Сравнительный анализ политических систем [заметки]

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В издательстве «Весь Мир» вскоре выйдет в свет Оксфордский толковый словарь «Политика».

Dharam Ghai and Cynthia Hewitt de Alcantara, «The Crisis of the 1980s in Sub Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean: Economic Impact, Social Change and Political Implications», Development and Change!! (July 1990): 389–426.

Robert A. Dahl, After the Revolution? Authority in a Good Society, rev. ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), 80. See also Robert A. Dahl, «Why Free Markets Are Not Enough», Journal of Democracy 3 (July 1992): 82—89.

Immanuel Wallerstein, «Capitalist Markets: Theory and Reality», Social ScienceInformation 30 (September 1991): 371.

James Petras, «Global Transformations and the Future of Socialism in Latin America», New Political Science, nos. 18–19 (Winter 1990): 181–93. See also Haldun Gulap, «The State and Democracy in Underdeveloped Capitalist Formations», Studies in Political Economy, no. 32 (Summer 1990): 145–66.

See Robert A. Dahl, «Governments and Political Oppositions», in Handbook of Political Science, vol. 3, ed. Fred 1. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby (Reading, MA: Addison–Wesley, 1975), 118–22; Robert A. Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989).

Согласно Йозефу Шумпетеру (Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 3d ed. New York: Harper and Row, 1950), 269. «Демократический метод — это такой институциональный способ принимать политические решения, при котором право решать индивиды приобретают в результате конкурентной борьбы за голоса избирателей». Критику данной Шумпетером формулировки взаимодействия между капитализмом и демократией см.: David Beetham, «Four Theorems about the Market and Democracy», European Journal of Political Research 23 (February 1993): 187–201.

Charles E. Lindblom, Democracy and Market System (Oslo: Norwegian University Press, 1988), 116–18, Dahl, After the Revolution? 45–79, 131–32.

Elizabeth Anderson, «The Ethical Limitations of the Market», Economics and Philosophy 6 (October 1990): 179–205; John R. Bowman, «Competition and the Microfoundations of the Capitalist Economy: Towards the Redefinition of Homo Economicus», Politics and Society 18 (June 1990): 233–42.

Ralph Miliband, «Socialism in Question», Monthly Review 42 (March 1991): 16–24; Wlodzimierz Brus, «The Compatibility of Planning and Market Reconsidered», Studies in Comparative Communism 23 (Autumn/Winter 1990): 341—48.

См.: Branko Milanovic, «Privatisation in Post–Communist Societies», Communist Economies and Economic Transformation 3 (March 1991): 5–39; Michael Useem, «Business and Politics in the United States and United Kingdom», in Structures of Capital: The Social Organization of the Economy, ed. Sharon Zukin and Paul DiMaggio (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 263–91; Robert A. Dahl, A Preface to Economic Democracy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 140–52; Dahl, After the Revolution ? 96–115.

См.: Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 100–135; Barry Hindess, «Imaginary Presuppositions of Democracy», Economy and Society 20 (May 1991): 173–95.

См.: Paul R. Gregory, «The Stalinist Command Economy», The Annals of the American Academy of Political Social Science 507 (January 1990): 18–25; Joyce Kolko, Restructuring the World Economy (New York: Pantheon, 1988), 278–96; Robert L. Heilbroner, The Nature and Logic of Capitalism (New York: Norton, 1985).

Первоначальная формулировка этих моделей политических систем принадлежит Дэвиду Э. Эптеру. См., в частности, две из его работ: David E. Apter, Choice and the Politics of Allocation (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971), 30–35, 128–54; Introduction to Political Analysis (Cambridge, MA: Winthrop, 1977), 421–52. См. также предлагаемый мною вариант системной типологии: Charles F. Andrain, Political Change in the Third World (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1988), особенно стр. 1–75.

Hector E. Schamis, «Reconceptualizing Latin American Authoritarianism in the 1970s: From Bureaucratic–Authoritarianism to Neoconservatism», Comparative Politics 23 (January 1991): 201–20.

Randall Collins, Theoretical Sociology (San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jova novich, 1988), 46–76.

Charles F. Andrain, Political Change in the Third World (Winchester, MA: Unwin Hyman, 1988), 1–51.

См.: Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, ed. and trans. Anne M. Cohler, Basia Carolyn Miller, and Harold Samuel Stone (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 21—128; см. также: David E. Apter, Choice and the Politics of Allocation (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971), 31–33.

См. Frederich Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, 4th ed., (New York: International Publishers, 1942), esp. S–6, 34, 154–63; Eleanor Burke Leacock, «Primitive Communism», in A Dictionary of Marxist Thought, ed. Tom Bottomore (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), 394–95.

Объединение лиц, обладающих почетными званиями. — Прим. перев.

Robert Redfield, «The Folk Society», American Journal of Sociology 52 (January 1947): 293–308; Aidan Southall, «Stateless Society», International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 15(NewYork: Macmillan, 1968), 157–68; Gerhard Lenski and Jean Lenski, Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology, 5th ed. (New York: McGraw–Hill, 1987), 97–129; Piotr Chmielewski, «The Public and the Private in Primitive Societies», International Political Science Review 12 (October 1991): 267—80.

См.: Richard B. Lee, «Politics, Sexual and Non–Sexual, in an Egalitarian Society», Social Science Information 17, no. 6 (1978): 871–95; Richard Borshay Lee, The .'Kung San Men, Women, and Work in a Foraging Society (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1979), особ. 116–57, 333–461; Lorna Marshall, «The !Kung Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert», in: Peoples of Africa, ed. James L. Gibbs, Jr. (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965), 243–78; Lorna Marshall, «!Kung Bushman Bands», in: Comparative Political Systems: Studies in the Politics of Preindustrial Societies, ed. Ronald Cohen and John Middleton (Garden City, NY: The Natural History Press, 1967), 15–43; Lorna Marshall, The /Kung of Nyae Nyae (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976); Colin M. Turnbull, Man in Africa (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1977), 159–66; Richard Katz, «Education as Transformation: Becoming a Healer among the IKungandthe Fijians», Harvard Educational Review 51 (February 1981): 57–78; Richard Katz, Boiling Energy: Community Healing among the Kalahari Kung (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982); Robert J. Gordon, The Bushman Myth: The Making of a Namibian Underclass (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992); Robert K.. Hitchcock and John D. Holm, «Bureaucratic Domination of Hunter–Gatherer Societies: A Study of the San in Botswana», Development and Change 24 (April 1993): 305–38.

Английское название племени Ibo в настоящее время преобразовано в Igbo. — Прим. перев.

Анализ политической системы ибо см. в: Daryll Forde and G. I. Jones, The Ibo and Ibibio–speaking Peoples of South–Eastern Nigeria (London: International' African Institute, 1950); M. M. Green, Ibo Village Affairs (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1964); M. M. Green, Land Tenure in an Ibo Village in South–Eastern Nigeria (London: P. Lund, Humphries, and Company, 1941); H. Kami Offonry, «The Strength of Ibo Clan Feeling», West Africa 35 (May 26, 1951): 476, (June 2, 1951): 489–90; Mazi Njaka, Igbo Political Culture (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1974): Ikenna Nzimiro, Studies in Ibo Political Systems (London: Frank Cass, 1972); S. N. Nwabara, Iboland: A Century of Contact with Britain, 1860–1960 (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1978), 15–43; C. N. Ubah, «Changing Patterns of Leadership among the Igbo 1900–1960», Civilisations 37, no: 1 (1987): 127–57.

Simon Ottenberg, «Ibo Receptivity to Change», in Continuity and Change in African Cultures, ed. William R. Bascom and Melville J. Herskovits (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959), 130–43; James S. Coleman, Nigeria: Background to Nationalism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1958), 23–31, 332–43; David E. Apter, The Politics of Modernization (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), 116–21.

См.: Nnamdi Azikiwe, Economic Reconstruction of Nigeria (Lagos, Nigeria: African Book Company, 1943), 8,42, 50; Nnamdi Azikiwe, Renascent Africa (Accra, Ghana: The Author, 1937), 264, 270; Nnamdi Azikiwe, Zik:A Selection from the Speeches of Nnamdi Azikiwe (London: Cambridge University Press, 1961), 98; Richard L. Sklar, Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963), 230; Charles F. Andrain, «Democracy and Socialism: Ideologies of African Leaders», в: Ideology and Discontent, ed. David E. Apter (New York–The Free Press of Glencoe, 1964), 181–82.

Charles F. Andrain, Political Change in the Third World (Boston: Unwin Hyman 1988), 215–45.

Гиллермо О'Доннел (Guillermo A. O'Donnell) ввел термин «бюрократическое авторитарное» правление. См. след. работы этого автора: Modernization and Bureaucratic–Authoriarianism: Studies in South American Politics (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1973); «Reflections on thePatterns of Change in the Bureaucratic–Authoritarian State», Latin American Research Review 13, no. 1 (1978): 3—38; «Tensions in the Bureaucratic–Authoritarian State and the Question of Democracy», in The New Authoritarianism in Latin America, ed. David Collier (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979), 285—318; Bureaucratic Authoriarianism: Argentina, 1966—1973, in Comparative Perspective, trans. James McGuire (Berkeley: Universiry of California Press, 1988). See too Fernando Henrique Cardoso, «On the Characterization of Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America», in The New Authoritarianism in Latin America, 33—57; Juan J. Linz, «Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes», in Handbook of Political Science, vol. 3, ed. Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby (Reading, MA: Addison–Wesley, 1975), 175–357, esp. 264–350.

Daniel Chirot, Social Change in the Modern Era (San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986), 208–22, 247–61; Bruce Russett and Harvey Starr, World Politics: The Menu for Choice, 4th ed. (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1992), 403–37; Ian Anthony, Agnes Courades Allebeck, Gerd Hagmeyer–Gaverus, Paolo Miggiano, and Herbert Wulf, «The Trade in Major Conventional Weapons», in Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, SIPRI Yearbook 1991: World Armaments and Disarmament (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 198–99; Abraham F. Lowenthal, «The United States and Latin American Democracy: Learning from History», in Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin America, ed. Abraham F. Lowenthal (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), 243—65; Mark J. Gasiorowski, «Economic Dependence and Political Democracy: A Cross–National Study», Comparative Political Studies 20 (January 1988):489–515.

David E. Apter, The Politics of Modernization (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), 402–21; William L. Canak, «The Peripheral State Debate: State Capitalist and Bureaucratic–Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America», Latin American Research Review 19, no. 1 (1984): 3—36; Jeffrey C. Alexander, «Personal Politics», New Republic 196 (April 6, 1987): 12–13.

Мэйдзи — просвещенное правление. Здесь официальное название периода правления императора Муцухито. — Прим. перев.

См.: Reinhard Bendix, Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1962), 98–141; John K. Fairbank, The United States and China, 4th ed. enlarged (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), 1—139; John King Fairbank, China: A New History (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1992), 46–161.

Benjamin A. Elman, «Political, Social, and Cultural Reproduction via Civil Service Examinations in Late Imperial China», Journal of Asian Studies 50 (February 1991): 7–28.

Benjamin I. Schwartz, The World of Thought in Ancient China (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1985).

См.: Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 67—81, 147—57, 236—83; Lucian W. Pye, «The State and the Individual: An Overview Interpretation», China Quarterly, no. 127 (September 1991): 443–65; James Townsend, «Chinese Nationalism», Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, no. 27 (January 1992): 97—130; Evelyn S. Rawski, «Research Themes in Ming–Qing Socioeconomic History— The State of the Field», Journal of Asian Studies 50 (February 1991): 84–111; Fairbank, China, 51–53, 96–101,176–86.

Edwin O. Reischauer and Albert M. Craig, Japan: Tradition and Transformation (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978), 161.

Michio Morishima, «Ideology and Economic Activity», Current Sociology 38 (Autumn/Winter 1990): 51—77; Ronald P. Dore, «Economic and Social Development in East Asia and Confucian Culture», Comparative Studies on East Asia, no. 3 (March 1991) 14—15; Pan Jianxiong, «The Dual Structure of Chinese Culture and Its Influence on Modem Chinese Society», International Sociology 5 (March 1990): 75—88; Robert A. Scalapino, «Ideology and Modernization—the Japanese Case», in Ideology and Discontent, ed. David E. Apter (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1964), 93–127; Apter, The Politics of Modernization, 232—35: Barry Hindess, «Rationality and Modern Society», Sociological Theory 9 (Fall 1991): 217–18; Samuel P. Huntington and Jorge I. Dominguez, «Political Development», in Handbook of Political Science, vol. 3, ed. Greenstein and Polsby. 18—22.

См.: Mikiso Hane, Modern Japan: A Historical Survey (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1986), 84–191; Reischauer and Craig, Japan, 133–89; Bradley M.Richardson and Scott C. Flanagan, Politics in Japan (Boston; Little, Brown, 1984), 1–28; Karel Van Wolferen, The Enigma of Japanese Power (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989), 295–313, 375–83; Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions, 67–77, 100–104; Ramon H. Myers, «How Did the Modern Chinese Economy Develop? — A Review Article», Journal of Asian Studies 50 (August 1991): 604—28; and the following four essays in Political Modernization in Japan and Turkey, ed. Robert E. Ward and Dankwart A. Rustow (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964): Robert A. Scalapino, «Environmental and Foreign Contributions», 64—90; William W. Lockwood, «Economic and Political Modernization», 117–45; R. P. Dore, «Education», 176—204; Masamichi Inoki, «The Civil Bureaucracy», 283–300.

Hyun–Chin Lim, Dependent Development in the World–System: The Case of South Korea, 1963—1979 (Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Sociology, Harvard University, 1982), 80–83; The World Bank, World Development Report 1981 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 137, 171; The World Bank, World Development Report 1983 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 191, 196–97; Parvez Hasan, Korea: Problems and Issues in a Rapidly Growing Economy (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976).

Quee–Young Kim, «Korea's Confucian Heritage and Social Change», Journal of Developing Societies A (July–October 1988): 255—69; James B. Palasi, «Confucianism and the Aristocratic/Bureaucratic Balance in Korea», Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 44 (December 1984): 427–68.

Soohn–Ho Hong, «Bureaucracy in Korea», Korea Journal 20 (August 1980): 4—13, 20; Lim, Dependent Development, 45—128; Bruce Cumings, The Two Koreas (New York: Foreign Policy Association Headline Series, No. 294, Fall 1990): 7—39;. Whang In—Joung, «Administration of Land Reform in Korea, 1949—52», Korea Journal 24 (October 1984): 4—20; Hochul Lee, «Political Economy of Land Reforms in Korea and Bolivia: State and Class in Rural Structure», Asian Perspective 15 (Spring–Summer 1991): 219–21.

Quee–Young Kim, «Disjunctive Justice and Revolutionary Movements: The 4.19 (sa–il–gu) Upheaval and the Fall of the Syngman Rhee Regime in South Korea», Journal of Developing Societies 6 (January–April 1990): 56—70; Norman A. Graham, «The Role of the Military in the Political and Economic Development of the Republic of Korea», Journal of Asian and African Studies 26 (January–April 1991): 114—31.

Bruce Cumings, «The Abortive Abertura: South Korea in the Light of Latin American Experience», New Left Review, no. 173 (January–February 1989): 5—32; Hakjong Yoo, The Two Koreas: A Comparative Political Analysis of a Divided Nation (Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Political Science, New York University, 1977); Robert A. Kinney, «Students, Intellectuals, and the Churches: Their Roles in Korean Politics», Asian Affairs 8 (January–February 1981): 180—95; George Won and In–Hwan Oh, «Grass Roots Democracy: The Case of the Korean Labor Movement», Sociological Perspectives 26. (October 1983): 399–422; Hagen Koo and Doo–Seung Hong, «Class and Income Inequality in Korea», American Sociological Review 45 (August 1980): 610–26; Moon Kyu Park, «Interest Representation in South Korea», Asian Survey 27 (August 1987): 903–17; Bae–Ho Hahn, «The Role of the State in Development: The Korea Case», China Report 22 (July–September 1986): 289–306; James Cotton, «Understanding the State in South Korea: Bureaucratic–Authoritarian or State Autonomy Theory?» Comparative Political Studies 24 (January 1992): 512–31; Russell Mardon, «The State and the Effective Control of Foreign Capital: The Case of South Korea», World Politics 43 (October 1990): 111–38; James Petras and Po–Keung Hui, «State and Development in Korea and Taiwan», Studies in Political Economy, no. 34 (Spring 1991): 179–98; John Lie, «The Prospect for Economic Democracy in South Korea», Economic and Industrial Democracy 12 (November 1991): 501–13; John Lie, «The Political Economy of South Korean Development», International Sociology 1 (September 1992): 285–300; T.J.Pempel, «Of Dragons and Development», Journal of Public Policy 12 (January–March 1992): 79–95; Chang Yun–Shik, «The Personalist Ethic and the Market in Korea», Comparative Studies in Society and History 33 (January 1991): 106–29; Robert Wade, «East Asia's Economic Success: Conflicting Perspectives, Partial Insights, Shaky Evidence», World Politics (January 1992): 270–320.

The Democratic Movement in South Korea, «South Korea under Chun Doo–hwan: Analysis of Its Economy and Politics», Korea Scope 2 (September 1982): 3—36; James Cotton, «From Authoritarianism to Democracy in South Korea», Political Studies 37 (June 1989): 244–59; Young Whan Kihl, «South Korea's Rise to Prominence», Current History 88 (April 1989): 165–68, 192–93; Cumings, «The Abortive Abertura», 24–32.

James S. Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991), 29–53; Raymond Duncan Gastil, «The Comparative Survey of Freedom: Experiences and Suggestions», Studies in Comparative International Development 25 (Spring 1990): 25–50; John Keane, «Democracy and the Media», International Social Science Journal 43 (August 1991): 523–40; Arend Lijphart and Markus M. L. Crepaz, «Corporatism and Consensus Democracy in Eighteen Countries: Conceptual and Empirical Linkages», British Journal of Political Science 21 (April 1991): 235–46.

См.: Keith Blackburn and Michael Christensen, «Monetary Policy and Policy Credibility: Theories and Evidence», Journal of Economic Literature 27 (March 1989): 5–7; Ernest Gellner, «Civil Society in Historical Context», International Social Science Journal^ (August 1991): 495–510.

David E. Apter, Introduction to Political Analysis (Cambridge, MA: Winthrop Publishers, 1977), 255–68, 303–75.

См.: Raymond D. Gastil, Freedom in the World: Political Rights and Civil Liberties. 1987–1988 (New York: Freedom House, 1988), 54–65; Freedom House Survey Team, R. Bruce McColm, coordinator. Freedom in the World: Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 1989–1990 (New York: Freedom House, 1990), 312–13; R. Bruce McColm, «The Comparative Survey of Freedom: 1992», Freedom Review 23 (January–February 1992): 5–24; Roberto P. Korzeniewicz and Kirnberley Awbrey, «Democratic Transitions and the Semiperiphery of the World–Economy», Sociological Forum 7 (December 1992): 620–29.

См.: Robert A. Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989), 232–64; Gellner, «Civil Society in Historical Context», 500–505; Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), esp. 1–11 40–78' 269–302.

Robert A. Dahl, «Governments and Political Oppositions», in Handbook of Political Science, vol. 3, ed. Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby (Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 1975), 120–22; Eva Etzioni–Halevy, «Democratic–Elite Theory; Stabilization versus Breakdown of Democracy», European Journal of Sociology 31 (November 1990V 317–50.

James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics (New York: The Free Press, 1989), 143–72; Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics, 299–341.

David E. Apter, «Radicalization and Embourgeoisement: Some Hypotheses for a Comparative Study of History», Journal of Interdisciplinary History 1 (Winter 1971V 265–303.

Michael Coppedge and Wolfgang H. Reinicke, «Measuring Polyarchy», Studies in Comparative international Development 25 (Spring 1990): 51–72.

Krishan Kumar, «Class and Political Action in Nineteenth–Century England», European Journal of Sociology 24, no. 1 (1983); 3–43; Norman Gash, Politics in the Age of Peel (London: Longmans Green, 1953); Eugene С Black, ed., British Politics in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Walker and Company, 1969).

Rosemary H. T. O'Kane, «Military Regimes: Power and Force», European Journal of Political Research 27 (May 1989): 333–50.

См.: Amnesty International Report 1991 (London: Amnesty International Publications, 1991); Stephen F. Cohen, «What's Really Happening in Russia?» Nation 254 (March 2,1992); 259–68; World Opinion Update 15 (February 1991): 14–15, Donald S. Kellerman, Andrew Kohut, and Carol Bowman, The Pulse of Europe: A Survey op Political and Social Values and Attitudes (Washington, D.C.: Times Mirror Center for the People and the Press, 1991 ), section IX, Questionnaire, 91.

См.: Hugh Hecio and Henrik Madsen, Policy and Politics in Sweden: Principled Pragmatism (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1987), 314–32; Stefan Svallfors, «The Politics of Welfare Policy in Sweden: Structural Determinants and Attitudinal Cleavages», British Journal of Sociology 42 (December 1991): 609–34; Ulf Olsson, «Planning in the Swedish Welfare State», Studies in Political Economy, no. 34 (Spring 1991): 147–71; Lars Tragardh, «Swedish Model or Swedish Culture?» Critical' Review 4 (Fall 1990): 569–90; Ola Listhaug, «Macrovalues: The Nordic Countries Compared», Ada Sociologica 33, no. 3 (1990): 219–34; Barbara Hobson, «No Exit, No Voice: Women's Economic Dependency and the Welfare State», Ada Sociologica 33, no.3 (1990): 235–50; Sidney Verba, Steven Kelman, Gary R. Orren, Ichiro Miyake, Joji Watanuki, Ikuo Kabashima, and G. Donald Ferree, Jr., Elites and the Idea of Equality: A Comparison of Japan. Sweden, and the United States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), 71–276; M. Donald Hancock, Sweden: The Politics of Postindustrial Change (Hinsdale, IL: Dryden Press, 1972), 36–88; Richard M. Coughlin, Ideology. Public Opinion and Welfare Policy: Altitudes toward Taxes and Spending in Industrialized Societies (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1980); Douglas A. Hibbs, Jr., The Political Economy of Industrial Democracies (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), 241–57; Hans F. Dahl, «Those Equal Folk», Daedalus ИЗ (Winter 1984): 93–107.

Gunnar Wallin, «Towards the Integrated and Fragmented State: The Mixed Role of Local Government», West European Politics 14 (July 1991): 96–121; Jon Pierre, «Central State, Local Government, and the Market: Industrial Policy and Structural Change in Japan and Sweden», European Journal of Political Research 20 (July 1991): 1—19; Bo Rothstein, «Marxism, Institutional Analysis, and Working–Class Power: The Swedish Case», Politics and Society 18 (September 1990): 317–45; Jonas Pontusson, «Labor, Corporatism, and Industrial Policy: The Swedish Case in Comparative Perspective», Comparative Politics 23 (January 1991): 163—79.

Jonas Pontusson, «Sweden», in European Politics in Transition, 2d ed., ed. Mark Kesselman and Joel Krieger (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath, 1992), 427–509; Erik Allardt, «Representative Government in a Bureaucratic Age», Daedalus 113 (Winter 1984): 169–97; Hancock, Sweden, 89—240; Richard F. Tomasson, Sweden: Prototype of Modern Society (New York: Random House, 1970), 17–127, 242–94; Nils Stjemquist, «Judicial Review and the Rule of Law: Comparing the United States and Sweden», Policy Studies Journal 19 (Fall 1990): 106–15.

Svante Ersson, «Some Facts about Swedish Politics», West European Politics 14 (July 1991): 197—204; Thomas T. Mackie and Richard Rose, The International Almanac of Electoral History, 3d ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1991), 400–19.

Diane Sainsbury, «Swedish Social Democracy in Transition: The Party's Record in the 1980s and the Challenge of the 1990s», West European Politics 14 (July 1991): 31—57; Hans Bergstrom, «Sweden's Politics and Party System at the Crossroads», West European Politics 14 (July 1991): 3—30; Martin Bennulf and Soren Holmberg, «The Green Breakthrough in Sweden», Scandinavian Political Studies 13, no. 2 (1990): 165–84; Sven Steinmo, «Political Institutions and Tax Policy in the United States, Sweden, and Britain», World Politics 41 (July 1989): 500–535; Sven E.Olsson, «Swedish Communism Posed between Old Reds and New Greens», Journal of Communist Studies 2 (December 1986): 359—79; Pontusson, «Sweden.» 464—75; G0sta Esping–Andersen, Politics against Markets: The Social Democratic Road to Power (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985); G0sta Esping–Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990).

Charles F. Andrain, Social Policies in Western Industrial Societies (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1985), 66–84, 122—24,150,174—80; Sven Steinmo, «Social Democracy vs. Socialism: Goal Adaptation in Social Democratic Sweden», Politics and Society 16 (December 1988): 403—46; Steinmo, «Political Institutions and Tax Policy in the United States, Sweden, and Britain», 500—535; «The Swedish Labour Movement at the Crossroads: Interview with Rudolf Meidner», with an Introduction by Rianne Mahon, Studies in Political Economy. no. 28 (Spring 1989): 7—31; Rudolf Meidner, «Renewal Funds: A Swedish Innovation», Economic and Industrial Democracy 8 (May 1987): 237—42; M. Donald Hancock and John Logue, «Sweden: The Quest for Economic Democracy», Polity 17 (Winter 1984): 248—70; James Fulcher, «Labour Movement Theory versus Corporatism: Social Democracy in Sweden», Sociology 21 (May 1987): 231—52; Marvin E. Olsen, Participatory Pluralism: Political Participation and Influence in the United States and Sweden (Chicago: Nelson Hall, 1982), 125–38, 181–272; Sonja Drobnic, «Political Participation of Yugoslav Immigrants in Sweden», European Journal of Political Research 16 (November 1988): 645—58; Sainsbury, «Swedish Social Democracy in Transition», 49–51.

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См.: Peter Jenkins, Mrs. Thatcher's Revolution: The Ending of the Socialist Era (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988).

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Bob Jessop, Kevin Bonnett, Simon Bromley, and Tom Ling, Thatcherism: A Tale of Two Nations (Cambridge, England: Polity Press, 1988), esp. 127–83; Thomas O. Hueglin, «The Politics of Fragmentation in an Age of Scarcity: A Synthetic View and Critical Analysis of Welfare State Crisis», Canadian Journal of Political Science 20 (June 1987): 235—64. В отличие от Джессона и др. я считаю Великобританию раз деленной на несколько частей, а не просто на «две нации».

Economist Intelligence Unit, United Kingdom: Country Report, no. 2 (1992): 4—11; Economist Intelligence Unit, United Kingdom: Country Profile 1991–92, 6–10; Economist Intelligence Unit, Sweden: Coutry Report, no. I (1993):2—18; The Economist 327 (May 29–June 4, 1993): 113: Monthly Labor Review 114 (October 1991): 100; Steven Prokesch, «Thatcher's Miracle: Victim of Its Own Excess», New York Times March 9, 1992, Cl, C3; Garrett, «The Political Consequences of Thatcherism», 377–78; Graeme D. Eddie, «Sweden: Krona Crisis Stalls 'New Start,'» World Today 49 (January 1993): 9–12.

Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: The Free Press, 1992), 48.

См.: Stephen Holmes, «The Scowl of Minerva», New Republic 206 (March 23, 1992): 27–33.

David E. Apter, The Politics of Modernization (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), 357–90; Charles F. Andrain, Political Change in the Third World (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1988), 41–49; Charles Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution (Reading, MA: Addison–Wesley, 1978), 52–193; John D. Nagle, «The NSDAP as an Alternative Elite for Capitalism in Crisis», in Radical Perspectives on the Rise of Fascism in Germany. 1919–1945, ed. Michael N. Dobkowski and Isidor Wallimann (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1989), 206–7.

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Carl J. Friedrich and Zbigniew K. Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy, 2d ed. (New York: Praeger, 1966); Raymond Aron, Democracy and Totalitarianism: A Theory of Political Systems, ed. Roy Pierce, trans. Valence Ionescu (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Ann Arbor Paperbacks, 1990), 192—204; William E. Odom, «Soviet Politics and After: Old and New Concepts», World Politics 45 (October 1992): 66—98; Giovanni Sartori, «Totalitarianism, Model Mania and Learning from Error», Journal of Theoretical Politics 5 (January 1993): 15—20; Ivo K. Feierabend, with C. Richard Hofstetter and Dia Lautenschlager, «Cultural Legacy of Totalitarianism and the New Political Culture of Czechoslovakia: Theoretical Framework and Propositions with a Methodological Appendix», Paper Delivered at the World Congress of the Czechoslovak Arts and Sciences, Prague and Bratislava, June 26–July 2, 1992.

Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, newed. (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973), viii, 438, 460–67.

Theda Skocpol, «Social Revolutions and Mass Military Mobilization», World Politics 40 (January 1988): 147–68; Sheila Fitzpatrick, «New Perspectives on Stalinism», Russian Reviews (October 1986): 357–73; Geoff Eley, «History with the Politics Left Out—Again?» Russian Review 45 (October 1986): 385–94.

Carmen Sirianni, «Councils and Parliaments: The Problems of Dual Power and Democracy in Comparative Perspective», Politics and Society 12, no. 2 (1983): 83–123; Edward R. Tannenbaum, The Fascist Experience: Italian Society and Culture, 1922—1945 (New York: Basic Books, 1972); Paolo Farneti, «Social Conflict, Parliamentary Fragmentation, Institutional Shift, and the Rise of Fascism: Italy», in The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Europe, ed. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1978), 3—33; Piero Melograni, «The Cult of the Duce in Mussolini»s Italy», Journal of Contemporary History 11 (October 1976): 221—37; Juan J. Linz, «From Great Hopes lo Civil War: The Breakdown of Democracy in Spain», in The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Europe, 142—215; Gary Prevost, «The Anarchist Critique of the State: Theory and Practice of the Spanish CNT», Our Generation 18 (Fall/Winter 1986): 87–102.

Leon Trotsky, The Basic Writings of Trotsky, ed. Irving Howe (New York; Schocken Books, 1976), 102.

Alexander Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power: The Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd (New York: Norton, 1976), 311–12.

См.: Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution, 1917–1932 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 34—60; Tim McDaniel, Autocracy, Capitalism, and Revolution in Russia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 299–407; Tim McDaniel, Autocracy, Modernization, and Revolution in Russia and Iran (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), 111–48, 185–217; John L. H. Keep, The Russian Revolution: A Study in Mass Mobilization (New York: Norton, 1976); Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power, xvi—xxxiii, 1—314; Graeme J. Gill, «The Mainsprings of Peasant Action in 1917», Soviet Studies 30 (January 1978): 63–86; Diane Koenker, «The Evolution of Party Consciousness in 1917: The Case of the Moscow Workers», Soviet Studies, 30 (January 1978): 38—62; William G. Rosenberg, «The Russian Municipal Duma Elections of 1917: A Preliminary Computation of Returns», Soviet Studies 21 (July 1969): 131–63; Lars T. Lih, «Breakdown and Reconstitution: Thinking about the Russian Revolution», Problems of Communism 39 (March–April 1990): 98–104.

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Bruce Cumings, The Two Koreas: On the Road to Reunification? Headline Series No, 294 (New York: Foreign Policy Association, Fall 1990), 63–74; United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 1991 (New York; Oxford University Press, 1991), 122,140; HakjongYoo, The Two Koreas: A Comparative Political Analysis of a Divided Nation (Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Political Science, New York University, 1977), esp. 128, 375–92; Gordon White, «Developmental States and Socialist Industrialization in the Third World», Journal of Development Studies 21 (October 1984): 106, III.

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Geir Helgesen, «Political Revolution in a Cultural Continuum: Preliminary Observations on the North Korean Juche Ideology with Its Intrinsic Cult of Personality», Asian Perspective 15 (Spring–Summer 1991): 187—213; John Phipps, «North Korea—Will It Be the 'Great Leader's' Turn Next?» Government and Opposition 26 (Winter 1991): 44—55; Michael Robinson, «National Identity and the Thought of Sin Ch'acho: Sadaejuui and Chuch'e in History and Politics», Journal of Korean Studies 5 (1984): 121–42; Han Shik Park, «North Korea's Juche», Korea and World Affairs 6 (Winter 1982): 546–64; Yong Soon Yim, «Language Reform as a Political Symbol in North Korea», World Affairs 142 (Winter 1980): 216–35; V. I. Lenin, V. I. Lenin: Selected Works (New York: International Publishers, 1971), 421–27, 518–75, 627–31; Joseph Stalin, Leninism (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1940), 74.

Induk Kang, «Kim Chong–H's Guidance Activities as Mirrored in the Recent North Korean Press», Journal of Northeast Asian Studies 1 (December 1982): 95.

Kim Jong II, «Our Socialism Centred on the Masses Shall Not Perish: Talk to the Senior Officials of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea, May 5, 1991», Korea Today, no. 8 (1991): 2–18; Kirn И Sung, «New Year Address, January 1, 1991», Korea Today, no. 1 (1991): 2–7; Kim И Sung, Let Us Further Strengthen the People's Government (Pyongyang, Korea: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1977); Chung Woo–gon, «The Revolutionary Doctrine of the 'Great Leader' in Juche Ideology (II)», Vantage Point 13 (September 1990): 2; Kang In–duk, «Pyongyang's Concept of Reform», Vantage Point 14 (September 1991): 9; Cumings, The Two Koreas, 56–58; Koo Chin Kang, «The North Korean Constitution», Jahrbuch des Offentlichenrech, no. 27 (1978): 601–30; Yim Chae–wan, «Approach to the North Korean System in Terms of Political Culture», Vantage Pointl (September 1984): 1–9; Kim Gyo–hwan, «The Ideology of the Three Revolutions», Vantage Point A (June 1981): 1–11.

Steven R. Weisman, «In North Korea, the 1990's Have Not Arrived», New York Times December 23, 1991, pp. Al, A4; Yoo, The Two Koreas, 148; Chin–Wee Chung, «The Evolution of Political Institutions in North Korea», in Asian Political Institutionalization, ed. Robert A. Scalapino, Seizanburo Sato, and Jusuf Wanandi (Berkeley: University of California Institute of East Asian Studies, 1986), 26.

Robert A. Scalapino and Chong–Sik Lee, Communism in Korea (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972), 1301—7; Chong Il–dong, «Structure and Function of North Korea's Political Terrorism», Vantage Point 6 (January 1983): 1—11; Lee Sok ho, «Mobilization of North Korea», 1—11; Suck–ho Lee, Party–Military Relations in North Korea: A Comparative Analysis (Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Political Science, The George Washington University, 1983); Cumings, The Two Koreas, 21—22, 36–39, 53–02; Chung, «The Evolution of Political Institutions in North Korea», 18–41; Rinn–Sup Shinn, «Government and Politics», 163—92; Yoo, The Two Koreas.

Kim Jong II, «Our Socialism Centred on the Masses Shall Not Perish», 8—14.

100

Wonmo Dong, «Korea: Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea», in Yearbook on International Communist Affairs 1991, ed. Staar, 180–91; Kwan–Chi Oh, «The Dilemma of the North Korean Economy in the Changing World», Korean Journal of international Studies 22 (Spring 1991): 35—54; «Poverty Lurks in Shadows of Lofty Monuments in Pyongyang», Vantage Point 14 (February 1991): 22—25; Barry Gills, «North Korea and the Crisis of Socialism: The Historical Ironies of National Division», Third World Quarterly 13, no. 1 (1992): 107–30; John Merrill, «North Korea in 1992: Steering away from the Shoals», Asian Survey 33 (January 1993): 43—53; Cumings, The Two Koreas, 65, 70–74; David Kho, «The Political Economy of the DPRK in the Post–1958 Period», Journal of Contemporary Asia 12, no. 3 (1982): 304–23; Jon Halliday, «The North Korean Enigma», in Revolutionary Socialist Development in the Third World, ed. Gordon White, Robin Murray, and Christine White (Lexington; University Press of Kentucky, 1983), 114—45; Syng–il Hyun, Industrialization and Industrialism in a Developing Socialist Country: Convergence Theory and the Case of North Korea (Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Utah State University, 1982); Gavan McCormack, «Kirn Country: Hard Times in North Korea», New Left Review, no. 198 (March–April 1993): 21–48.

101

Scalapino and Lee, Communism in Korea, 1309—16; Cumings, The Two Koreas, 56–62.

102

James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics (New York: The Free Press, 1989), 64–65.

103

Arendt, The Origins of Tolalitarianism, 460.

104

Richard E. Ericson, «The Classical Soviet–type Economy: Nature of the System and Implications for Reform», Journal of Economic Perspectives 5 (Fall 1991): 11—27; Joel Sarnoff, «Socialist Education?» Comparative Education Review 35 (February 1991): 1—22; Stephen Howe, «Remembering Communism: Hiccup in the Long March of History», New Statesman and Society 5 (March 6, 1992): 12—14. Xoy (Howe, p. 12) в отношении прежних коммунистических режимов в Восточной Европе отмечает:

«Тоталитарных» систем более не существует, остались лишь «посттоталитарные», у которых не сохранилось ничего, кроме догматической оболочки. От населения требовалось уже не согласие, а повиновение, не хор одобрения слов вождя, а тишина. Даже там, где установление коммунистического правления было следствием не только ввода советских войск, этот режим уже давно утратил всякую легитимность».

105

См.: David E. Apter, Introduction to Political Analysis (Cambridge, MA: Winthrop, 1977), 421–30; Charles F. Andrain, Political Change in the Third World {boston: Unwin Hyman, 1988), 52–75.

106

Jack A. Goldstone, Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), esp. 1—62, 459—97; Jack A. Goldstone, «An Analytical Framework», in Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century, ed. Jack A. Goldstone, Ted Robert Gurr, and Farrokh Moshiri (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991), 37—51; Will H. Moore and Keith Jaggers, «Deprivation, Mobilization and the State: A Synthetic Model of Rebellion», Journal of Developing Societies 6 (January–April 1990): 17—42; Randall Collins, «Sociology: Proscience or Antiscience?» American Sociological Review 54 (February 1989): 124–39; Randall Collins, «Maturation of the State–Centered Theory of Revolution and Ideology», Sociological Theory 11 (March 1993); 117–28.

107

Randall Collins, Theoretical Sociology (San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988), 403–07, 435–47; T. David Mason, «Nonelite Response to State Sanctioned Terror», Western Political Quarterly 42 (December 1989): 467–92; Cheryl A. Rubenberg, «US Policy toward Nicaragua and Iran and the Iran–Contra Affair; Reflections on the Continuity of American Foreign Policy», Third World Quarterly 10 (October 1988): 1467–1504.

108

Collins, Theoretical Sociology, 404.

109

Giulio M. Gallarotti, «Legitimacy as a Capital Asset of the State», Public Choice A3 (October 1989): 43–61; David Wilsford, «The Conjuncture of Ideas and Interests: A Note on Explanations of the French Revolution», Comparative Political Studies 18 (October 1985): 357–72.

110

Robert Wuthnow, Meaning and ..Moral Order: Explorations in Cultural Analysis (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 66–185, 265–98; James G. March and Johan P. Olson, Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics (New York: The Free Press, 1989), 21–52.

111

Daniel Little, «Rational–Choice Models and Asian Studies», Journal of Asian Studies 50 (February 1991): 35–52; Daniel Little, Varieties of Social Explqnation: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Social Science (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991), 39—67; Tim McDaniel, Autocracy, Modernization and Revolution in Russia and Iran (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991); 88–10.

112

George С Homans, «Behaviourism and After», in Social Theory Today, ed. Anthony Giddens and Jonathan Turner (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987), 58–81; James W. White, «Rational Rioters: Leaders, Followers, and Popular Protest in Early Modern Japan», Politics and Society 16 (March 1988): 35–69; Robert W. White, «From Peaceful Protest to Guerrilla War: Micromobilization of the Provisional Irish Republican Army», American Journal of Sociology 94 (May 1989): 1277–1302; James DeNardo, Power in Numbers: The Political Strategy of Protest and Rebellion (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985), 87–105; Harvey Waterman, «Reasons and Reason: Collective Political Activity in Comparative and Historical Perspective», World Politics 33 (July 1981): 554–89; Karl–Dieter Opp, The Rationality of Political Protest: A Comparative Analysis of Rational Choice Theory (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989), (6—82; Mason, «Nonelite Response to State–Sanctioned Terror», 467–92.

113

Dennis Chong, Collective Action and the Civil Rights Movement (Chicago:'University of Chicago Press, 1991), esp, 90–140, 191–240; Erich Weede, «Functionality, Rent Seeking, and Government as Determinants of Inequality», Rationality and Society 3 (October 1991): 423–36; Daniel R. Sabia, Jr., «Rationality, Collective Action, and Karl Marx», American Journal of Political Science 32 (February 1988): 50—71; Michael Hechter, Principles of Group Solidarity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 1–77, 168–86; Edgar Kiser and Michael Hechter, «The Role of General Theory in Comparative–historical Sociology», American Journal of Sociology 97 (July 1991): 14—17.

114

Karl–Dieter Opp, «Processes of Collective Political Action», Rationality and Society 3 (April 1991): 215–51; Jack A. Goldstone, «The Rationality of Revolution», Rationality and Society 1 (October 1989): 285–87; Samuel L. Popkin, «Political Entrepreneurs and Peasant Movements in Vietnam», in Rationality and Revolution, ed. Michael Taylor (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 9–62.

115

Theda Skocpol, «Cultural Idioms and Political Ideologies in the Revolutionary Reconstruction of State Power: A Rejoinder to Sewell», Journal of Modern History 57 (March 1985): 86–96.

116

Charles S. Maier, In Search of Stability: Explorations in Historical Political Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 70–120; John D. Nagle, «The NSDAP as an Alternative Elite for Capitalism in Crisis», in Radical Perspectives on the Rise of Fascism in Germany, 1919–1945, ed. Michael N. Dobkowski and Isidor Wallimann (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1989), 194–211.

117

Ervand Abrahamian, «Khomeini: Fundamentalist or Populist?» New Left Review, no. 186 (March—April 1991): 102—19; Elaine Sciolino, «Iran's President Appears to Beat Anti–West Rivals», New York Times, April 13, 1992, pp. Al, A4; Cirus Tabarestani, «Fundamental Contradictions of the Islamic Republic of Iran: An Iranian View», Capital and Class, no. 49 (Spring 1993): 19–35.

118

Russell J. Dalton, Politics in West Germany (Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1989), 15—27; Maier, In Search of Stability, 73—104; Kurt Gossweiler, «Economy and Politics in the Destruction of the Weimar Republic», in Radical Perspectives on the Rise of Fascism in Germany, 150—71; Nagle, «The NSDAP as an Alternative Elite for Capitalism in Crisis», 194–211; William Brustein and Barry Markovsky, «The Rational Fascist: Interwar Fascist Party Membership in Italy and Germany», Journal of Political and Military Sociology 17 (Winter 1989): 177—202; Gregory M. Luebbert, Liberalism, Fascism, or Social Democracy: Social Classes and the Political Origins of Regimes in Interwar Europe (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), esp. 1–11, 267—315; Richard A. Posner, «Courting Evil», New Republic 204 (June 17, 1991): 36–42; Eva Etzioni–Halevy, «Democratic–Elite Theory: Stabilization versus Breakdown of Democracy», European Journal of Sociology 32 (November 1990): 317—50; Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 106—15; John D. Stephens, «Democratic Transition and Breakdown in Western Europe, 1870—1939: A Test of the Moore Thesis», American Journal of Sociology 94 (March 1989): 1019—77; Frank Bealey, «Stability and Crisis: Fears about Threats to Democracy», European Journal of Political Research 15, no. 6 (1987): 687–715; Geoff Eley, «What Produces Fascism: Preindustrial Traditions or a Crisis of a Capitalist State», Politics and Society 12, no. 1 (1983): 53—82; Ronald Rogowski, Commerce and Coalitions: How Trade Affects Domestic Political Alignments (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), 78–80; David Abraham, The Collapse of the Weimar Republic: Political Economy and Crisis (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981); Thomas T. Mackie and Richard Rose, The International Almanac of Electoral History, 3d ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1991), 173; Raymond Aron, «Is There a Nazi Mystery?» Encounter54 (June 1980): 29–41; Ian Kershaw, «The Nazi State: An Exceptional State?» New Left Review, no. 176 (July–August 1989): 47–67; Abraham H. Miller and James S. Robbins, «Who Did Vote for Hitler? A Reanalysis of the Lipset/Bendix Controversy», Polity 21 (Summer 1989): 655–77; Jurgen W. Falter and Reinhard Zintle, «The Economic Crisis of the 1930s and the Nazi Vote», Journal of Interdisciplinary History 19 (Summer 1988): 55–85; Jurgen W. Falter, «Radicalization of the Middle Classes or Mobilization of the Unpolitical?» Social Science Information 20 (May 1981): 389–430; Peter Baldwin, «Social Interpretations of Nazism: Renewing a Tradition», Journal of Contemporary History 25 (January 1990): 5–37; Charles F. Andrain, Foundations of Comparative Politics: A Policy Perspective (Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole, 1985), 330—37.

119

Анализ «дилеммы автократической модернизации» см.: Tim McDaniel, Autocracy, Modernization, and Revolution in Russia and Iran (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), 3–11, 88–110.

120

Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979), esp. 3—43, 67—81, 147–57, 161–73, 236–93; Theda Skocpol, «Social Revolutions and Mass Military Mobilization», World Politics 40 (January 1988): 147–68; Jeff Goodwin and Theda Skocpol, «Explaining Revolutions in the Contemporary Third World», Politics and Society 17 (December 1989): 489–509; Matthew Soberg Shugart, «Patterns of Revolution», Theory and Society 18 (March 1989): 249–71; Robert H. Dix, «Why Revolutions Succeed and Fail», Polity 16 (Spring 1984): 423–46; Ralph Thaxton, China Turned Rightside Up: Revolutionary Legitimacy in the Peasant World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1983); John King Fairbank, The United Stales and China, 4th ed., enlarged (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), 220–357; John King Fairbank, China: A New History (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1992), 269—341; James R. Townsend and Brantly Womack, Politics in China, 3d ed. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1986), 43—81; Gary Hawes, «Theories of Peasant Revolution: A Critique and Contribution from the Philippines», World Politics 42 (January 1990): 261–98; H. John LeVan, «Vietnam: Revolution of Postcolonial Consolidation», in Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century, ed. Jack A. Goldstone, Ted Robert Gurr, and Farrokh Moshiri (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991), 52–87; Robert Maranto and Paula S. Tuchman, «Knowing the Rational Peasant: The Creation of Rival Incentives Structures in Vietnam», Journal of Peace Research 29, no. 3 (1992): 249–64; Charles F. Andrain, Political Change in the Third World (Boston, MA: Unwin Hyman, 1988), 76–127.

121

Karl Marx, Political Writings, vol. 2: Surveys from Exile, ed. David Fembach (New York: Vintage Books, 1974), 148.

122

Marvin Zonis, Majestic Failure: The Fall of the Shah (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 54.

123

McDaniel, Autocracy, Modernization, and Revolution in Russia and Iran; Zonis, Majestic Failure, Farideh Farhi, «Ideology and Revolution in Iran», Journal of Developing Societies 6 (January—April 1990): 98—112; Farideh Farhi, «State Disintegration and Urban–Based Revolutionary Crisis: A Comparative Analysis of Iran and Nicaragua», Comparative Political Studies 21 (July 1988): 231—56; Farrokh Moshiri, «Iran: Islamic Revolution against Westernization», in Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century, 116—35; David Jorjani, «Revolution in the Semiperiphery: The Case of Iran», in Revolution in the World–System, ed. Terry Boswell (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1989), 129—45; Val Moghadam, «Populist Revolution and the Islamic State in Iran», in Revolution in the World–System, 147—63; William O. Beeman, Language, Status, and Power in Iran (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986); Afsaneh Najmabadi, «Iran's Turn to Islam: From Modernism to a Moral Order», Middle East Journal (Spring 1987): 202–17; G. Hossein Razi, «The Nexus of Legitimacy and Performance: The Lessons of the Iranian Revolution», Comparative Politics 19 (July 1987): 453—69; Shahrough Akliavi, «Elite Factionalism in the Islamic Republic of Iran», Middle East Journal 41 (Spring 1987): 181–201; Andrain, Political Change in the Third World, 252—79; Michael Tien–Lung Liu, «State and Urban Revolutions: Explaining the Revolutionary Outcomes in Iran and Poland», Theory and Society 17 (March 1988): 179—209; John Orme, «Dismounting the Tiger: Lessons from Four Liberalizations», Political Science Quarterly 103 (Summer 1988): 245–65; James A. Bill, The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American–Iranian Relations (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988); Robin Wright, In the Name of God: The Khomeini Decade (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989); Nikola B. Schahgaldian, «Iran after Khomeini», Current History 89 (February 1990): 61–64, 82–84; Nikki R. Keddie, «Can Revolutions Be Predicted; Can Their Causes Be Explained?» Contention 1 (Winter 1992): 159–82.

124

McDaniel, Autocracy, Modernization, and Revolution in Russia and Iran, 3—13, 111–48,185–232.

125

Raymond A. Bauer, Alex Inkeles, and Clyde Kluckhohn, How the Soviet System Works (New York: Random House Vintage Books, 1956), 52–59; Lars T. Lih, «Stalinism», in The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World, ed. Joel Krieger (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 876–78.

126

Ekkart Zimmermann, «On the Outcomes of Revolutions: Some Preliminary Considerations», Sociological Theory 8 (Spring 1990): 33–47; Raj Desai and Harry Eckstein, «Insurgency: The Transformation of Peasant Rebellion», World Politics 42 (July 1990): 441—65; John Sloan and Kent L. Tedin, «The Consequences of Regime Type for Public–Policy Outputs», Comparative Political Studies 20 (April 1987): 98–124; Skocpol, «Social Revolutions and Mass Military Mobilization», 147–68; John W. Sloan, «The Policy Capabilities of Democratic Regimes in Latin America», Latin American Research Review 24, no. 2 (1989): 113–26; Karen L. Remmer, «Democracy and Economic Crisis: The Latin American Experience», World Politics 42 (April 1990): 315—35; Alexander Woodside, «History, Structure, and Revolution in Vietnam», International Political Science Review 10 (April 1989): 154–55; Gareth Porter, «The Politics of 'Renovation' in Vietnam», Problems of Communism 39 (May—June 1990): 72–88; Brigid A. Starkey, «Islam, Culture and Revolution: The Case of Iran», Journal of Developing Societies 6 (January–April 1990): 87–97; John Foran and Jeff Goodwin, «Revolutionary Outcomes in Iran and Nicaragua: Coalition Fragmentation, War, and the Limits of Social Transformation», Theory and Society 22 (April 1993): 209–47.

127

Hector E, Schamis, «Reconceptualizing Latin American Authoritarianism in the 1970s», Comparative Politics 23 (January 1991): 201–20.

128

Dennis Chong, Collective Action and the Civil Rights Movement (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 191–229.

129

Jan Feldman, «The Propagation and Impact of Ideology in the USSR», Problems of Communism 38 (September—October 1989): 87—95; Raymond A. Bauer, Alex Inkeles, and Clyde Kluckhohn, How the Soviet System Works (New York: Vintage Books, 1956), 21–99: Bartomiej Kamifiski and Karol Soltan, «The Evolution of Communism», International Political Science Review 10 (October 1989): 371–91; Leslie Holmes, Politics in the Communist World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986); Jeffrey W. Hahn, «Power to the Soviets?» Problems of Communism 38 (January–February 1989): 34–46; Don van Atta, «The USSR as a 'Weak State': Agrarian Origins of Resistance to Perestroika», World Politics 42 (October 1989): 129–49; Graeme Gill, «Ideology, Organization and the Patrimonial Regime», Journal of Communist Studies 5 (September 1989): 285–302; Patrick Flaherty, «Class Power in Soviet Society», New Politics 2 (Winter 1990): 157–77; Zhores Medvedev, «Soviet Power Today», New Left Review, no. 179 (January–February 1990): 65—80; Lars T. Lih, «The Transition Era in Soviet Politics», Current History 88 (October 1989): 333–36, 353–54; Hillel H. Ticktin, «The Nature of the Disintegration of the Stalinist System of the USSR», in Research in Political Economy, vol. 12, ed. Paul Zarembka (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1990), 209–52.

130

См.: David E. Apter, «Mao's Republic», Social Research 54 (Winter 1987): 691—729; David E. Apter, «Yan'an and the Narrative Reconstruction of Reality», Daedalus 122 (Spring 1993): 207–32; David Bachman, «The Limits on Leadership in China», Asian Survey 32 (November 1992): 1046–62; Vivienne Shue, The Reach of the State: Sketches of the Chinese Body Politic (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988); Michael Oksenberg, «Economic Policy–Making in China», in Communist Politics: A Reader, ed. Stephen White and Daniel Nelson (New York: New York University Press, 1986), 292–314; Tony Saich, «Party–Building since Mao: A Question of Style?» in Communist Politics: A Reader, 192—217; Li Cheng and Lynn White, «The Thirteenth Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party», Asian Survey 28 (April 1988): 371—99; Jean С Robinson, «Mao after Death: Charisma and Political Legitimacy», Asian Survey 28 (March 1988): 353—68; Cheng Li and David Bachman, «Localism, Elitism, and Immobilism: Elite Formation and Social Change in Post–Мао China», World Politics 42 (October 1989): 64–94; James V. Feinerman, «Human Rights in China», Current History 88 (September 1989): 273–76, 293–95; David S. G. Goodman, «Review Article: Political Change in China—Power, Policy and Process», British Journal of Political Science 19 (July 1989): 425—44; Corinna–Barbara Francis, «The Progress of Protest in China: The Spring of 1989», Asian Survey 29 (September 1989): 898–915; Andrew G. Walder, «The Political Sociology of the Beijing Upheaval of 1989», Problems of Communism 38 (September–October 1989): 30–40; Andrew G. Walder, «Workers, Managers and the State: The Reform Era and the Political Crisis of 1989», China Quarterly, no. 127 (September 1991): 467–92; Elizabeth J. Perry, «Intellectuals and Tiananmen: Historical Perspective on an Aborted Revolution», in The Crisis of Leninism and the Decline of the Left: The Revolutions of 1989, ed. Daniel Chirot (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1991), 129–46; Elizabeth J. Perry, «China in 1992: An Experiment in Neo–Authoritarianism», Asian Survey 33 (January 1993): 12–21; Chirin M. Rai, «Student Lives, Student Voices: University Politics in Post–Мао China», Journal of Communist Studies 6 (September 1990): 64–82; Joseph W. Esherick and Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom, «Acting Out Democracy: Political Theater in Modem China.» Journal of Asian Studies 49 (November 1990): 835–65; Wei–Chin Lee, «Iron and Nail: Civil–Military Relations in the People's Republic of China», Journal of Asian and African Studies 26 (January–April 1991): 132–48; Yang Zhong, «Civil–Military Relations in Changing Communist Societies: A Comparative Study of China and the Soviet Union», Studies in Comparative Communism 24 (March 1991): 77–102: Harlan W. Jencks, «Civil–Military Relations in China: Tiananmen and After», Problems of Communism 40 (May–June 1991): 14–29; David Shambaugh, «The Soldier and the State in China: The Political Work System in the People's Liberation Army», China Quarterly, no. 127 (September 1991): 527—68; June Teufel Dreyer, «The People's Liberation Army and the Power Struggle of 1989», Problems of Communism 38 (September–October 1989): 41–48; Anita Chan, «China's Long Winter», Monthly Review41 (January 1990): 1—14; Benedict Stavis, «Contradictions in Communist Reform: China before 4 June 1989», Political Science Quarterly 105 (Spring 1990): 31–52; Lowell Dittmer, «China in 1989: The Crisis of Incomplete Reform», Asian Survey 30 (January 1990): 25—41; Richard Baum, «Political Stability in Post–Deng China», Asian Survey 32 (June 1992): 491–505; John P. Burns, «China's Governance: Political Reform in a Turbulent Environment», China Quarterly, no. 119 (September 1989): 481–518; Avery Goldstein, «Explaining Politics in the People's Republic of China: The Structural Alternative», Comparative Politics 22 (April 1990): 301—22; He Baogang, «Legitimacy in the Deng Era in China: A Critical Reappraisal», Journal of Communist Studies! (March 1991): 20–45; Lucian W. Pye, «The State and the Individual: An Overview Interpretation», China Quarterly, no. 127 (September 1991): 443–65; William McCord, «A Rebirth of'Moderation' in China?» Studies in Comparative International Development 26 (Spring 1991): 29–42; Barry Sautman, «Politicization, Hyperpoliticization, and Depoliticization of Chinese Education», Comparative Education Review 35 (November 1991): 669—89; Zhengyuan Fu, «Continuities of Chinese Political Tradition», Studies in Comparative Communism 24 (September 1991): 259–79; Michael D. Swaine, «China Faces the 1990's: A System in Crisis», Problems of Communism 31 (May–June 1990): 20—35; Susan L. Shirk, «'Playing to the Provinces': Deng Xiaoping's Political Strategy of Economic Reform», Studies in Comparative Communism 23 (Autumn–Winter 1990): 227—58; Peter Nolan, «Prospects for the Chinese Economy», Cambridge Journal of Economics 15 (March 1991): 113—24; Yusheng Peng, «Wage Determination in Rural and Urban China: A Comparison of Public and Private Industrial Sectors», American Sociological Review 57 (April 1992): 198—213; Nicholas D. Kristof, «Free–Market 'Dragon' Gains in the Fight for China's Soul», New York Times, March 26, 1992, pp. A 1, A7; Nicholas D. Kristof, «Four Years after Tiananmen, The Hard Line Is Cracking», New York Times, June 1, 1993, pp. A 1, A4; Li Peilin, «China in a Period of Social Transformation», International Social Science Journal 44 (August 1992): 433—43; Maria Hsia Chang, «China's Future: Regionalism, Federation, or Disintegration», Studies in Comparative Communismib (September 1992): 211—27; Minxin Pei, «Societal Takeover in China and the USSR», Journal of Democracy 3 (January 1992): 108–18; Jan Prybyla, «China's Economic Dynamos», Current History 91 (September 1992): 262—67; Jan S. Prybyla, «Economic Reform of Socialism: The Dengist Course in China», Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 507 (January 1990): 1 13—22; Connie Squires Meaney, «Market Reform in a Leninist System: Some Trends in the Distribution of Power, Status, and Money in Urban China», Studies in Comparative Communism 22 (Summer/Autumn 1989): 203—20; Thomas B. Gold, «Urban Private Business in China», Studies in Comparative Communism 22 (Summer/Autumn 1989): 187–201; Y. Y. Kueh, «The Maoist Legacy and China's New Industrialization Strategy», China Quarterly, no. 119 (September 1989): 420–47; Sha Ye, «The Role of China's Managing Directors in the Current Economic Reform», International Labour Review 126 (November–December 1987): 691—701; Tony Saich, «The Reform Process in the People's Republic of China», Journal of Communist Studies 3 (December 1987): 9—27; Bela Balassa, «China's Economic Reforms in a Comparative Perspective», Journal of Comparative Economics 11 (September 1987): 410–26; Dwight Heald Perkins, «Reforming China's Economic System», Journal of Economic Literature 26 (June 1988): 601—45; Charles Bettelheim, «Economic Reform in China, Journal of Development Studies 24 (July 1988): 15–49; Roger H. Gordon and We. Li, «Chinese Enterprise Behavior under the Reforms», American Economic Review 81 (May 1991): 202—6, Athar Hussain and Nicholas Stern, «Effective Demand, Enterprise Reforms and Public Finance in China», Economic Policy 6 (April 1991): 141—86; Mario I. Blejer and Gyorgy Szapary, «The Evolving Role of Tax Policy in China», Journal of Comparative Economics 14 (September 1990): 461—72; James V. Feinerman, «Economic and Legal Reform in China, 1978–91», Problems of Communism 40 (September–October 1991): 62–75; Wang Zhonghui, «Private Enterprise in China: An Overview», Journal of Communist Studies 6 (September 1990): 83–98; Shufan Ding, The Party–State Relationship in China, 1978–1986 (Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Government and International Studies, University of Notre Dame, 1987); Heath B. Chamberlain, «Party—Management Relations in Chinese Industries: Some Political Dimensions of Economic Reform», China Quarterly, no. 1 12 (December 1987):'631—61; John P. Burns, «China's Nomenklatura System», Problems of Communism 36 (September–October 1987): 36—51; Brace J. Dickson, «What Explains Chinese Political Behavior? The Debate over Structure and Culture.» Comparative Politics 25 (October 1992): 103—18. Х.Э. Сэлисбери (Harrison E. Salisbury, The New Emperors: China in the Era of Mao and Deng (Boston: Little, Brown, 1992, 225, 417)) называет Мао Большим драконом, а Дэна — Малым драконом. Согласно мифам имперского Китая, драконы охраняли трон императора. Будучи обычно безобидными, в случае предательства они становятся безжалостными.

131

Charles F. Andrain, Political Change in the Third World (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1988), 100–113; James Elliott, «The Future of Socialism; Vietnam, the Way Ahead?» Third World Quarterly 13, no. 1 (1992): 131–42; Gareth Porter, «The Politics of 'Renovation' in Vietnam», Problems of Communism 39 (May–June 1990): 72—88; Douglas Pike, «Change and Continuity in Vietnam», Current History 89 (March 1990): 117—20, 132–34; Douglas Pike, «Vietnam in 1991: The Turning Point», Asian Survey 32 (January 1992): 74—80; Dorothy R. Avery, «Vietnam in 1992: Win Some, Lose Some», Asian Survey 33 (January 1993): 67—74; Ronald J. Cima, «Peasants and Regime in Vietnam: Perspectives on Transition», Problems of Communism 39 (November December 1990): 90—95; Per Ronnas and Orjan Sjoberg, «Economic Reform in Vietnam: Dismantling the Centrally Planned Economy», Journal of Communist Studies I (March 1991): 7—19; «Vietnam Seeing a Foreign Rush for Its Property», Los Angeles Times, April 6, 1992, p. D3; Kai M. Schellhorn, «Political and Economic Reforms in Vietnam», Contemporary Southeast Asia 14 (December 1992): 231—43; Hoang Ngoc Nguyen, «The Scope and Prospects of Foreign Investment in Vietnam», Contemporary Southeast Asia 14 (December 1992): 244—56; Melanie Beresford and Lyn Fraser, «Political Economy of the Environment in Vietnam», Journal of Contemporary Asia 22, no. I (1992): 3–19.

132

Цит по: Wei–Chin Lee, «Iron and Nail», 133.

133

Charles H. Kennedy and David J. Louscher, «Civil–Military Interaction: Data in Search of a Theory», Journal of Asian and African Studies 26 (January–April 1991): 1 — 10; S. E. Finer, The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics, 2d enlarged ed» revised and updated (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1988), 223–306; S. E. Finer, «The Retreat to the Barracks: Notes on the Practice and the Theory of Military Withdrawal from the Seats of Power», Third World Quarterly 1 (January 1985): 16–30; Eric A. Nordlinger, Soldiers in Politics: Militaiy Coups and Governments (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice–Hall, 1977); Nicole Ball, «The Military in Politics: Who Benefits and How», World Developments (June 1981): 569–82; Rosemary H. T. O'Kane, «Military Regimes: Power and Force», European Journal of Political Research 17 (May 1989): 333—50; Rosemary H. T. O'Kane, «A Probabilistic Approach to the Causes of Coups d'Etat», British Journal of Political Science 11 (July 1981): 287–308; Edward N. Midler, «Dependent Economic Development, Aid Dependence on the United States, and Democratic Breakdown in the Third World», International Studies Quarterly 29 (December 1985): 445–69.

134

Youssef Cohen, «The Heresthetics of Coup Making», Comparative Political Studies 24 (October 1991): 344–64; Paul Cammack, «Brazil: The Long March to the New Republic», New Left Review, no. 190 (November–December 1991): 21–58; Andrain, Political Change in the Third World, 151–82; Brian Loveman, Chile: The Legacy of Hispanic Capitalism, 2d ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 270—361; Luis E. Gonzalez, Political Structures and Democracy in Uruguay (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1991), 1—52; Charles Guy Gillespie, Negotiating Democracy: Politicians and Generals in Uruguay (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 26–49; Paul С Sondrol, «1984 Revisited? A Re–Examination of Uruguay's Military Dictatorship», Bulletin of Latin American Research 11 (May 1992): 187–203; Susan and Peter Calvert, Argentina: Political Culture and Instability (London: Macrnillan, 1989), esp. 59–162, 207–82; David Rock, Argentina 1516–1987: From Spanish Colonization to Alfonsin (Berkeley; University of California Press, 1987), 346–66; Carlos H. Waisman, «Counterrevolution and Staictural Change: The Case of Argentina», International Political Science Review 10 (April 1989): 159–74; Carlos Waisman, Reversal of Development in Argentina: Postwar Counterrevolutionary Policies and Their Structural Consequences (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987).

135

Charles S. Maier, In Search of Stability: Explorations in Historical Political Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 153–84; Bradley M. Richardson and Scott C. Flanagan, Politics in Japan (Boston: Little, Brown, 1984), 26–29; Bernard Eccleston, Slate and Society in Post–War Japan (Cambridge, England: Polity Press, 1989), 15–21; Barry Eichengreenand Marc Uzan, «The Marshall Plan», Economic Policy 7 (April 1992): 13–75.

136

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137

Robert A. Dahl, «Governments and Political Oppositions», in Handbook of Political Science, vol. 3, ed. Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby (Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 1975),'123–24.

138

Manuel Antonio Gaireton, «Problems of Democracy in Latin America: On the Processes of Transition and Consolidation», International Journal 43 (Summer 1988): 357—77; James S. Coleman, Foundations of Social Theory (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1990), 489–502; David E. Apter, «Institutionalism Reconsidered», International Social Science Journal 43 (August 1991); 463—81; Gary Marks, «Rational Sources of Chaos in Democratic Transition», American Behavioral Scientist 35 (March–June 1992): 397–421.

139

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William E. Odom, «Alternative Perspectives on the August Coup», Problems ofCommunism 40 (November–December 1991): 13—19; William E. Odom, «The Soviet Military in Transition», Problems of Communism 39 (May–June 1990): 51–71; Jerry F. Hough, «Assessing the Coup», Current History 90 (October 1991): 305–10; Roy Medvedev, «Politics after the Coup», New Left Review, no. 189 (September–October 1991): 91–109; Ronald Suny, «Incomplete Revolution: National Movements and the Collapse of the Soviet Empire», New Left Review, no. 189 (September–October 1991): 111—25; David S. Mason, Daniel N. Nelson, and Bogdan M. Szklarski, «Apathy and the Birth of Democracy: The Polish Struggle», East European Politics and Societies 5 (Spring 1991): 205–33; David S. Mason, «Solidarity as a New Social Movement», Political Science Quarterly 104 (Spring 1989): 41–58; Roman Laba, «Worker Roots of Solidarity», Problems of Communism 35 (July–August 1986): 47—67; David J. Ost, «Indispensable Ambiguity: Solidarity's Internal Authority Structure», Studies in Comparative Communism 21 (Summer 1988): 189–201; W.G.Runciman, «Contradictions of State Socialism: The Case of Poland», Sociological Review 33 (February 1985): 1—21; Z. A. Pelczynski, «Stalemate and After in Poland.» New Society 55 (February 5,1981): 232—33; Paul G. Lewis, «The Long Goodbye: Party Rule and Political Change in Poland since Martial Law», Journal of Communist Studies 6 (March 1990): 24—48; Antoni Sulek, «The Polish United Workers' Parly: From Mobilisation to Non–Representation», Soviet Studies 42 (July 1990): 499–511; Christine M. Sadowski, «Resource Mobilization in a Marxist–Leninist Society: The Case of Poland's Solidarity Movement», Journal of Communist Studies 4 (June 1988): 181—202; Barbara A. Misztal and Bronislaw Misztal, «The State's Capacity to Change: The Case of Poland and the Philippines», Lntenwtional Journal of Comparative Sociology 27 (September–December 1986): 141—60; Zvi Gitelman, «The Limits of Organization and Enthusiasm: The Double Failure of the Solidarity Movement and the Polish United Workers' Party», in When Parties Fail: Emerging Alternative Organizations, ed. Kay Lawson and Peter H. Merki (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988), 421—46; Jack Bielasiak, «Inequalities and the Politicization of the Polish Working Class», in Communist Politics: A Reader, ed. Stephen White and Daniel Nelson (New York: New York University Press, 1986), 260–79; George Kolankiewicz, «Poland and the Politics of Permissible Pluralism», Eastern European Politics and Societies 2 (Winter 1988): 153—83; Valerie Bunce, «Decline of a Regional Hegemon: The Gorbachev Regime and Reform in Eastern Europe», Eastern European Politics and Societies 3 (Spring 1989): 235—67; Fred Halliday, «The Ends of Cold War», New Left Review, no. 180 (March–April 1990): 5–23.

141

Said Amir Arjornand, «Plea for an Alternative View of Revolution», Contention 2 (Winter 1993): 171–83; Pakulski, «Eastern Europe and 'Legitimacy Crisis'», 272–88; Giuseppe di Palma, «Legitimation from the Top to Civil Society: Politico–Cultural Change in Eastern Europe», World Politics 44 (October 1991): 49–80; Daniel Chirot, «What Happened in Eastern Europe in 1989?» in The Crisis of Leninism and the Decline of the Left: The Revolutions of 1989, ed. Daniel Chirot (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1991), 3—32; Janina Frentzel–Zagorska, «The Dominant Political Culture in Poland», Politics 20 (May 1985): 82–98; Marek Ziolkoswki, «Individuals and the Social System: Values, Perceptions, and Behavioral Strategies», Social Research 55 (Spring Summer 1988): 139—77; Ronald Ingelhart and Renata Siemienska, «Changing Values and Political Dissatisfaction in Poland and the West: A Comparative Analysis», Government and Opposition 23 (Autumn 1988): 440—57; Janina Frentzel–Zagorska, «The Dominant Political Culture in Poland», Politics 20 (May 1985): 82–98; Robert J. Shiller, Maxim Boycko, and Vladimir Korobov, «Popular Attitudes toward Free Markets: The Soviet Union and the United States Compared», American Economic Review 81 (June 1991): 385–400; Donald S. Kellermann, Andrew Kohut, and Carol Bowman, The Pulse of Europe: A Survey of Political and Social Values and Attitudes (Washington, DC: Times Mirror Center for the People and the Press, 1991), section IX, Questionnaire, 88—91.

142

Elizabeth Kiss, «Dem ocracy without Parties? 'Civil Society' in East–Central Europe», Dissent 39 (Spring 1992): 226—31; George Schopflin, «The End of Communism in Eastern Europe», International Affairs 66 (January 1990): 3–16; Andre Gunder Frank, «Revolution in Eastern Europe: Lessons for Democratic Social Movements (and Socialists?)», Third World Quarterly 12 (April 1990): 36–52; Herbert Kitschelt, «The Formation of Party Systems in East Central Europe», Politics and Society 20 (March 1992): 7—50; Steven Fish, «The Emergence of Independent Associations and the Transformation of Russian Political Society», Journal of Communist Studies 7 (September 1991): 299–314; Frederick Stair, «The Third Sector in the Second World», World Development 19 (January 1991): 65–71; David E. Powell, «The Revival of Religion», Current History 90 (October 1991): 328–32; Timur Kuran, «Now Out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European Revolution of 1989», World Politics 44 (October 1991): 7–48; Timur Kuran, «The East European Revolution of 1989: Is It Surprising that We Were Surprised?» American Economic Review 81 (May 1991): 120–25; Jeffrey W. Hahn, «Continuity and Change in Russian Political Culture», British Journal of Political Science 21 (October 1991): 393–421; David S. Mason and Svetlana Sydorenko, «Perestroyka, Social Justice, and Soviet Public Opinion», Problems of Communism 39 (November—December 1990): 34—43; Donald S. Kellermann, Andrew Kohut, and Carol Bowman, The Pulse of Europe: A Survey of Political and Social Values and Altitudes (Washington, DC: Times Mirror Center for the People and the Press, 1991), section VIII, Graphs, and section IX, Questionnaire, 28—45.

143

Russell Bova, «Political Dynamics of the Post–Communist Transition: A Comparative Perspective», World Politics 44 (October 1991): 113—38; Walter Laquer, «The Empire Strikes Out», New Republic 205 (September 16–23,1991): 24–28; Stephen F. Cohen, «What's Really Happening in Russia?» Nation 254 (March 2, 1992): 259–68; Seweryn Bialer, «Gorbachev's Program of Change: Sources, Significance, Prospects», Political Science Quarterly 103 (Fall 1988): 403–60; Basile Kerblay, Gorbachev's Russia (New York: Pantheon Books, 1989); David Mandel, «Actually Existing Privatization: An Interview with Yurii Marenich», Monthly Review 43 (March 1992): 20—28; Patrick Flaherty, «Privatization and the Soviet Economy», Monthly Review 43 (January 1992): 1—14; Christopher Young, «The Strategy of Political Liberalization: A Comparative View of Gorbachev's Reforms», World Politics 45 (October 1992): 47–65.

144

Kiss, «Democracy without Parties?» 226–31; Schopflin, «The End of Communism in Eastern Europe», 3—16; Kitschelt, «The Formation of Party Systems in East Central Europe», 7—50; Fish, «The Emergence of Independent Associations and the Transformation of Russian Political Society», 299—314; Ekiert, «Democratization Processes in East Central Europe», 285–313; Medvedev, «Politics after the Coup», 91–109; Boris Kagarlitsky, «Preface to Chaos», New Politics 3 (Winter 1991): 174–83; George W. Breslauer, «Bursting the Dams: Politics and Society in the USSR since the Coup», Problems of Communism 40 (November–December 1991): 2—12; Aurel Braun and Richard B. Day, «Gorbachevian Contradictions», Problems of Communism 39 (May–June 1990): 36–50; Anders Aslund, «The Soviet Economy after the Coup», Problems of Communism 40 (November–December 1991): 44—52; Stephen White, «Russia's Experiment with Democracy», Current History 91 (October 1992): 310—13; Angus Maddison, The World Economy in the 20th Century (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1989), 36; Ellen Comisso, «Political Coalitions, Economic Choices», Journal of International Affairs 45 (Summer 1991): 1–29; Ellen Comisso, «Property Rights, Liberalism, and the Transition from 'Actually Existing' Socialism», East European Politics and Societies 5 (Winter 1991): 162–88; Pawel Bozyk, «The Transformation of East Central European Economies: A Critical Assessment», Studies in Comparative Communism 25 (September 1992): 257–73; James Petras, «Eastern Europe: Restoration and Crises», Journal of Contemporary Asia 21, no. 3 (1991): 301–26; Andre Gunder Frank, «Economic Ironies in Europe: A World Economic Interpretation of East–West European Politics», International Social Science JournalAA (February 1992): 41–56; Albert Bergesen, «Communism's Collapse: A World–System Explanation», Journal of Political and Military Sociology 20 (Summer 1992): 133—51; Roberto P. Korzeniewicz and Kimberley Awbrey, «Democratic Transitions and the Semiperiphery of the World–Economy», Sociological Forum 7 (December 1992): 609–40; Barbara A. Misztal, «Must Eastern Europe Follow the Latin American Way?» European Journal of Sociology, 34, no. 1 (1992); 151–79; Thomas E. Skidmore, «Is Latin America the Future of Eastern Europe? Axes of Comparison», Problems of Communism 41 (May–June 1992): 45–48; Laurence Whitehead, «The Alternatives to 'Liberal Democracy': A Latin American Perspective», Political Studies 40, Special Issue (1992); 146–59.

145

Peter H. Smith, «Crisis and Democracy in Latin America», World Politics 43 (July 1991): 608—34; Evelyne Huber Stephens, «Capitalist Development and Democracy in South America», Politics and Society 17 (September 1980): 281–352; Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 155–225, 269–302; Abraham F. Lowenthal, ed., Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin America (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), esp. Abraham F. Lowenthal, «The United States and Latin American Democracy: Learning from History», 243–65.

146

Frances Hagopian, «After Regime Change: Authoritarian Legacies, Political Representation, and the Democratic Future of South America», World Politics 45 (April 1993): 464–500; Nancy Bermeo, «Rethinking Regime Change», Comparative Politics 22 (April 1990): 359–77; Ian Roxborough, «The Dilemmas of Redemocratization», Government and Opposition 23 (Summer 1988): 354–67; Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds.. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, eds.. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore, MD; Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Alfred Stepan, «State Power and the Strength of Civil Society in the Southern Cone of Latin America», in Bringing the Stale Back In, ed. Peter B. Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 317–43; Alfred Stepan, Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988); Arturo Valenzuela, «A Note on the Military and Social Science Theory», Third World Quarterly 7 (January 1985): 132—43; J. Nef, «Redemocratization in Latin America or the Modernization of the Status Quo?» Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies 11 (May 1986): 43–55; George Philip, «Military–Authoritarianism in South America: Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Argentina», Political Studies 32 (March 1984): 1–20; James Hanson and Jaime de Melo, «External Shocks, Financial Reforms, and Stabilization Attempts in Uruguay during 1974–83», World Development 13 (August 1985): 921; Roque B. Fernandez, «The Expectations Management Approach to Stabilization in Argentina dur ing 1976–82», World Development 13 (August 1985): 873; International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics Yearbook, vol. 44 (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 1991), 119, 163; International Labour Office, Year Book of Labour Statistics 1991, vol. 50 (Geneva: International Labour Office, 1991), 615–19.

147

Norberto Lechner, «The Search for Lost Community: Challenges to Democracy in Latin America», International Social Science Journal 43 (August 1991): 541–53; Tina Rosenberg, «Beyond Elections», Foreign Policy, no. 84 (Fall 1991 ): 72–91.

148

James Petras, «State Terror and Social Movements in Latin America», International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society 3 (Winter 1989). 179–212; James Petras, «The Metamorphosis of Latin America's Intellectuals», Latin American Perspectives 17 (Spring 1990): 102–12; Charles Guy Gillespie, Negotiating Democracy: Politicians and Generals in Uruguay (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 218 246–48.

149

Evelyne Huber Stephens, «Democracy in Latin America: Recent Developments in Comparative Historical Perspective», Latin American Research Review 25, no. 2 (1990): 157–76; Terry Lynn Karl, «Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America», Comparative Politics 23 (October 1990): 1–21; Terry Lynn Karl and Philippe С Schmitter, «Modes of Transition in Latin America, Southern and Eastern Europe»,, International Social Science Journal43 (May 1991): 269–84; Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), esp. 31–207; Samuel P. Huntington, «How Countries Democratize», Political Science Quarterly 106 (Winter 1991–1992): 579–616; Paul Cammack, «Brazil: The Long March to the New Republic», New Left Review, no. 190 (November–December 1991): 21–58; Maria Helena Moreira Alves, «Interclass Alliances in the Opposition to the Military in Brazil: Consequences for the Transition Period», in Power and Popular Protest, ed. Susan Eckstein (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), 278–98; John Markoff and Silvio R. Duncan Baretta, «Economic Crisis and Regime Change in Brazil: The 1960s and the 1980s», Comparative Politics 22 (July 1990): 421–44; Frances Hagopian, «'Democracy by Undemocratic Means?' Elites, Political Pacts, and Regime Transition in Brazil», Comparative Political Studies 23 (July 1990): 147—70; Charles Guy Gillespie, «Democratic Consolidation in the Southern Cone and Brazil: Beyond Political Disarticulation?» Third World Quarterly 11 (April 1989); 92–113 Charles Guy Gillespie. «The Role of Civil–Military Pacts in Elite Settlements and Elite Convergence: Democratic Consolidation in Uruguay» in: Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe, ed. John Higley and Richard Gunther (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 178–207; Gillespie, Negotiating Democracy, 217–48; Luis E. Gonzalez, Political Structures and Democracy in Uruguay (Notre Dame, IN; University of Notre Dame Press, 1991); Marcelo Cavarozzi, «Patterns of Elite Negotiation and Confrontation in Argentina and Chile», in Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America, 208–36; Carlos H. Waisman, Reversal of Development in Argentina: Postwar Counterrevolutionary Policies and Their Structural Consequences (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987), 253–86; James W. McGuire, «Union Political Tactics and Democratic Consolidation in Alfonsin's Argentina, 1983–1989», Latin American Research Review 27, no. 1 (1992): 37–74.

150

Brian Loveman, «Mision Cumplida? Civil Military Relations and the Chilean Transition», Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 33 (Fall 1991): 35–74; Brian Loveman, «Military Dictatorship and Political Opposition in Chile, 1973–1986», Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 28 (Winter 1986–1987): 1–38; Brian Loveman, «Government and Regime Succession in Chile», Third World Quarterly 10 (January 1988): 260–80; Brian Loveman, Chile: The Legacy of Hispanic Capitalism, 2d ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 310–61; Eduardo Silva, «Capitalist Regime Loyalties and Redemocratization in Chile», Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 34 (Winter 1992–1993): 77–117; Rhoda Rabkin, «The Aylwin Government and 'Tuteltary' Democracy: A Concept in Search of a Case?» Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 34 (Winter 1992–1993): 119–94, Interviews by Roger Burbach with Sergio Bitar and Juan Pablo Cardenas, «Chile's Transition», World Policy Journal 6 (Winter 1988–1989): 169–202; Charles F. Andrain, Political Change in the Third World (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1988), 182–203; Paul W. Drake and Ivan JaksiC, eds. The Struggle for Democracy in Chile. 1982–1990 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991); Pamela Constable and Arturo Valenzuela, A Nation of Enemies: Chile under Pinochet (New York: Norton, 1991 ); Karen Remmer, Military Rule in Latin America (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991), 113–82; Genaro Arriagada, Pinochet: The Politics of Power, trans. Nancy Morris, Vincent Ercolano, and Kristen A. Whitney (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1988); James Petras and Steve Vieux, «The Chilean 'Economic Miracle': An Empirical Critique», Critical Sociology 17 (Summer 1990): 57–72; Manuel Antonio Garreton, «Democratic Inauguration in Chile: From Pinochet to Aylwin», Third World Quarterly 12, nos. 3–4 (1990/1991): 64–80; Lois Hecht Oppenheim, «Introduction», Latin American Perspectives 18 (Winter 1991): 3–14; Alan Angell and Benny Pollack, «The Chilean Elections of 1989 and the Politics of the Transition to Democracy», Bulletin of Latin American Research 9, no. 1 (1990): 1—23.

151

James Petras, «State, Regime and the Democratization Muddle», Journal of Contemporary Asia 19, no. 1 (1989): 26–32; William С Smith, «Democracy, Distributional Conflicts and Macroeconomic Policymaking in Argentina, 1983—89», Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 32 (Summer 1990); 1–42; Patricio Silva, «Technocrats and Politics in Chile: From the Chicago Boys to the CIEPLAN Monks», Journal of Latin American Studies 23 (May 1991): 385–410; David E. Hojman, «Chile after Pinochet: Aylwin's Christian Democrat Economic Policies for the 1990s», Bulletin of Latin American Research 9, no. 1 (1990): 25—47; Timothy J. Power, «Politicized Democracy: Competition, Institutions, and 'Civic Fatigue' in Brazil», Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 33 (Fall 1991): 75–112; Jan Knippers Black, «Brazil's Limited Redemocratization», Current History 91 (February 1992): 85–89; Remmer, Military Rule in Latin America, 174–82; Gonzalez, Political Structures and Democracy in Uruguay, 85–166; Huntington, «How Countries Democratize», 579—616; «Tabulated Ratings», Freedom Review 23 (January–February 1992): 17–18; and the following essays in Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe: Michael Burton, Richard Gunther, and John Higley, «Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe; An Overview», 323—44; Thomas Bmneau, «Brazil's Political Transition», 257—81; Gillespie, «The Role of Civil–Military Pacts in Elite Settlements and Elite Convergence: Democratic Consolidation in Uruguay», 178–207; Cavarozzi, «Patterns of Elite Negotiation and Confrontation in Argentina and Chile», 208—36.

152

Richard C. Gripp, «Political Reform in Three Asian Polities», Asian Profile 17 (April 1989): 189–97; Bret L. Billet, «South Korea at the Crossroads: An Evolving Democracy or Authoritarianism Revisited?» Asian Survey 30 (March 1990): 300—311; Bruce Cumings, «The Abortive Abertura: South Korea in the Light of Latin American Experience», New Left Review, no. 173 (January–February 1989): 5—32; Aiden Foster Carter, «Korea: From Dependency to Democracy?» Capital and Class, no. 33 (Winter 1987): 7—19; James Cotton, «From Authoritarianism to Democracy in South Korea», Political Studies 37 (June 1989): 244–59; Han Sung–Joo, «South Korea in 1987: The Politics of Democratization», Asian Survey 28 (January 1988): 52–61; Hong Yung Lee, «South Korea in 1992: A Turning Point in Democratization», Asian Survey 33 (January 1993): 32–42; Chung–In Moon, «The Demise of a Developmentalist State? Neoconservative Reforms and Political Consequences in South Korea», Journal of Developing Societies 4 (January–April 1988): 67–84; Stephan Haggard and Chung–In Moon, «Institutions and Economic Policy: Theory and a Korean Case Study», World Politics 42 (January 1990): 210–37; Doh Ghul Shin, Myung Chey, and Kwang–Woong Kim, «Cultural Origins of Public Support for Democracy in Korea: An Empirical Test of the Douglas–Wildavsky Theory of Culture», Comparative Political Studies 22 (July 1989): j 217–38; Aie–Rie Lee, «Culture Shift and Popular Protest in South Korea», Comparative Political Studies 26 (April 1993): 63–80; Hagen Koo, «Middle Classes, Democratization, and Class Formation: The Case of South Korea», Theory and Society 20 (August 1991): 485–509; John Lie, «Democratization and Its Discontents: Origins of the Present Crisis in South Korea», Monthly Review 42 (February 1991): 38–52; Wonmo Dong, «The Democratization of South Korea: What Role Does the Middle Class Play?» Korea Observer 22 (Summer 1991): 257–82; Jurgen Domes, «Taiwan in 1991: Searching for Political Consensus», Asian Survey 32 (January 1992): 42–49; Jurgen Domes, «Taiwan in 1992: On the Verge of Democracy», Asian Survey 33 (January 1993): 54–60; Tun–Jen Cheng, «Democratizing the Quasi–Leninist Regime in Taiwan», World Politics 41 (July 1989): 471–99; Wen–hui Tsai, «Social Changes under the Impacts of Economic Transformation in Taiwan: From Industrialization to Modernization during the Post–World War II Era», Studies in Comparative international Development 24 (Summer 1989V 24–41 .

153

Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 51–99; Nancy Bermeo, «Democracy and the Lessons of Dictatorship», Comparative Politics24 (April 1992): 273–91; Chong–Min Park, «Authoritarian Rule in South Korea: Political Support and Governmental Performance», Asian Survey 31 (August 1991): 743–61; James Petras, «Global Transformations and the Future of Socialism in Latin America», New Political Science, nos. 18–19 (Winter 1990): 181–93; Frank, «Economic Ironies in Europe», 41—56.

154

См.: Christopher Lasch, The True and Only Heaven: Progress and its Critics (New York: Norton, 1991).

155

John Mortimer, Paradise Postponed (New York: Penguin Books, 1986), 303

156

Ibid., 287.

157

Young С Kim, «North Korea 1979: National Unification and Economic Development», Asian Survey 20 (January 1980): 60–61.

158

С I. Eugene Kim, «North Korea Today», Korea and World Affairs 6 (Winter 1982V 513–14.

159

Aidan Foster–Carter, «North Korea: The End of the Beginning», Journal of Communist Studies 3 (December 1987): 64–85; Barry Gills, «North Korea and the Crisis of Socialism: The Historical Ironies of National Division», Third World Quarterly 13, no. 1 (1992): 107–30.

160

Brook Larmer, «Mexico's Oil Bust Turns Paradise into Purgatory», Christian Science Monitor, November 21,1988, p. 9; Kevin J. Middlebrook, «Dilemmas of Change in Mexican Politics», World Politics (October 1988): 120–41.

161

Anthony Giddens, ed. and trans., Emile Durkheim: Selected Writings (London: Cambridge University Press, 1972); Steve Fenton, Durkheim and Modern Sociology (London: Cambridge University Press, 1984); Emile Durkheim, Education and Sociology (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1956), 27, 87, 124–26; Emile Durkheim, Moral Education (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1961), 8, 146–49, 156; Jonathan H. Turner, «Emile Durkheim's Theory of Social Organization», Social Forces 68 (June 1990): 1089—1103; Lise Ann Tole, «Durkheim on Religion and Moral Community in Modernity», Sociological Inquiry 63 (February 1993): 1–29.

162

См.: Max Weber, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, ed. Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich (New York: Bedminster Press, 1968), esp. 54–57, 1393–95; W. G. Runciman, ed., Max Weber Selections in Translation, trans. E. Matthews (London: Cambridge University Press, 1978), 212–84, 341–54; Reinhard Bendix, Max Weber: An intellectual Portrait (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1962), 285–328, 385–494; David Beetham, Max Weber and the Theory of Modern Politics, 2d ed. (Cambridge, England: Polity Press, 1985); Randall Collins, Max Weber: A Skeleton Key (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1986); David Held, Models of Democracy (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987), 143–64; Mark Warren, «Max Weber's Liberalism for a Nietzschean World», American Political Science Review 82 (March 1988): 31—50; Lawrence A. Scaff, Fleeing the Iron Cage: Culture, Politics, and Modernity in the Thought of Max Weber (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989); Andrew M. Koch, «Rationality, Romanticism and the Individual: Max Weber's 'Modernism' and the Confrontation with 'Modernity,'» Canadian Journal of Political Science 26 (March 1993): 125—44; Volker Heins, «Weber's Ethic and the Spirit of Anti–Capitalism», Political Studies 41 (June 1993): 269–83.

163

Об элитарных интерпретациях плюралистических систем см.: С. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1959); G. William Domhoff, The Power Elite and the State: How Policy Is Made in America (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1990).

164

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, adn John Jay, The Federalist Papers, ed. Clinton Rossiter (New York: New American Library, 1961), 324.

165

Ibid., 77–84, 288–325, 377–88. Анализ теорий Медисона см.: Jeffrey Leigh Sedgwick, «James Madison and the Problem of Executive Character», Polity 21 (Fall 1988): 5–23; Daniel Walker Howe, «Why the Scottish Enlightenment Was Useful to the Framers of the American Constitution», Comparative Studies in Society and History 31 (July 1989): 572–87; Paul Peterson, «The Rhetorical Design and Theoretical Teaching of Federalist No. 10», Political Science Reviewer 17 (Fall 1987): 198–218; Joyce Appleby, «The American Heritage: The Heirs and the Disinherited», Journal of American History 74 (December 1987): 798–813; Sheldon S. Wolin, Politics and Vision (Boston: Little, Brown, 1960), 389–93; Sheldon Wolin, «The Idea of the State in America», in The Problem of Authority in America, ed. John P. Diggins and Mark E. Kann (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1981), 41–57.

166

Karl Marx, Political Writings, vol. 1: The Revolutions of 1848, ed. David Fembach (New York: Vintage Books, 1974), 315–16. См. также: Karl Marx, Political Writings, vol. 2: Surveys from Exile, ed. David Fembach (New York: Vintage Books,1974), 176; Karl Marx, Political Writings, vol. 3: The First International and After, ed. David Fernbach (New York: Vintage Books, 1974), 280–81.

167

Marx, The First International, 81, 91–92, 145, 250, 270, 333–35, 355, 373–75; Marx, Revolutions of 1848, 86–87, 325–26; Marx, Surveys from Exile, 243–44; Karl Marx, Early Writings, trans. Rodney Livingstone and Gregor Benton (New York: Vintage Books, 1975), 257; Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, The German Ideology, ed. C. J. Arthur (New York: International Publishers, 1970), 117–18; Daniel R. Sabia, Jr., «Rationality, Collective Action, and Karl Marx», American Journal of Political Science 32 (February 1988): 50–71; Farshad A. Araghi, «The Cpncept of Development: Smith and Marx Revisited», Sociological Spectrum 8 (October–December 1988): 371–89; J. С Glass and W. Johnson, «Metaphysics, MSRP and Economics», British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 39 (September 1988): 313–29; Klaus von Beyme, «Karl Marx and Party Theory», Government and Opposition 20 (Winter 1985): 70–87; John Ehrenberg, «Karl Marx and the Dictatorship of the Proletariat», in Research in Political Economy, vol. 12, ed. Paul Zarembka (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1990), 187–208; Frederic L. Pryor, «Some Economics of Utopia: The Case of Full Communism», Survey29 (Summer 1985): 70–101.

168

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169

Alex Inkeles and David H. Smith, Becoming Modern: Individual Change in Six Developing Countries (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974), esp. 251–351.

170

AM Banuazizi, «Social–Psychological Approaches to Political Development», in Understanding Political Development, ed. Myron Weiner and Samuel P. Huntington (Boston: Little, Brown, 1987), 281–316; Charles F. Andrain, Political Change in the Third World (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1988), 252–79; Richard Falk, «Religion and Politics: Verging on the Postmodern», Alternatives 18 (July 1988): 379–94.

171

David E. Apter, Rethinking Development: Modernization, Dependency, and Postmodern Politics (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1987), 12–25; Leonard Binder, Islamic Liberalism: A Critique of Development Ideologies (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 24–37; Jan Nederveen Pieterse, «Dilemmas of Development Discourse: The Crisis of Developmentalism and the Comparative Method», Development and Change 22 (January 1991): 5–29; Kate Manzo, «Modernist Discourse and the Crisis of Development Theory», Studies in Comparative International Development 26 (Summer 1991): 3–36; Edward A. Tiryakian, «Modernisation: Exhumetur in Pace (Rethinking Macrosociology in the 1990s)», International Sociology 6 (June 1991): 165–80; Diane Ethier, «Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe, Latin America and Southeast Asia: Comparative Perspectives», Journal of Developing Societies! (July–October 1991): 195–217; Karen L. Remmer, «New Wine or Old Bottlenecks? The Study of Latin American Democracy», Comparative Politics 23 (July 1991 ): 479–95.

172

Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968).

173

Samuel P. Huntington, «Conservatism as an Ideology», American Political Science Review 51 (June 1957): 460–61.

174

Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991); Held, Models of Democracy 143–64.

175

См. след. сочинения Сэмюеля Хантингтона: Samuel P. Huntington: Political Order in Changing Societies, esp. 1–92, 142–44, 192–98, 262–63, 344, 401; The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil–Military Relations (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957); American Military Strategy (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California at Berkeley, 1986); «Transnational Organizations in World Politics», World Politics 25 (April 1973): 334–68; «The U.S. — Decline or Renewal?» Foreign Affairs 67 (Winter 1988/89): 76–96; «The Goals of Development», in Understanding Political Development, ed, Weiner and Huntington, 3—32. В «Целях развития» (с. 19) Хантингтон подчеркивает: «В целом политологическая литература имеет тенденцию во временном аспекте ставить порядок раньше демократии. В «Солдате и государстве», на с. 465, мы находим противопоставление «показного индивидуализма», «утомительной монотонности и невообразимого разнообразия и беспорядочного меркантилизма маленьких городков» в Хайленд Фолз «упорядоченной безмятежности», «структурированной целесообразности» военной академии США в Вест–Пойнте. Критику институционалистской теории развития см. в: David E. Apter, Political Change: Collected Essays (London: Frank Cass, 1973), 167, 195–96, 198, 208; Cal Clark and Jonathan Lemco, «The Strong State and Development: A Growing List of Caveats», Journal of Developing Societies 4 (January–April 1988): 1—8. Столь же безрадостную оценку перспектив демократии в развивающихся странах см. в: Robert A. Scalapino, «Modernization and Revolution in Asia», Problems oj Communism 41 (January–April 1992): с 181: «традициям и стадии развития многих возникающих государств более подходит авторитарный плюрализм, чем парламентская демократия».

176

Cristobal Kay, «Reflections on the Latin American Contribution to Development Theory», Development and Change 22 (January 1991): 31–68; Ronald H. Chilcote, «A Question of Dependency», Latin American Research Review 13, no. 2 (1978): 55—68; Ronald H. Chilcote, Theories of Development and Underdevelopment (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984); Ronald H. Chilcote, «The Search for a Class Theory of the State and Democracy: Capitalist and Socialist Perspectives», in Comparative Political Dynamics: Global Research Perspectives, ed. Dankwart A. Rustow and Kenneth Paul Erickson (New York: Harper Collins, 1991), 75–97; Robert A. Packenham, The Dependency Movement: Scholarship and Politics in Development Studies (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), esp. 7–32, 110–30, 298–318; Joseph L. Love, «The Origins of Dependency Analysis», Journal of Latin American Studies 22 (February 1990): 143—68; Alvin Y. So, Social Change and Development: Modernization. Dependency, and World–System Theories (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1990), $1–165. Классический анализ зависимости не похож на новые исследования зависимости, в которых больше внимания уделяется взаимосвязям между иностранным контролем над экономикой и внутренними классовыми конфликтами.

177

См.: Keith Griffin and John Gurley, «Radical Analyses of Imperialism, the Third World, and the Transition to Socialism; A Survey Article», Journal of Economic Literature 23 (September 1985): 1089–1143; Samir Amin, «Accumulation on a World Scale: Thirty Years Later», Rethinking Marxism 1 (Summer 1988): 54—75; Steven Jackson, Bruce Russett, Duncan Snidal, and David Sylvan, «An Assessment of Empirical Research on Dependencia», Latin American Research Review 14, no. 3 (1979); 7—28; Binder, Islamic Liberalism, 44–62; Apter, Rethinking Development, 25—31.

178

Apter, Political Change, 201—5, 209; Tony Smith, «Requiem or New Agenda for Third World Studies?» World Politics 37 (July 1985): 532–61; Andre Gunder Frank, «Latin American Development Theories Revisited: A Participant Review», Latin American Perspectives 19 (Spring 1992): 125—39.

179

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Human Development Report 1993 (New York; Oxford University Press, 1993), 10–18, 100–112.

180

Рабочие определения прав человека и гражданских свобод см. в: Charles Humana, World Human Rights Guide, 3d ed. (New York; Oxford University Press, 1992),

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181

Angus Maddison, Dynamic Forces in Capitalist Development: A Long–Run Comparative View (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 49; Angus Maddison, The World Economy in the 20th Century (Paris: Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1989); The World Bank, World Development Report 1992 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 218–19; International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics Yearbook 1992, vol. 45 (Washington DC: International Monetary Fund, 1992), 148–51; Nikolai Shmelev and Vladimir Popov, The Turning Point: Revitalizing the Soviet Economy, trans. Michele A. Berdy (New York: Doubleday, 1989); Gur Ofer, «Soviet Economic Growth: 1928–1985», Journal of Economic Literature 25 (December 1987): 1767—1833: Domenico Mario Nuti, «Perestroika: Transition from Central Planning to Market Socialism», Economic Policy 3 (October 1988): 365; Alvin Rabushka, The New China: Comparative Economic Development in Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987), 206,217.

182

Frederic L. Pryor, A Guide to the Comparative Study of Economic Systems (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice–Hall, 1985), 40–45, 79–101; A. Steven Englander and Axel Mittelstadt, «Productivity and Economic Performance», OECD Observer, no. 151 (April–May 1988): 27–30.

183

Haruhiro Fukui, «The Japanese State and Economic Development: A Profile of a Nationalist Paternalist Capitalist State», in States and Development in the Asian Pacific Rim, ed. Richard P. Appelbaum and Jeffrey Henderson (Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1992), 207–20; Kozo Yamamura, «The Cost of Rapid Growth and Capitalist Democracy in Japan», in The Politics of Inflation and Economic Stagnation, ed. Leon Lindberg and Charles S. Maier (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1985), 467–508; Arthur Neef and Christopher Kask, «Manufacturing Productivity and Labor Costs in 14 Economies», Monthly Labor Review 114 (December 1991): 24–37; OECD Economic Outlook 41 (June 1987): 162–63; OECD Economic Outlook 52 (December 1992): 201, 205, 209–22; «OECD in Figures 1992 Edition», OECD Observer, no. 176 (June–July 1992): 8–9, 22–25, 52–55; IMF, International Financial Statistics Yearbook 1992, 148–49,156–57.

184

IMF, International Financial Statistics Yearbook 1992, 156–59; UNDP, Human Development Report 1993, 135–45, 168–71, 186–89; World Bank, World Development Report 1992, 218–21, 244–49; Gary Gereffi and Stephanie Fonda, «Regional Paths of Development», Annual Review of Sociology 1992, vol. 18, ed. Judith Blake and John Hagan (Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews, 1992), 419–48; Robert Fiala, «The International System, Labor–Force Structure, and the Growth and Distribution of National Income, 1950–1980», Sociological Perspectives 35 (Summer 1992): 249–82; Nicos P. Mouzelis, «Sociology of Development: Reflections on the Present Crisis», Sociology 22 (February 1988): 23—44; Maddison, The World Economy in the 20th Century, 65—99; Angus Maddison, Two Crises: Latin America and Asia. 1929—38 and 1973—83 (Paris: Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1985), 45—98; Robert R. Kaufman, «The Politics of Economic Adjustment Policy in Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico: Experiences in the 1980s and Challenges for the Future», Policy Sciences 22 (November 1989): 395–413; Manuel Pastor, Jr., «Capital Flight from Latin America», World Development \% (January 1990): 1—18; Victor L. Urquidi, «Constraints to Growth in the Developing World: Current Experience in Latin America», International Social Science Journal 41 (May 1989): 203–10; Peter Evans, «Class, State, and Dependence in East Asia: Lessons for Latin Americanists», in The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism, ed. Frederic C. Deyo (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987), 203–26; Manfred Bienefeld, «The Significance of the Newly Industrialising Countries for the Development Debate», Studies in Political Economy, no. 25 (Spring 1988): 7–39; Amitava Krishna Dutt, «Interest Rate Policy in LDCs: A Post Keynesian View», Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 13 (Winter 1990–1991): 210–32; York W. Bradshaw and Ana–Maria Wahl, «Foreign Debt Expansion, the International Monetary Fund, and Regional Variation in Third World Poverty», International Studies Quarterly 35 (September 1991): 251–72; David Greenaway and Chong Hyun Nam, «Industrialisation and Macroeconomic Performance in Developing Countries under Alternative Trade Strategies», Kyklos 41, no. 3 (1988): 419–35; Yun–han Chu, «State Structure and Economic Adjustment of the East Asian Newly Industrializing Countries», International Organization 43 (Autumn 1989): 647–72; Manuel Castells, «Four Asian Tigers with a Dragon Head: A Comparative Analysis of the State, Economy, and Society in the Asian Pacific Rim», in States and Development in the Asian Pacific Rim, ed. Appelbaum and Henderson, 33—70; Alice H. Amsden, «The Paradigm of Late Industrialization», Political Economy 3, no. 2 (1987): 133–59; Alice H. Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Alice H. Amsden, «Third World Industrialization: 'Global Fordism' or a New Model?» New Left Review, no. 182 (July–August 1990): 5—31; Alice H. Amsden, «Hyperbolizing Knowledge Is a Dangerous Thing: A Reply to David Landes», Contention l(Spring 1992): 109–31; John Lie, «The Political Economy of South Korean Development», International Sociology 7 (September 1992): 285–30; Yung Chul Park, «Development Lessons from Asia: The Role of Government in South Korea and Taiwan», American Economic Review 80 (May 1990): 1 18—21; Hyug Baeg Im, «The Rise of Bureaucratic Authoritarianism in South Korea», World Politics 39 (January 1987): 231–57; Russell Mardon, «The State and the Effective Control of Foreign Capital: The Case of South Korea», World Politics 43 (October 1990): 111—38; Michelle Gittelman, «The South Korean Export Miracle: Comparative Advantage or Government Creation? Lessons for Latin America», Journal of International Affairs 42 (Fall 1988): 187—98; Eun Mee Kim, «Foreign Capital in Korea's Economic Development, 1960—1985», Studies in Comparative International Development 24 (Winter 1989/90): 24–45; Linda Y. C. Lim, «The State and Private Capital in Singapore's Economic Development», Political Economy 3, no. 2 (1987): 201—22; James Petras and Po–Keung Hui, «State and Development in Korea and Taiwan», Studies in Political Economy, no. 35 (Spring 1991): 179—98; Cal Clark, «The Taiwan Exception: Implications for Contending Political Economy Paradigms», International Studies Quarterly 31 (September 1987): 327–56; Richard E. Barrett and Martin King Whyte, «Dependency Theory and Taiwan: Analysis of a Deviant Case», American Journal of Sociology 87 (March 1982): 1064—89; Steve Chan, «Developing Strength from Weakness: The State in Taiwan», Journal of Developing Societies 4 (January–April 1988): 38—51; Richard Grabowski, «Taiwanese Economic Development: An Alternative Interpretation», Development and Change 19 (January 1988): 53—67.

185

Shmelev and Popov, The Turning Point, esp. 23—41, 112—54; International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook, October 1992 (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 1992), 45—54; Maddison, The World Economy in the 20th Century, 100–102, 126; Nuti, «Perestroika», 355–89; Ofer, «Soviet Economic Growth», 1767—1833; Peter Murrell and Mancur Olson, «The Devolution of Centrally Planned Economies», Journal of Comparative Economics 15 (June 1991): 239–65; Richard Ericson, «The Classical Soviet–Type Economy: Nature of the System and Implications for Reform», Journal of Economic Perspectives 5 (Fall 1991): 11—27; Andrds Nagy, «'Social Choice' in Eastern Europe», Journal of Comparative Economics 15 (June 1991): 266–83; Rabushka, The New China, 1–99, 204–16; Brian Delany and Lynn W. Paine, «Shifting Patterns of Authority in Chinese Schools», Comparative Education Review 35 (February 1991): 23—43; Jean C. Robinson, «Stumbling on Two Legs: Education and Reform in China», Comparative Education Review 35 (February 1991): 177—89.

186

См.: Johan Fritzell, «Income Inequality Trends in the 1980s: A Five–Country Comparison», Acta Sociologica 36, no. 1 (1993): 47—62; Robert Hoizmann, Reforming Public Pensions: OECD Social Policy Studies, no. 5 (Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1988), 44–57; Sidney Verba, Steven Kelman, Gary R. Orren, Ichiro Miyake, Joji Watanuki, lkno Kabashima, and G. Donald Ferree, Jr., Elites and the Idea of Equality: A Comparison of Japan, Sweden, and the United States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), 71—156; Sven Holger Steinmo, Taxes, Institutions and the Mobilization of Bias: The Political Economy of Taxation in Britain, Sweden and the United States (Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Political Science, University of California at Berkeley, 1987); Johan Fritzell, «The Gap between Market Rewards and Economic Well–Being in Modern Societies», European Sociological Review 7 (May 1991): 19–33; Stein Ringen, «Households, Standard of Living, and Inequality», Review of Income and Wealth 37 (March 1991): 1—13; Anthony B.Atkinson, «Comparing Poverty Rates Internationally: Lessons from Recent Studies in Developed Countries», World Bank Economic Review 5 (January 1991): 3—21; Diane Sainsbury, «Dual Welfare and Sex Segregation of Access to Social Benefits: Income Maintenance Policies in the UK., the US, the Netherlands and Sweden», Journal of Social Policy 22 (January 1993): 69–98; а также следующие статьи в Research on Economic Equality: International Comparisons of Economic Inequality, vol. 3, ed. Daniel J. Slottje and Timothy M. Smeeding (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1992): Anthony B. Atkinson, «Measuring Inequality and Differing Social Judgments», 30; Barbara Boyle Torrey and Timothy M. Smeeding, «Comparative Economic Status of the Elderly in Eight Countries», 94—109; Lee Rainwater, «Inequalities in the Economic Well–Being of Children in Ten Nations», 270; Shelley A. Phipps, «Measuring Gender Differences in Wage Distributions for Five Countries», 150; Peter Saunders, «Income Distribution in, Australia and New Zealand: Comparisons Based on the Luxembourg Income Study», 161—67; Wlodzimierz Okrasa, «The Inequality–Redistribution Interaction: 'Who Gains, Who Loses?' in the East and West», 213.

187

Fritzell, «Income Inequality Trends in the 1980s», 52—60; Andrew Glyn, «The Costs of Stability: The Advanced Capitalist Countries in the 1980s», New Left Review, no. 195 (September–October 1992): 71—95; John Bauer and Andrew Mason, «The Distribution of Income and Wealth in Japan», Review of Income and Wealth 38 (December 1992): 403—28; Tom Notermans, «The Abdication from National Policy Autonomy: Why the Macroeconomic Policy Regime Has Become So Unfavorable to Labor», Politics and Society 21 (June 1993): 133—67; Gesta Esping–Andersen and Kees van Kersbergen, «Contemporary Research on Social Democracy», in Annual Review of Sociology 1992, ed. Blake and Hagan, 187–208, esp. 202–4; Jan–Erik Lane, «The Twilight of the Scandinavian Model», Political Studies 41 (June 1993): 315–24; Kenneth Hermele, «The End of the Middle Road: What Happened to the Swedish Model?» Monthly Review 44 (March 1993): 14–24; Robert B. Reich, The Work of Nations (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), esp. 171–224; Bennett Harrison and Barry Bluestone, «Wage Polarisation in the US and the 'Flexibility' Debate», Cambridge Journal of Economics 14 (September 1990): 351—73; Bennett Harrison and Barry Bluestone, The Great U–Turn: Corporate Restructuring and the Polarizing of America (New York: Basic Books, 1988).

188

Valerie Bunce and Alexander Hicks, «Capitalisms, Socialisms, and Democracy», in Political Power and Social Theory, vol. 6, ed. Maurice Zeitlin (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1987), 89–132; Michael V. Alexeev and Clifford G. Gaddy, «Income Distribution in the U.S.S.R. in the 1980s», Review of Income and Wealth 39 (March 1993): 23–36; Henry Flakierski, «Income Inequalities in the Former Soviet Union and Its Republics», International Journal of Sociology 22 (Fall 1992): 1—86; Abram Bergson, «Income Inequality under Soviet Socialism», Journal of Economic Literature 22 (September 1984): 1052—99; Aaron Vinokur and Gur Ofer, «Inequality of Earnings, Household Income, and Wealth in the Soviet Union in the 1970s», in Politics, Work, and Daily Life in the USSR: A Survey of Former Soviet Citizens, ed. James R. Millar (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 17–1–202; Gur Ofer and Aaron Vinokur, «The Distributive Effects of the Social Consumption Fund in the Soviet Union», in State and Welfare USA/USSR, ed. Gail W. Lapidus and Guy E. Swanson (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California at Berkeley, 1988), 251–77; Alastair McAuley, «The Economic Transition in Eastern Europe: Employment, Income Distribution, and the Social Security Net», Oxford Review of Economic Policy 1 (Winter 1991): 93—105; Robert Holzmann, «Social Policy in Transition from Plan to Market», Journal of Public Policy 12 (January–March 1992): 1—35; а также след. статьи в: The New Eastern Europe: Social Policy Past, Present and Future, ed. Bob Deacon (London: Sage Publications, 1992): Bob Deacon, «East European Welfare: Past, Present and Future», 1—30; Bob Deacon, «The Future of Social Policy in Eastern Europe», 167–91.

189

John Knight and Song Lina, «The Determinants of Urban Income Inequality in China», Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 53 (May 1991): 123—54; Zhao Renwei, «Two Contrasting Phenomena in China's Income Distribution», Cambridge Journal of Economics 14 (September 1990): 345—49; Jae Ho Chung, «The Politics of Prerogatives in Socialism: The Case of Taizidang in China», Studies in Comparative Communism 24 (March 1991): 58—76; Ehtisham Ahmad and Yan Wang, «Inequality and Poverty in China: Institutional Change and Public Policy, 1978 to 1988», World Bank Economic Review 5 (May 1991): 231—57; Athar Hussain and Nicholas Stern, «Effective Demand, Enterprise Reforms and Public Finance in China», Economic Policy 6 (April 1991): 154—65; Andrew J. Spano, «Four Modernizations that China Needs», Problems of Communism 39 (September–October 1990): 66—74; Jeanne L. Wilson, «Labor Policy in China: Reform and Retrogression», Problems of Communism 39 (September–October 1990): 44—65; Shen Ziaofang, «A Decade of Direct Foreign Investment in China», Problems of Communism 39 (March–April 1990): 61—74; Connie Squires Meaney, «Market Reform in a Leninist System: Some Trends in the Distribution of Power, Status, and Money in Urban China», Studies in Comparative Communism 22 (Summer/Autumn 1989): 203–20; Mark Selden, «City versus Countryside? The Social Consequences of Development Choices in China», Review 11 (Fall 1988); 533—68; Irma Adelman and David Sunding, «Economic Policy and Income Distribution in China», Journal of Comparative Economics 11 (September 1987): 444—61.

190

Ronald V. A. Sprout and James H. Weaver, «International Distribution of Income: 1960–1987», Kyklos 45, no. 2 (1992): 237–58; Terry Boswell and William J. Dixon, «Dependency and Rebellion: A Cross–National Analysis», American Sociological Review . 55 (August 1990): 540—59; Edward N. Muller, «Democracy, Economic Development, and Income Inequality», American Sociological Review 53 (February 1988): 50—68; Patrick D. Nolan, «A Standardized Cross–National Comparison of Incomes», Sociological Quarterly 33 (November 1992): 599–609; UNDP, Human DevelopmentReport 1993, 170–71.

191

International Monetary Fund, Government Finance Statistics Yearbook 1990, vol. 14 (Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 1990), 52–115; World Bank, World Development Report 1992, 238–41; UNDP, Human Development Report 1993, 138–75, 186–89; Steve Chan, «Income Inequality among LDCs: A Comparative Analysis of Alternative Perspectives», International Studies Quarterly 33 (March 1989): 45–65; Christopher Chase–Dunn, Global Formation: Structure of the World–Economy (Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1989), 248–70; Volker Bomschier and Christopher Chase–Dunn, Transnational Corporations and Underdevelopment (New York: Praeger, 1985), 117–55; Atul Kohli, Michael F. Altfeld, Saideh Lotfian, and Russell Mardon, «Inequality in the Third World: An Assessment of Competing Explanations», Comparative Political Studies 17 (October 1984): 283–318; Peter Peek, «How Equitable Are Rural Development Projects?» International Labour Review 127, no. 1 (1988): 73–89; Susan Eckstein, «How Consequential Are Revolutions?» in Comparative Political Dynamics, ed. Rustow and Erickson, 309—51; Fiala, «The International System, Labor–Force Structure, and the Growth and Distribution of National Income», 249–82; Ian Roxborough, «Neo–liberalism in Latin America: Limits and Alternatives», Third World Quarterly 13 (September 1992): 421–40; Manuel Pastor, Jr., and Gary A. Dymski, «Debt Crisis and Class Conflict in Latin America», Capital and Class, no. 43 (Spring 1991): 203–31; Alain Mingat and Jee–Peng Tan, «Who Profits from the Public Funding of Education: A Comparison of World Regions», Comparative Education Review 30 (May 1986): 260—70; Sudhir Anand and Martin Ravallion, «Human Development in Poor Countries: On the Role of Private Incomes and Public Services», Journal of Economic Perspectives7 (Winter 1993): 133–50.

192

UNDP, Human Development Report 1993, 11–15, 135–37.

193

United Nations Children's Fund, The State of the World's Children 1992 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 72–86; IMF, Government Finance Statistics Yearbook 1991, 110.

194

Apter, Rethinking Development, 32–37, 259–94; Michael Wolff, Peter Rutten, and Albert Bayers III, Where We Stand (New York: Bantam Books, 1992), 198–201; Ekkart Zimmermann, «Political Unrest in Western Europe: Trends and Prospects», West European Politics 12 (July 1989): 179–96; Ajit Singh, «The Lost Decade: The Economic Crisis of the Third World in the 1980s: How the North Caused the South's Crisis», Contention 1 (Spring 1992): 137—59; Andre Gunder Frank, «Economic Ironies in Europe: A World Economic Interpretation of East–West European Politics», International Social Science Journal 44 (February 1992): 41—56; Sprout and Weaver, «International Distribution of Income», 249—56.