnemonic Muse: Nostalgia Fosters Creativity Through Openness to Experience,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 59 (2015): 1–7.

314

Wing-Yee Cheung et al., “Back to the Future: Nostalgia Increases Optimism,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 39, no. 11 (2013): 1484–1496; Xinyue Zhou et al., “Nostalgia: The Gift That Keeps on Giving,” Journal of Consumer Research 39, no. 1 (2012): 39–50;

Wijnand A. P. van Tilburg, Eric R. Igou, and Constantine Sedikides, “In Search of Meaningfulness: Nostalgia as an Antidote to Boredom,” Emotion 13, no. 3 (2013): 450–461.

315

Xinyue Zhou et al., “Heartwarming Memories: Nostalgia Maintains Physiological Comfort,” Emotion 12, no. 4 (2012): 678–684; Rhiannon N. Turner et al., “Combating the Mental Health Stigma with Nostalgia,” European Journal of Social Psychology 43, no. 5 (2013): 413–622.

316

Matthew Baldwin, Monica Biernat, and Mark J. Landau, “Remembering the Real Me: Nostalgia Offers a Window to the Intrinsic Self,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 108, no. 1 (2015): 128–147.

317

Daniel T. Gilbert and Timothy D. Wilson, “Prospection: Experiencing the Future,” Science 317, no. 5843 (2007): 1351–1354.

318

M. Keith Chen, “The Effect of Language on Economic Behavior: Evidence from Savings Rates, Health Behaviors, and Retirement Assets,” American Economic Review 103, no. 2 (2013): 690–731.

319

M. Keith Chen, “The Effect of Language on Economic Behavior: Evidence from Savings Rates, Health Behaviors, and Retirement Assets,” American Economic Review 103, no. 2 (2013): 690–731.

320

Дискуссия началась с публикации: Edward Sapir, “The Status of Linguistics as a Science,” Language 5, no. 4 (1929): 207–214. Эту точку зрения отвергал в числе многих других также и Ноам Хомский в работе: Noam Chomsky, Syntactic Structures, 2nd. ed. (Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2002), хотя в последнее время отношение к ней было пересмотрено. См, например: John J. Gumperz and Stephen C. Levinson, “Rethinking Linguistic Relativity,” Current Anthropology 32, no. 5 (1991): 613–23; Martin Pütz and Marjolyn Verspoor, eds., Explorations in Linguistic Relativity, vol. 199 (Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing, 2000).

321

См.: Hal E. Hershfield, “Future Self-Continuity: How Conceptions of the Future Self Transform Intertemporal Choice,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1235, no. 1 (2011): 30–43.

322

Daphna Oyserman, “When Does the Future Begin? A Study in Maximizing Motivation,” Aeon, April 22, 2016. (Электронная версия: https://aeon.co/ideas/when-does-the-future-begin-a-study-in-maximising-motivation.) См. также: See also Neil A. Lewis, Jr., and Daphna Oyserman, “When Does the Future Begin? Time Metrics Matter, Connecting Present and Future Selves,” Psychological Science 26, no. 6 (2015): 816–825; Daphna Oyserman, Deborah Bybee, and Kathy Terry, “Possible Selves and Academic Outcomes: How and When Possible Selves Impel Action,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91, no. 1 (2006): 188–204; Daphna Oyserman, Kathy Terry, and Deborah Bybee, “A Possible Selves Intervention to Enhance School Involvement,” Journal of Adolescence 25, no. 3 (2002): 313–326.

323

Ting Zhang et al., “A ‘Present’ for the Future: The Unexpected Value of Rediscovery,” Psychological Science 25, no. 10 (2014): 1851–1860.

324

Dacher Keltner and Jonathan Haidt, “Approaching Awe, a Moral, Spiritual, and Aesthetic Emotion,” Cognition & Emotion 17, no. 2 (2003): 297–314.

325

Melanie Rudd, Kathleen D. Vohs, and Jennifer Aaker, “Awe Expands People’s Perception of Time, Alters Decision Making, and Enhances Well-Being,” Psychological Science 23, no. 10 (2012): 1130–1136. Помощь окружающим также расширяет наши временные горизонты, увеличивая субъективное ощущение «избытка времени». См.: Cassie Mogilner, Zoë Chance, and Michael I. Norton, “Giving Time Gives You Time,” Psychological Science 23, no. 10 (2012): 1233–1238.

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