Невидимые женщины [заметки]
1
«Чертовски сложная женщина» (a bloody difficult woman) – характеристика, данная британским политиком Кеннетом Кларком экс-премьер-министру Великобритании Терезе Мэй. Мэй в интервью с удовольствием повторяла его слова. – Прим. ред.
2
Бовуар С. де. Второй пол. Т. 1 и 2: Пер. с франц. / Общ. ред. и вступ. ст. С.Г. Айвазовой, коммент. М.В. Аристовой. – М.: Прогресс; СПб.: Алетейя, 1997. – Здесь и далее, за исключением специально оговоренных случаев, прим. пер.
3
Аристотель. О возникновении животных / Пер. с древнегреч. В.П. Карпова. – М. – Л.: Издательство АН СССР, 1940.
5
Slocum, Sally (1975), ‘Woman the gatherer: male bias in anthropology,’ in Reiter, Rayna R. ed. (1975), Toward an Anthropology of Women. Monthly Review Press.
13
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/10/131008-women-handprints-oldest-neolithic-cave-art/.
16
Там же.
18
Там же.
19
Walker, Phillip (1995), ‘Problems of Preservation and Sexism in Sexing: Some Lessons from Historical Collections for Palaeodemographers’, in Saunders, S. R. and Herring A. (eds.), Grave Reflections, Portraying the Past through Cemetery Studies (Canadian Scholars’ Press, Toronto); https://namuhyou.wordpress.com/2016/06/18/sexism-when-sexing-your-skull-cultural-bias-when-sexing-the-skull/.
21
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/sep/18/battle-prejudice-warrior-women-ancient-amazons.
23
Общий род – грамматическая категория, соотносимая с представителями как мужского, так и женского пола в гендерно нейтральном контексте.
24
Hegarty, Peter and Buechel, Carmen (2006), ‘Androcentric Reporting of Gender Differences’, APA Journals: 1965–2004 Review of General Psychology, 10:4, 377–89; Vainapel, Sigal, Shamir, Opher Y., Tenenbaum, Yulie and Gilam, Gadi (2015), ‘The Dark Side of Gendered Language: The Masculine-Generic Form as a Cause for Self-Report Bias’, Psychological Assessment Issue, 27:4, 1513–19; Sczesny, Sabine, Formanowicz, Magda, and Moser, Franziska (2016), ‘Can Gender-Fair Language Reduce Gender Stereotyping and Discrimination?’, Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1–11; Horvath, Lisa Kristina and Sczesny, Sabine (2016), ‘Reducing women’s lack of fit with leadership positions? Effects of the wording of job advertisements’, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 25:2, 316–28; Stout, Jane G. and Dasgupta, Nilanjana (2011), ‘When He Doesn’t Mean You: Gender-Exclusive Language as Ostracism’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36:6, 757–69; Vervecken, Dries, Hannover, Bettina and Wolter, Ilka (2013), ‘Changing (S) expectations: How gender fair job descriptions impact children’s perceptions and interest regarding traditionally male occupations’, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 82:3, 208–20; Prewitt-Freilino, J. L., Caswell, T. A. and Laakso, E. K. (2012), ‘The Gendering of Language: A Comparison of Gender Equality in Countries with Gendered, Natural Gender, and Genderless Languages’, Sex Roles, 66: 3–4, 268–81; Gygax, Pascal, Gabriel, Ute, Sarrasin, Oriane, Oakhill, Jane and Garnham, Alan (2008), ‘Generically intended, but specifically interpreted: When beauticians, musicians, and mechanics are all men’, Language and Cognitive Processes, 23:3, 464–85; Stahlberg, D., Sczesny, S. and Braun, F. (2001), ‘Name your favorite musician: effects of masculine generics and of their alternatives in German’, Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 20, 464–69.
25
Stahlberg, Sczesny and Braun (2001).
26
Sczesny, Formanowicz and Moser (2016); Vervecken, Hannover and Wolter (2013).
27
Stahlberg, D. and Sczesny, S. (2001), ‘Effekte des generischen Maskulinums und alternativer Sprachformen auf den gedanklichen Einbezug von Frauen’ [The impact of masculine generics on the cognitive inclusion of women], Psychol. Rundsch., 52, 131–40; Horvath and Sczesny (2016); Sczesny, Formanowicz and Moser (2016).
28
Stout and Dasgupta (2011); Sczesny, Formanowicz and Moser (2016).
29
Gygax, Gabriel, Sarrasin, Oakhill and Garnham (2008).
30
Vainapel, Shamir, Tenenbaum and Gilam (2015).
31
Ignacio Bosque, ‘Sexismo linguistico y visibilidad de la mujer’, http://www.rae.es/sites/default/files/Sexismo_linguistico_y_visibilidad_de_la_mujer_0.pdf.
32
Vainapel, Shamir, Tenenbaum and Gilam (2015).
33
Fireman – от англ. fire (огонь) и man (человек, мужчина).
35
Horvath and Sczesny (2016).
36
Там же.
37
Там же.
38
Prewitt-Freilino, Caswell and Laakso (2012).
41
Согласно большинству источников, первые эмодзи появились в 1998–1999 гг.
45
Bradley, Adam, MacArthur, Cayley, Carpendale, Sheelagh and Hancock, Mark, ‘Gendered or Neutral? Considering the Language of HCI’, Graphics Interface Conference 2015, 3–5 June, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, http://graphicsinterface.org/wp-content/uploads/gi2015-21.pdf.
47
Naureen Durrani (2008), ‘Schooling the ‘other’: the representation of gender and national identities in Pakistani curriculum texts’, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 38:5, 595–610.
48
Lambdin, Jennifer R., Greer, Kristen M., Jibotian, Kari Selby, Wood, Kelly Rice and Hamilton, Mykol C. (2003), ’The Animal = Male Hypothesis: Children’s and Adults’ Beliefs About the Sex of Non-Sex-Specific Stuffed Animals’, Sex Roles, 48:11–12, 471–482.
53
Проект «Глобальный медиамониторинг» (The Global Media Monitoring Project, GMMP) – крупнейший исследовательский и правозащитный проект, нацеленный на анализ освещения гендерной проблематики в СМИ. Каждые пять лет с 1995 г. проект собирает данные по таким направлениям, как присутствие женщин в СМИ, дискриминация по половому признаку и гендерные стереотипы. Последнее исследование проводилось в 2015 г. по 114 странам.
55
Silvina Bongiovanni (2014), ‘‘No se preocupe la señora marquesa’: A study of gender bias in example sentences in the RAE grammar textbook’, IULC Working Papers, 14:1 https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/iulcwp/article/download/26200/31823.
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Clark, Roger, Allard, Jeffrey and Mahoney, Timothy (2004) ‘How Much of the Sky? Women in American High School History Textbooks from the 1960s, 1980s and 1990s’, Social Education, 68:1, 57–62.
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Amy L. Atchison (2017), ‘Where Are the Women? An Analysis of Gender Mainstreaming in Introductory Political Science Textbooks’, Journal of Political Science Education, 13:2, 185–199.
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Iveta Silova (2016), ‘Gender Analysis of Armenian School Curriculum and Textbooks Policy Brief’, PhD (June 2016), Arizona State University, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/24948/Gender0analysi0ooks000policy0brief.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y; Chiponda, Annie F and Wassermann, Johann (2016), ‘The depiction of women in the verbal text of a junior secondary Malawian history textbook – an analysis’, Yesterday & Today, 16, 40–59; https://www.ei-ie.org/en/woe_homepage/woe_detail/15405/curriculum-textbooks-and-gender-stereotypes-the-case-of-pakistan; Durrani (2008); Ullah, Hazir and Skelton, Christine (2013), ‘Gender representation in the public sector schools textbooks of Pakistan’, Educational Studies 39:2; 2006, 2007, 2009 and 2010 studies cit. Chiponda, Annie F and Wassermann, Johann (2016).
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Исследовательский центр Пью (Pew Research Center) – американский исследовательский центр, занимающийся изучением социальных и демографических проблем, а также общественного мнения в США и мире.
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Выставка электронных развлечений (Electronic Entertainment Expo, E3) – ежегодная выставка компьютерных игр, игровых приставок, аксессуаров и т. д., проводимая Entertainment Software Association (ESA).
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Feminist Frequency – сайт, посвященный анализу изображений женщин в массовой культуре.
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http://www.mamamia.com.au/star-wars-movie-features-a-female-lead; http://screencrush.com/rogue-one-female-lead-angry-fans/.
81
См. также Anna Beer (2016): Sounds and Sweet Airs: The Forgotten Women of Classical Music, London.
83
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/sep/18/battle-prejudice-warrior-women-ancient-amazons.
87
Edexcel – один из экзаменационных советов Великобритании, контролирующий присвоение учащимся и выпускникам средних школ аттестатов и квалификаций.
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Видимо, автор имеет в виду «Интернациональную энциклопедию женщин-композиторов» Аарона Коэна (International Encyclopedia of Women Composers, by Aaron I. Cohen), впервые изданную в 1981 г. и включавшую более 5000 статей.
89
Beer (2016).
90
Несмотря на то, что Фанни Гензель с детства считалась необычайно одаренной, отец сказал ей, что профессионально сочинять музыку позволительно ее брату, Феликсу Мендельсону, а для нее музыка может и должна остаться лишь дамским рукоделием, приятным времяпрепровождением.
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Грэдграйнд – персонаж романа Чарльза Диккенса «Тяжелые времена» (1854), «поклонявшийся только фактам». – Прим ред.
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Найтингейл, Флоренс (1820–1910) – знаменитая британская сестра милосердия, социальный реформатор, статистик и основательница современного сестринского дела. Сикол, Мэри (1805–1881) – ямайская медсестра, участница Крымской войны. Элиот, Джордж (настоящее имя – Мэри Энн Эванс; 1819–1880) – английская писательница. Безант, Анни (1847–1933) – известный теософ, второй президент Теософского общества, борец за права женщин, писатель и оратор, сторонница независимости Ирландии и Индии. – Прим. ред.
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Организация, запрещенная в Российской Федерации.
106
Bourdieu, Pierre (1972) Outline of a Theory of Practice, Nice, Richard trans. (1977), Cambridge.
111
Ceccato, Vania (2017), ‘Women’s victimisation and safety in transit environments’, Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 19:3–4, 163–7".
112
http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_422a_en.pdf: World Bank (2007), Gender and Urban Transport: Fashionable and Affordable Module 7a Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy-makers in Developing Cities.
114
Ceccato (2017).
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Sanchez de Madariaga, Ines, ‘Mobility of Care: Introducing New Concepts in Urban Transport’, in Roberts, Marion and Sanchez de Madariaga, Ines (eds.) (2013), Fair Shared Cities: The Impact of Gender Planning in Europe, Farnham.
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Rolfsman, E., P.-O. Bylund, and B.-I. Saveman. 2012. “Single Injury Incidents among Pedestrians and Bicyclists in Northern Sweden – Safety and Preventive Issues.” Safety Science Monitor 16 (1): 1–10.
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https://www.thelocal.se/20161112/stockholm-transport-heads-defends-gender-equal-snow-clearing; https://heatst.com/world/feminist-snowplowing-system-brings-stockholm-to-a-standstill/.
123
Heat Street – сайт, основанный в 2016 г. британским блогером, писателем и бывшим депутатом парламента Луизой Менш и посвященный обсуждению политических, экономических, культурных и других событий с правоцентристских и либертарианских позиций. В 2017 г. сайт прекратил самостоятельное существование, влившись в сайт Market Watch..
126
https://thecityfix.com/blog/brasilia-brazil-women-bus-stop-night-safety-sexual-assault-luisa-zottis/.
128
Sanchez de Madariaga (2013).
131
https://itdpdotorg.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/7aGenderUTSept300.pdf; World Bank (2007).
133
Sanchez de Madariaga (2013); Tran, Hoai Anh and Schlyter, Ann (2010), ‘Gender and class in urban transport: the cases of Xian and Hanoi’, Environment and Urbanization, 22:1, 139–55.
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https://wricitieshub.org/sites/default/files/Final_Report_24082015_0.pdf; http://content.tfl.gov.uk/travel-in-london-understanding-our-diverse-communities-2019.pdf.
141
Там же.
145
World Bank (2007).
150
Sanchez de Madariaga (2013).
152
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2013/sdn1310.pdf (duffle 2012).
154
https://www.habitatforhumanity.org.uk/what-we-do/where-we-work/latin-america-and-caribbean/brazil.
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Фонд им. Генриха Белля – немецкая неправительственная организация, занимающаяся реализацией проектов в области развития гражданского общества.
167
Там же.
169
Architekturzentrum Wien (2008), Housing in Vienna: Innovative, Social, Ecological, Vienna.
173
Banks, Taunya Lovell (1991), ‘Toilets as a Feminist Issue: A True Story’, Berkeley Women’s Law Journal, 6:2, 263–289.
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Greed, Clara (2014), ‘Global gendered toilet provision’, in ‘More Public than Private: Toilet Adoption and Menstrual Hygiene Management II’, AAG Annual Conference, Tampa, Florida, USA, 8–12 April 2014.
176
Greed (2014).
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WaterAid – международная неправительственная организация, занимающаяся вопросами водоснабжения, санитарии и гигиены.
181
Greed (2014).
182
Там же.
183
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rose-george/open-defecation-india_b_7898834.html, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/aug/28/toilets-india-health-rural-women-safety.
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Human Rights Watch – неправительственная организация, базирующаяся в США и занимающаяся мониторингом соблюдения прав человека.
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Sommer, Marni, Chandraratna, Sahani, Cavill, Sue, Mahon, Therese, and Phillips-Howard, Penelope (2016), ‘Managing menstruation in the workplace: an overlooked issue in low- and middle-income countries’, Int. J. Equity Health, 15:86.
190
Там же.
192
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/aug/28/toilets-india-health-rural-women-safety; https://womennewsnetwork.net/2012/12/19/india-women-new-delhi-slum-toilets/.
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Jadhav, A., Weitzman, A. and Smith-Greenaway, E. (2016), ‘Household sanitation facilities and women’s risk of non-partner sexual violence in India’, BMC Public Health, 16:1139.
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Greed (2014).
207
Gardner, Natalie, Cui, Jianqiang and Coiacetto, Eddo (2017), ‘Harassment on public transport and its impacts on women’s travel behaviour’, Australian Planner, 54:1, 8–15.
208
Там же.
209
Там же.
211
Gardner, Cui and Coiacetto (2017).
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Ceccato, Vania and Paz, Yuri (2017), ‘Crime in Sao Paulo’s metro system: sexual crimes against women’, Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 19:3-4, 211-26.
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Ceccato and Paz (2017).
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Gardner, Cui and Coiacetto (2017).
217
EverydaySexism – сайт, созданный в 2012 г. британской писательницей-феминисткой Лаурой Бейтс и предназначенный для сбора свидетельств проявлений сексизма в различных странах мира.
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Hollaback! – фотоблог и массовый сетевой проект, нацеленный на повышение осведомленности женщин об уличных домогательствах и борьбу с ними путем публикации фотографий и других документально подтвержденных свидетельств.
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Апскертинг (от англ. upskirting – букв. «задирание юбки») – тайная съемка обнаженного тела или белья в общественном месте. В ряде стран считается уголовным преступлением.
221
Ceccato and Paz (2017).
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Gardner, Cui and Coiacetto (2017).
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Ceccato and Paz (2017).
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hhttps://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/25/world/americas/rapes-in-brazil-spur-class-and-gender-debate.html; https://thecityfix.com/blog/women-public-safety-demands-yasmin-khan/.
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Ceccato, Vania (2017), ‘Women’s transit safety: making connections and defining future directions in research and practice’, Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 19:3–4 (September 2017), 276–87.
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Gardner, Cui and Coiacetto (2017).
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Ceccato (2017).
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Ceccato and Paz (2017).
245
Ceccato (2017).
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Gardner, Cui and Coiacetto (2017).
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https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/sj.2014.9; http://wricitieshub.org/sites/default/files/Final_Report_24082015_0.pdf.
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Goodney, Suzanne, D’Silva, Lea Elsa and Asok, Abhijith (2017), ‘Women’s strategies addressing sexual harassment and assault on public buses: an analysis of crowdsourced data’, Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 19: 3–4, 227–39.
260
Gendersite.org – сайт, созданный в 2008 г. рядом некоммерческих организаций и образовательных учреждений с целью изучения гендерных аспектов городского планирования и архитектуры.
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https://dailytitan.com/2013/11/workout-culture-subconsciously-reinforces-sexist-norms/; http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11587175/Womens-fitness-What-men-really-think-about-women-in-the-gym.html.
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Irschik, Elisabeth and Kail, Eva, ‘Vienna: Progress Towards a Fair Shared City’, in Roberts, Marion and Sanchez de Madariaga, Ines (eds.) (2013).
264
Лесли Ноуп – героиня комедийного сериала NBC Parks and Recreation («Парки и отдых»), работающая заместителем директора департамента парков и отдыха вымышленного американского города.
274
Индекс гендерного разрыва по методике Всемирного экономического форума рассчитывается на основе данных об участии в экономической и политической жизни, карьерных возможностях, образовании, медицинском обслуживании и т. д. Чем ближе он к единице, тем меньше гендерный разрыв. В 2020 г. Исландия тоже заняла первое место в рейтинге гендерного равноправия. Россия оказалась на 81-м месте среди 153 стран (http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2020.pdf).
277
McKinsey Global Institute (2015), The Power of Parity: how advancing women’s equality can add $12 trillion to global growth.
279
Veerle, Miranda (2011), ‘Cooking, Caring and Volunteering: Unpaid Work Around the World’, OECD Social, employment and migration working papers no. 116, OECD.
281
Chopra, D. and Zambelli, E. (2017), ‘No Time to Rest: Women’s Lived xperiences of Balancing Paid Work and Unpaid Care Work’, Institute of Development Studies.
282
Veerle (2011).
283
Dinh, Huong, Strazdins, Lyndall and Welsh, Jennifer (2017), ‘Hour-glassceilings: Work-hour thresholds, gendered health inequities’, Social Science & Medicine 176, 42–51.
286
Там же.
287
Там же.
288
Там же.
291
Dinh, Strazdins and Welsh (2017).
294
L. Schiebinger and S. K. Gilmartin (2010), ‘Housework is an academic issue’, Academe, 96:39–44.
296
Kilpi, F., Konttinen, H., Silventoinen, K., Martikainen, P. (2015) ‘Living arrangements as determinants of myocardial infarction incidence and survival: A prospective register study of over 300,000 Finnish men and women’, Social Science & Medicine, 133, 93–100.
300
https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/jan/15/is-28-hours-ideal-working-week-for-healthy-life.
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Конвенция № 1 МОТ об ограничении рабочего времени на промышленных предприятиях до восьми часов в день и сорока восьми часов в неделю была принята в 1919 г. и вступила в силу в 1921 г. В 1935 г. была принята Конвенция № 47 МОТ «О сокращении рабочего времени до сорока часов в неделю».
304
Virtanen, M., Ferrie, J. E., Singh-Manoux, A. et al. (2011), ‘Long working hours and symptoms of anxiety and depression: a 5-year follow-up of the Whitehall II study’, Psychological Medicine, 41:12, 2485–94.
305
Shields, M. (1999) ‘Long working hours and health’, Health Reports, 11:2, 33–48.
306
Dinh, Strazdins and Welsh (2017).
307
Dembe, Allard E. and Yao, Xiaoxi (2016), ‘Chronic Disease Risks From Exposure to Long-Hour Work Schedules Over a 32-Year Period’, MPH Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 58:9, 861–7.
308
Там же.
311
https://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=ac5c417a-4714-4b9f-b3bf-83c466256db1.
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Fawcett Society (2018), Sex Discrimination Law Review.
313
https://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=ac5c417a-4714-4b9f-b3bf-83c466256db1.
317
Levanon, Asaf, England, Paula and Allison, Paul (2009) ‘Occupational Feminization and Pay: Assessing Causal Dynamics Using 1950–2000 U.S. Census Data’, Social Forces, 88:2, 865–891.
318
Pan, Jessica (2015), ‘Gender Segregation in Occupations: The Role of Tipping and Social Interactions’, Journal of Labor Economics, 33:2, 365–408.
320
Fawcett Society (2018), Sex Discrimination Law Review.
321
Там же.
324
Там же.
325
Там же.
327
В Великобритании в соответствии с Законом о пенсиях, принятым в 2008 г. (Pensions Act 2008), начиная с 2012 г. вводится так называемое автоматическое зачисление работодателем пенсионных взносов работника на его пенсионный счет (automatic enrolment pension). При этом часть взноса платит сам работник, а часть – работодатель. Право на участие в этой схеме получают работники, чья годовая зарплата, получаемая от одного работодателя, составляет не менее £10 000.
328
https://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=ac5c417a-4714-4b9f-b3bf-83c466256db1.
330
https://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=ac5c417a-4714-4b9f-b3bf-83c466256db1.
334
Kalb, Guyonne (2018), ‘Paid Parental Leave and Female Labour Supply: A Review’, Economic Record, 94:304, 80–100; Strang, Lucy and Broeks, Miriam (2016), ‘Maternity leave policies: Trade-offs between labour market demands and health benefits for children’, European Union; https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2986/57527b590e3fc6184423888cf5b327e8947e.pdf?_ga=2.88256156.660398999.1594238629-2003775347.1594238629(2014).
335
Rossin-Slater, Maya, Ruhm, Christopher J. and Waldfogel, Jane (2011), ‘The Effects of California’s Paid Family Leave Program on Mothers’ Leave-Taking and Subsequent Labor Market Outcomes’, NBER Working Paper No. 17715; Kalb (2018).
336
Kalb (2018).
337
Strang and Broeks (2016).
338
https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/23/technology/in-googles-inner-circle-a-falling-number-of-women.html.
340
Kalb (2018).
341
Директива 92/85/ЕЭС Совета ЕС от 19 октября 1992 г. о введении мер по улучшению безопасности и здоровья беременных работниц, недавно родивших или кормящих работниц.
347
Fawcett Society – крупнейшая по количеству членов британская благотворительная организация, борющаяся за права женщин на работе, в семье и публичном пространстве; фактически существует с 1866 г., когда Миллисент Фоссет начала собирать подписи под петицией о предоставлении женщинам избирательных прав.
348
https://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=0de4f7f0-d1a0-4e63-94c7-5e69081caa5f.
357
Blau, Francine D. and Kahn, Lawrence M. (2013), ‘Female Labor Supply: Why is the US Falling Behind?’, The American Economic Review, 103:3, 251–256.
359
https://crr.bc.edu/working-papers/how-much-does-motherhood-cost-women-in-social-security-benefits/.
360
См. главу 10.
361
Речь идет о системе продвижения к пожизненной должности и подписанию бессрочного контракта с университетом (tenure track system), гарантирующего от увольнения и обеспечивающего академические свободы. Для получения пожизненной должности профессора необходимо пройти путь от старшего преподавателя до адъюнкт-профессора, опубликовать достаточное количество научных работ и накопить опыт преподавательской работы. Младшие преподаватели обычно работают по временным контрактам.
377
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/upshot/paternity-leave-the-rewards-and-the-remaining-stigma.html.
380
https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/23/technology/in-googles-inner-circle-a-falling-number-of-women.html.
381
https://www.businessinsider.com/evernote-pays-for-its-employees-to-have-their-houses-cleaned-2012-10.
389
Goldin, Claudia (2014), ‘A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Last Chapter,’ American Economic Review, American Economic Association, 104:4, 1091–119.
391
European Parliament (2017), Gender Equality and Taxation in the European Union.
393
Schiebinger and Gilmartin (2010).
400
https://ec.europa.eu/research/swafs/pdf/pub_gender_equality/structural-changes-final-report_en.pdf.
403
https://genderpolicyreport.umn.edu/tax-proposals-a-missed-opportunity-for-addressing-implicit-gender-bias/; European Parliament (2017), Gender Equality and Taxation in the European Union.
408
Fawcett Society (2017), Does Local Government Work for Women?
409
Goldin, Claudia and Rouse, Cecilia (2000), ‘Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of ‘Blind’ Auditions on Female Musicians’, American Economic Review, 90:4, 715–41.
412
Kunovich, Sheri and Slomczynski, Kazimierz M. (2007), ‘Systems of Distribution and a Sense of Equity: A Multilevel Analysis of Meritocratic Attitudes in Post-industrial Societies’, European Sociological Review, 23:5, 649–63; Castilla., Emilio J. and Benard, Stephen (2010), ‘The Paradox of Meritocracy in Organizations’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 55:4, 543–676.
413
Reynolds, Jeremy and Xian, He (2014), ‘Perceptions of meritocracy in the land of opportunity’, Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 36, 121–37.
414
Castilla and Benard (2010).
415
http://fortune.com/2014/08/26/performance-review-gender-bias/8; Castilla and Benard (2010).
416
Castilla and Benard (2010).
418
Uhlmann, Eric Luis and Cohen, Geoffrey L. (2007), ‘“I think it, therefore it’s true”: Effects of self-perceived objectivity on hiring discrimination’, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 104:2, 207–23; Castilla and Benard (2010).
422
Центр поддержки талантов и инноваций (Center for Talent Innovation, CTI) – некоммерческая организация, базирующаяся в Нью-Йорке; аналитический центр, объединяющий представителей частного сектора (4 млн работников более 90 компаний и организаций из 190 стран), заинтересованных в привлечении новых талантов для получения конкурентных преимуществ.
423
https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/04/why-is-siliconvalley-so-awful-to-women/517788/.
425
Reynolds and Xian (2014).
426
STEM (от англ. science, technology, engineering and maths – естесственные науки, технологии, инженерия и математика).
427
Handley, Ian M., Brown, Elizabeth R., Moss-Racusin, Corinne A. and Smith, Jessi L. (2015), ‘Quality of evidence revealing subtle gender biases in science is in the eye of the beholder’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112:43, 13201–13206.
428
https://erc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/document/file/Gender_statistics_April_2014.pdf; Wenneras, C. and Wold, A. (1997), ‘Nepotism and sexism in peer-review’, Nature, 387:341; Milkman, Katherine L., Akinola, Modupe and Chugh, Dolly (2015), ‘What Happens Before? A Field Experiment Exploring How Pay and Representation Differentially Shape Bias on the Pathway Into Organizations’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 100:6, 1678–712; Knobloch-Westerwick, Silvia, Glynn, Carroll J. and Huge, Michael (2013), ‘The Matilda Effect in Science Communication’, Science Communication, 35:5, 603–25; Kaatz, Anna, Gutierrez, Belinda and Carnes, Molly (2014), ‘Threats to objectivity in peer review: the case of gender’, Trends Pharmacol Sci., 35:8, 371–3; Women and Science Unit (2011), White Paper on the Position of Women in Science in Spain, UMYC.
429
Women and Science Unit (2011); https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/04/19/how-to-get-tenure-if-youre-a-woman-academia-stephen-walt.
430
Roberts, Sean G. and Verhoef, Tessa (2016), ‘Double-blind reviewing at EvoLang 11 reveals gender bias’, Journal of Language Evolution, 1:2, 163–67; Budden, Amber E., Tregenza, Tom, Aarssen, Lonnie W., Koricheva, Julia, Leimu, Roosa and Lortie, Christopher J. (2008), ‘Double-blind review favours increased representation of female authors’, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 23:1, 4–6.
431
Там же.
432
Knobloch-Westerwick, Glynn and Huge (2013); Maliniak, Daniel, Powers, Ryan and Walter, Barbara F. (2013), ‘The Gender Citation Gap in International Relations’, International Organization; Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin, Lange, Samantha and Brus, Holly (2013), ‘Gendered Citation Patterns in International Relations’, Journal of International Studies Perspectives, 14:4, 485–92.
433
King, Molly M., Bergstrom, Carl T., Correll, Shelley J., Jacquet, Jennifer, and West, Jevin D. (2017), ‘Men Set Their Own Cites High: Gender and Self-citation across Fields and over Time’ Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 3: 1–22.
434
Bagilhole, Barbara and Goode, Jackie (2001), ‘The Contradiction of the Myth of Individual Merit, and the Reality of a Patriarchal Support System in Academic Careers: A Feminist Investigation’, European Journal of Women’s Studies, 8:2, 161–80.
435
Krawczyk, Michał (2017), Are all researchers male? Gender misattributions in citations, Scientometrics, 110:3, 1397–1402.
438
Knobloch-Westerwick, Glynn and Huge (2013).
442
Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin and Hesli, Vicki L., ‘Women Don’t Ask? Women Don’t Say No? Bargaining and Service in the Political Science Profession, PS: Political Science & Politics, 46:2, 355–369; Guarino, Cassandra M. and Borden, Victor M. H. (2017), ‘Faculty Service Loads and Gender: Are Women Taking Care of the Academic Family?’, Research in Higher Education, 58:6 672–694.
443
https://hbr.org/2018/03/for-women-and-minorities-to-get-ahead-managers-must-assign-work-fairly; Laperriere, Eve, Messing, Karen and Bourbonnais, Renee (2017), ‘Work activity in food service: The significance of customer relations, tipping practices and gender for preventing musculoskeletal disorders’, Applied Ergonomics, 58, 89–101.
444
Guarino and Borden (2017); Baker, Maureen (2012), Academic Careers and the Gender Gap, Canada; Gibney, Elizabeth (2017), ‘Teaching load could put female scientists at career disadvantage’, Nature, https://www.nature.com/news/teaching-load-could-put-female-scientists-at-career-disadvantage-1.21839; Women and Science Unit (2011), White Paper on the Position of Women in Science in Spain, UMYC.
445
Amy Bug (2010), ‘Swimming against the unseen tide’, Phys. World, 23:08; Boring, Anne, Ottoboni, Kellie and Stark, Philip B. (2016), ‘Student evaluations of teaching (mostly) do not measure teaching effectiveness’ ScienceOpen Research.
446
Boring, Anne, Ottoboni, Kellie and Stark, Philip B. (2016).
448
MacNell, Lillian, Driscoll, Adam and Hunt, Andrea N. (2015), ‘What’s in a Name: Exposing Gender Bias in Student Ratings of Teaching’, Innovative Higher Education, 40:4, 291–303.
451
Storage, Daniel, Home, Zachary, Cimpian, Andrei and Leslie, Sarah-Jane (2016), ‘The Frequency of ‘‘Brilliant’’ and ‘‘Genius’’ in Teaching Evaluations Predicts the Representation of Women and African Americans across Fields’, PLoS ONE 11:3; Leslie, Sarah-Jane, Cimpian, Andrei, Meyer, Meredith and Freeland, Edward (2015), ‘Expectations of brilliance underlie gender distributions across academic disciplines’, Science, 347:6219, 262–5; Meyer, Meredith, Cimpian, Andrei and Leslie, Sarah-Jane (2015), ‘Women are underrepresented in fields where success is believed to require brilliance’, Frontiers in Psychology, 6:235.
452
Banchefsky, Sarah, Westfall, Jacob, Park, Bernadette and Judd, Charles M. (2016), ‘But You Don’t Look Like A Scientist!: Women Scientists with Feminine Appearance are Deemed Less Likely to be Scientists’, Sex Roles, 75:3–4, 95–109.
453
Bian, Lin, Leslie, Sarah-Jane and Cimpian, Andrei (2017), ‘Gender stereotypes about intellectual ability emerge early and influence children’s interests’, Science, 355: 6323, 389–391.
456
Grunspan, Daniel Z., Eddy, Sarah L., Brownell, Sara E., Wiggins, Benjamin L., Crowe, Alison J., Goodreau, Steven M. (2016), ‘Males Under-Estimate Academic Performance of Their Female Peers in Undergraduate Biology Classrooms’, PLoS ONE, 11:2.
457
Schmader, Toni, Whitehead, Jessica and Wysocki, Vicki H. (2007), ‘A Linguistic Comparison of Letters of Recommendation for Male and Female Chemistry and Biochemistry Job Applicants’, Sex Roles, 57:7–8, 509–14; Madera, Juan M., Hebl, Michelle R. and Martin, Randi C. (2009), ‘Gender and letters of recommendation for academia: Agentic and communal differences’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 94:6, 1591–9; Dutt, Kuheli, Pfaff, Danielle L., Bernstein, Ariel F., Dillard, Joseph S. and Block, Caryn J. (2016), ‘Gender differences in recommendation letters for postdoctoral fellowships in geoscience’, Nature Geoscience, 9, 805–8.
458
Madera et al. (2009).
459
https://www.nature.com/news/women-postdocs-less-likely-than-men-toget-a-glowing-reference-1.20715.
460
Trix, Frances and Psenka, Carolyn (2003), ‘Exploring the Color of Glass: Letters of Recommendation for Female and Male Medical Faculty’, Discourse & Society, 14:2, 191–220.
461
Там же.
462
Madera at al. (2009).
463
Речь идет о введении системы оценки качества образования в английских университетах (Teaching Excellence Framework, TEF) по таким параметрам, как качество преподавания, уровень исследований и перспективы трудоустройства выпускников.
464
Nielsen, Mathias Wullum, Andersen, Jens Peter, Schiebinger, Londa and Schneider, Jesper W. (2017), ‘One and a half million medical papers reveal a link between author gender and attention to gender and sex analysis’, Nature Human Behaviour, 1, 791–6.
467
Light, Jennifer S. (1999), ‘When Computers Were Women’, Technology and Culture, 40:3, 455–483.
468
ЭНИАК (от англ. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, ENIAC) – электронный числовой интегратор и вычислитель) – первый электронный цифровой вычислитель, предназначенный для решения широкого спектра задач.
469
Ensmenger, Nathan L. (2010), The Computer Boys Take Over: Computers, Programmers, and the Politics of Technical Expertise, Cambridge MA.
473
Ensmenger, Nathan L. (2010).
474
Там же.
475
О’Нил К. Убийственные большие данные. Как математика превратилась в оружие массового поражения. – М.: АСТ, 2018.
479
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0749597806000884?via%3Dihub; Hannah Riley Bowles, Linda Babcock and Lei Lai (2007), ‘Social incentives for gender differences in the propensity to initiate negotiations: Sometimes it does hurt to ask’, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 103, 84–103.
480
https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/23/technology/in-googles-inner-circle-a-falling-number-of-women.html.
486
https://internationalwim.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/A-business-case-for-women-2008_McKinsey.pdf.
488
Gaucher, D., Friesen, J. and Kay, A. C. (2011), ‘Evidence that gendered wordingin job advertisements exists and sustains gender inequality’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101:1, 109–28.
490
Castilla, Emilio J. (2015), ‘Accounting for the Gap: A Firm Study Manipulating Organizational Accountability and Transparency in Pay Decisions’, Organization Science, 26:2, 311–33.
491
Сэндберг Ш., Сковелл Н. Не бойся действовать. Женщина, работа и воля к лидерству. – М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2018.
492
Kingma, Boris and Marken Lichtenbelt, Wouter van (2015), ‘Energy consumption in buildings and female thermal demand,’ Nature Climate Change, 5, 1054–6.
493
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/04/science/chilly-at-work-a-decades-old-formula-may-be-to-blame.html.
499
Там же.
502
Messing, K. (in press), ‘Fighting invisibility in the workplace: the struggle to protect health and support equality in the workplace’ In Greaves, Lorraine (ed.) A History of Women’s Health in Canada, Second Story Press.
503
Cote, Julie (2012), ‘A critical review on physical factors and functional characteristics that may explain a sex/gender difference in work-related neck/shoulder disorders’, Ergonomics, 55:2, 173–82.
505
Rochon Ford, Anne (2014), ‘‘Overexposed, Underinformed’’: Nail Salon Workers and Hazards to Their Health / A Review of the Literature National Network on Environments and Women’s Health’, RPSFM (Reseau pancanadien sur la sante des femmes et le milieu).
507
‘Breast Cancer and Occupation: The Need for Action: APHA Policy Statement Number 20146, Issued November 18, 2014’, NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy; Rochon Ford (2014).
508
Breast Cancer and Occupation: The Need for Action: APHA Policy Statement Number 20146, Issued November 18, 2014’; Brophy, James T., Keith, Margaret M. et al. (2012), ‘Breast cancer risk in relation to occupations with exposure to carcinogens and endocrine disruptors: a Canadian case-control study’, Environmental Health, 11:87.
509
Rochon Ford (2014).
511
Phillips, Ann M. (2014), ‘Wonderings on Pollution and Women’s Health’, in Scott, Dayna Nadine (ed.), Our Chemical Selves: Gender, Toxics, and Environmental Health, Vancouver.
512
Scott, Dayna Nadine and Lewis, Sarah (2014), ‘Sex and Gender in Canada’s Chemicals Management Plan’, in Scott, Dayna Nadine (ed.), Our Chemical Selves: Gender, Toxics, and Environmental Health, Vancouver.
513
Rochon Ford (2014).
514
Scott and Lewis (2014).
515
Rochon Ford (2014).
516
Scott and Lewis (2014).
517
Там же.
518
Rochon Ford (2014).
519
Scott and Lewis (2014).
520
Breast Cancer and Occupation: The Need for Action: APHA Policy Statement Number 20146, Issued November 18, 2014’, NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy.
521
Rochon Ford (2014).
522
Brophy et al. (2012).
523
Breast Cancer and Occupation: The Need for Action: APHA Policy Statement Number 20146, Issued November 18, 2014’, NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy.
526
Rochon Ford (2014); Brophy et al. (2012); Scott and Lewis (2014).
527
Scott and Lewis (2014).
528
Brophy et al. (2012).
529
Scott and Lewis (2014).
531
‘Designing Tools and Agricultural Equipment for Women’, poster produced by Aaron M. Yoder, Ann M. Adams and Elizabeth A. Brensinger, for 2014 Women in Agriculture Educators National Conference.
533
Myles, Kimberly and Binseel, Mary S. (2007), ‘The Tactile Modality: A Review of Tactile Sensitivity and Human Tactile Interfaces’, Army Research Laboratory.
536
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/nov/24/female-raf-recruits-compensation-marching-injuries.
537
Laperriere, Eve, Messing, Karen and Bourbonnais, Renee (2017), ‘Work activity in food service: The significance of customer relations, tipping practices and gender for preventing musculoskeletal disorders’, Applied Ergonomics, 58, 89–101.
538
Friedl, Karl E. (2012), ‘Military Quantitative Physiology: Problems and Concepts in Military Operational Medicine’, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, United States of America; Knapik, Joseph and Reynolds, Katy (2012), ‘Load Carriage in Military Operations A Review of Historical, Physiological, Biomechanical, and Medical Aspects’, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, US Army Medical Department Center & School.
540
Там же.
541
Там же.
543
https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/may/14/military-pressed-to-design-line-of-women-friendly-/.
552
То есть самого большого.
555
Там же.
557
Vogel, Sarah A. (2009), The Politics of Plastics: The Making and Unmaking of Bisphenol A ‘Safety’, American Journal of Public Health. 99:3, 559–566.
559
Vogel, Sarah A. (2009).
560
Там же.
561
Там же.
562
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/11/nyregion/nail-salon-workers-in-nyc-face-hazardous-chemicals.html; ‘Breast Cancer and Occupation: The Need for Action: APHA Policy Statement Number 20146, Issued November 18, 2014’, NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy.
563
Vogel, Sarah A. (2009).
569
Контракт с нулевым временем (англ. zero-hour contract) – договор между работодателем и работником, не обязывающий первого предоставлять второму определенное количество оплачиваемых рабочих часов, а второго – выполнять любую предложенную работу.
570
Прекаризированная (от англ. precarious – ненадежный, сомнительный) занятость – ненадежная, плохо оплачиваемая работа, фактически не предполагающая соблюдения трудовых прав.
580
Best, Kathinka, Sinell, Anna, Heidingsfelder, Marie Lena and Schraudner, Martina (2016), ‘The gender dimension in knowledge and technology transfer – the German case’, European Journal of Innovation Management, 19:1, 2–25.
581
A. Hellum and H. Aasen (eds.) (2013), Women’s Human Rights: CEDAW in International, Regional and National Law (Studies on Human Rights Conventions) (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).
584
TUC (2017), ‘The gig is up’, https://www.tuc.org.uk/sites/default/files/the-gig-is-up.pdf.
585
Rubery, Jill, Grimshaw, Damian and Figueiredo, Hugo (2005), ‘How to close the gender pay gap in Europe: towards the gender mainstreaming of pay policy’, Industrial Relations Journal, 36:3, 184–213.
587
Там же.
588
Там же.
589
Там же.
591
Там же.
593
https://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/women.pdf; https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmwomeq/725/72504.htm.
600
Brophy, James T., Keith, Margaret M. and Hurley, Michael (2018), ‘Assaulted and Unheard: Violence Against Healthcare Staff’, NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy, 27:4, 581–606.
601
Там же.
602
https://www.tuc.org.uk/sites/default/files/SexualHarassmentreport2016.pdf; https://qz.com/931653/indias-long-history-with-sexual-harassment-at-workplaces/; http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/predators-atthe-workplace-india-inc-yet-to-commit-to-law-against-sexual-harassment/articleshow/57830600.cms; https://indianexpress.com/article/india/38-per-cent-women-say-they-faced-sexual-harassment-at-workplace-survey-4459402/; https://today.yougov.com/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2017/04/25/nearly-third-women-have-been-sexually-harassed-wor; https://www.theguardian.com/money/2016/jul/22/sexual-harassment-at-work-roger-ailes-fox-news; https://www.elephantinthevalley.com/; https://interagencystandingcommittee.org/system/files/hwn_full_survey_results_may_2016.pdf.
603
https://www.theguardian.com/money/2016/jul/22/sexual-harassment-at-work-roger-ailes-fox-news; https://www.elephantinthevalley.com/; https://interagencystandingcommittee.org/system/files/hwn_full_survey_results_may_2016.pdf.
605
https://hbr.org/2014/10/hacking-techs-diversity-problem; https://hbr.org/2008/06/stopping-the-exodus-of-women-in-science.
607
Там же.
608
Sağiroğlu, İsa, Kurt, Cem, Omurlu, İmran Kurt and Catikkaş, Fatih (2017), ‘Does Hand Grip Strength Change With Gender? The Traditional Method vs. the Allometric Normalisation Method’, European Journal of Physical Education and Sports Science, 2:6, 84–93.
609
Leyk, D., Gorges, W., Ridder, D., Wunderlich, M., Ruther, T., Sievert, A. and Essfeld, D. (2007), ‘Hand-grip strength of young men, women and highly trained female athletes’, European Journal of Applied Physiology, 99, 415–21.
610
Lewis, D. A., Kamon, E. and Hodgson, J. L. (1986), ‘Physiological Differences Between Genders Implications for Sports Conditioning’, Sports Medicine, 3, 357–69; Rice, Valerie J. B., Sharp, Marilyn A., Tharion, William J. and Williamson, Tania L. (1996), ‘The effects of gender, team size, and a shoulder harness on a stretcher-carry task and post-carry performance. Part II. A mass-casualty simulation’, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 18, 41–9; Miller, A. E., MacDougall, J. D., Tarnopolsky, M. A. and Sale, D. G. (1993), ‘Gender differences in strength and muscle fiber characteristic’, European Journal of Applied Physiology, 66:3, 254–62.
611
Lewis et al. (1986).
612
Zellers, Kerith K. and Hallbeck, M. Susan (1995), ‘The Effects of Gender, Wrist and Forearm Position on Maximum Isometric Power Grasp Force, Wrist Force, and their Interactions’, Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 39:10, 543–7; Bishu, Ram R., Bronkema, Lisa A, Garcia, Dishayne, Klute, Glenn and Rajulu, Sudhakar (1994), ‘Tactility as a function of Grasp force: effects of glove, orientation, pressure, load and handle’, NASA technical paper 3474 May 1994; Puh, Urška (2010), ‘Age-related and sex-related differences in hand and pinch grip strength in adults’, International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 33:1.
614
Leyk et al. (2007).
615
Alesina, Alberto F., Giuliano, Paola and Nunn, Nathan (2011), ‘On the Origins of Gender Roles: Women and the Plough’, Working Paper 17098, National Bureau of Economic Research (May 2011).
616
Там же.
617
Gella, A. A., Tadele, Getnet (2014), ‘Gender and farming in Ethiopia: an exploration of discourses and implications for policy and research’, FAC Working Paper, Future Agricultures, 84:15.
618
http://www.fao.org/3/a-am309e.pdf; http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/Blogs/makingwaves/international-womens-day-2017-change/blog/58902/; https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/oct/16/world-food-day-10-myths-hunger; https://wedo.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/GGCA-RP-FINAL.pdf.
619
Doss, Cheryl (2011), ‘If women hold up half the sky, how much of the world’s food do they produce?’, ESA Working Paper No. 11, Agricultural Development Economics Division, FAO.
620
World Bank (2014), ‘Levelling the Field: Improving Opportunities for Women Farmers in Africa’.
621
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/15577/wps6436.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
622
Там же.
624
Doss (2011).
625
Petrics, H. et al. (2015), ‘Enhancing the potential of family farming for poverty reduction and food security through gender-sensitive rural advisory services’, UN/FAO.
626
Там же.
627
Там же.
628
Там же.
629
https://docs.gatesfoundation.org/documents/gender-responsive-orientation-document.pdf: «Некоторые получаемые нами заявки на гранты не учитывают гендерных различий и положительных и отрицательных последствий реализации предлагаемых инициатив в области сельского хозяйства на мужчин и женщин».
631
Petrics et al. (2015).
634
Doss (2011).
638
Crewe, Emma et al. (2015), ‘Building a Better Stove: The Sri Lanka Experience’, Practical Action, Sri Lanka.
640
Там же.
644
https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2012/4/green-cook-stoves-improving-women-s-lives-in-ghana.
646
Crewe, Emma (1997), ‘The Silent Traditions of Developing Cooks’, in R. D. Grillo and R. L. Stirrat (eds.), Discourses of Development, Oxford.
647
Там же.
648
http://www.gender-summit.eu/images/Reports/Gender_and_inclusive_innovation_Gender_Summit_report.pdf.
650
Fatema, Naureen (2005), ‘The Impact of Structural Gender Differences and its Consequences on Access to Energy in Rural Bangladesh’, Asia Sustainable and Alternative Energy Program (ASTAE), Energy Wing of the World Bank Group.
651
Crewe (1997), in Grillo and Stirrat (eds.).
652
Целью проекта WASHplus (2010–2016 гг.), осуществлявшегося при поддержке различных государственных и международных институтов, некоммерческих организаций, частных компаний и университетов, была поддержка здоровых домохозяйств и общин при помощи различных инициатив в области улучшения доступности водоснабжения, санитарии и гигиены, борьбы с бытовым загрязнением воздуха и снижения уровня заболеваемости.
655
Crewe (1997), in Grillo and Stirrat (eds.).
657
http://www.gender-summit.eu/images/Reports/Gender_and_inclusive_innovation_Gender_Summit_report.pdf.
658
http://www.gender-summit.eu/images/Reports/Gender_and_inclusive_innovation_Gender_Summit_report.pdf.
662
Petrics et al. (2015).
666
Parigi, Fabio, Viscio, Michele Del, Amicabile, Simone, Testi, Matteo, Rao, Sailesh, Udaykumar, H. S. (2016), ‘High efficient Mewar Angithi stove testing in rural Kenya’, 7th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC).
668
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5550584; http://www.who.int/gender/documents/Genderworkhealth.pdf; Boyle, Rhonda and Boyle, Robin (2009), ‘Hand Size and the Piano Keyboard. Literature Review and aSurvey of the Technical and Musical Benefits for Pianists using Reduced-Size Keyboards in North America’, 9th Australasian Piano Pedagogy Conference, Sydney; Boyle, Rhonda, Boyle, Robin and Booker, Erica (2015), ‘Pianist Hand Spans: Gender and Ethnic Differences and Implications For Piano Playing, 15th Australasian Piano Pedagogy Conference, Melbourne 2015.
669
Boyle, Boyle and Booker (2015); Boyle and Boyle (2009).
670
Boyle, Boyle and Booker (2015).
671
Там же.
672
Там же.
674
‘Small hands? Try this Keyboard, You’ll Like It’, Piano & Keyboard Magazine (July/August 1998).
675
Boyle, Boyle and Booker (2015).
678
Слегка измененная цитата из шекспировского «Гамлета» («Though this be madness, yet there is method in it») – «Хоть это и безумие, но в нем есть последовательность».
684
Там же.
685
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169814116300646; http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0003687011000962/1-s2.0-S0003687011000962-main.pdf?_tid=f0a12b58-f81d-11e6-af6b-00000aab0f26&acdnat=1487671995_41cfe19ea98e87fb7e3e693bdddaba6e; http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1050641108001909.
688
https://makingnoiseandhearingthings.com/2016/07/12/googles-speech-recognition-has-a-gender-bias/.
692
American Roentgen Ray Society (2007), ‘Voice Recognition Systems Seem To Make More Errors With Women’s Dictation’, ScienceDaily, 6 May 2007; Rodger, James A. and Pendharkar, Parag C. (2007), ‘A field study of database communication issues peculiar to users of a voice activated medical tracking application’, Decision Support Systems, 43:1 (1 February 2007), 168–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2006.08.005.
693
American Roentgen Ray Society (2007).
699
В машинном обучении классификатор – алгоритм классификации объекта (задачи машинного обучения), выдающий номер или наименование класса объекту в результате его применения к данному объекту. Задача классификации относится к разделу обучения с учителем.
700
http://groups.inf.ed.ac.uk/ami/corpus/; http://www1.icsi.berkeley.edu/Speech/papers/gelbart-ms/numbers/; http://www.voxforge.org/.
704
Например, he («он») = 633 413, she («она») = 350 294, himself («сам») = 28 696, herself («сама») = 15 751.
705
He («он») = 3 825 660, she («она») = 2 002 536, himself («сам») = 140 087, herself («сама») = 70 509.
706
Chang, K., Ordonez, V., Wang, T., Yatskar, M. and Zhao, J. (2017), ‘Men Also Like Shopping: Reducing Gender Bias Amplification using Corpus-level Constraints’, CoRR, abs/1707.09457.
708
Caliskan, A., Bryson, J. J. and Narayanan, A. (2017), ‘Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biases’, Science, 356:6334, 183–6, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal4230.
709
Bolukbasi, Tolga, Chang, Kai-Wei, Zou, James, Saligrama, Venkatesh and Kalai, Adam (2016), ‘Man is to Computer Programmer as Woman is to Homemaker? Debiasing Word Embeddings’, 30th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS 2016), Barcelona, http://papers.nips.cc/paper/6228-man-is-to-computer-programmer-as-woman-is-to-homemaker-debiasing-word-embeddings.pdf.
710
Chang et al. (2017).
713
Как и в турецком, в этих языках отсутствует грамматическая категория рода.
719
Bolukbasi et al. (2016).
720
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-21/a-smart-breast-pump-mothers-love-it-vcs-don-t.
721
Там же.
723
Там же.
724
Там же.
725
Там же.
734
http://www.theverge.com/2014/9/25/6844021/apple-promisedan-expansive-health-app-so-why-cant-i-track.
735
https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/12/how-selftracking-apps-exclude-women/383673/; http://www.theverge.com/2014/9/25/6844021/apple-promised-an-expansive-health-app-so-why-cant-i-track; http://www.techtimes.com/articles/16574/20140926/apple-healthkit-periodtracker.htm; https://www.thecut.com/2014/09/new-iphone-grossed-out-by-our-periods.html.
739
https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/12/how-selftracking-apps-exclude-women/383673/.
740
Lupton, Deborah (2015), ‘Quantified sex: a critical analysis of sexual and reproductive self-tracking using apps’, Culture, Health & Sexuality, 17:4.
741
Thrust (англ.) – здесь: втыкать, совать; bang (англ.) – здесь: трахать.
742
Nelson, M. Benjamin, Kaminsky, Leonard A., D. Dickin, Clark and Montoye, Alexander H. K. (2016), ‘Validity of Consumer-Based Physical Activity Monitors for Specific Activity Types’, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 48:8, 1619–28.
743
Murakami, H, Kawakami, R., Nakae, S., Nakata, Y., Ishikawa-Takata, K., Tanaka, S. and Miyachi, M. (2016), ‘Accuracy of Wearable Devices for Estimating Total Energy Expenditure: Comparison With Metabolic Chamber and Doubly Labeled Water Method’, JAMA Internal Medicine, 176:5, 702–3.
744
То есть электронных устройствах, предоставляющих доступ к специальным возможностям людям с нарушением зрения, слуха, функций опорно-двигательного аппарата и т. д.
746
Wolfson, Leslie, Whipple, Robert, Derby, Carl A., Amerman, Paula and Nashner, Lewis (1994), Gender Differences in the Balance of Healthy Elderly as Demonstrated by Dynamic Posturography, Journal of Gerontology, 49:4, 160–167; Stevens, J. A. and Sogolow, E. D. (2005), ‘Gender differences for non-fatal unintentional fall related injuries among older adults’, Injury Prevention, 11, 115–19.
747
Там же.
749
Chang, Vicky C. and Minh, T. (2015), ‘Risk Factors for Falls Among Seniors: Implications of Gender’, American Journal of Epidemiology, 181:7, 521–31.
750
Yin, Hujun et al eds. (2016) Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning, Proceedings of the 17th International Conference, Yangzhou China.
751
https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/12/how-selftracking-apps-exclude-women/383673/.
763
Там же.
767
Plus ça change (франц.) – все как всегда, ничего нового. Plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose – «Чем больше все меняется, тем больше все остается по-старому».
769
Gendered Innovations: How Gender Analysis Contributes to Research’ (2013), report of the Expert Group ‘Innovation Through Gender’ (chairperson: Londa Schiebinger, rapporteur: Ineke Klinge), Directorate General for Research and Innovation, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
773
Там же.
775
Linder, Astrid and Svedberg, Wanna (2018), ‘Occupant Safety Assessment in European Regulatory Tests: Review of Occupant Models, Gaps and Suggestion for Bridging Any Gaps’, conference paper, ‘Road Safety on Five Continents’ South Korea, May 2018.
777
Linder and Svedberg (2018).
778
United States Government Publishing Office, ‘U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. 2011. 49 CFR U, -2RE Side Impact Crash Test Dummy, 50th Percentile Adult Male’. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR-2011-title49-vol7/CFR-2011-title49-vol7-part572-subpartU.
779
Linder and Svedberg (2018).
781
https://www.leru.org/files/Gendered-Research-and-Innovation-Full-paper.pdf; Londa Schiebinger and Martina Schraudner (2011), ‘Interdisciplinary Approaches to Achieving Gendered Innovations in Science, Medicine, and Engineering’, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 36:2 (June 2011), 154–67.
783
‘Gendered Innovations: How Gender Analysis Contributes to Research’ (2013).
786
‘Gendered Innovations: How Gender Analysis Contributes to Research’ (2013).
787
http://content.tfl.gov.uk/travel-in-london-understanding-our-diverse-communities-2019.pdf; https://www.wnyc.org/story/283137-census-data-show-public-transit-gender-gap/.
788
SafetyLit Foundation – база данных на сайте SafetyLit.org, поддерживаемом Колледжем здравоохранения и социальных услуг Университета Сан-Диего и ВОЗ.
790
Marts, Sherry A. and Keitt, Sarah (2004), ‘Principles of Sex-based Differences in Physiology: Foreword: a historical overview of advocacy for research in sex based biology’, Advances in Molecular and Cell Biology, 34, 1–333.
791
Поиск в Medline, крупнейшей американской базе данных статей по медицине, показывает, что «мужская» норма сохраняется до сих пор, – как практические руководства для врачей, так и исследования в области медицины часто ориентированы на среднестатистического мужчину весом 70 кг. Marts and Keitt (2004).
792
С. 17–18.
793
Plataforma SINC (2008), ‘Medical Textbooks Use White, Heterosexual Men As A ‘Universal Model’, ScienceDaily, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081015132108.htm.
794
Dijkstra, A. F, Verdonk, P. and Lagro-Janssen, A. L. M. (2008), ‘Gender bias in medical textbooks: examples from coronary heart disease, depression, alcohol abuse and pharmacology’, Medical Education, 42:10, 1021–8.
796
Dijkstra et al. (2008).
797
Henrich, Janet B. and Viscoli, Catherine M. (2006), ‘What Do Medical Schools Teach about Women’s Health and Gender Differences?’ Academic Medicine, 81:5.
798
Song, Michael M. Jones, Betsy G. and Casanova, Robert A. (2016), ‘Auditing sex- and gender-based medicine (SGBM) content in medical school curriculum: a student scholar model’, Biology of Sex Differences, 7: Suppl. 1, 40.
799
Marts and Keitt (2004).
800
Karp, Natasha A. et al (2017), ‘Prevalence of sexual dimorphism in mammalian phenotypic traits’, Nature Communications, 8:15475.
801
Martha L. Blair (2007), ‘Sex-based differences in physiology: what should we teach in the medical curriculum?’, Advanced Physiological Education, 31, 23–5.
802
Там же.
807
Там же.
809
Там же.
811
Clayton, Janine Austin (2015), ‘Studying both sexes: a guiding principle for biomedicine’, https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1096/fj.15-279554.
812
Там же.
813
Там же.
815
Holdcroft, Anita, Snidvongs, Saowarat and Berkley, Karen J. (2011), ‘Incorporating Gender and Sex Dimensions in Medical Research’, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 36:2, 180–92.
816
Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015, ZonMw, Netherlands, http://www.genderportal.eu/sites/default/files/resource_pool/Gender%20%26%20Health%20Knowledge%20Agenda_0.pdf.
817
Pollitzer, Elizabeth (2013), ‘Cell sex matters’, Nature, 500, 23–24.
818
Londa Schiebinger (2014), ‘Gendered innovations: harnessing the creative power of sex and gender analysis to discover new ideas and develop new technologies’, Triple Helix, 1:9.
819
Cristiana Vitale et al. (2017), ‘Under-representation of elderly and women in clinical trials’, International Journal of Cardiology, 232, 216–21.
820
The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (2014), ‘Women and HIV/AIDS in the United States’; women also experience different clinical symptoms and complications due to HIV disease.
822
Curno, Mirjam J. et al. (2016), ‘A Systematic Review of the Inclusion (or Exclusion) of Women in HIV Research: From Clinical Studies of Antiretrovirals and Vaccines to Cure Strategies’, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 1:71(2) (February 2016), 181–8.
824
Там же.
825
Hughes, Robert N. (2007), ‘Sex does matter: comments on the prevalence of male-only investigations of drug effects on rodent behaviour’, Behavioural Pharmacology, 18:7, 583–9.
829
Marts and Keitt (2004).
831
R. D. Fields (2014), ‘Vive la difference requiring medical researchers to test males and females in every experiment sounds reasonable, but it is a bad idea’, Scientific American, 311, 14.
832
Richardson, S. S., Reiches, M., Shattuck-Heidorn, H., LaBonte, M. L. and Consoli, T. (2015), ‘Opinion: focus on preclinical sex differences will not address women’s and men’s health disparities’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 112, 13419–20.
833
Holdcroft, Anita (2007) ‘Gender bias in research: how does it affect evidence based medicine?’, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 100.
834
Ibarra, Manuel, Vazquez, Marta and Fagiolino, Pietro (2017), ‘Sex Effect on Average Bioequivalence’, Clinical Therapeutics, 39:1, 23–33.
835
Mergaert, Lut and Lombardo, Emanuela (2014), ‘Resistance to implementing gender mainstreaming in EU research policy’, in Weiner, Elaine and MacRae, Heather (eds.), ‘The persistent invisibility of gender in EU policy’, European Integration online Papers (EIoP), special issue 1, Vol. 18, Article 5, 1–21.
836
Там же.
837
Там же.
838
Hughes (2007).
839
Pinnow, Ellen, Herz, Naomi, Loyo-Berrios, Nilsa and Tarver, Michelle (2014), ‘Enrollment and Monitoring of Women in Post-Approval Studies for Medical Devices Mandated by the Food and Drug Adminstration’, Journal of Women’s Health, 23:3 (March 2014), 218–23.
841
Labots, G., Jones, A., Visser, S. J. de, Rissmann, R. and Burggraaf, J. (2018), ‘Gender differences in clinical registration trials: is there a real problem?’, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.
842
McGregor, Alyson J. (2017), ‘The Effects of Sex and Gender on Pharmacologic Toxicity: Implications for Clinical Therapy’, Clinical Therapeutics, 39:1.
843
Там же.
844
Там же.
845
Там же.
846
Bruinvels, G. et al. (2016), ‘Sport, exercise and the menstrual cycle: where is the research?’, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51:6, 487–488.
847
Zopf, Y. et al. (2008), ‘Women encounter ADRs more often than do men’, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 64:999.
849
Soldin, Offie P., Chung, Sarah H. and Mattison, Donald R. (2011), ‘Sex Differences in Drug Disposition’, Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 2011:187103; Anderson, Gail D. (2005), ‘Sex And Racial Differences In Pharmacological Response: Where Is The Evidence? Pharmacogenetics, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics’, Journal of Women’s Health, 14:1, https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/jwh.2005.14.19.
850
Anderson (2005).
851
Hughes (2007).
852
Yoon, Dustin Y. et al. (2014), ‘Sex bias exists in basic science and translational surgical research’, Surgery, 156:3, 508–16.
854
Yoon et al. (2014).
855
Karp (2017).
856
Hughes (2007).
857
Yoon et al. (2014).
858
Там же.
859
Там же.
860
Ortona, Elena, Delunardo, Federica, Baggio, Giovannella and Malorni, Walter (2016), ‘A sex and gender perspective in medicine: A new Mandatory Challenge For Human Health’, Ann Ist Super Sanitа, 52:2, 146–8.
861
J. Peretz et al. (2016), ‘Estrogenic compounds reduce influenza A virus in primary human nasal epithelial cells derived from female, but not male, donors’, American Journal of Physiology, 310:5, 415–425.
862
Организация по изучению гендерных различий (Organization for the Study of Sex Differences, OSSD) – исследовательская организация, деятельность которой нацелена на изучение половых и гендерных различий на базе междисциплинарных исследований и взаимодействия между учеными и клиницистами.
865
Anderson (2005); Whitley, Heather P. and Lindsey, Wesley (2009), ‘Sex-Based Differences in Drug Activity’, American Family Physician, 80:11 (December 2009), 1254–8.
867
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4800017; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20799923; Howard, Louise M., Ehrlich, Anna M., Gamlen, Freya and Oram, Sian (2017), ‘Gender-neutral mental health research is sex and gender biased’, Lancet Psychiatry, 4:1, 9–11.
868
Главное бюджетно-контрольное управление США (General Accounting Office, GAO) – так до 2004 г. называлась Счетная палата США (Government Accountability Office, GAO).
869
Marts and Keitt (2004).
870
Parekh, A., Sanhai, W., Marts, S. and Uhl, K. (2007), ‘Advancing women’s health via FDA Critical Path Initiative’, Drug Discovery Today: Technologies, 4:2.
871
Национальные институты здоровья (National Institutes of Health, NIH) – учреждение в структуре Министерства здравоохранения США, включающее 27 институтов и исследовательских центров и занимающееся исследованиями в области здравоохранения и биомедицины.
873
Yoon et al. (2014).
875
Devries, Michaela C. (2016), ‘Sex-based differences in endurance exercise muscle metabolism: impact on exercise and nutritional strategies to optimize health and performance in women’, Experimental Physiology, 101:2, 243–9.
876
Schiebinger (2014).
877
Zusterzeel, R. et al. (2014), ‘Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Women: US Food and Drug Administration Meta-analysis of Patient-Level Data’, JAMA Internal Medicine, 174:8, 1340–8.
878
Woodruff, Teresa K. (2014), ‘Sex, equity, and science’, PNAS, 111:14, 5,063–4.
879
Nowak, Bernd et al. (2010), ‘Do gender differences exist in pacemaker implantation? – results of an obligatory external quality control program’, Europace, 12, 210–15.
882
Sardeli, Amanda Veiga and Chacon-Mikahil, Mara Patricia T. (2016), ‘Exercise-Induced Increase as a Risk Factor for Central Arterial Stiffness’, Journal of Archives in Military Medicine; http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/110/18/2858; http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/728571; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22267567.
883
Collier, Scott R. (2008), ‘Sex Differences in the Effects of Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise on Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness’, Gender Medicine, 5:2.
884
Там же.
885
Devries (2016).
886
Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2008), ‘Sex Differences in Exercise Metabolism and the Role of 17-Beta Estradiol’, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40:4, 648–54.
887
Dick, R. W. (2009), ‘Is there a gender difference in concussion incidence and outcomes?’, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43, Suppl. I, i46–i50, DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2009.058172.
889
Hunter, Sandra K. (2016), ‘Sex differences in fatigability of dynamic contractions’, Experimental Physiology, 101:2, 250–5.
890
Jutte, Lisa S., Hawkins, Jeremy, Miller, Kevin C., Long, Blaine C. and Knight, Kenneth L. (2012), ‘Skinfold Thickness at 8 Common Cryotherapy Sites in Various Athletic Populations’, Journal of Athletic Training, 47:2, 170–7.
891
Costello, Joseph T., Bieuzen, Francois and Bleakley, Chris M. (2014), ‘Where are all the female participants in Sports and Exercise Medicine research?’, European Journal of Sport Science, 14:8, 847–51; https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/scicurious/women-sports-are-often-underrepresented-science.
892
Faulkner, S. H., Jackson, S., Fatania, G. and Leicht, C. A. (2017), ‘The effect of passive heating on heat shock protein 70 and interleukin-6: A possible treatment tool for metabolic diseases?’, Temperature, 4, 1–13.
893
https://theconversation.com/a-hot-bath-has-benefits-similar-to-exercise-74600; http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/hot-bath-may-have-similarbenefits-as-exercise_us_58d90aa8e4b03692bea7a930.
894
Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands); https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/gender-matters-heart-disease-risk-in-women; Dallongeville, J. et al. (2010), ‘Gender differences in the implementation of cardiovascular prevention measures after an acute coronary event’, Heart, 96, 1744–9.
895
Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands).
899
Yoon et al. (2014).
900
Канадские институты медицинских исследований (Canadian Institutes of Health Research, CIHR) – финансируемый государством орган, занимающийся поддержкой исследований и инноваций в области здравоохранения.
901
Rees, Teresa (2011), ‘The Gendered Construction of Scientific Excellence’, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 36:2, 133–45.
902
Howard, Ehrlich, Gamlen and Oram (2017).
903
Holdcroft (2007).
904
Там же.
905
Marts and Keitt (2004).
907
Ortona, Delunardo, Baggio and Malorni (2016).
910
Там же.
911
Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands).
913
Там же.
914
Там же.
917
Pollitzer (2013).
919
Whitley and Lindsey (2009).
921
Tharpe, N. (2011), ‘Adverse Drug Reactions in Women’s Health Care’, Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 56, 205–13.
923
Marts and Keitt (2004).
924
Carey, Jennifer L. et al. (2017), ‘Drugs and Medical Devices: Adverse Events and the Impact on Women’s Health’, Clinical Therapeutics, 39:1.
925
Yoon et al. (2014).
926
‘Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands) 134 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC198535/.
929
Там же.
930
Anderson (2005).
931
Wang, Lishi et al. (2017), ‘Sex Differences in Hazard Ratio During Drug Treatment of Non-small-cell Lung Cancer in Major Clinical Trials: A Focused Data Review and Meta-analysis’, Clinical Therapeutics, 39:1.
932
Ibarra, Vazquez and Fagiolino (2017).
933
Whitley and Lindsey (2009).
934
Там же.
935
Там же.
937
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4800017/; http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/133/9/916?sid=beb5f268-4205-4e62-be8f-3caec4c4d9b7.
940
Ridker, Paul M. et al. (2005), ‘A Randomized Trial of Low-Dose Aspirin in the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women’, New England Journal of Medicine, 352, 1293–304.
941
Johannes, A. N. et al. (2011), ‘Aspirin for primary prevention of vascular events in women: individualized prediction of treatment effects’, European Heart Journal, 32:23, 2962–9.
942
Kruijsdijk, R. C. M. van et al. (2015), ‘Individualised prediction of alternateday aspirin treatment effects on the combined risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease and gastrointestinal bleeding in healthy women’, Heart, 101, 369–76.
943
Wu, J. et al. (2016), ‘Impact of initial hospital diagnosis on mortality for acute myocardial infarction: A national cohort study’, European Heart Journal, 7:2.
946
Там же.
947
Yoon et al. (2014).
951
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/03/160304092233.htm, 2016, March.
952
http://heart.bmj.com/content/102/14/1142 Опубликовано в сети 24 июня 2016 г.
953
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/03/160304092233.htm, 2016, March.
954
Motiwala, Shweta R., Sarma, Amy, Januzzi, James L. and O’Donoghue, Michelle L. (2014), ‘Biomarkers in ACS and Heart Failure: Should Men and Women Be Interpreted Differently?’, Clinical Chemistry, 60:1.
955
‘Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands).
957
Там же.
958
‘Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands).
959
Schiebinger, Londa (2014), ‘Gendered innovations: harnessing the creative power of sex and gender analysis to discover new ideas and develop new technologies’, Triple Helix, 1:9.
960
Dijkstra, A. F, Verdonk, P. and Lagro-Janssen, A. L. M. (2008), ‘Gender bias in medical textbooks: examples from coronary heart disease, depression, alcohol abuse and pharmacology’, Medical Education, 42:10, 1021–8; ‘Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands); https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10459-008-9100-z; Holdcroft (2007).
961
Sakalihasan, N., Limet, R. and Defawe, O. D. (2005), ‘Abdominal aortic aneurysm’, Lancet, 365, 1577–89.
962
‘Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands).
964
Там же.
965
Там же.
967
United Nations Development Programme (2015), Discussion Paper: Gender and Tuberculosis.
968
ACTION (Advocacy to Control TB Internationally), ‘Women and Tuberculosis: Taking a Look at a Neglected Issue’, ACTION, Washington DC, 2010.
969
Там же.
970
United Nations Development Programme (2015), Discussion Paper: Gender and Tuberculosis.
971
ACTION (Advocacy to Control TB Internationally), ‘Women and Tuberculosis: Taking a Look at a Neglected Issue’, ACTION, Washington DC, 2010.
972
Там же; United Nations Development Programme (2015), Discussion Paper: Gender and Tuberculosis.
973
ACTION (Advocacy to Control TB Internationally), ‘Women and Tuberculosis: Taking a Look at a Neglected Issue’, ACTION, Washington DC, 2010; United Nations Development Programme (2015), Discussion Paper: Gender and Tuberculosis.
975
ACTION (Advocacy to Control TB Internationally), ‘Women and Tuberculosis: Taking a Look at a Neglected Issue’, ACTION, Washington DC, 2010.
976
United Nations Development Programme (2015), Discussion Paper: Gender and Tuberculosis.
977
ACTION (Advocacy to Control TB Internationally), ‘Women and Tuberculosis: Taking a Look at a Neglected Issue’, ACTION, Washington DC, 2010.
978
Schiebinger (2014).
989
Hoffman, Diane E. and Tarzian, Anita J. (2001), ‘The Girl Who Cried Pain: A Bias Against Women in the Treatment of Pain’, Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 29, 13–27.
997
Showalter, Elaine (1985) The Female Malady: Women, Madness and English Culture 1830–1980, London 1987.
1001
Hoffman and Tarzian (2001).
1002
Fillingim, R. B., King, C. D., Ribeiro-Dasilva, M. C., Rahim-Williams, B. and Riley, J. L. (2009), ‘Sex, Gender, and Pain: A Review of Recent Clinical and Experimental Findings’, Journal of Pain: Official Journal of the American Pain Society, 10:5, 447–85.
1007
Greenspan, Joel D. et al. (2007), ‘Studying sex and gender differences in pain and analgesia: A consensus report’, Pain, 132, S26–S45.
1008
Hoffmann and Tarzian (2001).
1009
Clayton, Janine Austin (2016), ‘Studying both sexes: a guiding principle for biomedicine’, The FASEB Journal, 30:2, 519–524.
1012
Там же.
1013
Институт медицины (Institute of Medicine, IOM), ранее входивший в состав Национальной академии наук США, с 2015 г. именуется Национальной академией медицинских наук (National Academy of Medicine, NAM) и является самостоятельным исследовательским учреждением.
1016
Kindig, David A. and Cheng, Erika R. (2013), ‘Even As Mortality Fell In Most US Counties, Female Mortality Nonetheless Rose In 42.8 Percent Of Counties From 1992 To 2006’, Health Affairs, 32:3, 451–8.
1017
‘Gender and Health Knowledge Agenda’, May 2015 (ZonMw, Netherlands).
1019
Там же.
1030
Там же.
1032
Dmitrovic, R., Kunselman, A. R. and Legro, R. S. (2013), ‘Sildenafil citrate in the treatment of pain in primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized controlled trial’, Human Reproduction, 28:11, 2958–65.
1044
Студенский П. Доход наций (теория, измерение и анализ: прошлое и настоящее). – М.: Статистика, 1968.
1046
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/nov/10/doing-the-chores-valued-at-1tn-a-year-in-the-uk.
1055
Там же.
1056
Sanchez de Madariaga, Ines, ‘Mobility of Care: Introducing New Concepts in Urban Transport’, in Marion Roberts and Ines Sanchez de Madariaga (eds.) (2013), Fair Shared Cities: The Impact of Gender Planning in Europe, Farnham.
1059
В докладе ОЭСР 2017 г., посвященном социальным показателям, есть глава о неоплачиваемой работе, но в следующих докладах подобные разделы отсутствуют. http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/8111041e.pdf?expires=1500914228&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=CD8E8A5F41FA84BE66F2291FF893E9F0.
1060
https://theconversation.com/gender-neutral-policies-are-a-myth-why-weneed-a-womens-budget-55231.
1061
Himmelweit, Susan (2002), ‘Making Visible the Hidden Economy: The Case for Gender-Impact Analysis of Economic Policy’, Feminist Economics, 8:1, 49–70, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545700110104864.
1064
Там же.
1065
Women’s Budget Group (WBG) – независимая сеть, включающая ведущих ученых, экспертов в области политики и представителей бизнеса, целью которой является обеспечение гендерного равенства в области работы по дому.
1066
Там же.
1071
http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf; http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/WBG_Budget2017_Fullresponse-1.pdf.
1073
Закон, в частности, накладывает на государственные органы Великобритании обязанность обеспечивать соблюдение равенства (public sector equality duty, PSED).
1076
Barsh, Joanna and Yee, Lareina (2011), ‘Unlocking the full potential of women in the U.S. Economy’, McKinsey.
1079
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS?locations=US, accessed 13 March 2018.
1080
Там же; https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.MA.ZS, accessed 13 March 2018.
1082
McKinsey (2015), ‘The Power of Parity: how advancing women’s equality can add $12 trillion to global growth’.
1083
Там же.
1084
Там же.
1086
Himmelweit (2002).
1092
Там же.
1096
Там же.
1098
Там же.
1102
Там же.
1105
Институт исследований женской политики (The Institute for Women’s Policy Research, IWRP) – основанный в 1987 г. американский исследовательский центр, занимающийся изучением положения женщин и разрабатывающий соответствующие предложения для органов власти.
1106
Программа предоставления временной помощи нуждающимся семьям (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, TANF) – американская федеральная программа, принятая в 1997 г. и нацеленная на улучшение положения нуждающихся семей за счет предоставления помощи в области ухода за детьми, профессиональной подготовки и трудоустройства.
1109
https://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/De_Henau_WBG_childcare_briefing3_2017_02_20-1.pdf.
1112
Kim, Kijong and Antonopoulos, Rania (2011), ‘Working Paper No. 691: Unpaid and Paid Care: The Effects of Child Care and Elder Care on the Standard of Living’, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College.
1113
Там же.
1119
Там же.
1125
Там же.
1127
Центр американского прогресса (The Center for American Progress, CAP) – американская исследовательская и правозащитная организация либерального направления.
1128
Там же.
1130
http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/De_Henau_WBG_childcare_briefing3_2017_02_20-1.pdf; http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf.
1131
http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/gender-equality/the-power-of-parity-advancing-womens-equality-in-the-united-kingdom; http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/.
1138
По аналогии и созвучию с earthquake (англ.) – землетрясение.
1143
https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/are-women-really-70-of-the-worlds-poor-how-do-we-know/; https://www.politifact.com/article/2014/jul/03/meet-zombie-stat-just-wont-die/.
1144
https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/poverty/news/2013/03/11/56097/gender-equality-and-womens-empowerment-are-key-to-addressing-global-poverty/; https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2013/mar/26/empower-women-end-poverty-developing-world; https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/introduction-to-the-challenges-of-achieving-gender/; https://www.pciglobal.org/womens-empowerment-poverty/; https://reliefweb.int/report/world/women-and-development-worlds-poorest-are-women-and-girls; http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_008066/lang-en/index.htm.
1149
Следует пояснить, как определяется, кто глава семьи, мужчина или женщина. Это зависит от того, к какому полу принадлежат другие члены семьи. В семьях, где глава – мужчина, обычно имеются взрослые женщины. В семьях же, главами которых являются женщины, часто просто нет взрослых мужчин. Собственно, только в этом случае женщина по определению и может быть главой семьи.
1150
Lundberg, Shelly J., Pollak, Robert A. and Wales, Terence J. (1997), ‘Do Husbands and Wives Pool Their Resources? Evidence from the United Kingdom Child Benefit’, Journal of Human Resources, 32:3, 463–80, http://www.jstor.org/stable/146179.
1151
http://www.cpahq.org/cpahq/cpadocs/Feminization_of_Poverty.pdf; http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/3040/1/Gendered_nature_of_natural_disasters_%28LSERO%29.pdf.
1152
https://www.jstor.org/stable/145670?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents; https://blogs.wsj.com/ideas-market/2011/01/27/the-gender-of-money/; Francois Bourguignon, Martin Browning, Pierre-Andre Chiappori and Valerie Lechene (1993), ‘Intra Household Allocation of Consumption: A Model and Some Evidence from French Data’, Annales d’Economie et de Statistique, 29, Progres recents en theorie du consommateur / Recent Advances in Economic Theory, 137–56; http://jezebel.com/5744852/money-has-a-gender.
1155
Там же.
1156
Gauff, Tonya Major (2009), ‘Eliminating the Secondary Earner Bias: Lessons from Malaysia, the United Kingdom, and Ireland’, Northwestern Journal of Law and Social Policy, 4:2.
1157
Для федерального подоходного налога; местные налоги и налоги штатов обычно взимаются по плоской шкале.
1158
Шкала налогообложения в США семиступенчатая. Для лиц, не состоящих в браке, часть дохода до $9700 облагается налогом по ставке 10 %, часть дохода от $9701 до $39 475 – по ставке 12 %, и т. д. Максимальная ставка – 37 % (данные на 2019/2020 финансовый год).
1159
European Parliament (2017), Gender Equality and Taxation in the European Union, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2017/583138/IPOL_STU%282017%29583138_EN.pdf.
1160
Andrienko, Yuri, Apps, Patricia and Rees, Ray (2014), ‘Gender Bias in Tax Systems Based on Household Income’, Discussion Paper, Institute for the Study of Labor.
1161
Супружеские вычеты (Marriage Allowance), введенные в Великобритании в 2015 г., позволяют супругу, получающему более высокий доход (обычно мужу), перечислить часть личного налогового вычета (в 2019/2020 финансовом году – £1250) жене или партнеру, если их доход не превышает минимального не облагаемого доходом (в 2019/2020 финансовом году – £12 500) и если он сам платит подоходный налог по базовой ставке, соответственно уменьшив налоговые общие обязательства на £250 в год.
1162
Данные за 2017/2018 финансовый год.
1166
European Parliament (2017), Gender Equality and Taxation in the European Union, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2017/583138/IPOL_STU%282017%29583138_EN.pdf.
1167
Там же.
1168
Там же.
1169
Institute of Development Studies (2016), ‘Redistributing Unpaid Care Work – Why Tax Matters for Women’s Rights’.
1171
Там же.
1172
Там же.
1173
Institute of Development Studies (2016), ‘Redistributing Unpaid Care Work – Why Tax Matters for Women’s Rights’ 36, http://www.taxjustice.net/2016/11/03/switzerland-un-hot-seat-impact-tax-policies-womens-rights/.
1174
http://www.taxjustice.net/2016/11/03/switzerland-un-hot-seat-impact-tax-policies-womens-rights/.
1175
Центр по экономическим и социальным правам (Center for Economic and Social Rights, CESR) – международная правозащитная организация, целью которой является борьба с бедностью и неравенством.
1178
Institute of Development Studies (2016), ‘Redistributing Unpaid Care Work – Why Tax Matters for Women’s Rights’.
1179
European Parliament (2017), Gender Equality and Taxation in the European Union.
1183
Австралия, Австрия, Бельгия, Канада, Дания, Финляндия, Франция, Греция, Ирландия, Италия, Нидерланды, Новая Зеландия, Норвегия, Португалия, Испания, Швеция, Швейцария, Великобритания и США.
1189
https://archive.nytimes.com/query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage-9D06E2DF113EF936A15751C0A9619C8B63.html.
1193
https://politics.theonion.com/hillary-clinton-is-too-ambitious-to-be-the-first-female-1819584287.
1197
Cikara, Mina and Fiske, Susan T. (2009), ‘Warmth, competence, and ambivalent sexism: Vertical assault and collateral damage’, in Barreto, Manuela, Ryan, Michelle K. and Schmitt, Michael T. (eds.), The glass ceiling in the 21st century: Understanding barriers to gender equality, Washington.
1199
Hekman, David, Johnson, Stefanie, Foo, Maw-Der and Yang, Wei (2017), ‘Does Diversity-Valuing Behavior Result in Diminished Performance Ratings for Non-White and Female Leaders?’, Academy of Management Journal, 60:2, 771.
1202
Один из комитетов палаты общин, созданный в 2015 г.
1205
Полностью женские короткие списки (all-women shortlists, AWS) – инструмент позитивной дискриминации, направленный на увеличение доли женщин в парламенте Великобритании и ряда других стран и позволяющий партиям выставлять на выборах в определенных избирательных округах только кандидатуры женщин.
1207
https://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=2e149e34-9c26-4984-bf64-8989db41a6ad.
1209
Diana Z. O’Brien and Johanna Rickne (2016), ‘Gender Quotas and Women’s Political Leadership’, American Political Science Review, 110:1 (February 2016), 112–26.
1211
Там же.
1212
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2013/493011/IPOL-FEMM_NT(2013)493011_EN.pdf.
1214
Yoon, J. and Shin, K. (2015), ‘Mixed effects of legislative quotas in South Korea’, Politics & Gender, 11:1, 186–95.
1215
O’Brien and Rickne (2016).
1216
Законом о дискриминации по половому признаку (кандидатов на выборах) 2002 г. (Sex Discrimination (Election Candidates) Act 2002).
1220
Castillejo, Clare (2016), ‘Women political leaders and peacebuilding’, https://noref.no/Publications/Themes/Peacebuilding-and-mediation/Women-political-leaders-and-peacebuilding.
1222
Castillejo (2016).
1224
https://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=2e149e34-9c26-4984-bf64-8989db41a6ad.
1225
Hancock, Adrienne B., Rubin, Benjamin A. (2015), ‘Influence of Communication Partner’s Gender on Language’, Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 34:1, 46–64.
1232
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/feb/09/fawzia-koofi-afghanistan-mp-turn-off-microphones.
1235
Там же.
1237
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/feb/09/fawzia-koofi-afghanistan-mp-turn-off-microphones.
1239
O’Brien and Rickne (2016).
1240
Там же.
1242
Kanthak, Kristin and Krause, George A. (2012), The Diversity Paradox: Political Parties, Legislatures, and the Organizational Foundations of Representation in America, New York.
1243
O’Brien and Rickne (2016).
1244
Kanthak and Krause (2012). Как только женщины получают большинство, мужчины отступают.
1245
Wittmer, Dana and Bouche, Vanessa (2010), ‘The Limits of Gendered Leader ship: The Public Policy Implications of Female Leadership on Women’s Issues’, The Limits of Gendered Issues, APSA 2010 Annual Meeting Paper.
1254
Национальный демократический институт (The National Democratic Institute, NDI), или Национальный демократический институт по международным вопросам (The National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, NDIFA) – американская некоммерческая организация, созданная в 1983 г. с целью содействия развивающимся странам в повышении эффективности демократических институтов.
1256
Jacobi, Tonja and Schweers, Dylan (2017), ‘Justice, Interrupted: The Effect of Gender, Ideology and Seniority at Supreme Court Oral Arguments’ (14 March 2017), Virginia Law Review, 1379, Northwestern Law & Econ Research Paper No. 17–03.
1262
Tali Mendelberg, a Princeton University professor who is co-author of The Silent Sex: Gender, Deliberation and Institutions, https://mobile.nytimes.com/2016/10/27/upshot/speaking-while-female-and-at-a-disadvantage.html?em_pos=small&emc=edit_up_20161028&nl=upshot&nl_art=3&nlid=67555443&ref=headline&te=1&_r=0&referer=http://m.facebook.com.
1264
Mendelberg.
1265
Karpowitz, C., Mendelberg, T. and Shaker, L. (2012) ‘Gender Inequality in Deliberative Participation’, American Political Science Review, 106:3, 533–47.
1266
https://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=2e149e34-9c26-4984-bf64-8989db41a6ad.
1267
https://www.bindmans.com/insight/updates/when-can-the-law-remove-acouncillor-without-an-election; http://localgovernmentlawyer.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17463%3Acouncil-blames-localism-act-for-inability-to-remove-councillor-from-office&catid=59%3Agovernance-a-risk-articles&Itemid=27.
1268
https://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=2e149e34-9c26-4984-bf64-8989db41a6ad.
1273
Murakami-Ramalho, E. and Durodoye, B. (2008), ‘Looking Back to Move Forward: Katrina’s Black Women Survivors Speak’, NWSA Journal, 20(3), 115–37.
1275
Институт исследований женской политики (Institute for Women’s Policy Research, IWPR) – исследовательская организация, созданная в 1987 г. и занимающаяся изучением потребностей женщин для разработки политики, нацеленной на улучшение их положения.
1276
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jan/22/women-rights-war-peace-un-resolution-1325.
1280
United Nations Security Council (2017) ‘Report of the Secretary-General on women and peace and security’.
1281
Clare Castillejo (2016), ‘Women political leaders and peacebuilding’, Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre.
1282
Там же.
1283
https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/IPI-E-pub-Reimagining-Peacemaking.pdf; O’Reilly, Marie, Suilleabhain, Andrea O and Paffenholz, Thania (2015), ‘Reimagining Peacemaking: Women’s Roles in Peace Processes’, International Peace Institute, New York.
1284
Castillejo (2016).
1285
O’Reilly, Suilleabhain and Paffenholz (2015).
1288
O’Reilly, Marie, Suilleabhain, Andrea O and Paffenholz, Thania (2015), ‘Reimagining Peacemaking: Women’s Roles in Peace Processes,’ International Peace Institute, New York, June 2015, https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/IPI-E-pub-Reimagining-Peacemaking.pdf.
1290
O’Reilly, Suilleabhain and Paffenholz (2015).
1292
Межучрежденческая рабочая группа по вопросам охраны репродуктивного здоровья в кризисных ситуациях (Inter-Agency Working Group on Reproductive Health in Crises, IAWG) – структура, объединяющая более 450 международных, государственных и некоммерческих организаций, в том числе учреждений ООН, благотворительных организаций и исследовательских центров, созданная в 1995 г. и занимающаяся вопросами репродуктивного здоровья населения, пострадавшего от вооруженных конфликтов и стихийных бедствий.
1293
https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/11/world/asia/effort-to-help-filipino-women-falters-un-says.html.
1295
Там же.
1296
https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/11/world/asia/effort-to-help-filipino-women-falters-un-says.html.
1297
O’Reilly, Suilleabhain and Paffenholz (2015).
1302
Там же.
1306
Там же.
1311
Там же.
1318
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(17)30082-7/fulltext?elsca1=tlpr.
1320
Neumayer, Eric and Plumper, Thomas (2007) ‘The gendered nature of natural disasters: the impact of catastrophic events on the gender gap in life expectancy, 1981–2002’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 97:3, 55–66.
1321
Там же.
1324
Там же.
1328
Там же.
1329
Институт по освещению войны и мира (Institute for War and Peace Reporting, IWPR) – независимая сеть организаций, базирующаяся в Лондоне и работающая со СМИ и гражданскими активистами в целях содействия позитивным изменениям в зонах конфликтов, закрытых обществах и странах с переходной экономикой во всем мире.
1334
Комиссия по делам женщин-беженцев (Women’s Refugee Commission, WRC) – неправительственная организация, созданная в 1989 г. в рамках Международного комитета спасения (International Rescue Committee, IRC), целью которой является содействие улучшению условий жизни и защита прав женщин, детей и молодежи в условиях вооруженных конфликтов и в кризисных ситуациях. С 2014 г. организация имеет статус самостоятельного юридического лица.
1335
https://www.amnesty.ie/greece-refugee-women-coping-fear-violence-camps/, https://blogs.cdc.gov/global/2014/11/17/implications-of-latrines-on-womens-and-girls-safety/.
1337
http://www.wame2015.org/case-study/1124/; https://blogs.cdc.gov/global/2014/11/17/implications-of-latrines-on-womens-and-girls-safety/.
1339
Террористическая организация, запрещена на территории Российской Федерации.
1343
IRIN и Комиссия по делам женщин-беженцев.
1345
Там же.
1351
Там же.
1360
Канадский центр политических альтернатив (Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, CCPA) – независимый исследовательский центр левого направления, занимающийся изучением проблем экономической политики, международной торговли, экологической и социальной политики.
1373
http://www.unhcr.org/uk/news/latest/2008/4/4815db792/corporate-gift-highlights-sanitation-problems-faced-female-refugees.html; ttp://www.reuters.com/article/us-womens-day-refugees-periodsfeature-idUSKBN16F1UU.
1374
https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Refugee-Women-on-the-European-Route-Balkans.pdf; https://www.globalone.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2017/03/SYRIA-REPORT-FINAL-ONLINE.pdf; https://globalone.org.uk/2017/05/a-14-year-olds-heart-wrenching-tale/.
1376
https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Refugee-Women-on-the-European-Route-Balkans.pdf; http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/11/world/asia/effort-to-help-filipino-women-falters-un-says.html.
1384
Там же.
1387
Cikara, Mina and Fiske, Susan T. (2009), ‘Warmth, competence, and ambivalent sexism: Vertical assault and collateral damage’, in Barreto, Manuela, Ryan, Michelle K. and Schmitt, Michael T. (eds.), The glass ceiling in the 21st century: Understanding barriers to gender equality, Washington.
1390
Поллианна – героиня одноименного романа американской писательница Элизабет Портер (1913). Ее имя стало нарицательным для обозначения неисправимого оптимиста, видящего во всем только хорошие стороны. – Прим. ред.
1391
Клингонский язык – искусственный язык, разработанный лингвистом Марком Окрандом по заказу Paramount Studios для одной из инопланетных рас в вымышленной вселенной сериала «Звездный путь». – Прим. ред.
1399
Sex Discrimination Law Review (January 2018), www.fawcettsociety.org.uk.
1400
Nielsen, Mathias Wullum, Andersen, Jens Peter, Schiebinger, Londa and Schneider, Jesper W. (2017), ‘One and a half million medical papers reveal a link between author gender and attention to gender and sex analysis’, Nature Human Behaviour, 1, 791–6.
1402
Ransby, B. (2006), ‘Katrina, Black Women, and the Deadly Discourse on Black Poverty in America’, Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 3:1, 215–22, DOI: 10.1017/S1742058X06060140.
"Прошедший век прошел под знаком борьбы двух систем, двух мировоззрений. Борьба была жестокой, изнурительной, мир не раз был на грани катастрофы. В первой половине века в мире явно доминировало движение в сторону социализма. По этому пути двигались СССР, КНР, страны Восточной Европы и другие, причем число их постоянно росло. Закономерность казалась вполне определенной — человечество идет к социализму. Во второй половине века тенденция поменялась и движение пошло вспять. Страны социализма, проиграв экономическое соревнование, развернулись на 180 и стали на капиталистический путь развития.
Конфликт между объединением «МММ» и властными структурами начался ровно год назад. Итог: все изъятые налоговой инспекцией документы владельцу возвращены. Уголовное дело закрыто за отсутствием состава преступления. Казалось бы — следует объяснить публично, что все это значило, кто прав и кто виноват. Принести извинения фирме, имиджу и финансам которой нанесен огромный ущерб. Однако ни МВД, ни руководство налоговой инспекции не спешат объясниться. Как будто им невдомек, что оставлять открытыми такие вопросы в цивилизованном обществе не полагается.
Очерк истории советской фантастики, нарисованный свидетелем значительной части ее существования — преданным читателем и известным писателем.
Эти новеллы подобны ледяной, только что открытой газированной минералке: в них есть самое главное, что должно быть в хороших новеллах, – сюжет, лопающийся на языке, как шипучие пузырьки. В тексты вплетены малоизвестные и очень любопытные факты, связанные с деятельностью аэрокосмических Конструкторских бюро. Например, мало кому известно, что 10 октября 1984 года советский лазерный комплекс «Терра-3» обстрелял американский орбитальный корабль «Челленджер» типа «Шаттл». Тот самый, который спустя два года, 28 января 1986 года взорвался при старте.