Как работает экономика [заметки]

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Стивенсон «Стив» Форбс, младший (Malcolm Stevenson Forbes, Jr, род. в 1947 г.) – американский издатель, бизнесмен и политик. Главный редактор журнала Forbes. Дважды выдвигался кандидатом в президенты США от Республиканской партии.

Джанет Йеллен (Janet Yellen; род. в 1946 г.) – американский экономист, глава Федеральной резервной системы США с 2014 г. (Здесь и далее примечания сделаны редакцией.)

Бен Бернанке (Ben Bernanke; род. в 1953 г.) – американский экономист, председатель совета управляющих Федеральной резервной системы США в 2006–2014 гг.

Милтон Фридман (Milton Friedman; 1912–2006) – американский экономист, лауреат Нобелевской премии по экономике, создатель теории монетаризма.

Джон Кейнс (John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes; 1883–1946) – английский экономист, основатель кейнсианского направления в экономической теории, один из основателей макроэкономики.

Йозеф Шумпетер (Joseph Alois Schumpeter; 1883–1950) – австрийский и американский экономист и социолог. Ввел в оборот термины «креативное разрушение» и «элитарная демократия».

Экстренная правительственная помощь проблемным банкам (bail-out activities) осуществлялась в виде предоставления кредитов и залогов, обеспеченных государственными облигациями, и выкупа проблемных ипотечных активов. Всего в рамках Плана спасения финансовой системы США (план Полсона) ФРС США предоставила банкам займы на сумму $700 млрд.

Пол Самуэльсон (Paul Anthony Samuelson; 1915–2009) – американский экономист, лауреат Нобелевской премии по экономике (1970 г.), автор книги «Экономика: вводный анализ».

ЧНП, чистый национальный продукт (NNP, Net National Product) – совокупная рыночная стоимость всех товаров и услуг, произведенных внутри страны, за вычетом амортизации.

Джордж Гилдер (George Franklin Gilder; род. в 1939 г.) – американский инвестор, экономист, писатель.

Уоррен Брукс (Warren T. Brookes; 1929–1991) – американский колумнист, журналист.

Джуд Ванниски (Jude Thaddeus Wanniski; 1936–2005) – американский журналист, экономист.

Рувен Бреннер (Reuven Brenner; род. в 1947 г.) – израильско-канадский экономист.

«Исследование о природе и причинах богатства народов» (An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations) – основной труд основоположника политической экономии шотландца Адама Смита (1723–1790).

«Просачивающаяся по швам экономика» (trickle-down econоmics) – одна из идей «рейганомики», экономической доктрины президента США Рональда Рейгана (1981–1989). Согласно ей, блага от снижения налогов для богатых «просачиваются» к бедным. Сторонники этого подхода утверждают, что снижение налогов для богатых стимулирует приток инвестиций в производство, экономический рост и как следствие рост зарплат.

Фредерик Бастиа (Frederic Bastiat; 1801–1850) – французский либеральный экономист, сторонник свободной торговли. В памфлете «Что видно и чего не видно» (1850) он описывал ситуацию, когда мальчик разбил окно в булочной. Булочник нанял стекольщика (мы видим, что стекольщик стал богаче). При этом булочник не смог купить новые сапоги (мы не видим, что таким образом он стал беднее). «Вся разница между плохими и хорошими экономистами в том, что первые замечают лишь очевидные последствия, а вторые принимают в расчет также и те, которые надо предвидеть». Роль запретителя-разрушителя в системе взглядов Бастиа играет государство – «огромная фикция, посредством которой все пытаются жить за счет других».

Людвиг фон Мизес (Ludwig von Mises; 1881–1973) – экономист, философ, сторонник классического либерализма. Наряду с Ф. фон Хайеком один из основателей философии либертарианства.

Аллан Слоан (Allan Sloan; род. в 1966 г.) – американский журналист, редактор, телекомментатор (Fortune, Newsweek, NPR).

Майкл Делл (Michael Dell; род. в 1965 г.) – основатель и руководитель компьютерной компании Dell.

Роберт Бартли (Robert Bartley; 1937–2003) – американский журналист и экономический обозреватель, лауреат Пулитцеровской премии.

Суперкубок (Super Bowl) – встреча команд-победительниц Национальной и Американской конференций американского футбола после окончания сезона в НФЛ. Матчи за Супер Боул и празднование этого события проходят с 1967 г., всегда по воскресеньям («воскресенье Супер Боул») и пользуются огромной популярностью в США.

Джон Милль (John Stewart Mill; 1806–1873) – британский философ и экономист. Сторонник идей либерализма и примата индивидуальной свободы над неограниченным контролем государства.

Говард Кершнер (Howard E. Kershner; 1892–1990) – американский предприниматель, экономист, консервативный публицист, известный поборник экономических свобод.

Митт Ромни (Willard Mitt Romney; род. в 1947 г.) – американский политик и предприниматель. Кандидат в президенты США от Республиканской партии на выборах 2012 г. Состояние Ромни оценивается в $200 млн (2011).

Бенджамин Андерсон (Benjamin Anderson; 1886–1949) – американский экономист, последователь австрийской школы.

Ник Коконас (Nick Kokonas) – современный американский ресторатор и предприниматель.

Сэмюэл Джонсон (Samuel Johnson; 1709–1784) – английский литературный критик, лексикограф и поэт.

Эдвард («Тед») Кеннеди (Edward Moore «Ted» Kennedy; 1932–2009) – американский политик, сенатор (1962–2009 гг.). Член Демократической партии. Брат президента США Дж. Кеннеди и сенатора Р. Кеннеди.

Орентал Джеймс «О. Джей» Симпсон (Orenthal James «O. J.» Simpson; род. в 1947) – американский актер и профессиональный футболист, обвиненный в убийстве жены и ее любовника, но усилиями адвокатов оправданный и выплативший $38 млн штрафа. В 2008 г. суд Лас-Вегаса приговорил О. Джей Симпсона к 33 годам заключения за участие в вооруженном ограблении и похищении людей.

«There Must Be a Pony in Here Somewhere» – фраза из популярного анекдота про оптимистичного мальчика, который, обнаружив под рождественской елкой вместо подарков кучу навоза, роется в ней, восклицая: «Где-то здесь должна быть пони!» – Прим. пер.

Джон Гэлбрейт (John Galbraith; 1908–2006) – канадско-американский экономист, политик, дипломат, активный сторонник идей американского (социального) либерализма.

Том Питерс, Роберт Уотерман-мл. В поисках совершенства. Уроки самых успешных компаний Америки (In Search of Excellence: Lessons from America's Best Run Companies). – М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2014.

Жан-Батист Сэй (Jean-Baptiste Say; 1767–1832) – французский экономист, представитель классической школы политэкономии.

Дональд Бодро (Donald Joseph Boudreaux; род. 1958 г.) – современный американский экономист и публицист.

Билл Махер (William «Bill» Maher, Jr; род. 1956 г.) – американский комедийный актер, телеведущий, либеральный политический комментатор.

Трагедия общин, трагедия ресурсов общего пользования (Tragedy of the Commons) – последствия противоречий между интересами членов общины относительно ресурсов общего пользования, обычно приводящие к истощению ресурса. Например, свободный доступ уничтожает общее пастбище, поскольку издержки содержания ресурса нельзя возложить на конкретных членов общины.

Фредерик Бастиа (Frederic Bastiat; 1801–1850) – французский экономист, сторонник тезиса о взаимовыгодном сосуществовании труда и капитала, предшественник Австрийской экономической школы.

Кривая Филлипса – графическое отображение предполагаемой обратной зависимости между уровнем инфляции и уровнембезработицы. Предложена в 1958 г. Уильямом Филлипсом, выведшим корреляционную зависимость между уровнем безработицы и изменением прироста заработной платы. Согласно Милтону Фридману в долгосрочном периоде зависимость между уровнем инфляции и уровнем безработицы отсутствует.

Уотергейтский скандал (Watergate scandal) – политический скандал в США в 1972–1974 гг., закончившийся уходом в отставку президента Ричарда Никсона. Единственный случай, когда президент США добровольно сложил с себя полномочия.

Алексис де Токвиль (Alexis de Tocqueville; 1805–1859) – французский политик, министр иностранных дел Франции (1849 г.), автор трактата «Демократия в Америке» (1835, 1840).

Генри «Хэнк» Полсон (Henry Merritt «Hank» Paulson Jr.; род. в 1946 г.) – министр финансов США (2006–2009 гг.), член совета управляющих МВФ. В 1998–2006 гг. глава банка Goldman Sachs.

Альберт Нок (Albert Jay Nock; 1870–1945) – американский анархист-либертарианец, педагог.

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Там же, стр. 61.

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Там же, стр. 61.

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Albert Jay Nock, Our Enemy, The State (Caldwell, ID: The Caxton Printers, 1935), 197.

346

Barack Obama's 2009 State of the Union Speech, http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/01/27/sotu.transcript/.

347

Nock, Our Enemy, The State, 151.