Суперобучение [заметки]

1

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2

Thanh Huynh. Roger Craig — Knowledge Tracking, август 2011 года, YouTube, 14:20. Размещено в ноябре 2011 года. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmld3pcKYYA&t=1s.

3

«How One Man Played ‘Moneyball’ with ‘Jeopardy!’» National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/2011/11/20/142569472/how-one-man-played-moneyball-with-jeopardy.

4

Gary Wolf. «Want to Remember Everything You’ll Ever Learn? Surrender to This Algorithm.» Wired, April 20, 2008. https://www.wired.com/2008/04/ff-wozniak/?currentPage=all.

5

Huynh. Roger Craig — Knowledge Tracking.

6

Patrick Hancock. «Review: Stardew Valley». Destructoid, March 7, 2016. https://www.destructoid.com/review-stardew-valley-345495.phtml.

7

«College Too Expensive? This Guy Just Finished a Four Year Computer Science Program in ONE Year Using Free MIT Material» (video). Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/videos/comments/10tk9j/college_too_expensive_this_guy_just_finished_a/.

8

Steve Pavlina. «Graduating College in 3 Semesters». December 4, 2005. https://www.stevepavlina.com/blog/2005/12/graduating-college-in-3-semesters/.

9

Diana Jaunzeikare. «Personal PhD.» https://diana.is/personal-phd.

10

Tamu. «Independent Chinese Study: Review». Chinese-forums.com. https://www.chinese-forums.com/forums/topic/43939-independent-chinese-study-review/.

11

Trent Fowler. The STEMpunk Project (self-published, 2017).

12

Tyler Cowen. Average Is Over: Powering America Beyond the Age of the Great Stagnation. New York: Penguin, 2013.

13

David H. Autor, Lawrence F. Katz, Melissa S. Kearney. «The Polarization of the U. S. Labor Market». American Economic Review 96, № 2 (May 2006): 189–194.

14

Danielle Douglas-Gabriel. «College Costs Rising Faster than Financial Aid, Report Says». Washington Post, October 26, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/grade-point/wp/2016/10/26/college-costs-rising-faster-than-financial-aid-report-says/?utm_term=.72c95b4c86cb.

15

Gareth Cook. «The Singular Mind of Terry Tao». New York Times, July 24, 2015. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/26/magazine/the-singular-mind-of-terry-tao.html.

16

Linguistic Society of America. «‘Monolingual Fieldwork Demonstration’ — Daniel Everett». YouTube video, июль 2013 года, 1:16:27, размещено в сентябре 2013 года. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYpWp7g7XWU.

17

Jacqueline Thomas. «The Role Played by Metalinguistic Awareness in Second and Third Language Learning». Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 9, № 3 (1988): 235–246. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01434632.1988.9994334.

18

Не думайте, что я называю учебные заведения бесполезными. Важно определить, какую роль они играют для вас, будь то работа, которую вы хотите получить, или предмет, который вы изучаете.

19

Victor Mair. «How to Learn Chinese and Japanese». Language Log, February 17, 2014. http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=10554.

20

George E. Spear, Donald W. Mocker. «The Organizing Circumstance: Environmental Determinants in Self-Directed Learning». Adult Education Quarterly 35, № 1 (March 1, 1984): 1–10. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0001848184035001001?journalCode=aeqb.

21

«Portrait Drawing — The Complete Online Course». Vitruvian Studio. https://vitruvianstudio.com/course/portrait-drawing/.

22

Mary Somerville. Personal Recollections, from Early Life to Old Age, of Mary Somerville: With Selections from Her Correspondence. London: Roberts Brothers, 1874, 23.

23

Anders Ericsson. The Road to Excellence: The Acquisition of Expert Performance in the Arts and Sciences, Sports, and Games. New York: Psychology Press, 2014, 25.

24

John Dunlosky, Katherine A. Rawson, Elizabeth J. Marsh, et al. «Improving Students’ Learning with Effective Learning Techniques» Psychological Science in the Public Interest 14, № 1 (January 8, 2013): 4–58. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.11771529100612453266.

25

Susan L. Smalley, Diana Winston. Fully Present: The Science, Art, and Practice of Mindfulness. Philadelphia: Da Capo Lifelong Books, 2010, 59.

26

A. E. Bursill. «The Restriction of Peripheral Vision During Exposure to Hot and Humid Conditions». Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 10, № 3 (August 1, 1958): 113–129.

27

Эта обратная зависимость эффективности и возбуждения известна в психологии как закон Йеркса — Додсона.

28

Daniel Kahneman. Attention and Effort. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1973.

29

Kalina Christoff, Zachary C. Irving, Kieran C. R. Fox, et al. «Mind-Wandering as Spontaneous Thought: A Dynamic Framework». Nature Reviews Neuroscience 17, № 11 (2016): 718–731. https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn.2016.113.

30

Robert T. Wilkinson. «Interaction of Noise with Knowledge of Results and Sleep Deprivation». Journal of Experimental Psychology 66, № 4 (November 1963): 332–337. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1964–03490–001.

31

Да, это тот же самый Воцал Джайсвал, который присоединился к моему годичному проекту изучения иностранных языков (глава 1). Описываемые события произошли несколькими годами раньше.

32

Robert Haskell. Transfer of Learning. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press, 2000, XIII.

33

James F. Voss, Jeffrey Blais, Mary L. Means, Terry R. Greene, Ellen Ahwesh. «Informal Reasoning and Subject Matter Knowledge in the Solving of Economics Problems by Naive and Novice Individuals». Cognition and Instruction 3, № 3 (1986): 269–302.

34

Michelene T. H. Chi, Miriam Bassok. «Learning from Examples via Self-explanations». Knowing, Learning, and Instruction: Essays in Honor of Robert Glaser (1989): 251–282.

35

Howard Gardner. The Unschooled Mind: How Children Think and How Schools Should Teach, Basic Books (AZ), 2011.

36

John H. Zenger. «Great Ideas Revisited. The Painful Turnabout in Training. A Retrospective». Training and Development 50, № 1 (1996): 48–51.

37

Wilbert J. McKeachie. «Cognitive Skills and Their Transfer: Discussion». International Journal of Educational Research 11, № 6 (1987): 707–712.

38

Robert W. Proctor, Addie Dutta. Skill Acquisition and Human Performance. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1995.

39

Benjamin Franklin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003.

40

Walter Isaacson. Benjamin Franklin: An American Life. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003.

41

Walter Isaacson. Benjamin Franklin: An American Life. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003.

42

Robert Kanigel. The Man Who Knew Infinity: A Life of the Genius Ramanujan. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2016.

43

Jeffrey D. Karpicke, Janell R. Blunt. «Retrieval Practice Produces More Learning than Elaborative Studying with Concept Mapping». Science 331, № 6018 (February 11, 2011): 772–775. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/331/6818/772.

44

Henry L. Roediger III, Jeffrey D. Karpicke. «The Power of Testing Memory: Basic Research and Implications for Educational Practice». Perspectives on Psychological Science 1, № 3 (September 1, 2006): 181–210. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1745–6916.2006.00012.x?journalCode=ppsa.

45

Jeffrey D. Karpicke. «Metacognitive Control and Strategy Selection: Deciding to Practice Retrieval During Learning». Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 138, № 4 (2009): 469–486. http://memory.psych.purdue.edu/downloads/2009_Karpicke_JEPGeneral.pdf.

46

Robert A. Bjork. «Memory and Metamemory Considerations in the Training of Human Beings» / Metacognition: Knowing About Knowing, ed. J. Metcalfe, A. Shimamura. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994: 185–205.

47

Jeffrey D. Karpicke, Henry L. Roediger III. «Expanding Retrieval Practice Promotes Short-Term Retention, but Equally Spaced Retrieval Enhances Long-Term Retention». Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 33, № 4 (July 2007): 704–719. http://memory.psych.purdue.edu/downloads/2007_Karpicke_Roediger_JEPLMC.pdf.

48

Herbert F. Spitzer. «Studies in Retention». Journal of Educational Psychology 30, № 9 (December 1939): 641–656. https://www.gwern.net/docs/spacedrepetition/1939-spitzer.pdf.

49

Chunliang Yang. «Enhancing Learning and Retrieval: The Forward Testing Effect». PhD diss., University College London, 2018.

50

Kelefa Sanneh. «Chris Rock, the Duke of Doubt». New Yorker, November 10, 2014. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/11/10/duke-doubt.

51

Anders Ericsson, Robert Pool. Peak: Secrets from the New Science of Expertise. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016.

52

Avraham N. Kluger, Angelo DeNisi. «The Effects of Feedback Interventions on Performance: A Historical Review, a Meta-analysis, and a Preliminary Feedback Intervention Theory». Psychological Bulletin 119, № 2 (1996): 254–284. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1996–02773–003.

53

Michael H. Herzog, Manfred Fahle. «The Role of Feedback in Learning a Vernier Discrimination Task». Vision Research 37, № 15 (August 1997): 2133–2141. https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0042698997000436/1-s2.0-S0042698997000436-main.pdf?_tid=9e63a472–9df4–43fa-a165–7ff3daa4ddd2&acdnat=1551035784_e6ebf10b08703a5479c3abbf649b5320.

54

Maria Araceli Ruiz-Primo, Susan M. Brookhart. Using Feedback to Improve Learning. New York: Routledge, 2017, 128.

55

James A. Kulik, Chen-Lin C. Kulik. «Timing of Feedback and Verbal Learning». Review of Educational Research 58, № 1 (1988): 79–97.

56

Anders Ericsson, Ralf T. Krampe, Clemens Tesch-Romer. «The Role of Deliberate Practice in the Acquisition of Expert Performance». Psychological Review 100, № 3 (1993): 363–406. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1993–40718–001.

57

Wendy Jaehnig, Matthew L. Miller. «Feedback Types in Programmed Instruction: A Systematic Review». Psychological Record 57, № 2 (2007): 219–232.

58

Corazon Miller. «How Kiwi Nigel Richards Won French Scrabble Championship». New Zealand Herald, July 22, 2015. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/lifestyle/news/article.cfm?c_id=6&objectid=11485116.

59

Zeba Sultan. «Nigel Richards — An Enigma». The paladin speaks… http://vivaciouspaladin.blogspot.com/2013/05/nigel-richardsan-enigma.html.

60

Tim Hume. «A Way with Words». Sunday Star-Times, June 6, 2010. http://www.stuff.co.nz/sunday-star-times/features/3778594/A-way-with-words.

61

Fatsis. «Nigel Richards Article».

62

Daniel Stembridge. «Meeting Nigel Richards». Mindsports Academy. https://www.mindsportsacademy.com/Content/Details/2133?title=meeting-nigel-richards.

63

OgilvyBroadcast. «World Scrabble Championships 2011». Видео на YouTube, октябрь 2011 года, 1:51. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZE_olsi-pM&t=1m46s.

64

Niteesh K. Choudhry, Robert H. Fletcher, Stephen B. Soumerai. «Systematic Review: The Relationship Between Clinical Experience and Quality of Health Care». Annals of Internal Medicine 142, № 4 (2005): 260–273. https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/718215/systematic-review-relationship-between-clinical-experience-quality-health-care.

65

Joyce W. Lacy, Craig E. L. Stark. «The Neuroscience of Memory: Implications for the Courtroom». Nature Reviews Neuroscience 14, № 9 (September 2013): 649–658. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4183265/.

66

Peter Wei, Alex Chamessian. Learning Medicine: An Evidence-Based Guide (self-published, 2015).

67

Jong W. Kim, Frank E. Ritter, Richard J. Koubek. «An Integrated Theory for Improved Skill Acquisition and Retention in the Three Stages of Learning». Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science 14, № 1 (2013): 22–37.

68

James E. Driskell, Ruth P. Willis, Carolyn Copper. «Effect of Overlearning on Retention». Journal of Applied Psychology 77, № 5 (1992): 615–622. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1993–04376–001.

69

Harry P. Bahrick, Lynda K. Hall. «Lifetime Maintenance of High School Mathematics Content». Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 120, № 1 (1991): 20–33. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1020.7785&rep=rep1&type=pdf.

70

«Most Pi Places Memorised». Guinness World Records. http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-pi-places-memorised.

71

James Gleick. Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman. New York: Vintage, 1993, 10. См. издание на русском языке: Джеймс Глик. Гений. Жизнь и наука Ричарда Фейнмана. М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2018.

72

Richard P. Feynman, Ralph Leighton. «Surely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynman!»: Adventures of a Curious Character. New York: Random House, 1992, 133.

73

Richard P. Feynman, Ralph Leighton. «Surely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynman!»: Adventures of a Curious Character. New York: Random House, 1992, 193.

74

Richard P. Feynman, Ralph Leighton. «Surely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynman!»: Adventures of a Curious Character. New York: Random House, 1992, 85.

75

Michelene T. H. Chi, Paul J. Feltovich, Robert Glaser. «Categorization and Representation of Physics Problems by Experts and Novices». Cognitive Science 5, № 2 (April 1981): 121–152. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1207/s15516709cog0502_2.

76

William G. Chase, Herbert A. Simon. «Perception in Chess,» Cognitive Psychology 4, № 1 (January 1973): 55–81. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.601.2724&rep=rep1&type=pdf.

77

Fernand Gobet, Herbert A. Simon. «Expert Chess Memory: Revisiting the Chunking Hypothesis». Memory 6, № 3 (1998): 225–255. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d11f/079a1d6d3147abbb7868955a6231f4a5ba5b.pdf.

78

Feynman, Leighton. «Surely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynman!», 21.

79

В работе, получившей Нобелевскую премию, было показано, что Вселенная, в которой мы живем, не является зеркально симметричной. То есть определенные физические процессы в зеркальном отображении выглядят иначе. В то время это было огромным сюрпризом для физиков, считавших, что симметрия существует. Feynman, Leighton. «Surely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynman!», 249.

80

Walter Isaacson. Einstein: His Life and Universe. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2008.

81

Rebecca Lawson. «The Science of Cycology: Failures to Understand How Everyday Objects Work». Memory & Cognition 34, № 8 (2006): 1667–1675. http://gearinches.com/misc/science-of-cycology.PDF.

82

Художник и дизайнер Джанлука Джимини сыграл на этом понятии, конструируя велосипеды, которые выглядели так, как должны выглядеть, по мнению многих (но они, конечно, не работали). Вы можете увидеть некоторые из его творений на gianlucagimini.it/prototypes/velocipedia.html.

83

Fergus I. M. Craik, Robert S. Lockhart. «Levels of Processing: A Framework for Memory Research». Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 11, № 6 (December 1972): 671–684. http://wixtedlab.ucsd.edu/publications/Psych%20218/Craik_Lockhart_1972.pdf.

84

Thomas S. Hyde, James J. Jenkins. «Differential Effects of Incidental Tasks on the Organization of Recall of a List of Highly Associated Words». Journal of Experimental Psychology 82, № 3 (1969): 472–481. https://people.southwestern.edu/~giuliant/LOP_PDF/Hyde1969.pdf.

85

Justin Kruger, David Dunning. «Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One’s Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments». Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77, № 6 (December 1999): 1121–1134. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e320/9ca64cbed9a441e55568797cbd3683cf7f8c.pdf.

86

Feynman, Leighton. «Surely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynman!», 244.

87

Feynman, Leighton. «Surely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynman!», 281.

88

См.: https://www.scotthyoung.com/mit/photogrammetry.pdf.

89

См.: https://www.scotthyoung.com/mit/grid-accel.pdf.

90

Feynman, Leighton. «Surely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynman!», 141.

91

Steven W. Naifeh, Gregory White Smith. Van Gogh: The Life. New York: Random House, 2011, 260.

92

Steven W. Naifeh, Gregory White Smith. Van Gogh: The Life. New York: Random House, 2011, 514.

93

Judd Tully. «$82.5 Million for van Gogh; Japanese Buyer Sets Art Auction Record.» http://juddtully.net/auctions/82–5-million-for-van-gogh-japanese-buyer-sets-art-auction-record/.

94

Naifeh, Smith. Van Gogh, 214.

95

Naifeh, Smith. Van Gogh, 333.

96

Carol S. Dweck. Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. New York: Random House, 2008. См. издание на русском языке: Кэрол Дуэк. Гибкое сознание. Новый взгляд на психологию развития взрослых и детей. М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2013.

97

У меня был аналогичный опыт, когда я писал эту книгу. В качестве подготовки я перечитал множество книг, стилю которых хотел подражать. В процессе я с удивлением обнаружил, что в большинстве из них было не так уж много цитат, как мне казалось, а «серьезность» книги зависела скорее от тона изложения, чем от научности.

98

Scott Adams. «Career Advice». Dilbert.Blog, July 20, 2007. http://dilbertblog.typepad.com/the_dilbert_blog/2007/07/career-advice.html.

99

Shelby Lyman. «Younger Sisters Are Also Proficient». Sunday Telegraph 1 (45).

100

F. Lidz. «Kid with a Killer Game». Sports Illustrated 72, № 6 (1990): 8.

101

F. Lidz. «Kid with a Killer Game». Sports Illustrated 72, № 6 (1990): 8.

102

Chess Life 50, № 7–12: 647.

103

Leonard Barden. «Sweet Revenge for Kasparov’s Opponent». Guardian, September 11, 2002. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/sep/11/3.

104

Dirk Jan ten Geuzendam. «Finding Bobby Fischer: Chess Interviews by Dirk Jan ten Geuzendam». Alkmaar, the Netherlands: New in Chess (1994), 203.

105

Peter Maass. «Home-Grown Grandmasters». Washington Post, March 1992.

106

Linnet Myers. «Trained to Be a Genius, Girl, 16, Wallops Chess Champ Spassky for $110 000». Chicago Tribune, February 1993.

107

Patricia Koza. «Sisters Test Male Domination of Chess». Mohave Daily Miner, November 1986.

108

G. K. Kasparov, Mig Greengard. How Life Imitates Chess: Making the Right Moves, from the Board to the Boardroom. New York: Bloomsbury, 2008.

109

Làszlo Polgàr. Raise a Genius! (self-published, 2007), 97. https://docplayer.net/64270951-Raise-a-genius-by-laszlo-polgar-original-edition-laszlo-polgar-nevelj-zsenit-budapest-interviewer-endre-farkas.html.

110

Làszlo Polgàr. Raise a Genius! (self-published, 2007), 33. https://docplayer.net/64270951-Raise-a-genius-by-laszlo-polgar-original-edition-laszlo-polgar-nevelj-zsenit-budapest-interviewer-endre-farkas.html.

111

Làszlo Polgàr. Raise a Genius! (self-published, 2007), 20. https://docplayer.net/64270951-Raise-a-genius-by-laszlo-polgar-original-edition-laszlo-polgar-nevelj-zsenit-budapest-interviewer-endre-farkas.html.

112

Làszlo Polgàr. Raise a Genius! (self-published, 2007), 16. https://docplayer.net/64270951-Raise-a-genius-by-laszlo-polgar-original-edition-laszlo-polgar-nevelj-zsenit-budapest-interviewer-endre-farkas.html.

113

Làszlo Polgàr. Raise a Genius! (self-published, 2007), 51. https://docplayer.net/64270951-Raise-a-genius-by-laszlo-polgar-original-edition-laszlo-polgar-nevelj-zsenit-budapest-interviewer-endre-farkas.html.

114

Làszlo Polgàr. Raise a Genius! (self-published, 2007), 97. https://docplayer.net/64270951-Raise-a-genius-by-laszlo-polgar-original-edition-laszlo-polgar-nevelj-zsenit-budapest-interviewer-endre-farkas.html.

115

Làszlo Polgàr. Raise a Genius! (self-published, 2007), 36. https://docplayer.net/64270951-Raise-a-genius-by-laszlo-polgar-original-edition-laszlo-polgar-nevelj-zsenit-budapest-interviewer-endre-farkas.html.

116

Judit Polgàr. How I Beat Fischer’s Record. Glasgow: Quality Chess UK Ltd, 2012, 11.