Новые соединения. Цифровые космополиты в коммуникативную эпоху [заметки]

Шрифт

Интервал

Amir Taheri, The Spirit of Allah: Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution (Bethesda, MD: Adler and Adler, 1986), pp. 17–18, 213.

Ibid., p. 18.

Количество жертв протестов в городе Кум по-прежнему остается темой для дискуссии; в различных источниках упоминается от двух до 70 погибших. См.: Charles Kurzman, The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005), p. 37; и Ervand Abrahamian, A History of Modern Iran (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 158.

Abbas Milani, “Iran’s Islamic Revolution: Three Paradoxes”, Open Democracy, February 9, 2009, http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/iran-s-islamic-revolution-three-paradoxes.html

Abrahamian, History, p. 161.

“Remembering Iran’s 1979 Islamic Revolution”, Morning Edition, NPR program hosted by Steve Inskeep, August 17, 2009, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=111944123

Taheri, Spirit, chap. 1.

Из августовского отчета ЦРУ за 1978 год, который Гари Сик (Gary Sick) – главный советник Белого дома по Ирану во время революции цитирует в своей книге «All Fall Down: America’s Tragic Encounter with Iran» (New York: Random House, 1985), p. 92.

Bruce D. Berkowitz and Allan E. Goodman, Best Truth: Intelligence in the Information Age (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002).

Susan Landau, Surveillance or Security: The Risks Posed by New Wiretapping Technologies (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2010), sec. 9.6.

Annabelle Sreberny Mohammadi and Ali Mohammadi, Small Media, Big Revolution: Communication, Culture, and the Iranian Revolution (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994).

Landau, Surveillance, p. 216.

Chris Taylor, “The Chinese Plague”, World Press Review 50 (2003), http://www.worldpress.org/Asia/1148.cfm

Tim Spanton, “World’s Deadliest Cough”, Sun, July 28, 2007, http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/158143/Worlds-deadliest-cough.html

“SARS FAQ”, Disaster Center, http://www.disastercenter.com/Severe%20Acute%20Respiratory%20Syndrome.htm

Simon More, “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)” (Power-Point presentation at EADGENE Workshop on Interpreting Field Disease Data, Edinburgh, Scotland, February 1–2, 2010).

Donald J. MacNeil Jr., “Disease’s Pioneer Is Mourned as a Victim”, New York Times, April 8, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/08/science/disease-s-pioneer-is-mourned-as-a-victim.html

Laurie Garrett, “Outbreak”, review of China Syndrome: The True Story of the 21st Century’s First Great Epidemic by Karl Taro Greenfeld, in Washington Post, April 9, 2006, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/06/AR2006040601666.html

Alexander Batalin, “SARS Pneumonia Virus, Synthetic Manmade, according to Russian Scientist”, Global Research, November 10, 2003, http://globalresearch.ca/articles/BAT304A.html

World Health Organization, SARS: How a Global Epidemic Was Stopped (Geneva: WHO Press, 2006), chap. 15.

“Summary Table of SARS Cases by Country, 1 November 2002–7 August 2003”, World Health Organization, August 15, 2003, http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/country2003_08_15.pdf

Jeffery Taubenberger and David Morens, “1918 Influenza: The Mother of All Pandemics”, Emerging Infectious Diseases 12 (2006), http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/1/05–0979_article.htm

World Health Organization, SARS, introd.

“SARS Whistle-blower Breathing a Sigh of Relief”, China News Daily, May 21, 2003, http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200305/21/eng20030521_117004.shtml

Paul Dourish and Genevieve Bell, Divining a Digital Future: Mess and Mythology in Ubiquitous Computing (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011), p. 33.

Rania Abouzeid, “Bouazizi: The Man Who Set Himself and Tunisia on Fire”, Time, January 21, 2011, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2044723,00.html

David Kirkpatrick, “Tunisia Leader Flees and Prime Minister Claims Power”, New York Times, January 14, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/15/world/africa/15tunis.html; Robert Mackey’s blog, The Lede (blog), New York Times, references Bouazizi two days earlier: “Tunisians Document Protests Online”, January 12, 2011, http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/12/tunisians-document-protests-online

Sal Gentile, “Octavia Nasr: US Media Missed ‘the Anatomy’ of Tunisia’s Revolution”, PBS Need to Know, January 21, 2011, http://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/the-daily-need/octavia-nasr-u-s-media-missed-the-anatomy-of-tunisias-revolution/6668

Kimberly Dozier, “Intelligence Community under Fire for Egypt Surprise”, Associated Press, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41423648/ns/politics-more_politics/t/intelligence-community-under-fire-egypt-surprise/#.UGNE_Pl27_A

В своей книге «The Restless Searchlight: Network News Framing of the Post Cold-War World» Пиппа Норис (Pippa Norris) приводит результаты исследования международных новостей на телевидении конца 1960–1970-х годов, доля которых составляла от 25 до 40 % всего новостного вещания, http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/pnorris/Acrobat/Restless%20Searchlight.pdf Алиса Миллер (Alisa Miller), цитируя работу «Project for Excellence in Journalism» («Проект по совершенствованию журналистского мастерства»), оценивает долю иностранных и международных новостей на современном телевидении в 10 %, из Media Makeover: Improving the News One Click at a Time (TED Books: 2011), Kindle ed.

«Услуги мобильной телефонии на сегодня доступны трем четвертям населения планеты». Из пресс-релиза Всемирного банка от 17 июля 2012 года, http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/07/17/mobile-phone-access-reaches-three-quarters-planets-population

Duncan J. Watts, Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), p. 283.

Что послужило причиной изгнания Диогена, по-прежнему до конца не выяснено. В одном из источников говорится, что его наказали за «ущерб денежной системе». Историки по-прежнему пытаются выяснить что именно это означает. То ли Диоген и его отец, который, вероятно, был казначеем Синопа, подворовывали, то ли он нанес ущерб денежной системе, отрицая ее как таковую.

Диоген Лаэртский. О жизни, учениях и изречениях знаменитых философов / пер. и примеч. М. Л. Гаспарова; общ. ред. и вступ. ст. А. Ф. Лосева. – М.: Мысль, 1979.

“The World Goes to Town”, Economist, May 3, 2007, http://www.economist.com/node/9070726

Margaret C. Jacob, “The Cosmopolitan as a Lived Category”, Daedalus 137, no. 3 (Summer 2008): 18–25.

Robert D. Putnam, “E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty-First Century: The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture”, Scandinavian Political Studies 30 (2007): 137–74.

Ibid.

Kwame Anthony Appiah, Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), p. xv.

Такие высказывания отдают моральным релятивизмом, однако от подобных обвинений Аппиа защищается, провозглашая общие для всех культур универсальные ценности, которые лишь маскируются разнообразными табу, имеющими локальный характер применения и распространения.

“Picasso’s African-Influenced Period: 1907 to 1909”, http://www.pablopicasso.org/africanperiod.jsp

Andrew Meldrum, “Stealing Beauty: How Much Did Picasso’s Paintings Borrow from African Art?”, Guardian, March 14, 2006, http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2006/mar/15/art

Corinna Lotz, in Apollo: The International Magazine for Collectors, December 2007, p. 122, http://www.apollo-tmagazine.com/reviews/books/386241/art-that-scared-picasso.thtml

Meldrum, “Stealing Beauty”.

Picasso and Africa, ed. Laurence Madeline and Marilyn Martin (Johannesburg: Standard Bank Gallery, 2006), catalog of an exhibition held at the Standard Bank Gallery, Johannesburg, February 10 through March 19, 2006, and the Iziko South African National Gallery, Cape Town, April 13 through May 21, 2006.

Léopold Sédar Senghor, “Masque nègre” (фр. – «Черная маска») in Chants d’ombre (фр. – «Песни тени») (1945), http://philosophie-et-litterature.oboulo.com/chants-ombre-leopold-sedar-senghor-1945-masque-negre-114650.html, cited in Lotz, “Art That Scared Picasso”.

Roger E. Bohn and James E. Short, “How Much Information? 2009 Report on American Consumers”, Global Information Industry Center of the University of California – San Diego, January 2010, http://hmi.ucsd.edu/pdf/HMI_2009_ConsumerReport_Dec9_2009.pdf

Семнадцать минут в день, по данным Pew Research Center, “Americans Spending More Time Following the News”, September 12, 2010, http://people-press.org/2010/09/12/americans-spending-more-time-following-the-news/

Howard Rheingold, The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier, rev. ed. (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000), p. 181.

Tom Standage, The Victorian Internet: The Remarkable Story of the Telegraph and the Nineteenth Century’s On-line Pioneers (New York: Berkley Books, 1999), p. 83.

Joseph J. Corn, The Winged Gospel: America’s Romance with Aviation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), p. 37.

Ivan Narodny, “Marconi’s Plans for the World”, Technical World Magazine 18 (1912): 145–50.

From a 1926 interview in Colliers, quoted in “ Marshall McLuhan Foresees the Global Village”, http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_mcluhan.htm

Langdon Winner, “Sow’s Ears from Silk Purses: The Strange Alchemy of Technological Visionaries”, in Technological Visions: The Hopes and Fears That Shape New Technologies, ed. Marita Sturken et al. (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004), p. 34.

Из личной переписки с Говардом Рейнгольдом.

Benjamin Disraeli, Vivian Grey (London: Henry Colburn, 1826), bk. 6, chap. 7.

Jens Eric Gould, “The Making of the Innocence of Muslims: One Actor’s Story”, Time, September 13, 2012, http://nation.time.com/2012/09/13/the-making-of-innocence-of-muslims-one-actors-story

Позднее Джонс все-таки сжег несколько экземпляров Корана, хотя его действия привлекли меньше внимания, чем угрозы, прозвучавшие в 2010 году. См.: Kevin Sieff, “Florida Pastor Terry Jones’s Koran Burning Has Far-reaching Effect”, Washington Post, April 2, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/florida-pastor-terry-joness-koran-burning-has-far-reaching-effect/2011/04/02/AFpiFoQC_story.html

Pamela Constable, “Egyptian Christian Activist in Virginia Promoted Video That Sparked Furor”, Washington Post, September 13, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/egyptian-christian-activist-in-virginia-promoted-video-that-sparked-furor/2012/09/13/f2a52a4c-fdc4–11e1-b153–218509a954e1_story.html

Robert Mackey and Liam Stack, “Obscure Film Mocking Muslim Prophet Sparks Anti-U. S. Protests in Egypt and Libya”, The Lede (blog), New York Times, September 11, 2012, http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/11/obscure-film-mocking-muslim-prophet-sparks-anti-u-s-protests-in-egypt-and-libya; John Hudson, “The Egyptian Outrage Peddler Who Sent Anti-Islam YouTube Clip Viral”, Atlantic Wire, September 13, 2012, http://www.theatlanticwire.com/ global/2012/09/egyptian-outrage-peddler-who-sent-anti-islam-youtube-clip-viral/56826/

Yoni Bashan, “Arrests Made after Police Officers Injured at Anti-Islamic Film Protest in Sydney CBD”, Daily Telegraph, September 16, 2012, http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/police-use-pepper-spray-on-anti-islamic-film-protesters-in-sydney-at-the-us-consulate/story-e6freuy9–1226474744811; “Belgian Police Detain 230 Protesting Anti-Islam Film”, Hürriyet Daily News, September 16, 2012, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/belgian-police-detain– 230-protesting-anti-islam-film-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=30247&NewsCatID=351

Mona Shadia and Harriet Ryan, “California Muslims Hold Vigil for Slain Ambassador”, Los Angeles Times, September 15, 2012, http://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/15/local/la-me-anti-muslim-film-20120915

Judith S. Donath, “Identity and Deception in the Virtual Community”, Communities in Cyberspace, ed. Marc A. Smith and Peter Kollock (London: Routledge, 1999), pp. 27–58.

Marc Lynch, “The Failure of #MuslimRage”, Foreign Policy, September 21, 2012, http://lynch.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/09/21/a_funny_thing_happened_on_the_way_to_muslimrage

Chris Stephen, “Bodies of Six Militiamen Found in Benghazi after Attacks on Bases”, Guardian, September 22, 2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/sep/22/bodies-six-militiamen-found-benghazi?newsfeed=true

“People of Benghazi Trying to Save Chris Stevens Life before His Death”, YouTube.com, September 17, 2012, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hC0B0qrv2wA, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yMSnyOMRXos&feature=watch_response_rev

“Mapping the Global Muslim Population”, Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, October 7, 2009, http://www.pewforum.org/Mapping – the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx

Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York: Knopf, 1995), pp. 3–4.

Более полную информацию о воде Fiji можно почерпнуть из следующих материалов: Rob Walker, “Water Proof”, New York Times, June 1, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/01/magazine/01wwln-consumed-t.html; Claudia H. Deutsch, “For Fiji Water, a Big List of Green Goals”, New York Times, November 7, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/07/business/07fji.html; Kerri Ritchie, “Fiji Media Told to Adopt ‘Journalism of Hope’”, ABC (Australia), April 17, 2009, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009–04–17/fji-media-told-to-adopt-journalism-of-hope/1654410; Anna Lenzer, “Fiji Water: Spin the Bottle”, Mother Jones, September/ October 2009, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2009/09/fji-spin-bottle?page=2; Ed Dinger, “Fiji Water LLC”, Answers.com, http://www.answers.com/topic/fji-water-llc; AAP, “Hollywood Couple Buys Fiji Water for $63m”, Sydney Morning Herald, November 30, 2004, http://www.smh.com.au/news/Business/Hollywood-couple-buys-Fiji-Water-for-63m/2004/11/29/ 1101577419156.html

John Maynard Keynes, “The Economic Consequences of Peace” (New York: Harcourt Brace & Howe, 1920, переиздание Management Laboratory Press, 2009), p. 20.

“U. S. at War: Globaloney”, Time, February 22, 1943, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,774367,00.html

Jennifersharpe, “Denim Jeans”, Sourcemap.com, http://sourcemap.com/view/478

Andy Jerardo, “What Share of U. S. Consumed Food Is Imported?”, Amber Waves, February 2008, http://webarchives.cdlib.org/sw1vh5dg3r/; http://ers.usda.gov/AmberWaves/February08/DataFeature

Bruce Blythe, “Wal-Mart’s U. S. Grocery Sales Rose to Nearly $141 Billion Last Year”, Drover’s Cattle Network, April 1, 2011, http://www.cattlenetwork.com/cattle-news/company/Wal-Marts-US-grocery-sales-rose-to-nearly-141-billion-last-year-119064289.html

“Steel Industry Executive Summary: July 2012”, U. S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, http://hq-web03.ita.doc.gov/License/Surge.nsf/webfles/SteelMillDevelopments/$fle/exec%20summ.pdf?openelement; Mark Piepkorn, “Lumber by the Numbers”, Continuing Education Center, http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article.php?L=5&C=645&P=1, originally published in GreenSource, January/February 2010 issue.

Daniel Cohen, Globalization and Its Enemies, trans. Jessica B. Baker (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006), p. 52.

Jeffrey Frankel, “Globalization of the Economy”, in Governance in a Globalizing World, ed. Joseph S. Nye and John D. Donahue (Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 2000).

US Census, “Top Ten Countries with Which the United States Trades”, May 2012, http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/top/dst/current /balance.html

Galina Hale and Bart Hobijn, “The U. S. Content of ‘Made in China’”, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Letter, August 8, 2011, http://www.frbsf.org/publications/economics/letter/2011/el2011–25.html?utm_source=home

“Brazil’s Victory in Cotton Trade Case Exposes America’s Wasteful Subsidies”, Washington Post, June 3, 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/02/AR2010060204228.html; Will Allen, Eddie DeAnda, and Kate Deusterberg, “U. S. Cotton Subsidies: Killing Farmers & Poisoning Consumers & the Earth”, Organic Consumers Association, December 9, 2003, http://www.organicconsumers.org/clothes/willallen011504.cfm Pietra Rivoli, The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2009). В конце 2010 – начале 2011 года мировые цены на хлопок резко подскочили, а это значит, что субсидии не были выплачены. Однако сама система претерпела мало изменений, и Соединенные Штаты, вероятно, еще вернутся к практике субсидирования отрасли после зафиксированного скачка цен.

Cohen, Globalization, p. 27.

Farzana Hakim and Colleen Harris, “Muslims in the European ‘Media scape’”, Institute for Strategic Dialogue, 2009, http://www.strategicdialogue.org /ISD%20muslims%20media%2 0WEB.pdf

“Facts and Figures”, International Organization for Migration, http:// www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/about-migration/facts-and-fgures/lang/en

Эти показатели были вычислены с использованием данных базы знаний Wolfram Alpha.

Adrian Michaels, “Muslim Europe: The Demographic Time Bomb Transforming Our Continent”, Telegraph, August 8, 2009, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/5994047/Muslim-Europe-the-demographic-time-bomb-transforming-our-continent.html

Karoly Lorant, “The Demographic Challenge in Europe”, Brussels, April 2005, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/inddem/docs/papers/The%20demographic%20challenge%20in%20Europe.pdf

“The Future of the Global Muslim Population”, Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, January 27, 2011, http://www.pewforum.org/ The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx

«Спасибо большое» (яп.) – Примеч. пер.

Federal Communications Commission, International Telecommunications Data Report (2004), http://transition.fcc.gov/ib/sand/mniab/traffc/files/CREPOR04.pdf

Данные отсюда: International Telecommunication Union, http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics

Most Viewed Now, wwiTV.com, http://wwitv.com/most_viewed_now.htm

На всех перечисленных ресурсах есть большие разделы на китайском языке. Кроме того, перечисленные сайты далеко не всегда доступны всем китайцам из-за воинственной и постоянно меняющей правила интернет-цензуры, которую практикует китайское правительство.

По количеству интернет-пользователей 10 место в мире занимает Нигерия, однако в то время Doubleclick не отслеживал нигерийские запросы, поэтому вместо нее идет Южная Корея, тогда занимавшая 11 место.

Asia and Japan Watch, the Asahi Shimbun, http://ajw.asahi.com/

Priya Kumar, “Foreign Correspondents: Who Covers What?”, American Journalism Review, December/January 2011, http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=4997

“Content Analysis”, The State of the News Media, http://stateofthemedia.org/2005/newspapers-intro/content-analysis

Как и в исследовании Media Standards Trust, мы проанализировали все статьи в четырех американских газетах: New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune и Washington Post, напечатанные в течение четырех недель – по неделе на каждое десятилетие. В Chicago Tribune и Washington Post за сорокалетний период нами было зафиксировано значительное снижение количества статей о международных делах и событиях за границей. В Los Angeles Times эти показатели также заметно снизились в период с 1979 по 1999 год, однако в 2009-м газета активно печатала материалы о международных делах. В настоящий момент мы пытаемся понять, являются ли эти данные погрешностью и международная ситуация активно освещалась в газете именно в ту неделю, или же это можно рассматривать как общую тенденцию. В британских газетах мы также зафиксировали значительное снижение количества материалов на международные темы, чего нельзя сказать о New York Times, где в 2009 году количество статей указанных категорий составляло 80 % от аналогичных показателей 1979 года.

Guy Golan, “Inter-Media Agenda Setting and Global News Coverage: Assessing the Influence of the New York Times on Three Network Television Evening News Programs”, Journalism Studies 7, no. 2 (2006): 323–33, http://www.academia.edu/279392/Inter-Media_Agenda_Setting_and_Global_News_Coverage

100

Аlisa Miller, Media Makeover: Improving the News One Click at a Time (New York: Ted Books, 2011).

101

Kristen Purcell, Lee Rainie, Amy Mitchell, Tom Rosenstiel, and Kenny Olmstead, “Understanding the Participatory News Consumer”, Pew Internet and American Life Project, March 1, 2010, http://www.pewinternet.org/ Reports/2010/ Online-News/Part-1/4-Satisfaction-with– coverage-of-different-news-topics.aspx

102

“In a Changing News Landscape, Even Television Is Vulnerable”, Pew Research Center, September 27, 2012, http://www.people-press.org/2012/09/27/section-3-news-attitudes-and-habits-2

103

Anthony Kaufman, “Is Foreign Film the New Endangered Species?”, New York Times, January 22, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/22/ movies/22kauf.html

104

Three Percent, http://www.rochester.edu/college/translation/threepercent/index.php?s=about

105

Amy Balkin, “In Transit”, CabSpotting, http://cabspotting.org/projects/intransit/; “FAQ”, CabSpotting, http://cabspotting.org/faq.html

106

“History of Railroads and Maps”, Library of Congress, 1998, http:// memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/rrhtml/rrintro.html; Olivier Zunz, Making America Corporate (London: University of Chicago Press, 1990).

107

Martin Dodge, “Cybergeography Research”, University of Manchester, 2007, http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/m.dodge/cybergeography/atlas/atlas.html

108

Josh McWilliam, “How Does the Google Maps Traffic Feature Work? Where Does the Data Come From?”, Bright Hub, September 24, 2010, http://www.brighthub.com/internet/google/articles/46896.aspx; Frederic Lardinois, “Google Maps Gets Smarter: Crowdsources Live Traffc Data”, ReadWriteWeb, August 25, 2009, http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/google_maps_gets_smarter_crowdsources_traffc_data.php

109

Dave Barth, “The Bright Side of Sitting in Traffc: Crowd-sourcing Road Congestion Data”, Googleblog, August 25, 2009, http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/08 /bright-side-of-sitting-in-traffc.html

110

Кроме того, операторы все чаще выдают эти данные по запросу правоохранительных органов. Между 2008 и 2009 годами американский оператор связи Sprint предоставил правоохранительным органам США восемь миллионов записей, многие из которых содержали информацию о местонахождении абонентов. См. статью за декабрь 2009 года: Kim Zetter “Feds ‘Pinged’ Sprint GPS Data 8 Million Times over a Year”, Wired, http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2009/12/gps-data

111

Kai Biermann, “Tell-all Telephone”, Zeit Online, March 26, 2011, http://www.zeit.de/datenschutz/malte-spitz-data-retention

112

Noam Cohen, “Cellphones Track Your Every Move, and You May Not Even Know”, New York Times, March 26, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/26/business/media/26privacy.html?_r=1

113

Wiredautopia, “airtraffc”, December 7, 2008, http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=oR00_uLfGVE

114

Research and Innovative Technology Administration, “Table 1–46: Air Passenger Travel Departures from the United States to Selected Foreign Countries by Flag of Carriers”, in National Transportation Statistics, U. S. Dept. of Transportation, July 2010, http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_46.html

115

Ibid.

116

Карта Мародеров – магический предмет из книг о Гарри Поттере, особая карта, которая показывает местоположение любого посетителя Хогвартса. – Примеч. пер.

117

Пер. Н. Брагинской. – Примеч. пер.

118

Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M. Cook, “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks”, Annual Review of Sociology, no. 27 (2001): 415–444, http://aris.ss.uci.edu/~lin/52.pdf

119

Christian Jarrett, “We Sit Near People Who Look like Us”, BPS Research Digest (blog), July 18, 2011, http://bps-research-digest.blogspot.com/2011/07/we-sit-near-people-who-look-like-us.html

120

Наиболее сильные признаки гемофильности проявили ученики одной из самых элитарных частных школ Америки, что дает обильную пищу для разного рода теорий относительно американского правящего класса.

121

George Simmel, The Sociology of Georg Simmel, trans. and ed. Kurt H. Wolff (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1950).

122

Andreas Wimmer and Kevin Lewis, “Beyond and Below Racial Homophily: ERG Models of a Friendship Network Documented on Facebook”, American Journal of Sociology 116, no. 2 (September 2010): 583–642, http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/soc/faculty/wimmer/WimmerLewis.pdf

123

Robert F. Worth, “In New York Tickets, Ghana Sees Orderly City”, New York Times, July 22, 2002, http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/22/nyregion/in-new-york-tickets-ghana-sees-orderly-city.html. По горькой иронии, результатом статьи в New York Times, где рассказывалось о роли Ганы в парковочной системе Нью-Йорка, стала жесткая критика решения отдать эту деятельность на аутсорсинг, и контракт с ганскими работниками продлен не был.

124

“Op-Ed: An African Success Story”, New York Times, January 8, 2001, http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/08/opinion/an-african-success-story.html

125

Peter Boyer, “Famine in Ethiopia”, Washington Journalism Review, January 1985, pp. 18–21.

126

William C. Adams, “Whose Lives Count? TV Coverage of Natural Disasters”, Journal of Communication 36 (Spring 1986): 113–22, http://www.gwu.edu/~pad/202/readings/disasters.html

127

Экономический крен в американских новостях может в ближайшее время усилиться, поскольку агентство Bloomberg и Wall Street Journal расширяют свои зарубежные офисы, в то время как большинство новостных бюро постепенно снижают свое заграничное присутствие.

128

Maxwell E. McCombs and Donald L. Shaw, “The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media”, Public Opinion Quarterly 36, no. 2 (Summer 1972): 176–87.

129

Ted Rall, “How the U. S. Media Marginalizes Dissent”, Al Jazeera, August 4, 2011, http://english.aljazeera.net/ indepth/opinion/2011/08 /20118164314283633.html

130

Jay Rosen, “Audience Atomization Overcome: Why the Internet Weakens the Authority of the Press”, PressThink (blog), January 12, 2009, http://archive.pressthink.org/2009/01/12/atomization.html

131

Chris Roberts, “Gatekeeping Theory: An Evolution” (paper presented at Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, San Antonio, TX, August 2005), http://www.chrisrob.com/about/gatekeeping.pdf

132

Pamela Shoemaker and Tim P. Vos, Gatekeeping Theory (New York: Routledge, 2009), p. 16.

133

Dan Berkowitz, ed., Social Meanings of News (London: SAGE, 1997), p. 9.

134

MacBride commission, Many Voices, One World: Toward a New, More Just, and More Efficient World Information and Communication Order (Paris: UNESCO, 1980), p. 270.

135

Ibid., p. 263, rec. 47.

136

Ken Doctor, “The Newsonomics of WaPo’s reader dashboard 1.0”, Nieman Journalism Lab, April 7, 2011, http://www.niemanlab.org/2011/04/the-newsonomics-of-wapos-reader-dashboard-1–0

137

Michael Shapiro, “Six Degrees of Aggregation: How the Huffington Post Ate the Internet”, Columbia Journalism Review, May/June 2012, http://www.cjr.org/cover_story/six_degrees_of_aggregation.php?page=all; “Google Analytics and Google Apps Help The Huffington Post Keep Its Edge”, http://www.google.com/analytics/customers/case_study_huffngton_post.html

138

William Safire, Before the Fall: An Inside View of the Pre-Watergate White House (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2005), p. 392.

139

Diana Saluri Russo, “Is the Foreign News Bureau Part of the Past?”, Global Journalist, January 30, 2010, http://www.globaljournalist.org/stories/2010/01/30/is-the-foreign-news-bureau-part-of-the-past/

140

Jodi Enda, “Retreating from the World”, American Journalism Review, December/January 2011, http://www.ajr.org/article.asp?id=4985

141

“The Wall Street Journal under Rupert Murdoch”, Journalism.org, July 20, 2011, http://www.journalism.org/commentary_backgrounder/wall_street_journal_under_rupert_murdoch

142

Я спросил ведущего аналитика New York Times, не мог бы он поделиться сведениями о просмотрах международных материалов в сравнении с трафиком на местные новости. Он отказал вежливо, но твердо, пояснив, что издание не выдает такие сведения даже рекламодателям.

143

Elizabeth A. Thomson, “Freshman Publishing Experiment Offers Made-to-Order Newspapers”, MITnews, March 9, 1994, http://web.mit.edu/newsoffce/1994/newspaper-0309.html

144

Cass R. Sunstein, Infotopia: How Many Minds Produce Knowledge (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 188.

145

Eric Lawrence, John Side, and Henry Farrell, “Self-Segregation or Deliberation? Blog Readership, Participation, and Polarization in American Politics”, Department of Political Science, George Washington University, March 10, 2009, http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/cces/fles/ Lawrence_Sides_Farrell_Self-Segregation_or_Deliberation.pdf

146

Natalie Glance and Lada Adamic, “The Political Blogosphere and the 2004 U. S. Election: Divided They Blog”, Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Link Discovery (2005): 36–43.

147

Eszter Hargittai et al., “Cross-ideological Discussions among Conservative and Liberal Bloggers”, Public Choice 134 (2008): 67–86.

148

John Horrigan, Kelly Garrett, and Paul Resnick, “The Internet and Democratic Debate”, Pew Internet and American Life Project, October 27, 2004, http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2004/The-Internet-and-Democratic-Debate.aspx

149

Mark Glaser, “Social Media Grows at NY Times, But Home Page Remains King”, MediaShift, January 13, 2011, http://www.pbs.org/media shift/2011/01 /social-media-grows-at-any-times-but-home-page-remains-king 013.html

150

Brian Stelter, “Finding Political News Online, the Young Pass It On”, New York Times, March 27, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/27/us/politics/27voters.html?_r=1

151

Dee T. Allsop, Bryce R. Bassett, and James A. Hoskins, “Word-of-Mouth Research: Principles and Applications”, Journal of Advertising Research, December 2007, pp. 398–410.

152

Stelter, “Finding Political News Online”.

153

Kenny Olmstead, Amy Mitchell, and Tom Rosenstiel, “Where People Go, How They Get There, and What Lures Them Away”, Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism, May 9, 2011, http://www.journalism.org/node/25008

154

Alexis Madrigal, “Dark Social: We Have the Whole History of the Web Wrong”, Atlantic, October 12, 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/10/dark-social-we-have-the-whole-history-of-the-web-wrong/263523

155

Justin Osofsky, “Making News and Entertainment More Social in 2011”, Facebook Developer Blog, December 28, 2010, http://developers.facebook.com/blog/post/443/

156

Tanya Cordrey, “Tanya Cordrey’s Speech at the Guardian Changing Media Summit”, Guardian, March 21, 2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/gnm-press-offce/changing-media-summit-tanya-cordrey

157

“What Americans Do Online: Social Media and Games Dominate Activity”, Nielsen Wire (blog), August 2, 2010, http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/online_mobile/what-americans-do-online-social-media-and-games-dominate-activity/; “Social Networking Accounts for 1 of Every 5 Minutes Spent Online in Australia”, comScore, Inc., February 18, 2011, http://www.comscore.com/layout/set/popup/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2011/2/Social_Networking_Accounts_for_1_of_Every_5_Minutes – Spent_Online_in_Australia

158

Matt Carmichael and E. J. Schultz, “Millennial Grocery Shopping Habits and Marketing Trends”, AdAge Blogs, June 29, 2011, http://adage.com/article/adagestat/millennial-grocery-shopping-habits-marketing-trends/228480/

159

Jason Kincaid, “The Secret Sauce That Makes Facebook’s News Feed Tick”, TechCrunch, April 22, 2010, http://techcrunch.com/2010/04/22/facebook-edgerank/

160

Eli Pariser, The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You (New York: Penguin Press, 2011), p. 5.

161

Barry Schwartz, “Duck! Google’s Cutts Responds to Search Filter Bubbles”, Search Engine Roundtable, June 21, 2011, http://www.seroundtable.com/google-search-bubble-response-13591.html

162

Bill Bishop, “The Big Sort Maps”, The Big Sort, http://www.thebig_sort.com/maps.php

163

Keith N. Hampton, Lauren Sessions Goulet, Lee Rainie, and Kristen Purcell, “Social Networking Sites and Our Lives”, Pew Research Center’s Internet and American Life Project, June 16, 2011, http://www.pewinternet.org/~/media//Files/Reports/2011/PIP%20-%20Social%20networking%20sites%20and%20our%20lives.pdf

164

Garry Blight, Sheila Pulham, and Paul Torpey, “Arab Spring: An Interactive Timeline of Middle East Protests”, Guardian, January 5, 2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/ world/interactive/2011/mar/22/middle-east-protest-interactive-timeline

165

Ethan Zuckerman, “What Bloggers Amplify from the BBC”, my heart’s in accra, January 28, 2005, http://www.ethanzuckerman.com/blog/2005/01/28/what-bloggers-amplify-from-the-bbc/; “New York Times Headlines in Blogs, Seen by Technorati”, http://gapdev.law.harvard.edu/results/20050128/nytheadlines.html

166

Jonah Berger and Katherine L. Milkman, “What Makes Online Content Viral?”, Journal of Marketing Research 49, no. 2 (2012): 192–205, http://www.journals.marketingpower.com/doi/abs/10.1509/jmr.10.0353

167

Paul Butler, “Visualizing Friendships”, Facebook’s Engineering Posts, December 13, 2010, https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-engineering/visualizing-friendships/469716398919 Не менее самой карты поражает отсутствие на ней значительной части Азии. В Китае Facebook заблокирован, а в Южной Корее и Японии сеть развивается с большим трудом.

168

Johan Ugander, Brian Karrer, Lars Backstrom, and Cameron Marlow, “The Anatomy of the Facebook Social Graph”, November 18, 2011, http://arxiv.org/pdf/1111.4503v1.pdf В ходе обсуждения с авторами работы выяснилось, что показатели по Канаде завышены из-за неправильного подсчета пользователей фейсбука, которые заходят туда через устройства Blackberry, поэтому более реалистичной оценкой международных Facebook-связей следует считать 13,3 %.

169

“Stories”, http://www.facebookstories.com/stories/1574/interactive-mapping-the-world-s-friendships#color=continent&story=1&country=US

170

Из личной переписки по электронной почте, 10 октября 2012 года.

171

“Манифест Global Voices”, http://ru.globalvoicesonline.org/about/manifest/

172

Mahmood Nasser Al-Yousif, “About”, Mahmood’s Den, http://mahmood.tv/about/

173

Jennifer Preston, “When Unrest Stirs, Bloggers Are Already in Place”, New York Times, March 13, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/14/business /media/14voices.html

174

“Jay Walker on the World’s English Mania”, TED talk, February 2009, http://www.ted.com/talks/jay_walker_on_the_world_s_english_mania.html

175

Edward T. O’Neill, Brian F. Lavoie, and Rick Bennett, “Trends in the Evolution of the Public Web”, D-Lib Magazine 9, no. 4, April 2003, http://www.dlib.org/dlib/april03/lavoie/04lavoie.html

176

Ted Smalley Bowen, “English Could Snowball on the Net”, Technology Research News, November 21, 2001, http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/2001/112101/English_could_snowball_on_Net_112101.html; Neil Gandal and Carl Shapiro, “The Effect of Native Language on Inter-net Usage”, November 12, 2001, http://econ.tau.ac.il/papers/applied/language.pdf

177

Из переписки по электронной почте, 3 февраля 2011 года.

178

“Internet World Users by Language”, Internet World Stats, http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats7.htm

179

Marissa McNaughton, “Over 50 % of China’s Internet Users Regularly Blog and Use Social Media”, Realtime Report, January 10, 2011, http://twtrcon.com/2011/01/10/over-50-of-chinas-internet-users-regularly-blog-and-use-social-media

180

Ahmad Humeid, 360° East, http://www.360east.com/

181

Daniel Sorid, “Writing the Web’s Future in Many Languages”, New York Times, December 30, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/31/technology/internet/31hindi.html?pagewanted=2

182

Ведь она знает только английский, испанский, датский, немецкий и французский.

183

Рассматривать язык как инструмент, а не как врожденную когнитивную функцию предлагали целый ряд философов и лингвистов. См.: Andy Clark, “Magic Words: How Language Augments Human Computation”, http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/philo/courses/concepts/magicwords.html, или Daniel L. Everett, Language: The Cultural Tool (New York: Pantheon, 2012).

184

Bertran C. Bruce, “The Disappearance of Technology: Toward an Ecological Model of Literacy”, https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/13343/disappearance_of_tech.pdf

185

Eytan Adar et al., “Information Arbitrage across Multilingual Wikipedia”, Proceedings of the Second ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (New York, 2009).

186

Robert K. Plumb, “Russian Is Turned into English by a Fast Electronic Translator”, New York Times, January 8, 1954.

187

«Язык ассемблер» – это «родной язык» компьютера. Он состоит из весьма ограниченного количества команд, которые выполняет микропроцессор. Программирование на ассемблере чрезвычайно трудоемкое и сложное занятие, куда более сложное, нежели работа на современных языках программирования, которые хотя бы отдаленно напоминают человеческий язык. Такие «языки высокого уровня» появились лишь спустя три года, когда тот же Шеридан помог IBM разработать FORTRAN.

188

W. John Hutchins, “The Georgetown-IBM Experiment Demonstrated in January 1954”, http://www.hutchinsweb.me.uk/AMTA-2004.pdf

189

В данном случае используется машинный перевод того же отрывка с английского на русский. – Примеч. пер.

190

Barry Newman, “U. S. Government Sells News Service with World News Gathered by the CIA”, Wall Street Journal, February 28, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000142405274870462900457613638117 8584352.html

191

Из интервью с Суном по электронной почте, 5 февраля 2011 года.

192

Ethan Zuckerman, “Who’s Writing about Lu Banglie?”, my heart’s in accra (blog), October 10, 2005, http://www.ethanzuckerman.com/ blog/2005/10/10 /whos-writing-about-lu-banglie/; Roland Soong, “The Taishi (China) Elections – Part 1 (Chronology)”, EastSouthWestNorth (blog), September 19, 2005, http://www.zonaeuropa.com/20050919_1.htm

193

Последние выпуски доступны по адресу: http://www.ecocn.org/portal.php

194

Yochai Benkler, The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), p. 83.

195

В 2009 году конференции TED переехали из Монтерея в Лонг-Бич, Калифорния, интернет-трансляции лекций TED также проводит расположенное в Великобритании подразделение TED Global, а конференции TEDx проходят по всему миру.

196

Luis von Ahn et al., “reCAPTCHA: HumanBased Character Recognition via Web Security Measures”, Science, September 12, 2008, pp. 1465–68.

197

Luis von Ahn, “Massive-Scale Online Collaboration”, TED talk, April 2011, http://www.ted.com/talks/luis_von_ahn_massive_scale_online_collabo ration.html

198

Christopher Mims, “Translating the Web While You Learn”, MIT Technology Review, May 2, 2011, http://www.technologyreview.com/ news/423894/translating-the-web-while-you-learn/

199

Philipp Koehn, “Europarl: A Parallel Corpus for Statistical Machine Translation” (paper presented at Machine Translation Summit, 2005), http://mt-archive.info/MTS-2005-Koehn.pdf

200

J. M. Ledgard, “Digital Africa”, Intelligent Life, Spring 2011, http://moreintelligentlife.com/content/ideas/jm-ledgard/digital-africa?page=full

201

Wade Davis, “Dreams from Endangered Cultures”, filmed February 2003, TED video, 22:05, posted January 2007, http://www.ted.com/talks /wade_davis_on_endangered_cultures.html

202

Некоммерческая организация «Национальное общественное радио» США. – Примеч. пер.

203

Marc Eliot, Paul Simon: A Life (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2010), p. 186.

204

Вопрос, что именно за кассету передала Берг Саймону, до сих пор является предметом дискуссий среди историков музыки. Чаще всего сообщается о кассете с надписью «Gumboots: Accordion Jive Hits, volume 2», однако ни одного релиза с таким названием до сих пор обнаружить не удалось. Неуловимость этого материала не оставила равнодушным и британского музыканта Эрика Клептона (Eric Kleptone), который сделал карьеру, создавая ремиксы и смешивая произведения других музыкантов. Он опубликовал в сети свой микс под названием «Paths to Graceland», на котором собрал музыку, которая могла бы быть записана на той кассете, http://www.kleptones.com/blog/2012/06/28/hectic-city-15-paths-to-graceland

205

Timothy White, “Lasers in the Jungle: The Conception and Maturity of a Musical Masterpiece”, Warner Bros. Records, 1997, http://www.wbr.com/paulsimon/graceland/cmp/essay.html

206

The Boyoyo Boys, All Music, http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-boyoyo-boys-mn0000625695

207

“The Boyoyo Boys and Township Jive Today”, Samaka Music (blog), December 9, 2007, http://samakamusic.blogspot.com/2007/12/boyoyo-boys-and-township-jive-today.html

208

Саймон, конечно, не идеальный человек и не идеальный ксенофил, и его работу, безусловно, можно рассматривать и как апроприацию. В записи последних двух треков альбома «Graceland» участвовала латино-группа Los Lobos, члены которой указаны как музыканты, а не как авторы композиции. Стивен Берлин из Los Lobos утверждает, что «The Myth of Fingerprints» – это написанная им и его группой песня «By Light of the Moon». Он даже грозил Саймону судом и называл, «в сущности, самым большим мудаком на свете». Однако в суд Берлин так и не обратился.

209

“Notes on Odysseus’ Name and Pseudonyms”, http://faculty.gvsu.edu/ websterm/m%27onomakluton.htm

210

Alexis Bloom and Tshewang Dendup, “Bhutan’s Busiest Cable Guy”, FRONTLINE/World, December 2000, http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bhutan/interview.html

211

Somini Sengupta, “Bhutan Lets the World In (But Leaves Fashion TV Out)”, New York Times, May 6, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com /2007/05/06/world /asia/06bhutan.html

212

Cathy Scott-Clark and Adrian Levy, “Fast Forward into Trouble”, Guardian, June 13, 2003, http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2003/ jun/14/weekend7.weekend2

213

Pat Harris, “City of Nashville rejects English-only law”, Reuters online, January 23, 2009, http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/01/23/ us-usa-english-nashville-idUSTRE50M11420090123

214

Pippa Norris, Cosmopolitan Communications: Cultural Diversity in a Globalized World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2009), Kindle ed., locations 549–52.

215

Ibid., chap. 10.

216

Malcolm Gladwell, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Boston: Little, Brown, 2000), p. 54.

217

“Why Americans Use Social Media”, Pew Internet and American Life Project, http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2011/Why-Americans-Use-Social-Media/Main-report.aspx

218

Я благодарен своему другу и коллеге Зейнепе Туфекчи за это наблюдение и помощь в интерпретации работ Грановеттера.

219

Ronald S. Burt, “Structural Holes and Good Ideas”, American Journal of Sociology 110, no. 2 (September 2004): 349–99, http://www.bebr.uf.edu/sites/default/fles/Structural%20Holes%20and%20Good%20Ideas.pdf

220

“Akademie Olympia”, Albert Einstein in the World Wide Web, http://www.einstein-website.de/z_biography/olympia-e.html

221

Burt, “Structural Holes”.

222

Ibid.

223

Если в просьбе Путина указать адрес – а значит, имя и фамилию блогера – вам слышится зловещий оттенок, то это, видимо, неслучайно. Через пять месяцев после того, как его пост стал «вирусным», top-lap прекратил вести свой блог. В последних нескольких записях он сообщил о визите полицейских, которые конфисковали его жесткий диск и USB-накопитель, и дал понять, что готов уехать, чтобы избежать ареста.

224

Jay Rosen, “National Explainer: A Job for Journalists on the Demand Side of News”, PressThink (blog), August 13, 2008, http://archive.press-think.org/2008/08/13/national_explain.html

225

Tiffany Ap, “The Wild, Wile Web: Ever-Elusive, chinaSMACK Founder Fauna”, The Beijinger (blog), July 26, 2010, http://www.thebeijinger.com/blog/2010/07/26/The-Wild-Wile-Web-Ever-Elusive-chinaSMACK-founder-Fauna; Maile Cannon and Jingying Yang, “Bloggers Open an Internet Window on Shanghai”, New York Times, February 24, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/25/technology/25ihtrshanblog.html?pagewanted=all

226

Fauna, “Migrant Workers’ Children Spend Childhood Scavenging Landfll”, chinaSMACK, August 24, 2011, http://www.chinasmack.com/2011/pictures/migrant-workers-children-spend-childhood-scavenging-landfll.html

227

Human Library, “About”, 2012, http://humanlibrary.org/the-history.html; Andrew Weichel, “Surrey Library to Loan Out Volunteers as ‘Living Books’”, CTV News, August 20, 2011, http://www.ctvbc.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews

228

Achal R. Prabhala, People Are Knowledge (video), posted July 15, 2011, http://vimeo.com/26469276; Noam Cohen, “A Push to Redefne Knowledge at Wikipedia”, New York Times, August 7, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/08/business/media/a-push-to-redefne-knowledge – at-wikipedia.html?_r=1

229

Dhani Jones and Jonathan Grotenstein, The Sportsman (New York: Rodale Books, 2011), Kindle ed., locations 3885–86.

230

Ethan Zuckerman, “Wayne Marshall on Nu Whirled Music… and My Thoughts, Too…”, my heart’s in accra (blog), December 15, 2010, http://www.ethanzuckerman.com/blog/2010/12/15/wayne-marshall-on-nu-whirled-music-and-my-thoughts-too

231

David Drake, “Diplo: The Stylus Interview”, Stylus, October 4, 2004, http://www.stylusmagazine.com/articles/weekly_article/diplo-the-stylus-interview.htm

232

Термин «байле-фанк» прежде всего обозначает танцы под фанк – музыку, которую в Бразилии часто называют funk carioca. Однако за пределами Бразилии байле-фанк используется как обозначение музыкального направления, и здесь я следую этой традиции употребления.

233

Sasha Frere-Jones, “Brazilian Wax”, New Yorker, August 1, 2005, http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/08/01/050801crmu_music?currentPage=1

234

Camilo Rocha, “Globalistas: An Introduction”, Spannered, February 20, 2008, http://www.spannered.org/music/1375

235

Matt Harding, Where the Hell Is Matt?: Dancing Badly around the World (New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2009), p. 77.

236

Ibid., p. 143.

237

Hugo Zemp, “The/An Ethnomusicologist and the Record Business”, Yearbook for Traditional Music 28 (1996): 36–56. See also Stephen Feld, “A Sweet Lullaby for World Music”, Public Culture 12, no. 1 (2000): 145–71.

238

Ауки – столица одной из провинций Соломоновых Островов. – Примеч. пер.

239

Matt Harding, “Auki, Solomon Islands Loose Ends”, Wherethehell ismatt.com, February 4, 2011, http://www.wherethehellismatt.com/journal/2011/02/auki-solomon-islands.html

240

“Lagos Makoko Slums Knocked Down in Nigeria”, BBC News Africa, July 17, 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18870511

241

World Bank, “Urban Development”, 2012, http://data.worldbank.org/topic/urban-development

242

John Grimond, “A Survey of Cities: The World Goes to Town”, Economist, May 3, 2007, http://www.economist.com/node/ 9070726; “European Urbanization” (map), Philip’s Atlas of World History, http://qed.prince ton.edu/index.php/User: Student/European_Urbanization_1800; Population Reference Bureau, “Human Population: Urbanization”, 2012, http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/Urbanization.aspx; World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision (New York: United Nations, 2007), http://www.un.org/esa/pop-ulation/publications/wup2007/2007WUP_Highlights_web.pdf

243

Мэр Лондона приказал убить всех котов и собак, полагая, что они переносят чуму, что только усугубило ситуацию, поскольку они, скорее, сдерживали распространение переносивших заразу крыс.

244

David Perdue, “Dickens’ London”, David Perdue’s Charles Dickens Page, 2012, http://www.fdnet.com/~dap1955/dickens/dickens_london.html; “John Snow: Broad Street Pump Outbreak”, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, http://courses.sph.unc.edu/john_snow/pro logue.htm

245

Martin Daunton, “London’s ‘Great Stink’ and Victorian Urban Plan– ning”, BBC History, August 22, 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ trail/victorian_britain/social_conditions/victorian_urban_planning_01.shtml

246

Ethan Zuckerman, “Geek Tracking, African Hacking”, my heart’s in accra (blog), April 27, 2007 (2:08 pm), http://www.ethanzuckerman.com/blog /2007/04/27/geek-tracking-african-hacking

247

Guy Debord, “Theory of the Dérive”, trans. Ken Knabb, in Situationist International Anthology (2006), posted on http://www.bopsecrets.org/SI/2.derive.htm

248

Zachary M. Seward, “Everything the Internet Knows about Me (Because I Asked It To)”, Digits (blog), Wall Street Journal, December 22, 2010, http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2010/12/22/everything-the-internet-knows-about-me-because-i-asked-it-to

249

Creepy (англ. сленг.) – стрем. – Примеч. пер.

250

Zachary M. Seward, “Everything the Internet Knows about Me (Because I Asked It To)”.

251

Brad DeLong, “What Future Does Facebook Have?”, Brad DeLong (blog), January 10, 2011, http://delong.typepad.com/sdj/2011/01/what-future-does-facebook-have.html

252

Paul Carr, “NSFW: #Ebony and #Ivory – The Brave New World of Online Self-Segregation”, TechCrunch, May 2, 2010, http://techcrunch.com/2010/05/02/a-limey-writes

253

“YESTERDAY: The Rabbit Proof Fence”, State Barrier Fence of Western Australia, http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/43156/20040709–0000/agspsrv34.agric.wa.gov.au/programs/app/barrier/history.htm

254

Старинное название острова Шри-Ланка в персидской транскрипции. – Примеч. пер.

255

Letter to Sir Horace Mann of January 28, 1754, cited in T. G. Remer, Serendipity and the Three Princes, from the Peregrinaggio of 557 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965).

256

На запрос «серендипность» «Яндекс» предлагает около 240 тысяч страниц. – Примеч. пер.

257

Colin Eagan, “What the Design of Cities Teaches Us about the Design of Sites”, Fit & Finish: Insight from the ICF Ironworks User Experience Group, July 27, 2010, http://ftandfnish.ironworks.com/2010/07/what-designing-cities-teaches-us-about-designing-sites-or-how-not-to-become-the-digital-equivalent-of-tysons-corner.html

258

Библиотека Конгресса анонсировала свои планы по архивированию всех публичных твитов в 2010 году. К 2012 году планы так и не осуществились, твиты по-прежнему недоступны, а новости о проекте сводятся к обсуждению технических сложностей, с которыми столкнулась Библиотека Конгресса при работе с огромными массивами данных, которые генерирует Twitter: http://radar.oreilly.com/2011/06/library-of-congress-twitter-archive.html

259

Matthew Ingram, “Which Is Better, Real Names on Facebook or Helping Dissidents?”, GigaOm, February 8, 2011, http://gigaom.com/2011/02/08/which-is-better-real-names-on-facebook-or-helping-dissidents

260

Революционные вооруженные силы Колумбии – леворадикальная повстанческая группировка Колумбии. – Примеч. пер.

Jennifer Woodard Maderazo, “Facebook Becomes Catalyst for Causes, Colombian FARC Protest”, MediaShift, February 22, 2008, http://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2008/02/facebook-becomes-catalyst-for-causes– colombian-farc-protest053.html

261

Каталог страниц, выстроенных по популярности, доступен по ссылке: http://www.facebook.com/directory/pages

262

Gilad Lotan, “Data Reveals That ‘Occupying’ Twitter Trending Topics Is Harder Than It Looks!”, Social Flow (blog), October 12, 2011, http://blog.socialfow.com/post/7120244374/data-reveals-that-occupying-twitter-trending-topics-is-harder-than-it-looks

263

Неправильные церковные гимны. – Примеч. пер.

264

Jon Fasman, “The $10,000 Gin and Tonic”, Intelligent Life, September 2007, http://moreintelligentlife.com/node/153

265

Guy Debord, “Theory of the Dérive”, trans. Ken Knabb, in Situationist International Anthology (2006), posted on http://www.bopsecrets.org/ SI/2.derive.htm

266

Counter-intelligence – контрразведка, однако «сounter» – еще и «стойка», «прилавок». Игру слов можно перевести, как «Разведка вилкой». – Примеч. пер.

267

Linda Monach, Burgers Here and There, 2011, http://burgershereandthere.com

268

«Все разное». – Примеч. пер.

269

David Weinberger, “Free Dewey!”, KMWorld, October 1, 2004, http://www.kmworld.com/Articles/Column/David-Weinberger/Free-Dewey! – 9579.aspx

270

«Подсчитай себя» (англ.) – Примеч. пер.

271

S. Roberts, “Self-experimentation as a Source of New Ideas: Examples about Sleep, Mood, Health, and Weight”, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27 (2004): 227–62, http://quantifedself.com/2011/03/effect-of-one-legged-standing-on-sleep

272

Американский кабельный спортивный телевизионный канал. – Примеч. пер.

273

The Sopranos, “Made in America”, The Sopranos, June 10, 20 0 7.

274

“Journey Announces New Singer”, Blabbermouth.net, December 5, 2007, http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=86205

275

“Arnel Pineda Biography”, Biography.com, http://www.biography.com/people/arnel-pineda-20860785

276

Бенито «Санни» Вергара описывает феномен плакадо и невероятные приключения Арнеля Пинеды в нескольких статьях: http://americanpop.asianweek.com/2008/06/tongues-like-parrots/, http://americanpop.asianweek.com/2008/07/the-man-can-sing-anything, http://americanpop.asianweek.com/2008/07/its-steve-and-its-not-steve

277

Alex Pappademas, “He Didn’t Stop Believin’”, GQ, June 2008, http://www.gq.com/entertainment/music/200805/arnel-pineda-journey-lead-singer

278

Patricia Sellers, “It’s Good to Be the Boss”, CNN Money, October 2, 2006, http://money.cnn.com/2006/09/29/magazines/fortune/mpw.femaleCEOs.intro.fortune/index.htm

279

Rob Cox, “Will Indra Nooyi Leave Pepsi?”, DailyBeast.com, July 30, 2012, http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2012/07/29/will-indra-nooyi – leave-pepsi.html

280

“Senior Functional Leadership: Muhtar Kent”, Coca-Cola Company, http://www.thecoca-colacompany.com/ourcompany/bios/bio_76.html

281

Herman Vantrappen and Petter Kilefors, “Grooming CEO Talent at the Truly Global Firm of the Future”, Prism 2 (2009): 91–105.

282

Partnership for a New American Economy, “The ‘New American’ Fortune 500”, June 2011, http://www.renewoureconomy.org/sites/all/themes/pnae/img/new-american-fortune-500-june-2011.pdf

283

Joann Muller, “The Impatient Mr. Ghosn”, Single Articles (blog), http://www.singlearticles.com/the-impatient-mr-ghosn-a779.html; David Ibison and James Mackintosh, “The Boss among Bosses”, Financial Times, July 7, 2006, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/1/530603e4–0de3–11db-a385–0000779e2340.html#axzz27tXNmlIA

284

Carla Power, “India’s Leading Export: CEOs”, Time, August 1, 2011, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2084441,00.html

285

R. Jagannathan, “5 Reasons Why Indian CEO’s Are Making It Big on Global Stage”, FirstPost Business, November 14, 2011, http://www.frstpost.com/business/5-reasons-why-indian-ceos-are-making-it-big-on-global-stage-130524.html

286

Partnership for a New American Economy, “The ‘New American’ Fortune 500”.

287

Lu Hong and Scott E. Page, “Groups of Diverse Problem Solvers Can Outperform Groups of High-Ability Problem Solvers”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101 (2004): 16385–89.

288

Штат, известный своими Великими равнинами. – Примеч. пер.

289

Irving L. Janis, Victims of Groupthink: A Psychological Study of Foreign-Policy Decisions and Fiascoes (Boston: Houghton Miffin, 1972), p. 277.

290

Hong and Page, “Groups”, p. 16389.

291

Jerome M. O’Connor, “Churchill’s ULTRA Secret of the Century”, September 2000, http://www.historyarticles.com/bletchley_park.htm

292

Steve Lohr, “Netfix Awards $1 Million Prize and Starts a New Contest”, Bits (blog), New York Times, September 21, 2009, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/21/netfix-awards-1-million-prize-and-starts-a-new-contest/; “Academy Interview: Five Questions for Dr. Scott Page”, NASA, June 30, 2010, http://www.nasa.gov/offces/oce/appel/ask-academy/issues/volume3/AA_3–6_F_interview.html

293

Page and Hong, “Groups”, p. 16386.

294

Warren E. Watson, Kamalesh Kumar, and Larry K. Michaelson, “Cultural Diversity’s Impact on Interaction Process and Performance: Comparing Homogeneous and Diverse Task Groups”, Academy of Management Journal 36 (1993): 590.

295

Katherine W. Phillips, Katie A. Liljenquist, and Margaret A. Neale, “Is the Pain Worth the Gain? The Advantages and Liabilities of Agreeing with Socially Distinct Newcomers”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 35 (2009): 336.

296

Joop de Jong, “The Dutch Golden Age and Globalization: History and Heritage, Legacies and Contestations”, Macalester International 27 (2011), http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/macintl/vol27/iss1

297

“Authoritarian Democracy in Singapore”, BBC, http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/authoritarian-democracy-in-singapore/10102.html

298

Christopher Ong, “Albert Winsemius”, Singapore Infopedia, http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1457_2009–02–11.html

299

Philip Bobbitt, The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace, and the Course of History (New York: Random House, 2002).

300

Ryan J. Maher, “A Priest Walks into Qatar and…”, Washington Post, July 20, 2008, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/ article/2008/07/18/AR2008071802558.html

301

Thomas P. M. Barnett, The Pentagon’s New Map: War and Peace in the Twenty-First Century (New York: Penguin, 2004).

302

Evgeny Morozov, “The Naked and the TED”, New Republic, August 2, 2012, http://www.tnr.com/article/books-and-arts/magazine/105703/the-naked-and-the-ted-khanna#

303

Abraham Heschel, The Prophets (New York: HarperCollins, 1969), p. xv.

304

Pirkei Avot, 2:20.