Цивилизации [заметки]

Шрифт

Интервал

Sophocles, Antigone, (332.-369), translated by Elizabeth Wyck-off (Chicago, 1959).

C. F. Volney, Les Ruines (1791) ((Euvres, vol. i (Paris, 1989), p. 170).

J. Marmol, Amalia, 2 vols (Buenos Aires, 1944), vol. i, p. 39. Интерпретацией обстановки Амалии я обязан замечанию профессора Беатрис Пастор.

Игра без правил (фр.). — Здесь и далее прим. перев.

В данном случае речь идет об ошибке священника. На самом деле деятеля освободительного движения Южной Африки зовут Стив Бико (Стивен Банту Бико, 1946–1977, казнен в тюрьме г. Претория).

О, где прошлогодний снег? (фр.)

R. Queneau, Le Vol d'lcare (1968, p. 14).

Ted Bank II, Birthplace of Winds ((London, 1957), p. 73).

Под «обществом» я понимаю любую группу людей, имеющих общее представление о своей принадлежности к этой группе. Это, разумеется, не определение — просто руководство к употреблению в данном контексте.

Наиболее полезные резюме истории мира и связанных с нею проблем см. М. Melko and L. R. Scott, eds, The Boundaries of Civilizations in Space and Time (Lanham, Md., 1987); F. Braudel, Grammaire des civilisations (Paris, 1987), pp. 33–39; J. Huizinga, ‘Geschonden Wereld: een Beschouwing over de kansen op herstel van onze beschaving’, Verzamelde Werken, vii (Haarlem, 1950), pp. 479–490. Я благодарен профессору X. Весселингу и доктору У. Хьюджхольцу за эту ссылку. Также полезны A. Banuls, ‘Les Mots "culture" et "civilisation" en fran9ais et allemand’, Etudes germaniques, xxiv (1969), pp. 171–180; E. Benveniste, Civilisation: contribution a Vhistoire d^>yun mot (Paris, 1954); E. Dampierre, ‘Note on "culture" and "civilisation"’, Comparative Studies in History and Society, iii (1961), pp. 328–340.

H. Fairchild, The Noble Savage (London, 192); H. Lane, The Wild Boy of Aveyron (London, 1977); R. Shattuck, The Forbidden Experiment: the Story of the Wild Boy of Aveyron (New York, 1980).

J.-M.-G. Itard, The Wild Boy of Aveyron, ed. and trans. G. and M. Humphrey (New York, 1962), p. 66.

Тем более, в еще большей степени (лат.).

Умышленно, с умыслом (фр.).

A. Danzat, J. Dubois and H. Mitterand, Nouveau dictionnaire etymologique et historique (Paris, 1971), p. 170.

T. Steel, The Life and Death of St Kilda (Glasgow, 1986), p. 34.

Я должен отчетливо прояснить, что не отделяю человека от природы: человек часть природы. Если язык, которым я пользуюсь, иногда отражает веру в традиционную дихотомию, то лишь по одной причине: некоторые общества придавали ей такое большое значение, что она приобретала черты реальности, то есть люди вели себя так, словно подобная дихотомия действительно существует. См. P. Coates, Nature: Changing Attitudes since Ancient Times (London, 1998); J.-M. Drouin, Reinventer la nature: Vecologie et son histoire (Paris, 1974), особенно pp. 174–193; а также P. Descola and G. Palsson, eds, Nature and Society: Anthropological Perspectives (London and New York, 1996), pp. 2-14, 63–67. Я благодарен профессору Франсу Тьюсу за предоставление мне этой работы.

J. Goudsblom, Fire and Civilization (London, 1992), pp. 2, 6–7, 23.

О различии, каким я его вижу, см. A. L. Kroeber and С. Kluckhohn, Culture: a Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions (Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, xlvii (1952)), pp. 15–29; Huizinga, op. cit., pp. 485–486. Альфред Вебер использовал термин Hoch-kulturen для обозначения обществ, обладающих отличительными чертами, приписываемыми в других западных языках цивилизации, а термин Zivilisation применял к таким обществам, если те демонстрировали и другие особенности: огромные всепроникающие структуры (особенно политического или религиозного характера, хотя иногда он намекает, что бывают необходимы и достаточны и обычные технологии или объединяющие коммуникационные системы) и «рациональный» экономический порядок. Kulturgeschichte als Kultursoziologie (Munich, 1950), особенно pp. 25–27 (о различии между Kulturen и Hochkulturen) и 428.

F. Haskell, Taste and the Antique (New Haven and London, 1981), pp. 148–151.

K. Clark, Civilisation: a Personal View (Harmonds worth, 1982), pp. 18, 27.

«Поскольку с августа 1914 по ноябрь 1918 Великобритания и ее союзники сражались за цивилизацию, я полагаю, не будет неуместным уточнить, что такое цивилизация» С. Bell, Civilization: an Essay (New York, 1928), p. 3; программа такого же типа была провозглашена Альбертом Швейцером, например, в The Decay and Restoration of Civilization (London, 1932); работа Питирима Сорокина Social and Cultural Dynamics, 4 vols (New York, 1937-41), почти не имеет значения, разве что в определенном идеологическом контексте, но автор вдохновлялся такой же одержимостью: стремлением объяснить крах революции, в которой он играл незначительную роль. Его подлинно ошеломляющую попытку определить цивилизацию или по крайней мере отграничить ее от культуры можно найти в четвертом томе, обезоруживающе названном Basic Problems, Principles and Methods (1941), pp. 145–196. Тот факт, что немцы используют термины Kultur и Zivilisation в ином смысле, чем другие языки, вызывает большую потерю времени и большое негодование: концепт цивилизации у немецких мыслителей тот же, что и у всех остальных. См. выше п. 9 и S. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York, 1996), p. 41.

The Decline of the West, 2 vols (New York, 1966), vol. I, pp. 230, 396.

Ibid., pp. 31, 106.

К. R. Popper, The Open Society and its Enemies, 2 vols (London, 1947), vol. ii, pp. 72.

Man Makes Himself (London, 1936), pp. 74, 118.

Social. Evolution (London, 1951), p. 26.

Civilization and Climate (New Haven, 1922), особ. pp. 335–345.

Болезнь века (фр.).

A. J. Toynbee, A Study of History, vol. i (London, 1934), pp. 147–148, 189.

Ibid., p. 192.

Уолтер Баджет, 1826–1877, английский экономист и журналист.

R. Redfield, The Primitive World and its Transformations, pp. 112.-21.

P. Valery, La Crise de resprit.

‘Une civilisation qui sait qu’elle est mortelle ne peut etre une civilisation comme les autres’. J. Monnerot, Sociologie du communisme (Paris, 1949), p. 492; отрывок приведен в E. Callot, Civilisation et civilisations: recherche d^>yune philosophie de la culture (Paris, 1954), p. vii.

V. Alexandrov, The Tukhachevsky Affair (1963); J. F. C. Fuller, The Decisive Battles of the Western World, 2 vols (London, 1970), vol. ii, pp. 405–228.

A. Bramwell, Blood and Soil: Richard Walther Dane and Hitler's ‘Green Party' (Bourne End, 1985).

P. Hulten, ed., Futurism and Futurisms (New York, 1986). See E. Hobsbawm, ‘Barbarism: a User’s guide’, New Left Review, ccvi (1994), pp. 44–54; мой параграф основан на моей книге Millennium: A History of Our Last Thousand Years (New York, 1995), pp. 513-17 и The Times Illustrated History of Europe (London, 1995), pp. 173–174.

M. Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa (New York, 1928).

Это новое пересмотренное издание: P. Geyl, ‘Toynbee the Prophet’, Debates with Historians (London, 1974).

P. Bagby, Culture and History: Prolegomena to the Comparative Study of Civilizations (London, 1958), p. 184.

W. H. McNeill, Arnold Toynbee: a Life (New York, 1989), pp. 251–252. Я благодарен профессору Леонарду Блюссе за то, что он указал мне на эту работу.

A. Quigley, The Evolution of Civilizations: an Introduction to Historical Analysis (New York, 1961), особ. pp. 66–92; M. Melko, The Nature of Civilizations (Boston, 1969), pp. 101-60; С. Н. Brough, The Cycle of Civilization: a Scientific, Deterministic Analysis of Civilization, its Social Basis, Patterns and Projected Future (Detroit, 1965); C. Tilly, As Sociology Meets History (New York, 1981); Big Structures, Large Processes, Huge Comparisons (New York, 1984); S. K. Sanderson, Social Transformations: a General Theory of Historical Development (Oxford, 1995), особ. pp. 53–85.

Clark, op. cit., p. 17; Сэр Дэвид Аттенборо, который предложил работу Кларка Би-би-си, в телевизионном интервью рассказал о ее происхождении: Кларк не хотел обращаться к телевидению, но согласился, когда Аттенборо использовал слово «цивилизация» для объяснения темы серии, как он ее себе представлял. См. ibid., р. 14.

N. Elias, The Civilising Process (Oxford, 1994), p. 3.

Power and Civility: the Civilizing Process, vol. ii (New York, 1982), 52.

Huizinga, op. cit., p. 481.

См. например С. Renfrew, Before Civilization (Harmondsworth, 1976) and The Emergence of Civilization (London, 1972).

Журнал «школы» историков, к которой он принадлежит, продолжал различать «экономики, общества, цивилизации», но в своей последней работе он предпочитал говорить о «мировом порядке» как подходящем объекте изучения, причем имел в виду группу групп, которая имеет общую политическую космологию или концепцию единой политической ойкумены. Так, можно считать «мировым порядком» Китай из-за небесного мандата, или западное христианство как мир, несущий на себе отпечаток римского представления об универсальной империи, или ислам, верящий, что мандат на политическую власть исходит от пророка. Это был полезный концепт, но сегодня политологи используют термин «мировой порядок» для обозначения системы глобальных политических и экономических взаимоотношений, направленных на укрепление или сохранение мира, и такое понимание восходит к Броделю. Мысли Броделя на эту тему лучше всего представлены в его Grammaire des civilisations, op. cit., pp. 33–68.

Ibid., p. 23.

От греч. Θαλασσα — море.

Ibid., p. 41.

The Age of Reconnaissance (London, 1963).

J. Needham et al., Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge, 1954 — in progress).

Направление англиканской церкви, тяготеющее к католицизму.

Ibid., vol. iv, part III (1971), pp. 540–553.

Huntington, op. cit., pp. 21–29.

См., например, превосходное изложение в Е. Wolf, Europe and the Peoples Without History (New York, 1983).

Or ‘defining characteristic’: op. cit., p. 47.

Ibid., pp. 26–27, 48, 159.

F. Koneczny, On the Plurality of Civilizations (London, 1962), p. 167.

Выдающиеся работы такого типа включают W. Н. McNeill, The Rise of the West: a History of the Human Community (Chicago, 1963); I. Wallerstein, The Modern World-system, 3 vols so far (New York, 1972 — in progress); L. S. Stavrianos, Lifelines from our Past: a New World History (New York, 1992); G. Parker, ed., The Times Atlas of World History: $th edn (London, 1993); D. Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations (New York, 1998); A. Gunder Frank, ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1998).

Fernandez-Armesto, Millennium, op. cit., p. 20.

‘des systemes complexes et solidaires qui, sans etre limites a un organisme politique determine, sont pourtant localisable dans le temps et dans l’espace… qui ont leur unite, leur maniere d’etre propre’. E. Durckheim and M. Mauss, ‘Note sur la notion de civilisation’, Annie sociologique, xii, p. 47. Перевод этого текста приведен в ‘Note on the Notion of Civilization’, Social Research, xxxviii (1971), pp. 808–813.

A. L. Kroeber, An Anthropologist Looks at History (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1963); Style and Civilization (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1963).

O. F. Anderle, ed., The Problem of Civilizations (The Hague, 1961), p. 5.

Op. cit., p. 17.

Op. cit., pp. 63-129.

A. Quigley, The Evolution of Civilizations: an Introduction to Historical Analysis (New York, 1961), p. 32.

См. полезное резюме традиции, op. cit., pp. 42–48, cm. 26–27. В M. Melko and L. R. Scott, eds, The Boundaries of Civilizations in Space and Time (Lanham, Md., 1987) великолепный подбор разнообразных писем, собранных и проанализированных с привлекательной серьезностью и ироничностью.

A. Levi-Strauss, The Elementary Structures of Kinship (London, 1971), p. 23.

Alfred North Whitehead, Adventures of Ideas (New York, 1933), p. 365.

‘La civilizacion no es otra cosa que el ensayo de reducir la fuerza a ultima ratio J. Ortega у Gasset, La rebelion de las masas (Madrid, 1930), p. 114.

R. G. Collingwood, The New Leviathan, ed. D. Boucher (Oxford, 1992), pp. 283–299.

Op. cit., vol. xii, pp. 279.

Op. cit., pp. 67, 200–264.

«Тот же этимологический довод скажет нам, что «циркуляризация» означает превращение чего-либо в круглое; тот факт, что на самом деле это означает ознакомление человека с каким-либо документом, именуемым циркуляром, бросает тень сомнения на весь довод». Collingwood, op. cit., p. 281.

S. Freud, Civilization and its Discontents (New York, 1961), p. 44.

S. W. Itzkoff, The Making of the Civilized Mind (New York, 1990), pp. 9, 274.

Ibid., p. 26.

Op. cit., vol. xii, p. 279.

L. Mumford, The Transformations of Man (New York, 1956), pp. 44–45.

S. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York, 1996), p. 574.

См. аргументы J. Derrida, De la grammatologie (Paris, 1967), который, я полагаю, в этом прав; и великолепный образцовый анализ карт и «писем-рисунков» коренных американцев G. Brotherson, Book of the Fourth World: Reading the Native Americans through their Literature (Cambridge, 1992).

Умышленно, с умыслом (фр.).

В качестве выборки см. Melko and Scott, eds, op. cit., и особенно L. R. Scott, ‘Qualities of Civilizations’, на pp. 5-10.

P. R. S. Moorey, ed., The Origins of Civilization (Oxford, 1979), pp. v-vi.

Полировка, лоск, глянец.

Система социальных и политических взаимоотношений в обществе.

N. Bondt, ‘De Gevolgen der Beschaaving en van de Levenswyze der Hedendaagische Beschaafde Volken’, Niew Algen-meen Magazijn van Wetenschap, Konst en Smaack, iv (1797), p. 703–724. Я благодарен профессору Питеру Райтбергену, который обратил мое внимание на эту работу.

McNeill, op. cit., p. 96.

R. J. Puttnam and S. D. Wratten, Principles of Ecology (London, 1984), p. 15.

Huntington, op. cit., pp. 45–46.

Ibid., p. 259.

Ibid., pp. 127–148.

Глупость (фр.).

N. Elias, The Symbol Theory, ed. R. Kilminster (London, 1991), p. 146. Я благодарю профессора Джоана Гоудсблома за ознакомление с этой работой.

Bernabe Cobo, Historia de Nuevo Mundo (1653), book II, chapter 1.

Olaus Magnus, Description of the Northern Peoples (1555), ed. P. Foote (vol. I (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1996), p. 1).

100

Francesco Negri, Viaggio setentrionale (1700), отрывок в R. Bosi, The Lapps (New York, 1960), p. 16.

101

Е. Gruening, ed., An Alaskan Reader, 1867–1967 (New York, 1966), p. 369.

102

J. Ross, Narrative of a Second Voyage in Search of a Northwest Passage (London, 1835), p. 191.

103

F. G. Jackson, The Great Frozen Land (London, 1895), p. 17.

104

F. Fernandez-Armesto, ‘Inglaterra у el atlantico en la baja edad media’, в книге A. Bethencourt у Massieu et al., Canarias e Inglaterra a traves de los siglos (Las Palmas, 1996), pp. 14–16.

105

H. P. Lovecraft, At the Mountains of Madness and Other Tales of Terror (New York, 1971), pp. 45–46.

106

Y. Slezkine, Arctic Mirrors: Russia and the Small Peoples of the North (Ithaca, NY, 1994), p. 80.

107

K. Donner, Among the Samoyed in Siberia (New Haven, 1954), pp. 7–8, 101.

108

Ibid., pp. 114–129, 144.

109

Slezkine, op. cit., pp. 56–57, 115.

110

Ibid., pp. 126–127, 133.

111

Jackson, op. cit., pp. 57, 62, 75, 77.

112

Отрывок в R. Bosi, The Lapps (New York, 1960), p. 43.

113

Olaus Magnus, Description of the Northern Peoples (1555), ed. P. Foote, vol. i (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1996), p. 201.

114

Подобных людям (лат.).

115

Slezkine, op. cit., pp. 33–35.

116

Так сказать (фр.).

117

N.-A. Valkeapaa, Greetings from Lappland: the Sami, Europe's Forgotten People (London, 1983), p. 9.

118

L. Larsson, ‘Big Dog and Poor Man: Mortuary Practices in Mesolithic Societies in Southern Sweden’, в книге Т. В. Larsson and H. Lundmark, Approaches to Swedish Prehistory: a Spectrum of Problems and Perspectives in Contemporary Research (Oxford, 1989), pp. 211–223.

119

Valkeapaa, op. cit., p. 17.

120

J. and K. Imbrie, Ice Ages: Solving the Mystery (Short Hills, NJ), 1979; A. Berger, Milankovitch and Climate (Dordrecht, 1986).

121

M. Jochim, ‘Late Pleistocene Refugia in Europe’, в книге О. Soffer, ed., The Pleistocene Old World: Regional Perspectives (New York, 1987), pp. 317–331.

122

В. V. Eriksen, ‘Resource Exploitation, Susistence Strategies, and Adaptiveness in Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Northwest Europe’, в книге L. G. Straus et al., eds, Humans at the End of the Ice Age: the Archaeology of the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition (New York, 1996), p. 119.

123

N. Benecke, ‘Studies on Early Dog Remains from Northern Europe’, Journal of Archaeological Science, xiv (1987), pp. 31–49.

124

L. Straus, ‘Les Derniers chasseurs de rennes du monde pyre-пёеп: l’abri Dufaure: un gisement tardiglaciaire en Gascogne’, Memoires de la Societe Prehistorique Franqaise, xxii (1995); конечно, не следует предполагать, что северные олени во всех регионах играли принципиально важную роль. См. Eriksen, loc. cit., р. 115.

125

J. Turi, TurVs Book of Lappland (New York, 1910), p. 22.

126

Bosi, op. cit., p. 158.

127

Soffer, op. cit., pp. 333–348.

128

Jackson, op. cit., p. 71.

129

G. Eriksson, ‘Darwinism and Sami Legislation’ в книге В. Jah-reskog, ed., The Sami National Minority in Sweden (Stockholm, 1982), pp. 89-101.

130

Op. cit., p. 54.

131

Bosi, op. cit., p. 53.

132

L. Forsberg, ‘Economic and Social Change in the Interior of Northern Sweden 6,000 BC-1000 AD’ в книге Т. В. Larson and H. Lundmark, eds, Approaches to Swedish Prehistory: a Spectrum of Problems and Perspectives in Contemporary Research (Oxford, 1989), pp. 75–77.

133

Donner, op. cit., p. 104.

134

A. Spencer, The Lapps (New York, 1978), pp. 43–59.

135

P. Hajdo, The Samoyed Peoples and Languages (Bloomington, 1963), p. 10.

136

Ibid., p. 13.

137

Donner, op. cit., p. 106.

138

Olaus Magnus, op. cit., p. 63.

139

Ibid., p. 222.

140

Ibid., pp. 20, 22, 19, 46–48, 50–53.

141

Ibid., pp. 18, 194.

142

Hajd0, op. cit., p. 35.

143

D. B. Quinn et al., eds, New American World, 5 vols (London, 1979), vol. iv, pp. 209, 211, 240. Я благодарен профессору Джойсу Чаплину, указавшему мне этот текст.

144

В. G. Trigger and W. Е. Washburn, eds, The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, vol. i, part I (Cambridge, 1996), p. 134.

145

D. R. Yesner, ‘Human Adaptation at the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary (circa 13,000 to 8,000 BP) in Eastern Beringia’, в книге Straus et al., eds., op. cit., pp. 255–276.

146

Ross, op. cit., p. 245.

147

M. S. Maxwell, ‘Pre-Dorset and Dorset Prehistory of Canada’, в книге D. Damas, ed., Handbook of North American Indians (Washington, 1984), p. 362.

148

R. G. Condon et al., The Northern Copper Inuit: a History (Norman, Oklahoma, 1996), p. 64.

149

J. Diamond, Guns, Germs and Steel: the Fates of Human Societies (London, 1997), pp. 257–258, 311–313.

150

Ross, op. cit., p. 186.

151

D. E. Dumond, The Eskimos and Aleuts (London, 1987), pp. 139–141.

152

J. Bockstoce, Arctic Passages (New York, 1991), pp. 18–19, 32.

153

Ibid., pp. 41, 47–48.

154

A. Fienup-Riordan, Boundaries and Passages: Rule and Ritual in Yup’ik Eskimo Oral Tradition (Norman, Oklahoma, 1994), pp. 266–298.

155

The Private Journal ofG.F. Lyon (London, 1824), p. 330.

156

Dumond, op. cit., p. 142.

157

Op. cit., p. 257.

158

Adam of Bremen, History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen, ed. P. J. Tschan (New York, 1959), p. 218.

159

K. Seaver, The Frozen Echo; Greenland and the Exploration of North America, c. A.D. 1000–1500 (Stanford, 1996), p. 95.

160

Ibid., pp. 21, 48,50–51.

161

Seaver, op. cit., p. 104.

162

Ibid., pp. 190–194.

163

Ibid., pp. 174–175.

164

T. McGovern, ‘Economics of Extinction in Norse Greenland’, в книге Т. M. Wrigley, М. J. Ingram and G. Farmer, eds., Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and their Impact on Man (Cambridge, 1980), pp. 404–434.

165

R. Vaughan, The Arctic: a History (Stroud, 1994), p. 2.40.

166

Columella, De Agricultura (2–3).

167

E. Wagner, Gravity: Stories (London, 1997), p. 204.

168

Ibid., pp. 197–231.

169

R. Venturi, D. Scott Brown and S. Izenour, Learning from Las Vegas: the Forgotten Symbolism of Architectural Form (Cambridge, Mass, and London, 1997), pp. 9-72.

170

Стрип, полоса — двухмильное продолжение главной улицы города, на котором расположены многочисленные отели.

171

У себя; на своем месте (фр.).

172

J. W. Elmore, et al., eds, A Guide to the Architecture of Metro Phoenix (Phoenix, 1983).

173

V. L. Scarborough and D. R. Wilcox, eds, The Mesoamerican Ball Game (Tucson, 1991).

174

B. G. Trigger and W. E. Washburn, eds, The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of North America, vol. i, part I (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 203–233. См. также S. Lekson et al., Great Pueblo Architecture of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico (Albuquerque, 1984).

175

The Desert Smells like Rain: a Naturalist in Papago Indian Country (San Francisco, 1982); Enduring Seeds: Native American Agriculture and Wild Plant Conservation (San Francisco, 1989).

176

G. Bawden, The Moche (Oxford, 1996), pp. 44–67.

177

Ibid., pp. 110-22.

178

S. G. Pozorski, ‘Subsistence Systems in the Chimu State’, в книге Moseley and Keen, eds, Chan Chan (Albuquerque, 1982), pp. 182–183.

179

М. E. Moseley and Е. Deeds, The Land in Front of Chan Chan’ в книге М. E. Moseley and К. C. Day, eds, op. cit., p. 48.

180

J. Reinhard, The Nazca Lines: a New Perspective on their Origin and Meaning (Lima, 1985); W. J. Conklin and М. E. Moseley, The Patterns of Art and Power in the Early Intermediate Period’ в книге R. W. Keatinge, ed., Peruvian Prehistory: an Overview of Pre-lnca and Inca Society (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 157–158.

181

Herodotus, Histories, IV, p. 183.

182

С. M. Daniels, The Garamantes of Southern Libya (Michigan, 1988).

183

J. Wellard, Lost Worlds of Africa (New York, 1967), pp. 17–25.

184

Ibid., p. 44.

185

М. C. Chamla, Les Populations anciennes du Sahara et des regions limitrophes (Paris, 1968), pp. 200–210.

186

J. Nicolaisen, Economy and Culture of the Pastoral Tuareg (Copenhagen, 1963), pp. 209–216.

187

Leo Africanus, отрывки в M. Brett and E. Fentress, The Berbers (Oxford, 1996), p. 201.

188

J. Needham, Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge, 1956 — in progress), vol. iv, part I (1962), pp. 330–332; part III (1971), pp. 651–656; part VII (1986), pp. 568–579; W. H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force and Society since AD 1000 (Chicago, 1982), pp. 24–62.

189

H. A. R. Gibb and C. F. Beckingham, eds, The Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325–1354, vol. iv (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1994), pp. 946–950.

190

R. Latham, ed., The Travels of Marco Polo (Harmondsworth, 1972), p. 39.

191

A. Stein, Ruins of Desert Cathay: Personal Narrative of Explorations in Central Asia and Westernmost China, 2 vols (London, 1912), vol. ii, p. 404.

192

Ibid., p. 85.

193

Stein, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 321; A. von Le Coq, Buried Treasures of Chinese Turkestan (New York, 1929), p. 36.

194

M. Ipsiroglu, Painting and Culture of the Mongols (London, 1967), pp. 70–81, 102–104.

195

H. Yule, ed., Cathay and the Way Thither, 2nd ed., 4 vols (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1914-16), vol. iii (1914), pp. Мб-152.

196

Ibid., p. 154.

197

J. Grosjean, Mapamundi: the Catalan Atlas of the Year 1375 (Geneva, 1978).

198

O. Lattimore, The Desert Road to Turkestan (Boston, 1929), p. 50.

199

Ibid., p. 54; von Le Coq, op. cit., p. 66.

200

Von Le Coq, op. cit., pp. 25–26.

201

Stein, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 23.

202

Ibid., p. 172.

203

V. H. Mair, ‘Dunhuang as a Funnel for Central Asian Nomads into China’ в книге G. Seaman, ed., Ecology and Empire: Nomads in the Cultural Evolution of the Old World (Los Angeles, 1989), pp. 143–163.

204

Lattimore, op. cit., p. 91.

205

Ibid., p. 88.

206

Ibid., p. 183.

207

Ibid., p. 219.

208

R. Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia (New Brunswick, 1970), pp. 538–539; F. Fernandez-Ar-mesto, Millennium: A History of Our Last Thousand Years (New York, 1995), p. 261.

209

Lattimore, op. cit., p. 274.

210

Yule, op. cit., vol. iii.

211

L. Marshall, The IKung of Nyae Nyae (Cambridge, Mass., 1976), p. 39.

212

E. Lucas Bridges, Uttermost Part of the Earth (New York, 1949), я использовал сравнение с Тьерра-дель-Фуэго.

213

R. J. Gordon, Picturing Bushmen: the Denver Expedition of 1925 (Athens, Ohio, 1997), pp. 16, 29, 84.

214

G. A. Farini, Through the Kalahari Desert: a Narrative of a Journey with Gun, Camera and Notebook to Lake N’Gami and Back (New York, 1886), p. 269.

215

E. N. Wilmsen, Land Filled with Flies: a Political Economy of the Kalahari (Chicago, 1989), p. 31.

216

L. van der Post, The Lost World of the Kalahari (New York, 1958), p. 33.

217

Marshall, op. cit., p. 13.

218

Van der Post, op. cit., p. 226.

219

Ibid., p. 215.

220

Marshall, op. cit., p. 19.

221

R. В. Lee and I. De Vore, eds., Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers (Cambridge, Mass., 1976), pp. 28–43.

222

Ibid., p. 102.

223

Ibid., p. 94.

224

Van der Post, op. cit., p. 240.

225

Ibid., p. 9.

226

Ibid., pp. 252–261.

227

Lee and De Vore, op. cit., pp. 42, 112.

228

James Fenimore Cooper, The Prairie ((New York, n.d.), p. 32).

229

C. Masson, Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and the Panjab (3 vols, London, 1842, vol. I, p. 58).

230

J. Fenimore Cooper, The Prairie (New York, n.d.), p. 6.

231

Cm. W. Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991). Я благодарен Cape Ньюман за знакомство с М. Pollan, A Place of My Own: the Education of an Amateur Builder (London, 1997), замечательной книгой, откуда я заимствовал эту ссылку.

232

W. Brandon, Quivira: Europeans in the Region of the Santa Fe Trail 1540–1820 (Athens, Ohio, 1990), p. 27.

233

J. Ibanez Cerda, ed., Atlas de Joan Martines 1587 (Madrid, 1973).

234

Ibid., p. 31.

235

G. Parker Winship, ed., The Journey of Coronado (Golden, Co., 1990), p. 117.

236

Ibid., p. 129.

237

Ibid., p. 119.

238

Brandon, op. cit., p. 36.

239

Winship, op. cit., pp. 151–152.

240

R. White, The Winning of the West: the Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries’, Journal of American History, lxv (1978), pp. 319–343.

241

R. B. Hassrick, The Sioux: Life and Customs of a Warrior Society (Norman, Oklahoma, 1964), p. 68.

242

E. A. Thompson, A History of Attila and the Huns (Oxford, 1948).

243

T. Falkner, A Description of Patagonia and the Adjoining Parts of South America (London, 1774), pp. 103, 121. Я благодарен профессору Раулю Мандрини за эту ссылку. См. R. Mandrini, ‘Indios у fronteras en el area pampeana (siglos xvi-xix): balance у perspectives’, Anuario del IHES, vii (1992), pp. 59–73; ‘Las fronteras у la sociedad indigena en el ambito pampeano’, ibid., xii (1997), pp. 23–34. О Фолкнере см. R. F. Doublet, ‘An Englishman in Rio de la Plata’, The Month, xxiii (1960), pp. 216–226; G. Furlong Cardiff, La personalidad de Tomas Falkner(Buenos Aires, 1929).

244

J. Pimentel, La fisica de la monarqufa: ciencia у politica en el pensamiento de Alejandro Malaspina (1754–1810) (Madrid, 1998), pp. 194–195, 205.

245

S. P. Blier, The Anatomy of Architecture: Ontology and Metaphor in Batammalibe Architectural Expression (Cambridge, 1987), p. 2.

246

Ibid., pp. 46, 51.

247

S. F. Nadel, A Black Byzantium: the Kingdom of Nupe in Nigeria (Oxford, 1942), p. 76.

248

J. Diamond, Guns, Germs and Steel: the Fates of Human Societies (London, 1997), особенно pp. 176–191.

249

M. El Fasi, ed., Unesco General History of Africa, vol. iii (London, 1988), pp. 445–450.

250

Ibid., p. 555.

251

J.-L. Bourgeois, Spectacular Vernacular: the Adobe Tradition (New York, 1989).

252

S. K. and R. J. McIntosh, Prehistoric Investigations in the Region of Jenne, Mali: a Study in the Development of Urbanism in the Sahel, 2 vols (Oxford, 1980); D. T. Niane, ed., Unesco General History of Africa, vol. iv (London, 1984), p. 118.

253

Ibid., pp. 22–28.

254

H. T. Norris, Saharan Myth and Legend (1972), pp. 108–109.

255

N. Levtzion, Ancient Ghana and Mali (London, 1973), p. 42.

256

Norris, op. cit., pp. 107–108.

257

Al-Idrisi, Opus Geographicum, ed. A. Bombaci et al., vol. i (Paris, 1970), pp. 22–26; Levtzion, op. cit., pp. 10–34.

258

N. Levtzion and J. F. P. Hopkins, eds, Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History (Cambridge, 1981), p. 32.

259

Ibid., pp. 58, 276; P. D. Curtin, ‘The Lure of Bambuk Gold’, Journal of African History, xiv (1973), pp. 623–631; R. Mauny, Tableau geographique de l'ouest africain au moyen age d’apres les Sources ecrites, la tradition et Varcheologie (Dakar, 1961).

260

Изукрашенная ниша в стене, обращенная к Мекке, к которой поворачиваются во время молитвы.

261

Niane, ed., op. cit., pp. 149–150.

262

H. A. R. Gibb and C. F. Beckingham, eds, The Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325–1354, vol. iv (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1994), p. 968.

263

Ibid., pp. 957–966; Levtzion, op. cit., pp. 105–114.

264

F. Femandez-Armesto, Millennium: A History of the Last Thousand Years (New York, 1995), pp. 185–224.

265

E. W. R. Bovill, The Golden Trade of the Moors (Oxford, 1970), p. 91.

266

M. Hiskett, The Sword of Truth: the Life and Times of the Shehu Usuman dan Fodio (New York, 1973), p. 128.

267

F. Femandez-Armesto, ‘O mundo dos 1490’, в книге D. Curto, ed., О Tempo de Vasco da Gama (Lisbon, 1998), pp. 43–67, особ. p. 64.

268

L. Kaba, ‘Power, Prosperity and Social Inequality in Songhay (1464–1591)’ в книге E. P. Scott, ed., Life Before the Drought (Boston, 1984), pp. 29–48.

269

A. C. Hess, The Forgotten Frontier: a History of the Sixteenth-century Ibero-African Frontier (Chicago, 1978), pp. 115–118.

270

C. Hibbert, Africa Explored: Europeans in the Dark Continent (New York, 1982), p. 188–189.

271

Hiskett, op. cit., p. 58.

272

Ibid., p. 41, 120.

273

Ibid., p. 66.

274

H. A. S. Johnston, The Fulani Empire of Sokoto (London, 1967), p. 94.

275

Ibid., p. 101.

276

Ibid., p. 105.

277

Ibid., pp. 22–23.

278

Ibid., p. 258.

279

Ibid., pp. 156–157.

280

M. J. Watts, ‘The Demise of the Moral Economy: Food and Famine in a Sudano-Sahelian Region in Historical Perspective’ в книге Scott, ed., op. cit., p. 127.

281

Johnston, op. cit., p. 240.

282

Walt Whitman, ‘Song of Myself, Leaves of Grass (ed. M. Cowley (Harmondsworth, 1986), p. 30).

283

P. P. Semonov, Travels in the Tian-Shan, ed. C. Thomas (London, 1998), pp. 49–51.

284

J. Bisch, Mongolia, Unknown Land (New York, 1963), pp. xv, 38–39.

285

E. D. Clark, Travels in Russia, Tartary and Turkey (Edinburgh, 1839), p. 47, отрывок в D. Christian, A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, i: Inner Eurasia front Prehistory to the Mongol Empire (Oxford, 1998), p. 15.

286

G. A. Geyer, Waiting for Winter to End: an Extraordinary Journey through Soviet Central Asia (Washington, DC, 1994), pp. 49–50. Я благодарен автору за экземпляр этой увлекательной книги.

287

М. Gimbutas, Bronze-age Cultures in Central and Eastern Europe (1965); S. Piggott, The Earliest Wheeled Transport from the Atlantic Coast to the Caspian Sea (1984).

288

С. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky, The Oxus Civilization: the Bronze Age of Central Asia’, Antiquity, lxviii (1994), pp. 398–405.

289

Herodotus, IV, 13–14.

290

T. Talbot-Rice, The Scythians (London, 1958), pp. 92-123; R. Rolle, Die Welt der Skythen (Luzern and Frankfurt, 1980), pp. 19–37, 57–77.

291

E. D. Phillips, The Royal Hordes (London, 1965); T. Sulimirski, The Sarmatians (1976).

292

H. Baudet, Het Paradijs op Aarde (Amsterdam, 1959), p. 5.

293

C. Mackerras, ed., The Uighur Empire according to the Tang Dynasty Histories: a Study in Sino-Uighur Relations, 744–840 (Columbia, SC, 1972.), pp, 13, 66.

294

R. C. Egan, The Literary Works of Ouyang Hsiu (1007–1072) (Cambridge, Mass. 1984), p. 14.

295

Ibid., p. 15.

296

Ibid., p. 38.

297

Ibid., p. 113.

298

Ibid., p. 34.

299

R. L. Davis, Wind against the the Mountain: the Crisis of Politics and Culture in Thirteenth-century China (1996), p. 18.

300

J. Т. C. Liu, Reform in Sung China: Wang An-Shih (1021–1086) and his New Policies (1959), pp. 37, 45, 55.

301

Egan, op. cit., p. 10.

302

Liu, op. cit., p. 54.

303

Egan, op. cit., pp. 115–116.

304

Bisch, op. cit., p. 33.

305

J. Mirsky, Chinese Travellers in the Middle Ages (London, 1968), pp. 34–82.

306

R. Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes (New Brunswick, 1970), p. 249.

307

Davis, op. cit., p. 62.

308

Ibid., p. 101.

309

Ibid., p. 109.

310

Ibid., p. 115.

311

Ibid., p. 118.

312

F. Fernandez-Armesto, ‘Medieval Ethnography’, Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford, xiii (1982), pp. 283–284; G. A. Bezzola, Die Mongolen in abendlandische Sicht (Bern, 1974), pp. 134–144.

313

C. D’Ohsson, Histoire des Mongols depuis Tchinguiz-jhan jusqu’a Timour Bey ou Tamerlan, 4 vols (The Hague, 1834–1835), vol. i, p. 404, см. Grousset, op. cit., p. 249.

314

P. Jackson, ed., The Travels of Friar William of Rubruck (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1981), pp. 71, 97-171; E. Phillips, The Mongols (London, 1968), p. 101.

315

Ibid., p. 72.

316

Смотри описание современной юрты в N. Z. Shakhanova, ‘The Yurt in the Traditional Worldview of Central Asian Nomads’, в книге G. Seaman, ed., Foundations of Empire: Archaeology and Art of the Eurasian Steppes (Los Angeles, 1989), pp. 157–183.

317

Ibid., pp. 72–73.

318

Ibid., p. 74.

319

Ibid., p. 75.

320

Ibid., pp. 75–78.

321

Ibid., pp. 113–114.

322

R. Latham, ed., The Travels of Marco Polo (Harmondsworth, 1972), p. 113.

323

A.-A. Khowaiter, Baibars the First: his Endeavours and Achievements (London, 1978), pp. 42–43.

324

Phillips, op. cit., pis 22–25.

325

Amir Khusrau, приведено в A. H. Hamadani, The Frontier Policy of the Delhi Sultans (Islamabad, 1986), p. 124.

326

Jackson, ed., op. cit., pp. 183, 208.

327

M. Rossabi, Voyager from Xanadu: Rabban Sauma and the First Journey from China to the West (New York, 1992).

328

F. Fernandez-Armesto, Millennium: A History of Our Last Thousand Years (New York, 1995), p. 306.

329

J. Needham, Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge, 1954 — in progress), vol. v, part I (by Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin) (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 293–319.

330

J. Evans, ed., The Flowering of the Middle Ages (London, 1967), p. 83.

331

С. H. Haskins, The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century (Cambridge, Mass., 1927), pp. 310, 332–334.

332

F. Fernandez-Armesto, Truth: a History (London, 1997), pp. 137–141; J. Needham, The Grand Titration: Science and Society in East and West (London, 1969), pp. 86-115. Лучшая современная работа о скорее рациональной, нежели эмпирической традиции древнего Китая и Индии — J. Goody, The East in the West (Cambridge, 1996).

333

Needham, op. cit., vol. ii (Cambridge, 1956), pp. 56-170.

334

H. Maspero, China in Antiquity (n. p., 1978), p. 22.

335

Needham, op. cit., vol. iv, parts I (Cambridge, 1962), pp. 330–332 and III (Cambridge, 1971), pp. 651–656; v, part VII (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 568–700; W. H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force, and Society Since AD 1000 (Chicago, 1982), pp. 24–62.

336

J. Frazer, The Golden Bough (vol. i (1935), p. 248).

337

Le Huron: comedie (1768) (Sc. XIII).

338

Thoreau, Walden or Life in the Woods (Boston, 1906, pp. 289–290).

339

Stefan Zeromski, Pruszca Jodlowa (1926), отрывок в S. Schama, Landscape and Memory (p. 66).

340

P. Matarasso, ed., The Cistercian World: Monastic Writing of the Twelfth Century (London, 1993), pp. 5–6.

341

Charles Kingsley, The Roman and the Teuton (London, 1891), pp. 226–227.

342

R. Fletcher, The Barbarian Conversion (New York, 1998), pp. 45, 206,213.

343

P. Marrasini, ed., II Gadla Yemrehane Krestos: introduzione_>f testo critico, traduzione (Naples, 1995), pp. 85–86.

344

M. Letts, ed., Mandeville's Travels, 2 vols (London, 1953), vol. I, ch. 22; M. Seymour, ed., Mandeville's Travels (London, 1968) p. 156.

345

J. D. Hughes, Ecology in Ancient Civilizations (Albuquerque, 1975), p. 33.

346

R. Bemheimer, The Wild Man in the Middle Ages (New York, 1967); T. Husband, ed., The Medieval Wild Man (New York, 1980), pp. 70, 87.

347

H. Soly and J. Van de Wiele, eds, Carolus: Charles Quint 1500–1558 (Ghent, 1999), p. 221.

348

R. Morris, ed., Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight (London, 1864), pp. 23–25, 29, 67, 70, 77.

349

B. Hell, Le Sang noir: chasse et my the du sauvage en Europe (Paris, 1994).

350

R. M. Eaton, Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1200–1760 (Cambridge, Mass., 1993).

351

J. Needham, Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge, 1954 — in progress), vol. vi (Cambridge, 1996) (chapter 42b ‘Forestry’ by N. K. Menzies), pp. 539–689, особ. p. 635.

352

R. C. Egan, The Literary Works of Ouyang Hsiu (1007–1072) (Cambridge, Mass., 1984), p. 100.

353

Ibid., p. 636.

354

Critias, 11 IB.

355

R. Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600–1860 (Cambridge, 1995), p. 20.

356

J. Frazer, The Golden Bough: the Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, 2 vols (New York, 1935), vol. i, p. 8.

357

Ibid., p. 2.

358

Ibid., p. 376.

359

Ibid., vol. ii, pp. 12–19.

360

J. D. Hughes, ‘Early Greek and Roman Environmentalists’, в книге L. J. Bilsky, ed., Historical Ecology: Essays on Environment and Social Change (Port Washington, N.Y., 1980), pp. 45–59, особ. p. 48.

361

Needham, op. cit., p. 631.

362

S. Daniels, ‘The Political Iconography of Woodland’ в книге D. Cosgrove and S. Daniels, The Iconography of Landscape (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 43–82, особ. pp. 52–57.

363

S. Schama, Landscape and Memory (New York, 1995), p. 61.

364

V. Scully, Architecture: the Natural and the Manmade (New York, 1991), pp. 65-104.

365

De Architectural Bk. II, ch. I, 1–3.

366

Schama, op. cit., pp. 230–238.

367

F. Fernandez-Armesto, Barcelona: a Thousand Years of the City's Past (Oxford, 1992), pp. 203–212.

368

D. Brading, The First America (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 428–462; A. Gerbi, La disputa del nuevo mundo: historia de una polemica (Mexico, 1982).

369

О контексте этих открытий см. В. Keen, Los aztecas еп la mentalidad occidental, лучшим отчетом остается самый ранний, написанный в 1792 году: A. de Leon у Gama, Description histdrica у cronologica de las dos piedras que con ocasion del nuevo empedrado que se esta formando en la plaza principal de Mexico se hallaron en ella en el ano de 1790, ed. С. M. de Bustamante, 2 vols (Mexico, 1832), vol. i, pp. 8-13; vol. ii, pp. 73–79.

370

Удовлетворительного отчета пока нет. Ожидается публикация работы профессора Хорхе Канизареса Эсгуэрры, см. P. Cabello Carro, Politica investigadora de la epoca de Carlos 111 en el area maya (Madrid, 1992).

371

B. D. Smith, ‘The Origins of Agriculture in Eastern North America’, Science, ccxlvi (1989), pp. 1566–1571.

372

У нас это растение известно как земляная груша, или топинамбур.

373

B. G. Trigger and W. E. Washburn, eds, The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, I: North America, vol. i (Cambridge, 1996), p. 162; S. Johannesen and L. A. Whalley, ‘Floral Analysis’ в книге С. Bentz et al., Late Woodland Sites in the American Bottom Uplands (Urbana, 1988), pp. 265–288.

374

N. Lopinot, ‘Food Production Reconsidered’ в книге Pauketat and Emerson, Cahokia: Domination and Ideology in the Mississippian World (Lincoln, Nebraska, 1997), p. 57; G. J. Armelagos and М. C. Hill, ‘An Evaluation of the Biocultural Consequences of the Mississippian Transformation’, в книге D. H. Dye and C. A. Cox, eds, Towns and Temples along the Mississippi (Tuscaloosa, 1990), pp. 16–37.

375

Trigger and Washburn, eds, op. cit., p. 284.

376

p. 286; P. Phillips and J. Brown, Pre-Columbian Shell Engravings from the Craig Mound at Spiro_>t Oklahoma (Cambridge, 1984), p. 126; D. S. Brose et al., Ancient Art of the American Woodland Indians (New York, 1985), pp. 115 (fig. 19), 182 (pi. 133), 186 (pi. 134).

377

Ibid., p. 96.

378

J. E. Kelly, ‘Cahokia as a Gateway Center’ в книге Т. E. Emerson and R. B. Lewis, eds, Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest (Urbana, 1991), pp. 61–80.

379

Henry M. Brackenridge, приведено в Pauketat and Emerson, eds, op. cit., p. 11.

380

Ibid., p. 121.

381

T. R. Pauketat, The Ascent of Chiefs: Cahokia and Mississippian Politics in Native North America (Tuscaloosa, 1994), p. 73.

382

Pauketat and Emerson, op. cit., p. 199; Brose et al., op. cit., pp. 158–159, pis. 113, 114.

383

G. Sagard, The Long Journey to the Country of the Hurons, ed. G. M. Wrong (Toronto, 1939), pp. 52, 91.

384

Речь идет о персонаже комедии Шекспира «Сон в летнюю ночь».

385

Baron de Lahontan, Dialogues curieux entre Г auteur et un sauvage et Memoire de VAmerique septentrionale, ed. G. Chinard (Baltimore, 1931), p. 205.

386

Nouveaux voyages de M. le Baron de Lahontan dans VAmerique septen trionale, 2 vols (The Hague, 1703), i, p. 42.

387

Ibid., pp. 153–155.

388

Эпизод из истории Франции. В 30-е годы XVIII века работники типографии, расположенной на улице Сан-Северин, страдали от ночных воплей кошек, не дававших им спать. Получив разрешение хозяина, работники переловили кошек, устроили во дворе суд над ними, приговорили к смертной казни и повесили. Этот эпизод неоднократно изображался в народных комедиях и действительно стал одним из предвестников судьбы аристократов в годы революции.

389

Le Huron: comedie (Paris, 1768), pp. 13, 23, 51–54.

390

H. Hornbeck Tanner, ed., Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History (Norman, 1986), p. 5.

391

Op. cit., p. 103.

392

W. N. Fenton, The False Faces of the Iroquois (Norman, 1987), p. 383.

393

Ibid., p. 27.

394

L. Davies, The Iron Hand of Mars (New York, 1992), pp. 220–224.

395

Tacitus, The Agricola and the Germania, trans. H. Mattingly and S. A. Handford (London, 1970), pp. 104–105.

396

Ibid., pp. 114–115.

397

Ibid., pp. 104–105, 114–115, 121.

398

D. J. Herlihy, ‘Attitudes towards Environment in Medieval Society’, в книге Bilsky, ed., op. cit., pp. 100-16, особ. p. 103.

399

Verona in eta gotica e langobarda (Verona, 1982).

400

Needham, op. cit., p. 562.

401

Panovsky, p. 67.

402

R. Bechmann, Les Racines des cathedrales: Гarchitecture gothique, expression des conditions du milieu (Paris, 1981), pp. 141–142.

403

G. H. Pertz and R. Корке, eds, Herbordi Dialogue de Vita Ottonis Episcopi Babergensis (Hanover, 1868), pp. 59–60.

404

R. Bartlett, Gerald of Wales (Oxford, 1982), p. 165.

405

J. Veillard, Le Guide du pelerin (Macon, 1950), pp. 26, 28, 32.

406

G. W. Greenaway, Arnold of Brescia (Cambridge, 1931); J. D. Anderson and E. T. Kennan, eds, The Works of Bernard of Clairvaux, xiii: Five Books on Consideration: Advice to a Pope (Kalamazoo, 1976), p. 111.

407

S. A. Zenkovsky, ed., The Nikonian Chronicle from the Year 1132 to 1240, vol. ii (Princeton, 1984), p. 5.

408

M. Tikomirov, The Towns of Ancient Rus (Moscow, 1959), pp. 220–222; S. Franklin and J. Shepard, The Emergence ofRus, 750-1200 (London, 1996), p. 283, 343–345; H. Bimbaum, Lord Novgorod the Great (Columbus, 1981), pp. 45, 77. M. W. Thompson, Novgorod the Great: Excavations in the Medieval City (1967); S. Franklin, ‘Literacy and Documentation in Early Medieval Russia’ в Speculum, lx (1985), 1—38.

409

R. Bartlett, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950-1350 (Princeton, 1993), p. 133.

410

Matarasso, ed., op. cit., pp. 287–290.

411

J. Diamond, Guns, Germs and Steel: the Fates of Human Societies (London, 1997), pp. 195–210.

412

Schama, op. cit., p. 96.

413

Очевидно, имеется в виду кинокомедия Винсента Минелли.

414

Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah (tr. F. Rosenthal, 3 vols (Princeton, 1967), vol. I, p. 71).

415

L. M. Serpenti, Cultivators in the Swamps (Amsterdam, 1977).

416

Ibid., p. 10.

417

Ibid., p. 7.

418

Ibid., pp. 21–62.

419

R. S. MacNeish, ‘The Origins of New World Civilization’, Scientific American, (1964).

420

L. Scheie, ‘The Olmec Mountains and Tree of Creation in Mesoamerican Cosmology’ в книге M. D. Coe et al., The Olmec World: Ritual and Rulership (Princeton, 1995), pp. 105–117, особ. p. 106.

421

N. Hammond, ‘Cultura hermana: Reappraising the Olmec’, Quarterly Review of Archaeology, ix (1991), pp. 1–4.

422

E. P. Beson and B. de la Fuente, eds, Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico (Washington, DC, 1996), cat. no. 1, pp. 154–155.

423

Ibid., cat. 42, p. 205, cat. 60–71, pp. 226–229; Coe et al., op. cit., pp. 170–176; P. T. Furst, ‘The Olmec Were-Jaguar Motif in the Light of Ethnographic Reality’, в книге E. P. Benson, ed., Dumbarton Oaks Conference on the Olmec (Washington, 1968), pp. 143–174.

424

F. K. Reilly, ‘Art, Ritual and Rulership in the Olmec World’, в книге Coe et al., op. cit., pp. 27–45, особ. p. 35.

425

E.g. P. T. Furst, ‘Shamanism, Transformation and Olmec Art’, ibid., pp. 68–81.

426

W. Ralegh, The Discovery of the Large, Rich and Beautiful Empire of Guiana with a Relation of the Great and Golden City of Manoa (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1848), p. 11. Написание исправлено.

427

J. L. Stephens, Incidents of Travel in Yucatan, 2 vols (Norman, 1962), vol. i, pp. 85–86.

428

Приведено у Coedes, p. 54.

429

J. Miskic, Borobudur: Golden Tales of the Buddha (Boston, 1990), p. 17.

430

Обзор проблемы плодородности тропических лесов см. P. W. Richards, The Tropical Rain Forest: an Ecological Study (London, 1979).

431

F. Fernandez-Armesto, ed., The Times Atlas of World Exploration (London, 1991), p. 133; A. Rossel and R. Herve, eds, Le Mappemonde de Sebastien Cabot (Paris, 1968).

432

G. de Carvajal et al., La aventura del Amazonas, ed. R. Diaz (Madrid, 1986), pp. 47–67.

433

Разница между «сладкой» и высокотоксичной «горькой» формами растения в степени. Е. Moran, ‘Food, Development and Man in the Tropics’ в книге M. Amott, ed., Gastronomy (The Hague, 1975), p. 173; использование маниока в наше время описано в Е. Carmichael et al., The Hidden Peoples of the Amazon (London, 1985), p. 61.

434

B. J. Meggers, Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise (Chicago, 1971), p. 30.

435

D. Lathrap, The Upper Amazon (New York, 1970), p. 44.

436

G. Edmundson, ed., journal of the Travels and Labours of Father Samuel Fritz in the River of the Amazons between 1686 and 1723 (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1922), pp. 50–51. В этой и следующей цитатах перевод слегка модифицирован.

437

Ibid., р. 61.

438

Кассава — разновидность маниока, так называемый «маниок полезнейший».

439

Meggers, op. cit., pp. 19–21.

440

W. Balee, ‘The Culture of the Amazonian Forest’ в книге D. A. Posey and W. Balee, eds, Resource Management in Amazonia: Indigenous and Folk Strategies (New York, 1989), pp. 1-16.

441

L. Scheie and M. Miller, The Blood of Kings: Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art (New York, 1986), pp. 64–65, 157.

442

Ibid., pp. 122–125, 175–199; W. Fash, Scribes, Warriors and Kings: the City of Cop an and the Ancient Maya (London, 1991).

443

К. O. Pope and В. H. Dahlin, ‘Ancient Maya Wetland Agriculture: New Insights from Ecological and Remote Sensing Research’, Journal of Field Archaeology, xvi (1989), pp. 87-106.

444

M. D. Coe, Breaking the Maya Code (London, 1992), pp. 179–191.

445

J. Marcus, Mesoamerican Writing Systems: Propaganda, Myth and History in Four Ancient Civilizations (Princeton, 1992).

446

G. Michel, The Rulers ofTikal: a Historical Reconstruction and Field Guide to the Stelae (Guatemala, 1989), pp. 31–38, 77–90.

447

Ibid., pp. 53–56, 116–122.

448

E. Manikka, Angkor Wat: Time, Space, Kingship (Honolulu, 1996), p. 159.

449

Ibid., p. 23.

450

Ibid., p. 51.

451

J. Mirsky, Chinese Travellers in the Middle Ages (London, 1968), pp. 203–215.

452

G. Coedes, Angkor: an Introduction (London, 1963), pp. 104–105.

453

Ibid., p. 96.

454

Ibid., p. 86.

455

Ramacandra Kaulacara, Silpa Prakasa, trans A. Boner and S. Rath Sarma (Leiden, 1966), p. xxxiii; отрывок в Manikka, op. cit., p. 8.

456

Ibid., p. 42.

457

Ibid., p. 46.

458

G. Coedes, The Indianised States of South-east Asia (London, 1968), p. 173.

459

A. F. С. Ryder, Benin and the Europeans, 1485–1897 (New York, 1969), plate 2(a).

460

K. Ezra, Royal Art of Benin: the Peris Collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, 1992), pp. 9, 117.

461

Ryder, op. cit., p. 70.

462

Ezra, op. cit., p. 118.

463

G. Connah, The Archaeology of Benin: Excavations and Other Researches in and around Benin City, Nigeria (Oxford, 1975), p. 105.

464

Ryder, op. cit., pp. 12–14, 72.

465

P. J. C. Dark, An Introduction to Benin Art and Technology (Oxford, 1973), p. 102 and pi. 56, ill. 19.

466

Ibid., p. 100 and pi. 46, ill. 98.

467

Ryder, op. cit., pp. 31–33, 37, 84–85, 234–235,

468

Ibid., p. 206.

469

Ibid., pp. 17–18.

470

R. Home, City of Blood Revisited (London, 1982), pp. 36, 43–47.

471

Ibid., pp. ix-x.

472

A. Waley, The Book of Songs (p. 162).

473

Jack R. Harlan, Crops and Men (Madison, 1992, p. 8).

474

Н. Frankfort, Kingship and the Gods (Chicago, 1948), p. 274.

475

K. Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism: a Comparative Study of Total Power (New Haven, 1957).

476

Кажется, нет конца этой работе, подтверждающей реальность проблемы, сформулированной таким образом, насколько мне известно, впервые в L. R. В inford, ‘Post-Pleistocene Adaptions’ в книге S. R. and L. R. Binford, eds, New Perspectives in Archaeology (Chicago, 1968), pp. 313–341 and M. D. Sahlins, Stone Age Economics (Chicago, 1972), особенно pp. 1-39.

477

Этот взгляд неразрывно связан с V. G. Childe, The Neolithic Revolution (New York, 1925); cm. J. R. Harlan, J. M. J. de Wet and A. Stemler, Origins of African Plant Domestication (The Hague, 1976), pp. 1–5.

478

S. J. Fiedel, Prehistory of the Americas (New York, 1987), p. 162.

479

В. M. Fagan, The Journey from Eden: the Peopling of Our World (London, 1990), p. 225.

480

W. H. McNeill, The Human Condition: an Ecological and Historical View (Princeton, 1980), pp. 19–20.

481

J. L. Angell, ‘Health as crucial factor in the changes from Hunting to developed Farming in the Eastern Mediterranean’, в книге М. N. Cohen and G. J. Armelagos, eds, Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture (New York, 1984), pp. 51–73; T. Taylor, The Prehistory of Sex (London, 1996).

482

T. D. Price and J. A. Brown, ‘Aspects of Hunter-gatherer Complexity’, в книге Prehistoric Hunter-gatherers (New York, 1985); L. H. Keeley, War Before Civilization: the Myth of the Peaceful Savage (Oxford, 1996); J. Haas, ed., The Anthropology of War (Cambridge, 1990).

483

J. R. Harlan, Crops and Man (Madison, 1992), p. 27.

484

M. N. Cohen, The Food Crisis in Prehistory: Overpopulation and the Origins of Agriculture (New Haven, 1977); E. Boserup, The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: the Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure (London, 1965); D. R. Harris, ‘Alternative Pathways toward Agriculture’, в книге С. A. Reed, ed., Origins of Agriculture (The Hague, 1977), pp. 179–243. См. также A. B. Gebauer and T. D. Price, eds, Transitions to Agriculture in Prehistory (Madison, 1992), особенно таблица сопоставления конкурирующих теорий на р. 2.

485

В. Bronson, ‘The Earliest Farming: Demography as Cause and Consequence’ в книге S. Polgar, ed., Population, Ecology and Social Evolution (The Hague, 1975).

486

См. например R. Kuttner, Everything for Sale: the Virtues and Limitations of Markets (Chicago, 1999); E. Luttwak, Turbo Capitalism: Winners and Losers in the Global Economy (London, 1998).

487

Harlan, op. cit., pp. 35–36.

488

Собрано много доказательств тому, хотя и с другой перспективы, в В. Hayden, ‘Pathways to Power: Priciples for Creating Socioeconomic Inequalities’ в книге T. D. Price and G. M. Feinman, eds, Foundations of Social Inequality (New York, 1995), pp. 15–86.

489

См. А. В. Gebauer and Т. D. Price, ‘Foragers to Farmers: an Introduction’, в книге Transitions to Agriculture in Prehistory (op. cit.), pp. 1-10.

490

A. J. Taylor, ed., The Standard of Living in Britain in the Industrial Revolution (London, 1975) особенно вклад E. J. Hobsbawm и E. P. Thompson, cm. pp. 58–92 и 124–153; F. Fernandez-Armesto, Barcelona: a Thousand Years of the City's Past (Oxford, 1992), pp. 173–174.

491

F. Fernandez-Armesto, The Times Illustrated History of Europe (London, 1995), pp. 145–146.

492

B. J. Kemp, Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization (London, 1989), p. 12.

493

Иер 12:5,49:19.

494

К. M. Kenyon, Digging Up Jericho (London, 1957), p. 29.

495

Ibid., pp. 54–55.

496

J. Bartlett, Jericho (Grand Rapids, 1982), pp. 16, 42, 44.

497

Kenyon, op. cit., p. 72.

498

Bartlett, op. cit., pp. 40–42.

499

J. Mellaart, ‘Qatal Huyuk: a Neolithic Town in Anatolia’ в книге M. Wheeler, ed., New Aspects of Archaeology (New York, 1967).

500

I. Hodder, ed., On the Surface: Qatal Hiiyiik 1993–1995 (Cambridge, 1996).

501

T. F. Lynch, ed., Guitarrero Cave: Early Man in the Andes (New York, 1980); см. B. Smith, ‘The Origins of Agriculture in the Americas’, Evolutionary Anthropology, iii (1995).

502

Harlan, op. cit., p. 19.

503

C. F. Gorman, ‘Excavations at Spirit Cave, North Thailand: Some Interim Interpretations’, Asian Perspectives, xiii (1970), pp. 197–207; J. C. White, Discovery of a Lost Bronze Age: Ban Chiang (Philadelphia, 1982), pp. 13

504

Fernandez-Armesto, op. cit., pp. 12–13.

505

C. Renfrew, ‘Carbon-14 and the Prehistory of Europe’, Scientific American, 225.4 (1971), pp. 63–72; Problems in European Prehistory (London, 1979); Before Civilisation (London, 1973).

506

J. Diamond, Guns, Germs and Steel: the Fates of Human Societies (London, 1997), p. 312; см. выше, pp. 279, 305, 335.

507

W. Meacham in D. N. Keightley, ed., The Origins of Chinese Civilization (Berkeley, 1983), p. 169.

508

См. J. Needham, Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge, 1954 — in progress), vol. iv, part III (Cambridge, 1971), pp. 540–553.

509

G. Brotherston, The Book of the Fourth World: Reading the Native Americas through their Literatures (Cambridge, 1992); J. Derrida, De la grammatologie (Baltimore, 1976), pp. 88-136.

510

J. Hawkes, The First Great Civilizations: Life in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley and Egypt (London, 1973), pp. 11, 21, 264–267, 325–342.

511

J. B. Pritchard, ed., The Ancient Near East: an Anthology of Texts and Pictures (Princeton, 1958), p. 244.

512

Ibid., p. 68.

513

Ibid., p. 251.

514

Frankfort, op. cit.

515

Pritchard, op. cit., p. 69.

516

G. Pettinato, Ebla: a New Look at History (Baltimore, 1991), pp. 88, 107; The Archives of Ebla (New York, 1981), pp. 156–180.

517

H. Saggs, The Greatness that was Babylon (London, 1988), pp. 124–127.

518

D. J. Wiseman, Nebuchadnezzar and Babylon (London, 1985).

519

I. L. Finkel, The Hanging Gardens of Babylon’, в книге P. Clayton and M. Price, eds, The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World (London, 1989), pp. 38–58.

520

M. W. Helms, Craft and the Kingly Ideal: Art, Trade and Power (Austin, 1993), pp. 93-170.

521

E. Naville, The Temple of Deir el Bahari (London, 1894), plates 47–61.

522

F. Fernandez-Armesto, Columbus (London, 1996), p. 87.

523

E. Naville, op. cit., pp. 21–25; M. Liverani, Prestige and Interest: International Relations in the Near East c. 1600–1100 BC (Padua, 1990), pp. 240–244.

524

Kemp, op. cit, pp. 120–128.

525

Ibid., pp. 195, 237.

526

J. B. Pritchard, ed., The Ancient Near East: Supplementary Texts and Pictures Relating to the Old Testament (Princeton, 1969), p. 26.

527

Ibid., p. 24.

528

Ibid., p. 254.

529

Kemp, op. cit., p. 195.

530

К. W. Butzner, Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt: a Study in Cultural Ecology (Chicago, 1976), p. 27.

531

Pritchard, op. cit., p. 229.

532

Ibid., p. 7.

533

Plato, Timaeus, 22E.

534

Kemp, op. cit., pp. 218–221.

535

Ibid., pp. 253–254.

536

H. S. Smith et al., eds, Ancient Centres of Egyptian Civilization (Windsor Forest, n.d.), p. 18.

537

Pritchard, op. cit., p. 2.59.

538

Butzner, op. cit., p. 9.

539

Ibid., p. 21.

540

Pritchard, op. cit., p. 409.

541

II, 35.

542

Pritchard, op. cit., p. 186; R. Drews, The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 BC (Princeton, 1993), pp. 19–21.

543

II, 126.

544

I. E. S. Edwards, The Great Pyramids of Egypt (London, 1993), p. 251.

545

P. Hodges, How the Pyramids Were Built (Shaftesbury, 1989).

546

Edwards, op. cit., pp. 245–292.

547

Этот текст повторяет F. Fernandez-Armesto, Truth; a History (London, 1997), pp. 132–137.

548

Tanizaki Junichuro, In Praise of Shadows (tr. T.J. Harper and E.G. Seidensticker (London, 1991), p. 21–22).

549

С. Masson, A Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and the Panjab, 3 vols (London, 1842), vol. i, p. 453. Cm. G. Whitteridge, Charles Masson of Afghanistan: Explorer, Archaeologist, Numismatist and Intelligence Agent (Warminster, 1986).

550

Относительно местонахождения Сангалы см. А. В. Bosworth, A Historical Commentary on Arrian's History of Alexander, 2 vols (Oxford, 1995), vol. ii, pp. 327, 331.

551

G. L. Posspehl, ‘Discovering India’s Earliest Cities’ в книге G. L. Posspehl, ed., Harappan Civilisation: a Contemporary Perspective (New Delhi, 1982), pp. 405–413.

552

В. and R. Allchin, The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan (Cambridge, 1982), p. 166.

553

Ibid., pp. 133–138, 167.

554

Vishnu-Mittre and R. Savithri, ‘Food Economy of the Harappans в книге Posspehl, ed., op. cit., pp. 205–221.

555

K. A. R. Kennedy, ‘Skulls, Aryans and Flowing Drains: the Interface of Archaeology and Skeletal Biology in the Study of the Harappan Civilization’, в книге ibid., pp. 289–295.

556

A. Parpola, Deciphering the Indus Script (Cambridge, 1994). Эта работа представляет стадию длительного процесса расшифровки методом проб и ошибок; если предположение Парполы — о том, что люди Хараппы говорили на одном из дравидских языков, — не выдержит проверки, это не будет означать, что недействителен метод.

557

Allchin and Allchin, op. cit., pp. 210–216.

558

Kennedy, loc. cit., p. 291.

559

D. P. Agrawalk and R. K. Sood, ‘Ecological Factors and the Harappan Civilization’, в книге Posspehl, ed., op. cit., pp. 223–229.

560

Ibid., p. 18.

561

Kennedy, loc. cit., p. 292.

562

Жаргон, составленный из элементов многих средиземно-морских языков, средство общения моряков и контрабандистов.

563

C. Renfrew, Archaeology and Language (London, 1987). Я вторю F. Fernandez-Armesto, The Times Illustrated History of Europe (London, 1995), pp. 13–14. Защита традиционной позиции J. P. Mallory, In Search of the Indo-Europeans (1989) слишком ясно демонстрирует отсутствие археологических доказательств существования индоевропейцев и их миграций. См. также Е. Leach, ‘Aryan Invasions over Four Millennia’ в книге E. Ohnuki-Tierney, ed., Culture Through Time: Anthropological Approaches (Stanford, 1990), pp. 227–245.

564

Rig Veda, 6.70.

565

Ibid., 1.32.

566

Vishnu-Mittre, ‘The Harappan Civilization and the Need for a New Approach’ в книге Posspehl, ed., op. cit., pp. 31–39, особ, p. 37.

567

Allchin and Allchin, op. cit., p. 308.

568

М. K. Dhavalikar, ‘Daimabad Bronzes’ в книге Posspehl, ed., op. cit., pp. 361–366. Я еще не имел возможности подтвердить предположение В. М. Pande, ibid., p. 398, что знаки письма Инда найдены в том же поселении.

569

В. P. Sinha, ‘Harappan Fallout(?) in the Mid-Gangetic Valley’ в книге Posspehl, ed., op. cit., pp. 135–139.

570

S. Kemper, The Presence of the Past: Chronicles, Politics and Culture in Sinhala Life (Ithaca, 1991), pp. 2–3, 8, 32, 43, 54–59.

571

J. Brow, Demona and Development: the Struggle for Community in a Sri Lankan Village (Tucson, 1996), pp. 33–34.

572

J. Still, The Jungle Tide (Edinburgh, 1930), p. 75; процитировано в A. J. Toynbee, A Study of History, vol. ii (London, 1934), p. 5.

573

Michael C. Rogers’s translation in P. H. Lee, ed., Sourcebook of Korean Civilization, vol. i (New York, 1993), p. 14.

574

H. Maspero, China in Antiquity (n.p., 1978), pp. 14–15.

575

Ibid., p. 17.

576

D. N. Keightley, ed., The Origins of Chinese Civilization (Berkeley, 1983), p. 27.

577

К. C. Chang, Shang Civilization (New Haven and London, 1980), pp. 138–141; A. Waley, The Book of Songs Translated from the Chinese (London, 1937), p. 309.

578

Ibid., p. 24.

579

Ibid., 242.

580

Chang, op. cit., p. 70.

581

Te-Tzu Chang, The Origins and Early Culture of the Cereal Grains and Food Legumes’ в книге Keightley, op. cit., pp. 66–68.

582

W. Fogg, ‘Swidden Cultivation of Foxtail Millet by Taiwan Aborigines: a Cultural Analogue of the Domestication of Serica italica in China’, ibid., pp. 95-115.

583

Waley, op. cit., pp. 164–167.

584

Te-Tzu Chang, loe. cit., p. 81.

585

Chang, Shang Civilization, pp. 148–149.

586

Maspero, op. cit., p. 382.

587

Lu Sung Mao 300 in Shih-chung, процитировано в М. H. Fried, Tribe to State or State to Tribe in Ancient China?’ в книге Keightley, op. cit., pp. 467–493, особ. pp. 488–489.

588

Chang, op. cit., p. 12.

589

R. Pearson, The Ch’inglien-kang Culture and the Chinese Neolithic’, в книге Keightley, op. cit., pp. 119–145.

590

Needham et al., op. cit., vi, part II (by F. Bray) (Cambridge, 1984), p. 491.

591

Ho Pingti, The Cradle of the East (Hong Kong, 1975), p. 362.

592

D. S. Nivison, ‘A Neo-Confucian Visionary: Ouyang Hsiu’ в книге D. S. Nivison and A. F. Wright, eds, Confucianism in Action (1959), pp. 97-132; F. Fernandez-Armesto, Millennium: A History of Our Last Thousand Years (New York, 1995), p. 56.

593

Это, однако, был более медленный и поздний процесс, чем обычно считается; см. S. Т. Leong, Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History: Hakka, Pahgmin and their Neighbours, (Stanford, 1997) и R. Bin Wong, The Social and Political Construction of Identities in the Qing Empire’, Itinerario (forthcoming), xxv (2001).

594

К. C. Chang, ‘The Late Shang State’ в книге Keightley, op. cit., p. 573.

595

К. C. Chang, Art_>t Myth and Ritual: the Path to Political Authority in Ancient China (Cambridge, Mass., 1983), p. 10.

596

Мера длины.

597

Shih в книге В. Karlgren, The Book of Odes (Stockholm, 1974), p. 189; приведено в К. С. Chang, Art, op. cit., p. 18; другая версия в Waley, op. cit., p. 248.

598

Chang, Shang Civilization, op. cit., p. 161.

599

Waley, op. cit., pp. 113–136.

600

К. C. Chang, в книге Keightley, op. cit., pp. 495–464.

601

Chang, Shang Civilization, op. cit., pp. 185–186.

602

Ibid., p. 12.

603

Li Chi, The Beginnings of Chinese Civilization (Seattle, 1957), p. 23; отрывок в ibid., p. 142.

604

Chang, Art, op. cit., p. 45.

605

F. Fernandez-Armesto, Truth: a History (London, 1998), pp. 47–64.

606

Chang, Art, op. cit., p. 34.

607

Ibid., p. 42.

608

Ibid., pp. 37–38.

609

Chang, Shang Civilization, op. cit., p. 195.

610

S. N. Eisenstadt, ed., The Origins and Diversity of Axial Age Civilizations (Albany, 1986).

611

F. Fernandez-Armesto, Millennium: A History of Our Last Thousand Years (New York, 1995), pp. 49–50, 258–262.

612

V. Purcell, The Overseas Chinese in South-east Asia (Oxford, 1980); Yuan-li and Chun-his Wu, Economic Development in south-east Asia: the Chinese Dimension (Stanford, 1980); L. Pan, Sons of the Yellow Emperor (Tokyo, 1990); R. Skeldun, ed., Reluctant Exiles? Migration from Hong Kong and the New Orleans Chinese (London, 1994); S. Seagrave, Lords of the Rim (London, 1995).

613

C. P. Fitzgerald, China: a Short Cultural History (London, 1950), pp. 339–340.

614

Odes, III, xxix, 27.

615

Samuel Johnson, A Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland (ed. M. Lascelles (Yale University Press, 1971), p. 43).

616

Joel Martinez Hernandez, ‘Quesqui Nahuamacehualme Tiztoqueh?’ (отрывок в M. Leon-Portilla, The Broken Spears (Boston, 1992), p. 107).

617

Bernabe Cobo, Historia del Nuevo Mundo (1653), book I.

618

A. Pagden, ed., Нетап Cortes, Letters from Mexico (New York, 1971), p. 55.

619

Ibid., pp. 77–78.

620

B. Diaz de Castillo, Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva Espaha, ed. J. Ramirez Cabanas, 2 vols (Mexico, 1968), vol. i, p. 260.

621

См. H. R. Trevor-Roper, The European Witch-Craze of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Harmondsworth, 1978).

622

J. Vieillard, Le Livre du pelerin (Macon, 1950), pp. 26, 28.

623

E. Le Roy Ladurie, The Beggar and the Professor: a Sixteenth-century Family Saga (Chicago, 1997), pp. 10, 16–30.

624

BoswelVs Journal of a Tour to the Highlands, ed. F. A. Pottle and С. H. Bennett (New York, 1936), p. 210; The Works of Samuel Johnson, 9 vols (London, 1825), vol. ix, pp. 24, 97.

625

D. Lang, Armenia: Cradle of Civilization (London, 1980), pp. 30–31.

626

С. I. Beckwith, The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: a history of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages (Princeton, 1987), p. 129.

627

G. Yazdani, ed., The Early History of the Deccan, vol. i (London, 1960), p. 13.

628

К. C. Day, ‘Storage and Labor Service: a Production and Management Design for the Andean Area’, в книге М. E. Moseley and К. C. Day, eds, Chan Chan: Andean Desert City (Albuquerque, 1982), pp. 338–349.

629

C. Morris and A. von Hagen, The Inka Empire and its Andean Origins (New York, 1993), p. 54.

630

Т. С. Patterson, The Huaca La Florida, Rimac Valley, Peru’, в книге С. В. Donnan, ed., Early Ceremonial Architecture of the Andes (Washington, DC, 1985), pp. 59–70.

631

T. Pozorski, The Early Horizon Site of Huaca de los Reyes: Societal Implications’, American Antiquity, xlv (1980), pp. 100–161.

632

R. L. Burger, ‘Unity and Heterogeneity within the Chavin Horizon’, в книге R. W. Keatinge, ed., Peruvian Prehistory: an Overview of Pre-Inca and Inca Society (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 99-144.

633

Ibid., p. 161.

634

A. Kolata, The Agricultural Foundations of the Tiwanaku State: a View from the Heartland’, American Antiquity, li, pp. 748–762; The Technology and Organization of Agricultural Production in the Tiwanaku State’, Latin American Antiquity, ii (1991), pp. 99-125; cm. D. E. Arnold, Ecology and Ceramic Production in an Andean Community (Cambridge, 1993), p. 31.

635

K. Berrin, ed., Feathered Serpents and Flowering Trees: Reconstructing the Murals of Teotihuacan (San Francisco, 1988), pp. 141–228.

636

R. E. Blanton, Monte Albdn: Settlement Patterns at the Ancient Zapotec Capital (New York, 1978).

637

J. Marcus and К. V. Flannery, Zapotec Civilization (London, 1966), p. 197.

638

J. W. Whitecotton, Zapotec Ethnology: Pictorial Genealogies in Eastern Oaxaca (Nashville, 1990).

639

R. Spores, ‘Tututepec: a Post-classic Mixtec Conquest State’, Ancient Mesoamerica, iv(1993), pp. 167–174.

640

R. A. Diehl, Tula: the Toltec Capital of Ancient Mexico (London, 1983), pp. 41, 162.

641

M. J. Macri, ‘Maya and other Mesoamerican Scripts’ в книге P. Daniels, and W. Bright, eds, The Worlds Writing Systems (Oxford, 1996), pp. 172–182. Обсуждение проблемы кипу было основательно выведено из равновесия открытием иезуитского трактата, ранее известного только по ссылке 1750 года и содержащего часть алфавита инков: опубликовано в С. Animato, P. A. Rossi and С. Miccinelli, Quipu: il nodo parlante dei misteriosi Incas (Genoa, 1994) и обсуждается в V. and D. Domenici, Talking Knots of the Inka’, Archaeology (November-December 1996), pp. 50–56. См. также M. and R. Ascher, Code of the Quipu: a Study in Media, Mathematics and Culture (Ann Arbor, 1981); E. H. Boone and W. D. Mignolo, eds, Writing without Words: Alternative Literacies in Mesoamerica and the Andes (Durham, NC, 1994), особенно замечания Т. Камминса о проблеме кипу, pp. 188–219. См. также выше, с. 272.

642

N. Wachtel, ‘The mitimas of the Cochabamba Valley: the Colonisation Policy of Huayna Сарае’, в книге G. A. Collier, R. I. Rosaldo and J. D. Wirth, eds, The Inca and Aztec States 1400–1800 (New York, 1982), pp. 199–235.

643

F. Solis, Gloria у fama mexica (Mexico, 1991), pp. 98, 104, 108, in, 112.

644

Высокогорные плато Южной Америки.

645

Hip61ito Unanue, ‘Observaciones sobre el clima de Lima у sus influencias en los seres organizados, en especial el hombre’ в книге J. Arias-Schreiber Pezet, ed., Los ideologos: Hipolito Unanue, vol. viii (Lima, 1974), p. 47. Я обязан этой ссылкой любезности профессора Хорхе Канизареса Эсгуэрры.

646

J. V. Murra, Vormaciones economicas у politicos del mundo andino (Lima, 1975), pp. 45–57.

647

R. E. Blanton, ‘The Basin of Mexico Market System and the Growth of Empire’ в книге F. Berdan et al., Aztec Imperial Strategies (Washington, DC), 1996, pp. 47–84; cm. S. Gorenstein and H. Perlstein Pollard, The Tarascan Civilization: a Late Pre-Hispanic Culture System (Nashville, 1983), pp. 98-102.

648

M. G. Hodge, ‘Political Organization of Central Provinces’ в книге Berdan et al., op. cit., p. 29.

649

Мексиканское блюдо, толченая кукуруза с мясом и красным перцем.

650

B. de Sahagun, Historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espafia, ed. A. M. Garibay K(itana) (Mexico, 1989), p. 463.

651

М. E. Smith, The Aztecs (Oxford, 1997), pp. 69–79.

652

Стиль мексиканской народной музыки, а также группы и музыканты этого стиля.

653

J. R. Parsons, ‘The Role of Chinampa agriculture in the Food Supply of Aztec Tenochtitlan’, в книге С. E. Cleland, ed., Cultural Change and Continuity: Essays in Honor of James Bennett Griffin (New York, 1976), pp. 233–257.

654

J. Cooper Clark, ed., Codex Mendoza, 3 vols (London, 1931–1932), vol. i, fos 19–55; F. Berdan and J. de Durand-Forest, eds, Matncula de tributes: codice de Moctezuma (Codices Selecti, lxviii) (Graz, 1980).

655

C. Morris and D. E. Thompson, Huanuco Pampa: an Inca City and its Hinterland (London, 1985), p. 90.

656

P. Cieza de Leon, Cronicas del Peril, ed. F. Canm, 3 vols (Lima, 1987), vol. ii, p. 81; cm. vol. iii, pp. 226–227.

657

G. W. Conrad and A. A. Demarest, Religion and Empire: the Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansion (New York, 1984).

658

A. Chavero, ed., Lienzo de Tlaxcala (Mexico, 1979), plates 9, 10, 14, 21 etc.; в подготовленной к печати работе Дж. Е. Кича считает это доказательство ненадежным, в основном на базе прочтения В. Dfaz, op. cit., vol. ii, pp. 32–49, 54–57, и полагает, что испанцы играли важную роль в сражении. Я благодарен профессору Кичу за то, что он показал мне рукопись своей работы.

659

S. Lombardo de Ruiz et al., Atlas historico de la ciudad de Mexico, 2 vols (Mexico, 1996–1997), vol. i, pp. 214–285.

660

Samuel Johnson, Rasselas, отрывок в T. Packenham, The Mountains ofRasselas ((New York, 1959), p. 58).

661

Thomas Love Peacock, Headlong Hall, ch. 6 (The Novels of Thomas Love Peacock, ed. D. Garrett (London, 1963), p. 42).

662

L. Tregance, Adventures in New Guinea: the Narrative of Louis Tregance, a French Sailor, ed. H. Crocker (London, 1876).

663

J. Diamond, Guns, Germs and Steel: the Fates of Human Societies (London, 1997), pp. 146–150, 303.

664

B. Connolly and R. Anderson, First Contact (New York, 1987), p. 24.

665

Ibid., p. 29.

666

P. Brown, Highland Peoples of New Guinea (Cambridge, 1978), pp. 10–11.

667

M. Godelier, ‘Social hierarchies among the Baruya of New Guinea’, в книге A. Strathern, Inequality in New Guinea Highlands Societies (Cambridge, 1982), p. 6.

668

D. K. Feil, The Evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea Societies (Cambridge, 1987), p. 16.

669

J. Golson, ‘Kuk and the Development of Agriculture in New Guinea: Retrospection and Introspection’, в книге D. E. Yen and J. M. J. Mummery, eds, Pacific Production Systems: Approaches to Economic History (Canberra, 1983), pp. 139–147.

670

H. C. Brookfield, ‘The Ecology of Highland Settlement: Some Suggestions’, в книге J. В. Watson, ed., New Guinea: the Central Highlands (Menasha, Wisconsin, 1964) (American Anthropologist, lxvi, special number).

671

Feil, op. cit., pp. 27–30.

672

Connolly and Anderson, op. cit., p. 14.

673

C. R. Hallpike, Bloodshed and Vengeance in the Papuan Mountains: the Generation of Conflicts in Tauade Society (Oxford, 1977), pp. 229–231.

674

Ibid., p. 235; Diamond, op. cit., p. 277.

675

R. Rosaldo, Culture and Truth: the Remaking of Social Analysis (Boston, 1989), p. 1.

676

M. J. Harrier, The Jfvaro (New York, 1972).

677

J. de Barros, Asia, dec. I, bk X, ch. 1.

678

P. S. Garlake, ‘Pastoralism and Zimbabwe’, Journal of African History, xix, pp. 479–493.

679

D. T. Beach, The Shona and Zimbabwe (London, 1980).

680

W. G. L. Randies, The Empire of Monomotapa (Harare, 1981).

681

J. H. Kramers and G. Wiet, eds, Configuration de la terre (Beirut and Paris, 1964), vol. i, p. 56.

682

R. S. Whiteway, ed., The Portuguese Expedition to Abyssinia in 1541–1543 as Narrated by Castanhoso (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1902), p. 6.

683

D. S. Philippson, The Excavations at Aksum’, Antiquaries’ Journal, lxxv (1995), pp. 1-41.

684

C. F. Beckingham and G. W. B. Huntingford, eds, Some Records of Ethiopia (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. 45.

685

Y. M. Kobishanov, ‘Aksum: Political System, Economics and Culture, First to Fourth Century’ в книге G. Mokhtar, ed., Unesco History of Africa, vol. ii (Berkeley, 1981).

686

D. W. Philippson, ‘Aksum in Africa’, Journal of Ethiopian Studies, xxiii (1990), pp. 55–65.

687

K. Conti-Rossini, ed., Vitae Sanctorum Antiquorum, i (Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, xxvii) (Louvain, 1955), pp. 41, 47–48.

688

B. Turaiez, ed., Vitae Sanctorum Indigenarum, ii: Ada S. Aaronis et Philippi (Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, xxxi) (Louvain, 1955), p. 120.

689

R. K. P. Pankhurst, ed., The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles (Addis Ababa, 1967), pp. 47–48.

690

S. Kur and E. Cerulli, eds, Actes de lyasus Moa (Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, cclx) (1965), p. 45.

691

G. W. B. Huntingford, The Historical Geography of Ethiopia (Oxford, 1989), p. 54.

692

Ibid., p. 56.

693

Т. Т. Mehouria, ‘Christian Aksum’ в книге Mokhtar, ed., op. cit., p. 406.

694

Huntingford, op. cit., p. 59.

695

P. Marrassini, ‘Some Considerations on the Problem of the "Syriac Influences" on Aksumite Ethiopia’, Journal of Ethiopian Studies, xxiii (1990), pp. 35–46.

696

T. Mekouria, ‘The Horn of Africa’ в книге I. Hrbek, ed., Unesco General History of Africa, vol. iii (1992), p. 558.

697

G. W. B. Huntingford, ‘"The Wealth of Kings" and the End of the Zagwe Dynasty’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, xxviii (1965), p. 6.

698

Mekouria, ‘The Horn’, op. cit., p. 566.

699

S. Munro-Hay, The Rise and Fall of Aksum: Chronological Considerations’, Journal of Ethiopian Studies, xxxiii (1990), pp. 47–53.

700

K. W. Butzer, Archaeology as Human Ecology: Method and Theory for a Contextual Approach (Cambridge, 1982), p. 145.

701

Huntingford, op. cit., p. 70.

702

Conti-Rossini, ed., op. cit., p. 4.

703

Pankhurst, op. cit., p. 9.

704

T. Tamrat in R. Oliver, ed., Cambridge History of Africa, vol. iii (1977), p. 112.

705

C. W. F. Beckingham and G. W. B. Huntingford, eds, The Prester John of the Indies, 2 vols (Cambridge, The Hakluyt Society, 1961), vol. i, pp. 266–307.

706

A. Kammerer, La Mer rouge, VAbyssinie et VArabie au XVIe et Xvie siecles, vol. iv (Cairo, 1947), p. 174.

707

Pankhurst, op. cit., pp. 91–93; Beckingham and Huntingford, eds, op. cit., pp. 125–127.

708

Это восхитительно, но неубедительно, по крайней мере в части иранской имперской идеи, оспорено Фогельзангом, который представляет империю Ахеменидов как источник кочевых традиций на восточной окраине Ирана. The Rise and Organisation of the Achaemenid Empire: the Eastern Iranian Evidence (Leiden, 1992).

709

Исайя 41:2.

710

R. C. Zaehner, The Dawn and Twilight of Zoroastrianism (New York, 1961), см. особенно pp. 170–172.

711

Ibid., p. 40.

712

C. Tuplin, The Parks and Gardens of the Achaemenid Empire’, Achaemenid Studies (Stuttgart, 1996), pp. 80-131.

713

W. Barthold, An Historical Geography of Iran (Princeton, 1984).

714

P. Bishop, The Myth of Shangri-La (Berkeley, 1989).

715

D. Snellgrove and H. Richardson, A Cultural History of Tibet (Boston, 1986), p. 60.

716

The Geography of Tibet according to the ‘Dzam-Gling-Rgyas-Bshad ed. Т. V. Wylie (Rome, 1962), p. 54.

717

S. Hedin, A Conquest of Tibet (New York, 1934), pp. 104–105.

718

P. Fleming, Bayonets to Lhasa (New York, 1961), pp. 102, 113, 121.

719

Snellgrove and Richardson, op. cit., p. 23.

720

Или скудные кустарники, преобразованные в землю добра и богатства. F. W. Thomas, ed., Tibetan Literary Texts and Documents Concerning Chinese Turkestan (London, 1935), pp. 59, 69, 261,275.

721

С. I. Beckwith, The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: a history of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages (Princeton, 1987), p. 100.

722

Snellgrove and Richardson, op. cit., p. 28.

723

Beckwith, op. cit., p. 40.

724

Ibid., pp. 81–83.

725

Snellgrove and Richardson, op. cit., p. 64.

726

Beckwith, op. cit., p. 183.

727

Ibid., pp. 109–110.

728

R. A. Stein, Tibetan Civilisation (London, 1972), p. 241.

729

R. Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes (New Brunswick, 1970), p. 226.

730

O. Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (New York, 1951), pp. 84–86.

731

W. Heissig, The Religions of Mongolia (London, 1980), pp. 24–38; F. Fernandez-Armesto, Millennium: A History of Our Last Thousand Years (New York, 1995), p. 306.

732

Stein, op. cit., pp. 138–139.

733

S. C. Rijnhart, With the Tibetans in Tent and Temple (Chicago, 1901).

734

Z. Ahmad, Sino-Tibetan Relations in the Seventeenth Century (Rome, 1970), p. 43; O. and E. Lattimore, Silks, Spices and Empire (New York, 1968), p. 141.

735

Ahmad, op. cit., p. 286.

736

Fleming, op. cit, pp. 232–233, 240. Замечательные подборки фотографий есть в С. Bass, Inside the Treasure-House (1990) и S. Batchelour, The Tibet Guide (1987). Самые великолепные изображения ландшафтов выполнены Николаем Рерихом и собраны в нью-йоркском музее его имени.

737

A. T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power upon History (Boston, 1894, p. 25).

738

(on the Aleutian islanders) — T. Bank II, Birthplace of the Wnds (New York, 1956, p. 265).

739

R. Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600–1860 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 16–50.

740

F. Braudel, La Mediterranee et le monde mediterraneen a Гёро-que de Philippe II, 2 vols (Paris, 1966), vol. i, pp. 137, 139.

741

O. Spate, The Spanish Lake (Canberra, 1979), p. 94–97.

742

Критику этой традиции см. в: N. Davies, The Isles (London, 1999), pp. xxvii — xl.

743

J. Truslow Adams, Building the British Empire (New York, 1938), p. ix. Я в долгу перед книгой моего отца: Augusto Assia, Los ingleses en su isla (Madrid, 1947).

744

Ключевые тексты собраны в: J. В. Hattendorf, ed., Tobias Gentleman: England's Way to Win Wealth and to Employ Mariners (New York, 1992).

745

R. Jones, ‘Why did the Tasmanians Stop Eating Fish?’ в книге R. Gould, ed., Explorations in Ethnoarchaeology (Albuquerque, 1978), pp. 11–48.

746

F. Ferndndez-Armesto, The Canary Islands after the Conquest (Oxford, 1982), p. 7.

747

J. McPhee et al., Masterpieces from the National Gallery of Victoria (Melbourne, 1996), p. 9; см. В. Smith, Australian Painting, 1788–1970 (Melbourne, 1971), pp. 26–27.

748

M. Martin, A Description of the Western Islands of Scotland, circa 1695, including A Voyage to St Kilda, ed. D. Munro (Edinburgh, 1994), p. 465.

749

T. Steel, The Life and Death of St Kilda (Glasgow, 1986), pp. 51, 93.

750

G. P. Stell and M. Harman, Buildings of St Kilda (Edinburgh, 1988), pp. 28–31.

751

Ibid., pp. 57, 64–65.

752

John Macculloch, 1819, приведено в ibid., pp. 56, 71.

753

E. H. McCormick, Omai: Pacific Envoy (Auckland, 1977), pp. 117, 128.

754

E. S. Dodge, Islands and Empires: Western Impact on the Pacific and East Asia (Minneapolis, 1976), p. 49.

755

N. A. Rowe, Samoa under the Sailing Gods (New York, 1930), p. 19.

756

Ibid., p. 16; J. Dunmore, ed., The Journal of Jean-Francois de Galaup de la Perouse, 1785–1788, 2 vols (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1994), vol. i, p. 67, plate opp. p. 55; vol. ii, pp. 394–395.

757

F. Fernandez-Armesto, Millennium: A History of Our Last Thousand Years (New York, 1995), p. 482.

758

R. Feinberg, Polynesian Seafaring and Navigation: Ocean Travel in Anutan Society (Kent, Ohio, 1988), pp. 25, 89.

759

P. Bell wood, The Polynesians: the History of an Island People (London, 1978), pp. 39–44; Man's Conquest of the Pacific: the Prehistory of Southeast Asia and Oceania (New York, 1979), pp. 196–303; G. Irwin, The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonisation of the Pacific (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 7–9, 43–63.

760

P. H. Buck (Те Rangi Hiroa), Vikings of the Sunrise (New York, 1938), pp. 268–269.

761

F. Fernandez-Armesto, Truth: a History (London, 1997), pp. 126–128, based in turn on: D. L. Oliver, Oceania: the Native Cultures of Australia and the Pacific Islands, 2 vols (Honolulu, 1989), vol. i, pp. 361–422; B. Finney, Hokule'a: the Way to Tahiti (New York, 1979); B. Malinowski, Argonauts of the Western Pacific: an Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes ofMelanesian New Guinea (London, 1972), pp. 105–148.

762

J. Diamond, Guns, Germs and Steel: the Fates of Human Societies (London, 1997), pp. 53–57; M. King, Moriori (Auckland, 1989).

763

R. Langdon, The Lost Caravel (Sydney, 1975).

764

B. Finney, ‘Voyaging and Isolation in Rapa Nui History’, Rapa Nui Journal vii (1993), pp. 1–6.

765

J. A. Van Tilburg, Easter Island: Archaeology, Ecology and Culture (Washington, DC, 1994), pp. 59–60.

766

P. V. Kirch, Feathered Gods and Fishhooks: an Introduction to Hawaiian Archaeology and Prehistory (Honolulu, 1989), p. 215.

767

Ibid., pp. 3-30.

768

Ibid., pp. 2-11.

769

Ibid., pp. 27–30.

770

Ibid., p. 154.

771

B. Glanvill Corney, ed., The Voyage of Captain Don Felipe Gonzalez (sic)… to Easter Island in 1770–1771 (Cambridge, The Hakluyt Society, 1908), pp. 48–49.

772

Van Tilburg, op. cit., pp. 64–66.

773

Ibid., p. 72.

774

Ibid., p. 159.

775

W. Mulloy, ‘A Speculative Reconstruction of Techniques of Carving, Transporting and Erecting Easter Island Statues’, Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania, v (1970), pp. 1-23.

776

Van Tilburg, op. cit., p. 142.

777

Ibid., pp. 90–91, 103.

778

T. Bank, Birthplace of the Winds (New York, 1956), pp. 90–91, 203.

779

Ibid., pp. 88–89.

780

Ibid., p. 230.

781

Bank, p. 218.

782

T. Heyerdahl, The Maldive Mystery (Bethseda, Md., 1986), pp. 263–264.

783

Ibid., p. 212.

784

H. A. R. Gibb and C. F. Beckingham, eds, The Travels of Ihn Battuta, AD 1325–1354, 4 vols (London, The Hakluyt Society), vol. iv (1994), p. 822.

785

J. D. Evans, Prehistoric Antiquities of the Maltese Islands (London, 1971).

786

C. Malone et al., ‘A House for the Temple-builders’, Antiquity, lxii (1988), pp. 29-301.

787

J. Houel, Voyage pittoresque des lies de Sicilie, de Malte et de Liparie, 4 vols (Paris, 1787).

788

Fernandez-Armesto, op. cit., pp. 357–358.

789

N. Platon, Zakros: the Discovery of a Lost Palace of Ancient Crete (New York, 1971), pp. 64–66.

790

Ibid., pp. 61, 245.

791

O. Dickinson, The Aegean Bronze Age (Cambridge, 1994).

792

J. H. Pryor, Geography, Technology and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 649-1571 (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 25–86.

793

F. Femdndez-Armesto, Before Columbus: Exploration and Colonisation from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, 1229–1492 (Philadelphia, 1987), p. 26; D. Abulafia, A Mediterranean Emporium (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 127–128, 168.

794

Экономическое чудо (нем.).

795

A. J. Toynbee, A Study of History (London, 1934), vol. i, p. 271; vol. ii, pp. 1-72.

796

D. Howard, The Architectural History of Venice (London, 1987), pp. 15–18; A. Macadam, Blue Guide: Venice (London, 1989), pp. 48–49.

797

J. Martineau and A. Robinon, eds, The Glory of Venice (New Haven and London, 1994), pp. 95, 444.

798

F. Femdndez-Armesto, Millennium: A History of Our Last Thousand Years (New York, 1995), pp. 76–77.

799

F. Femdndez-Armesto, ‘Naval Warfare after the Viking Age’, в книге M. Keen, ed., Medieval Warfare: a History (Oxford, 1999), pp. 230–251.

800

Традиционная песня японских ама, живущих на море, периода Ямато (приведено в Brown, р. 487).

801

С. Pelras, The Bugis (Oxford, 1996).

802

J. Zhang, ‘Relations between China and the Arabs’, Journal of Oman Studies, vi: i (1983), pp. 91-109, особенно p. 99.

803

W. Grainge White, The Sea Gypsies of Malaya (London, 1922), p. 298.

804

Ibid., pp. 40–47, 58–60.

805

Iliad, 23. 744.

806

H. Goedicke, ed., The Report ofWenamun (Baltimore, 1975).

807

Иез 27:3.

808

L. W. King, Bronze Reliefs from the Gates of Shalaneser (London, 1915), вкладки 13–14; объяснения A. H. Layard из Dept of Antiquities, BM, приведены в D. Harden, The Phoenicians (London, 1962), вкладка 50, правая секция; E. Goubel et al., Les Pheniciens et le monde mediterraneen (Luxembourg, 1986), figs. 13, 21.

809

British Museum Catalogue of Coins: Phoenicia (London, 1910), pis. 18, nos 6 and 7; 19, no. 5 (Sidon galley and waves); 28, no. 9 (Tyre: dolphin).

810

J. В. Pritchard, Recovering Sarepta, a Phoenician City (Princeton, 1978), p. 29.

811

Иез 27:4.

812

P. Mac Kendrick, The North African Stones Speak (Chapel Hill, 1980), pp. 8-27.

813

R. I. Page, Runes (Berkeley, 1987), p. 8.

814

R. L. Morris, Runic and Mediterranean Epigraphy (Odense, 1988).

815

P. V. Glob, The Mound People (1974).

816

P. Foote and D. Wilson, The Viking Achievement (London, 1984).

817

G. Jones, A History of the Vikings (Oxford, 1968), pp. 192–194.

818

Ibid., p. 212.

819

A. V. Berkis, The History of the Duchy of Courland, 1561–1765 (Towson, Md., 1969), pp. 75–79, 144–157, 191–195.

820

Злорадство (нем.).

821

I. Semmingsen, Norway to America: a History of the Migration (Minneapolis, 1980), pp. 121–131; A. Schrier, Ireland and the American Migration (Minneapolis, 1958).

822

J. Needham, Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge, 1954 — in progress), vol. iv, pt I (Cambridge, 1962), pp. 330–332; pt II (1965), pp. 599–602; pt III (1971), pp. 651–656; vol. v, pt VII (1986), pp. 568–579; D. Lach, Asia in the Making of Europe, vol. ii (Chicago, 1977), pp. 395–445, 556–560; J. Goody, The East in the West (Cambridge, 1996).

823

Hamlet, IV, iv, 17–22.

824

Пер. М. Лозинского.

825

R. J. Harrison, The Beaker Folk: Copper Archaeology in Western Europe (London, 1980).

826

A. Burl, Megalithic Brittany (London, 1985).

827

Рене Гошинни и Альбер Удерзо — авторы знаменитого комикса «Астерикс», по мотивам которого поставлено несколько кинофильмов.

828

De Bello Gallico, 111,8.

829

S. Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches: an Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age (New York, 1987), p. 263.

830

C. R. Boxer, The Dutch Seaborne Empire (New York, 1965), pp. 65–66, 80.

831

W. Kloosters, The Dutch in the Americas, 1600–1800 (Providence, RI, 1998), p. 7.

832

Ibid., p. 25.

833

Charles Davenant, приведено в Schama, op. cit., p. 224.

834

Boxer, op. cit., p. 4.

835

Kloosters, op cit., p. 23.

836

Boxer, op. cit., p. 90.

837

Ibid., p. 96.

838

Ibid, p. 236.

839

Schama, op. cit., p. 44.

840

Ibid., p. 38.

841

Boxer, op. cit., 171.

842

B. de Mandeville, The Fable of the Bees, ed. D. Garman (London, 1934), p. 144; отрывок в Schama, op. cit., 297.

843

Ibid., особ. pp. 310–311.

844

Mary W. Helms, Ulysses’ Sail: an Ethnographic Odyssey of Power; Knowledge and Geographical Distance (Princeton, 1988).

845

C. Renfrew, ‘Varna and the Social Context of Early Metallurgy’ в книге С. Renfrew, ed., Problems in European Prehistory (London, 1979), pp. 377–384; Le premier Or de Vhumanite en Bulgarie: V^>е millenaire (Paris, 1989).

846

T. Heyerdahl and A. Skjolsvold, Archaeological Evidence of Pre-Spanish Visits to the Galapagos Islands (Oslo, 1990); T. Heyerdahl, American Indians in the Pacific: the Theory behind the Коп-tiki Expedition (London, 1952); C. Jack-Hinton, The Search for the Islands of Solomon, 1567–1838 (Oxford, 1969), pp. 24–27, 32–34.

847

A. Szaszdy Nagy, Los guias de Guanahani у la llegada de Pinion a Puerto Rico (Valladolid, 1995).

848

J. Perez de Tudela Bueso, Mirabilis in Altis: Estudio cri'tico sob re el origen у significado del proyecto descubridor de Cristobal Colon (Madrid, 1983).

849

Alexander Frater, Chasing the Monsoon (New York, 1991, p. 60).

850

Е. Blunden, A Hong Kong House: Poems 1951–1961 (London, 1962), p. 34.

851

D. J. Lu, ed., Japan: a documentary history (New Yoik, 1997), p. 19.

852

D. Keene, Anthology of Japanese Literature (New York, 1960), p. 29.

853

D. Keene, Travellers of a Hundred Ages (New York, 1989), p. 114.

854

Ibid., p. 179.

855

History of Wei, отрывок в Lu, ed., op. cit., p. 12.

856

D. M. Brown, ed., The Cambridge History of Japan, i: Ancient Japan (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 12.4, 131, 140–144.

857

Ibid., pp. 33, 207.

858

Ibid., pp. 312–315.

859

L. Smith, ed., Ukiyoe: Images of Unknown Japan (London, 1985), p. 39.

860

Muneshige Narazaki, Hokusai: ‘The Thirty-Six Views of Mount FuЛ (Tokyo, 1968), pp. 36–37; картину следует сопоставить с более мягким (и более поздним) изображением большой волны тем же художником. Hokusai, One Hundred Views of Mount FuЛ, ed. H. D. Smith II (New York, 1988), pp. 118–119, 205.

861

Keene, Travellers, op. cit., pp. 21–25.

862

T. J. Harper, ‘Bilingualism as Bisexualism’, в книге W. J. Boot, ed., Literatuur en Teetaligheid (Leiden, 1990), pp. 247–262. Я благодарю профессора Бута, обратившего мое внимание на эту работу и давшего мне эту книгу.

863

Keene, ed., op. cit., Anthology, pp. 82–91; о ритуалах примирения см. С. von Varschner, Les Relations officielles' du Japan avec la Chine aux VIII^>е et IX^>е siecles (Geneva, 1985), pp. 40–45.

864

G. R. Tibbetts, Arab Navigation in the Indian Ocean before the Coming of the Portuguese (London, 1971).

865

M. Rice, Search for the Paradise Land: an Introduction to the Archaeology of Bahrain and the Persian Gulf (London, 1985); The Archaeology of the Arabian Gulf c. 5000-323 B.C. (London, 1994).

866

D. T. Potts, The Arabian Gulf in Antiquity, vol. ii (Oxford, 1990), pis 1 and 2.

867

Ibid., pis 5, 6 and 7.

868

G. W. B. Huntingford, ed., The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1980), p. 37.

869

G. Hourani, Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Medieval Times (Princeton, 1995).

870

P. Crone and M. Cook, Hagarism: the Making of the Islamic World (Cambridge, 1977).

871

J. B. Harley and D. Woodward, eds, The History of Cartography (Chicago, in progress), vol. ii, part II: Cartography in the Traditional East and Southeast Asian Societies (1994).

872

M. Aung-Thwin, Pagan: the Origins of Modern Burma (Honolulu, 1985), pp. 104–105, 151.

873

K. R. Hall, Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia (Honolulu, 1985), p. 48.

874

J. Mirsky, The Great Chinese Travellers: an anthology (Chicago, 1974).

875

Ibid., p. 85.

876

O. W. Wolters, The Fall of Srivijaya in Malay History (Ithaca, 1970), P. 39.

877

Ibid., p. 10.

878

G. Coedes, Angkor: an Introduction (London, 1963), pp. 71–72.

879

J. Miksic, Borobudur: Golden Tales of the Buddha (Boston, 1990), p. 17.

880

Soekomono, Chandi Borobudur (Amsterdam and Paris, 1976), p. 17.

881

Miksic, op. cit., pp. 67–69.

882

Ibid., pp. 88, 91–93.

883

Wolters, op. cit., p. 19.

884

O. W. Wolters, Early Indonesian Commerce: a Study of the Origins of Sri Vijaya (Ithaca, 1967), p. 251; Hall, op. cit., p. 195.

885

T. Pigeaud, Java in the Fourteenth Century, 5 vols (The Hague, 1960), vol. iii, pp. 9-23, 97, 99; vol. iv, pp. 37, 547.

886

A. Reid, South-east Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680, 2 vols (Cambridge, 1988–1993), ii, pp. 39–45; P. Y. Manguin, ‘The Southeast Asian Ship: an Historical Approach’, в книге F. Fernandez-Armesto, ed., The Global Opportunity (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt, 1995), pp. 33–43.

887

Hall, op. cit., p. 183.

888

Harley and Woodward, eds, op. cit., vol. ii, part I (1992), pp. 337, 397, plate 30; vol. ii, part II (1994), pp. 723–728.

889

The Jataka or Stories of the Buddha's Former Birth, ed. E. B. Cowell, 7 vols (Cambridge, 1895–1913), vol. i, pp. 10, 19–20; vol. ii, pp. 89–91; vol. iv, pp. 10–12, 86–90 (nos. 2, 4, 196, 442).

890

K. R. Hall, Trade and Statecraft in the Age of Colas (New Delhi, 1980), p. 166.

891

Ibid., p. 9; B. Stein, Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India (Delhi, 1980), p. 322.

892

Hall, Trade and Statecraft, op. cit., p. 193.

893

Ibid., p. 173.

894

В. K. Pandeya, Temple Economy under the Colas (c. 850-1070) (New Delhi, 1984), p. 38.

895

V. DeheЛa, Art of the Imperial Cholas (New York, 1990), p. xiv.

896

Ibid., pp. 79–80.

897

Cowell, ed., op. cit., vol. iii, pp. 123–125; vol. iv, pp. 86–90.

898

B. Chattopadhyaya, The Making of Early Medieval India (Delhi, 1997), p. 112.

899

M. Mehta, Indian Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Historical Perspective (Delhi, 1991), pp. 16–19, 35–36; V. K. Jain, Trade and Traders in Western India, AD 100-1300 (New Delhi, 1990), p. 84.

900

A. T. Embree, Sources of Indian Tradition, vol. i (New York, 1988), p. 74.

901

M. Mehta, Indian Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Historical Perspective (Delhi, 1991), pp. 18, 98.

902

Decadas da Asia, Dec. IV, book 5, ch. 1.

903

F. Femdndez-Armesto, ‘Naval Warfare after the Viking Age’, в книге М. H. Keen, ed, Medieval Warfare: a History (Oxford, 1999).

904

Marco Polo, The Travels, ed. R. Latham (Harmondsworth, 1968), p. 290.

905

Свидетельства восхитительно подытожены в G. Winius, Portugal the Pathfinder (Madison, 1995), pp. 119–120.

906

Mehta, op. cit., pp. 53–63.

907

H. R. Clark, Communities, Trade and Networks: Southern FuЛan Province from the Third to the Thirteenth Centuries (Cambridge, 1991), p. 65.

908

Ibid., p. 123.

909

E. B. Vermeer, Chinese Local History: Stone Inscriptions from Fukien in the Sung to Ch'ing Periods (Boulder, 1991), p. 156. О мостах см. также ‘The Great Granite Bridges of Fukien’ в книге С. R. Boxer, ed., South China in the Sixteenth Century (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1953), pp. 332–340, and L. Renchuan, ‘Fukien’s Private Sea Trade in the 16^>th and 17^>th Centuries’ в книге E. В. Vermeer, ed., Development and Decline of Fukien Province in the 17^>th and 18^>th Centuries (Leiden, 1990), pp. 163–215, особ. p. 167. Я благодарен профессору Леонарду Блиссе, позволившему мне воспользоваться этой работой, которая имеет большое значения для морской истории Фучжоу.

910

Clark, op. cit., p. 4.

911

Ibid., p. 135–140.

912

Аскезу внутреннего мира (нем.).

913

J. N. Green, ‘The Song Dynasty Shipwreck at Quanzhou, FuЛan Province, People’s Republic of China’, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, xii (1983), pp. 253–261.

914

C. Pin-Tsun, ‘Maritime Trade and Local Economy in Late Ming Fukien’, в книге Vermeer, ed., op. cit., pp. 63–81, особенно p. 69.

915

J. Duyvendak, ‘The true dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions of the Early Fifteenth Century’, Toung Pao, xxxiv (1938), pp. 399–412; F. Fernandez-Armesto, Millennium: A History of Our Last Thousand Years (New York, 1995), p. 144.

916

T’ien Juk’ang, ‘The Chinese Junk Trade: Merchants, Entrepreneurs and Coolies 1600–1850’, в книге К. Friedland, ed., Maritime Aspects of Migration (Cologne, 1989), p. 382. Я благодарю профессора Леонарда Бласса за эту ссылку.

917

Renchan, op. cit., pp. 176–177.

918

Ibid., p. 180.

919

L. Blusse, ‘Mannan-Jen or Cosmopolitan? The Rise of Cheng Chih-lung Alias Nicolas Iquan’, в книге Vermeer, ed., op. cit., pp. 244–264.

920

Fernandez-Armesto, op. cit., pp. 315–319; Wang Gungwu, ‘Merchants without Empire: the Hokkien Sojourning Communities’, в книге J. D. Tracy, ed., The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-distance Trade in the Early Modern World, 1350–1750 (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 399–421.

921

L. Blusse, ‘Chinese Century: the Eighteenth Century in the China Sea Region’, Archipel, lviii (1999), pp. 107–129.

922

Works and Days, 392–420, 450–475, 613–705; tr. A. W. Mair (Oxford, 1908), pp. 11, 15–17, 23–25.

923

Critias, 11 IB.

924

J. D. Hughes, Ecology in Ancient Civilizations (Albuquerque, 1975), pp. 53–54.

925

Histories, 4.152.

926

J. Boardman, The Greeks Overseas: their Early Colonies and Trade (London, 1980).

927

С Morgan, Athletes and Oracles: the Transformation of Olympia and Delphi in the Eighth Century BC (Cambridge, 1990), p. 188.

928

Ibid., pp. 172–178, 186–190.

929

Birds, 33; tr. B. Bickley Rogers (London, 1924), p. 133.

930

A. Snodgrass, ‘The Nature and Standing of the Early Western Colonies’ в книге G. R. Tsetskhladze and F. De Angelis, eds, The Archaeology of Greek Colonisation: Essays Presented to Sir John Boardman (Oxford, 1994), pp. 1-10.

931

I. Malkin, Religion and Greek Colonisation (Leiden, 1987); J. Boardman, op. cit. p. 163.

932

G. R. Tsetskhladze, ‘Greek Penetration of the Black Sea’ в книге Tsetskhladze and De Angelis, op. cit., p. 117.

933

Boardman, op. cit., pp. 119–121.

934

Ibid., pp. 131–132.

935

W. L. West, The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Poetry and Myth (Oxford, 1997).

936

Aristophanes, Frogs, 1462–1464; tr. Rogers, op. cit., p. 431.

937

R. Meiggs, The Athenian Empire (Oxford, 1972).

938

Poetics, XIII, 5–6; ed. W. Hamilton Fyfe (London, 1932), pp. 46–47.

939

Republic, ed. D. Lee (Harmondsworth, 1974), p. 444.

940

F. Femandez-Armesto, Truth: a History (London, 1997), pp. 102–104.

941

A History of Greek Philosophy, 6 vols (Cambridge, 1962–1981), vol. vi (1981), pp. 11.

942

U. Eco, The Name of the Rose (San Diego, 1983), p. 473.

943

L. Cottrell, Wonders of Antiquity (London, 1960).

944

В русском языке от него же происходит слово «парус».

945

Ibid., p. 63; P. M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria, 3 vols (Oxford, 1972), vol. i, p. 317.

946

Ibid., p. 61.

947

Ibid., pp. 132–172.

948

Ibid., p. 717–763.

949

Ibid., p. 774.

950

P. A. Clayton and M. J. Price, The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World (London and New York, 1988), pp. 138–157.

951

Мавзолей изображен на монетах: Annual of the British School at Athens, LIII–LIV (1958–1959), pi. 73. BM Coins, Caria, p. 195 no. 11.

952

K. Jeppesen and A. Luttrell, The Mausolleion at Halikamassos, II (1986).

953

Clayton and Price, op. cit., p. 12.

954

A. Bammer, ‘Les Sanctuaires a l’Artemision d’Ephese’, Revue arch4ologique, i (1991), pp. 63–84; Clayton and Price, op. cit., pp. 78–99.

955

C. Karousos, Rhodos (n.p., n.d., (original Greek ed. 1949)), p. 30.

956

H. Maryon, ‘The Colossus of Rhodes’, Journal of Hellenic Studies, lxxvi (1956), pp. 68–86.

957

H. van Loog, ‘Olympie: politique et culture’, в книге D. Vanhove, ed., Le Sport dans la Grece antique (Brussels, 1992.), p. 137.

958

G. M. A. Richter, ‘The Pheidian Zeus at Olympia’, Hesperia, xxv (1966), plates 53 и особенно 54; J. Swaddling, The Ancient Olympic Games (London, 1980); A. Gabriel, ‘La construction, Pattitude et l’emplacement du Colosse de Rhodes’, Bulletin de correspondance hellenique, lvi (1931), p. 337 (reconstruction of Colossus with torch). Helios relief: Rhodes Archaeological Museum, inv no 13612 (reproduced in Clara Rhodos, v (part 2.) (1932), pp. 24–26, plate II and fig. 15).

959

Horace (to Vergil), Odes, I. 3, w. 9-12.

960

Наше море (лат.).

961

P. Salway, The Frontier People of Roman Britain (London, 1965), p. 213.

962

Satyricon, ed. W. K. Kelly (London, 1854), p. 219.

963

Ibid., p. 231.

964

Satires, II.8.301.

965

Odes, 1.31.

966

Этот пассаж созвучен Fernandez-Armesto, Truth, op. cit., pp. 107–108; см. M. Gibson, ed., Boethius: his Life, Thought and Influence (Oxford, 1981), pp. 73-134.

967

P. Hunter Blair, The World of Bede (Cambridge, 1990).

968

См. мою попытку отображения на карте распространения Возрождения в The Times Illustrated History of Europe (London, 1996), p. 98.

969

V. Fraser, The Architecture of Conquest: Building in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 1535–1635 (Cambridge, 1990).

970

R. H. Jenkyns, The Victorians and Ancient Greece (London, 1981), pp. 13–16, 171–172.

971

W. F. B. Laurie, ed., ‘Lord Macaulay’s Great Minute on Education in India’, Sketches of Some Distinguished Anglo-Indians, ii (1888), p. 176.

972

Jenkyns, op. cit., p. 97.

973

Agatharchides of Cnidos, On the Erythraean Sea, ed. S. M. Burstein (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1989), pp. 49, 70, 85, 174; G. W. B. Huntingford, ed., The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1980).

974

Swami Vivekananda, Complete Works, vol. iv (Calcutta, 1992), p. 401; T. Rayachaudhuri, Europe Reconsidered: Perceptions of the West in Nineteenth-century Bengal (Delhi, 1988), pp. 271–273.

975

J. Sarkar, History of Bengal, vol. ii (Calcutta, 1948), p. 498.

976

D. Kopf, British Orientalism and the Bengali Renaissance (London, 1969), pp. 273–291.

977

М. K. Haidar, Renaissance and Reaction in Nineteenth-century Bengal: Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay (Columbia, Mo., 1977), pp. 4–6; A. F. Salahuddin Ahmed, ‘Rammohun Roy and His Contemporaries’, в книге V. С. Joshi, ed., Rammohun Roy and the Process of Modernisation in India (Delhi, 1975), p. 94.

978

R. K. Ray in Joshi, ed., op. cit., p. 7; A. Poddar, Renaissance in Bengal: Quests and Confrontations, 1800–1860 (Simla, 1970), p. 48.

979

D. Kopf, The Brahmo Samaj and the Shaping of the Modem Indian Mind (Princeton, 1979), p. 94.

980

Я благодарен Вильяму Рейдайсу за такой метод изложения событий.

981

Многосторонний человек (лат.).

982

A. Coates, Rizal (London, 1968), p. 149.

983

Horace, Odes (1.5).

984

Former instructions to skippers at Port Louis, Mauritius, приведено в Alan Villiers, Monsoon Seas (New York, 1952, p. 30).

985

Е. A. Alpers, ‘Trade, State and Society among the Yao in the Nineteenth Century’, Journal of African History, x (1970), pp. 405–420.

986

H. A. R. Gibb, ed., The Travels of Ibn Battuta A.D. 1325–1354, vol. ii (Cambridge, The Hakluyt Society, 1962), pp. 360–401; vol. iv (1994), pp. 827–828, 841.

987

Ibid., vol. iii (1971), p. 616.

988

Ibid., p. 657.

989

Ibid., p. 900.

990

Выражение «новая Европа» изобретено Альфредом Кросби: Alfred W. Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: the Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900 (Cambridge, 1986).

991

H. Hasan, A History of Persian Navigation (London, 1928), p. 1.

992

S. Ratnagar, Encounters: the Westerly Trade of the Harappa Civilization (Delhi, 1981).

993

L. Casson, The Periplus Maris Erythraei (Princeton, 1989), pp. 7, 21–27, 34–35, 58–61, 69, 74–89; G. W. B. Huntingford, ed., The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1980), pp. 8-12, 81–86, 106–120.

994

Natural History, VI, xxvi, 104.

995

J. Needham, Science and Civilization in China (Cambridge, 1956 — in progress), vol. iv, part III (1971), pp. 42–44.

996

O. W. Wolters, Early Indonesian Commerce: a Study of the Origins of Srivijaya (Ithaca, N.Y., 1967), pp. 32–48; M. Tampoe, Maritime Trade between China and the West: an Archaeological Study of the Ceramics from Siraf (Persian Gulf), 8th to 15th centuries AD (London, 1986), p. 119; K. N. Chaudhuri, Trade and Civilization in the Indian Ocean: an Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750 (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 49–53.

997

О. H. K. Spate, The Spanish Lake (Minneapolis, 1979), pp. 101–106; M. Mitchell, Friar Andris de Urdaneta, O.S.A. (London, 1964), pp. 132–139.

998

R. H. Grove, Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600–1800 (Cambridge, 1995). pp. 168–263, 374–379, 386–393.

999

Cm. Chaudhuri, op. cit., p. 15.

1000

См. например К. Nebenzahl, Atlas of Columbus and the Great Discoveries (Chicago, 1970), pp. 4–5.

1001

Конец, заключительная часть (лат.).

1002

Hasan, op. cit., pp. 129–130.

1003

Al-Masudi, Les Prairies d'or, ed. B. Meynard and P. Courteille, 9 vols (Paris, 1861–1914), vol. iii (1897), p. 6; M. Longworth Dames, ed., The Book of Duarte Barbosa, 2 vols (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1898), vol. i, p. 4; C. R. Boxer, ed.. The Tragic History of the Sea, 1589–1622 (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1959).

1004

‘Narrative of the Journey of Abder-Razzak’ в книге R. H. Major, ed., India in the Fifteenth Century (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1857), p. 7.

1005

Villiers, Monsoon Seas: the Story of the Indian Ocean (New York, 1952.), pp. 56–57.

1006

Buzurg ibn Shahriyar of Ramhormouz, The Book of the Wonders of India, ed. G. S. P. Freeman-Grenville (London, 1981), pp. 49ff.

1007

Tampoe, op. cit., p. 121; J. Zang, ‘Relations between China and the Arabs’, Journal of Oman Studies, vi: part I (1983), pp. 99-109, особ. p. 99; J. C. van Leur, Indonesian Trade and Society: Essays in Asian Social and Economic History (The Hague, 1955), pp. 85–86; J. Takakusu, ed., l-tsing: a Record of the Buddhist Religion (Oxford, 1896), pp. xxvii-xxx, xlvi.

1008

Ma Huan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean Shores, ed J. V. G. Mills (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1970), pp. 15–18.

1009

Ibid., p. 27.

1010

Buondelmonti, Descriptio Insule Crete et Liber Insularum, с. XI: Creta, ed. M.-A. van Spitael (Herakleion, 1981).

1011

J. H. Pryor, Geography, Technology and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 649-1571 (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 1–3, 23, 36, 51, 89–90, 98; cm. F. Braudel, La Mediterranee et le monde mediterraneen a Vepoque de Philippe II, 2 vols (Paris, 1966), vol. i, pp. 331–335.

1012

P. Chaunu, Conquete et exploitation des nouveaux mondes (XVIe siecle) Paris, 1969), pp. 277-90; Seville et VAtlantique (1504–1650), part I, vol. vi (Paris, 1956), pp. 178–189, 312–321.

1013

G. Parker, The Grand Strategy of Philip II (New Haven and London, 1998), p. 50.

1014

J. Spencer Trimingham, Islam in West Africa (Oxford, 1944), p. 144; J. O. Hunwick, ‘Religion and State in the Songhay Empire, 1464-159Г, в книге I. M. Lewis, ed., Islam in Tropical Africa (Oxford 1966), pp. 296–317.

1015

The Wealth of Nations, TV, vii, b.61 (London, 1937, p. 590).

1016

Disney, ‘Vasco da Gama’s Reputation for Violence: the Alleged Atrocities at Calicut in 1502’, Indica, xxxii (1995), pp. 11–28; S. Subrahmanyam, The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 205–210, 318.

1017

Конец века (фр.), здесь: исходы.

1018

Мировой политики (нем.).

1019

F. W. Mote, ‘The Chieng-hua and Hungchih Reigns, 1464–1505’, в книге D. Twitchett and К. K. Fairbank, eds, The Cambridge History of China, vol. vii (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 343–402; я прежде всего имею в виду картину By Вея «Мудрец, сидящий под деревом» в музее изящных искусств в Бостоне. См. также R. М. Burchart et al., Painters of the Great Ming: the Imperial Court and the Zhe School (Dallas, 1993).

1020

Stein, Vijayanagar, pp. 111–112; G. Michell, Architecture and Art of South India (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 13, 39, pi. 13.

1021

F. Fernandez-Armesto, ‘O Mundo dos 1490’ в книге D. Curto, ed., О Tempo de Vasco da Gama (Lisbon, 1998), pp 43–58.

1022

Ibid., pp. 191–207; C. F. Petry, Protectors or Praetorians: the Last Mamluk Sultans and Egypt's Waning as a Great Power (Cambridge, Mass., 1994).

1023

Суша, земля (лат.).

1024

F. Fernandez-Armesto, Before Columbus: Exploration and Colonisation from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, 1229–1492 (Philadelphia, 1987), p. 201.

1025

P. Brummett, Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery (New Haven, 1994); A. C. Hess, ‘The Evolution of the Ottoman Seaborne Empire in the Age of the Oceanic Discoveries, 1453–1525’, American Historical Review, lxxv (1970), pp. 1892–1919.

1026

J. Martin, Treasure of the Land of Darkness (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 83, 95; ‘Muscovy’s North-east Expansion: the Context and a Cause’, Cahiers du monde russe et sovietique, xxiv, no. 4 (1983), pp. 459–470; Y. Semyonov, Siberia (London, 1963), p. 23; M. Alef, ‘Muscovite Military Reforms in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century’, Forschungen zur osteuropdischen Geschichte, xviii (1973), pp. 73-108.

1027

Рассказы о необыкновенном, необычном (лат.).

1028

S. van Herberstein, Notes upon Russia, ed. R. H. Major, 2 vols (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1852), ii, 42.

1029

Van Leur, op. cit., pp. 122, 268-89; A. H. Lybyer, ‘The Ottoman Turks and the Routes of Oriental Trade’, English Historical Review, xxx (1915), pp. 577–588; A. Disney, ed., Historiography of Europeans in Africa and Asia, 1450–1800 (Aldershot, 1995), pp. xii-xvi.

1030

G. Winius, ‘The Shadow Empire of Goa in the Bay of Bengal’, Itinerario, vii (1983), pp. 83-101; S. Subrahmanyam, Improvising Empire: Portuguese Trade and Settlement in the Bay of Bengal, 1500–1700 (Delhi, 1990).

1031

Subrahmanyam, op. cit., pp. 145–148.

1032

Мелкопоместный дворянин (фр.).

1033

J. de Barros, Asia: Dicadas I & II, ed. A. Baiao (Lisbon, 1932), p. 80; I. vi, 1.

1034

Fernandez-Armesto, op. cit, p. 283.

1035

К. С. Chaudhuri, Asia Before Europe (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 346–349.

1036

Plato, Timaeus (24E-25D; trans. R. G. Bury (London, 1929), p. 43).

1037

Версия публиковалась в ltinerario, xxiv (2000).

1038

S. Е. Morison, The European Discovery of America: the Southern Voyages (New York, 1974), pp. 502–517; L. Olschki, ‘Ponce de Leon’s Fountain of Youth: History of a Geographic Myth’, Hispanic American Historical Review, xxi (1941), pp. 361–385.

1039

Долговременный (фр.).

1040

Encyclopaedia of Islam, new edition, s.v. ‘Djuggraffiya’; J. B. Harley and D. Woodward, eds, The History of Cartography, ii, I and II (Chicago, 1992).

1041

Cm. F. Fernandez-Armesto, Before Columbus: Exploration and Colonization from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, 1229–1492 (Philadelphia, 1987); Millennium: A History of Our Last Thousand Years (New York, 1995), pp. 162–163; J. R. S. Phillips, European Expansion in the Middle Ages (Oxford, 1988); P. Chaunu, L'Expansion europeenne du xiiie au xve siecles (Paris, 1969), pp. 93–97.

1042

F. Fernandez-Armesto, ‘Spanish Atlantic Voyages and Conquests before Columbus’ в книге J. В. Hattendorf, ed., Maritime History, the Age of Discovery (Malabar, FI., 1996), p. 138.

1043

Ibid.,'pp. 137–147.

1044

F. Fernandez-Armesto, ‘Atlantic Exploration Before Columbus’ в книге G. R. Winius, ed., Portugal the Pathfinder (Madison, 1995), pp. 41–70.

1045

F. Fernandez-Armesto, Before Columbus: Exploration and Colonisation from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, 1229–1492 (Philadelphia, 1987), pp. 245–252.

1046

A. Cortesao, Historia da cartografia portuguesa, 2 vols, (Coimbra, 1968–1970), ii, 150–152.

1047

J. Duyvendak, ‘The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early XVth Century’, Toung Pao, xxxiv (1938), pp. 399–412.

1048

C. Jack-Hinton, The Search for the Isles of Solomon (Oxford, 1965), p. 25; T. Heyerdahl, American Indians in the Pacific: the Theory behind the Коп-Tiki Expedition (London, 1952).

1049

R. Cormack and D. Glaze, eds, The Art of Holy Russia: Icons from Moscow, 1400–1660 (London, 1998), pp. 152–155.

1050

E. L. Dreyer, Early Ming China: a Political History, 1355–1435 (Stanford, 1982), pp. 67-120.

1051

C. Picard, UOcean atlantique musulman an moyen age (Paris, 1997), pp. 31–32.

1052

Ibid., pp. 393–458.

1053

E. J. Alagoa, ‘Long-distance Trade and States in the Niger Delta’, Journal of African History, xi (1970), pp. 319–329; ‘The Niger Delta States and their Neighbours’, в книге J. F. Ade Ajayi and M. Crowder, eds, History of West Africa, vol. I (Harlow, 1976), pp. 331–373; J. G. Campbell, A Short History of the Ilajes (London, 1970). Этой ссылкой я обязан доктору Айо-деи Олукоджу из университета Лагоса.

1054

R. W. Unger, The Art of Medieval Technology: Images of Noah the Shipbuilder (New Brunswick, NJ, 1991).

1055

R. W. Unger, ‘Portuguese Shipbuilding and the Early Voyages to the Guinea Coast’, в книге F. Fernandez-Armesto, ed., The European Opportunity (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., 1995), pp. 43–64; F. Fernandez-Armesto, ‘Naval Warfare after the Viking Age’ в книге М. H. Keen, ed., Medieval Warfare: a History, (Oxford, 1999), pp. 230-52; P. E. Russell, Prince Henry ‘the Navigator: a Life (New Haven, 2000), pp. 225–230.

1056

R. Barker, ‘Shipshape for Discoveries and Return’, The Mariner’s Mirror, lxxviii (1992), pp. 433–447.

1057

R. Laguarda Trias, El enigma de las latitudes de Colon (Valladolid, 1974).

1058

P. Adam, ‘Navigation primitive et navigation astronomique’, Vf colloque Internationale d'histoire maritime (Paris, 1966), pp. 91-110.

1059

T. Campbell, ‘Portulan Charts from the Late Thirteenth Century to 1500’, в книге J. В. Harley and D. L. Woodward, eds, The History of Cartography, I: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean (Chicago, 1987), pp. 371–463; Fernandez-Armesto, Before Columbus, op. cit., p. 15.

1060

F. Fernandez-Armesto, Columbus, op. cit., pp. 75–76.

1061

F. Fernandez-Armesto, ed., The Global Opportunity (Aldershot and Brookfield, Vt., 1995), pp. 1-93.

1062

A. W. Crosby, The Measure of Reality: Quantification and Western Society, 1250–1600 (Cambridge, 1997); F. Fernandez-Armesto, Truth: a History (London, 1997), pp. 120–160; J. Goody, The East in the West (Cambridge, 1996); самое широкое сопоставительное изучение «западного» и «восточного» образа мыслей можно найти в R. Collins, The Sociology of Philosophies (Cambridge, Mass., 1998).

1063

F. Fern&ndez-Armesto, Millennium: A History of Our Last Thousand Years (New York, 1995), pp. 283–308.

1064

М. H. Keen, Chivalry (New Haven, 1984).

1065

F. Femandez-Armesto, ‘The Sea and Chivalry in Late Medieval Spain’, в книге J. В. Hattendorf, ed., Maritime History, i: The Age of Discovery (Malabar, FI., 1996), pp. 137–148; ‘Exploration and Discovery’, в книге С. Allmand, ed., The New Cambridge Medieval History, vol. vii (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 175–201.

1066

F. Femandez-Armesto, ‘The Contexts of Coloumbus: Myth, Reality and Self-Perception’, в книге A. Disney, ed., Columbus and the Consequences of 1492. (Melbourne, 1994), pp. 7-19, особ. p. 10.

1067

F. Ferndndez-Armesto, ‘Inglaterra у el Atl&ntico en la baja edad media’, в книге A. Bethencourt Massieu et al., Canarias e Inglaterra a traves de la historia (Las Palmas, 1995), pp. 11–28.

1068

A. Milhou, Colon у su mentalidad mesianica en el ambiente frandscanista espanol (Valladolid, 1983); S. Subrahmanyam, Improvising Empire: Portuguese Trade and Settlement in the Bay of Bengal 1500–1700 (Delhi, 1990), pp. 54–57.

1069

L. F. R. Thomaz, ‘The Economic Policy of the Sultanate of Malacca (XVth-XVIth centuries)’, Moyen-orient et Ocean Indien, vii, pp. 1-12, особ. p. 8.

1070

La vida de Lazarillo de Tomtes, tratado I. A. Valbuena у Prat, ed., La novela picaresca espanola (Madrid, 1968), p. 85.

1071

Экономическое чудо (нем.).

1072

F. Fem&ndez-Armesto, Before Columbus, op. cit., pp. 198–199.

1073

F. Fem&ndez-Armesto, Las Islas Canarias despues de la conquista: la creacion de una sodedad colonial a principios del si-gloXVI(Las Palmas, 1997), p. 135.

1074

D. B. Quinn, England and the Discovery of America, 1481–1620 (New York, 1974), pp. 5-23.

1075

D. B. Quinn, ed., New American World, 5 vols (New York, 1978), vol. v, p. 235.

1076

Ibid., p. 238.

1077

Ibid., p. 239.

1078

Ibid.

1079

W. Strachey, The Historie of Travell into Virginia Britannia (1612), ed. L. B. Wright and V. Freund (London, The Hakluyt Society, 1953), pp. 56–61.

1080

‘Instruction to Sir Thos Gates for government of Virginia’, May 1609, Quinn, New American World, op. cit., vol. v, p. 213.

1081

J. Smith, The True Travels, Adventures and Observations, vol. i, p. 152.

1082

Thomas Studley, The Proceedings of the English Colonie in Virginia, p. 318.

1083

D. Lloyd, The Legend of Captain Jones (London, 1636).

1084

Strachey, op. cit., p. 315.

1085

К. O. Kuppermann, ed., Captain John Smith (Chapel Hill, 1988), p. 129.

1086

Strachey, op. cit., pp. 289–290.

1087

J. Smith, The Generali Historie of Virginia, New England and the Summer Isles (Glasgow, 1907), p. 306.

1088

M. Henderson, Tobacco in Colonial Virginia: The Sovereign Remedy (Williamsburg, 1957).

1089

С. M. Gradie, ‘Spanish Jesuits in Virginia: the Mission that Failed’, The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, xcix (1988), pp. 131–156; С. M. Lewis and A. J. Loomie, eds, The Spanish Jesuit Mission in Virginia, 1570–1572 (Chapel Hill, 1953).

1090

R. Blackburn, The Making of New World Slavery from the Baroque to the Modern, 1492–1800 (London, 1997), pp. 225–258; M. Sobel, The World they Made Together (Princeton, 1987); I. Berlin, Many Thousands Gone: the First Two Centuries of Slavery in Colonial America (Cambridge, 1998); P. D. Morgan, Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-century Chesapeake and Low Country (Chapel Hill, 1998).

1091

Марон — беглый негр.

1092

R. Price, Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas (Garden City, 1973), p. 152.

1093

A. J. Russell-Wood, The Black Man in Slavery and Freedom in Colonial Brazil (London, 1982), p. 1.

1094

G. Heuman, ‘The British West Indies’, в книге W. R. Louis et al., eds, The Oxford History of the British Empire, 5 vols (Oxford, 1999), vol. iii, p. 472; самые убедительные данные приведены в таблицах в: D. Eltis, ‘Atlantic History in Global Perspective’, Itinerario, xxiii (1999), no. 2., pp. 141–161, особ. pp. 151–152.

1095

J. Thornton, Africa and the Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1680 (Cambridge, 1992).

1096

Durand, of Dauphine, A Frenchman in Virginia, being the Memoirs of a Huguenot Refugee in 1686, ed. F. Harrison, (n.p., 1923), p. 95.

1097

Blackburn, op. cit., p. 259.

1098

Russell-Wood, op. cit., p. 4; К. M. de Queiros Mattoso, To be a Slave in Brazil 1550–1888 (New Brunswick, NJ, 1986), pp. 96–99.

1099

J. Benci, Economia cristiana dos senhores no govemo dos escravos, ed. S. Leite (Porto, 1954), p. 100.

1100

C. R. Boxer, The Golden Age of Brazil (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1962), p. 1.

1101

Ibid., p. 174.

1102

A Bewell, ed., Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation: Writings in the British Romantic Period, vii, Medicine and the West Indian Slave Trade (London, 1999), p. 288.

1103

Последние резюме данных см. J. Inikori and S. Engerman, eds, The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economics, Society and Peoples in Africa, the Americas and Europe (Durham, 1997).

1104

H. Thomas, The Slave Trade: the History of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1870 (London, 1997), p. 719.

1105

P. Hogg, Slavery: the Afro-American Experience (New York, 1979), pp. 20–30.

1106

R. Bastide, African Civilisations in the New World (New York, 1971), p. 52.

1107

M. L. Conniff and T. J. Davis, eds, Africans in the Americas: a History of the Black Diaspora (New York, 1994), p. 98.

1108

D. Freitas, Palmares, a guerra dos escravos (Rio de Janeiro, 1982), p. 103.

1109

Queiros Mattoso, op. cit., p. 32.

1110

Ibid., p. 128.

1111

Bastide, op. cit., p. 92.

1112

Ibid., p. 53.

1113

A. Metraux, Haiti: Black Peasants and their Religion (London, 1960); Bastide, op. cit., p. 72; R. Bastide, The African Religions of Brazil (Baltimore, 1978).

1114

P. Emmer, ‘European Expansion and Unfree Labour: an Introduction’, Itinerario, xxi (1997), pp. 9-14.

1115

Thomas, op. cit., p. 442. С точки зрения владельцев плантаций рабство имело экономический смысл, пока не было доступа к лучшим источникам рабочей силы, хотя классический случай R. W. Fogel and S. Engerman, Time on the Cross: the Economics of Negro Slavery, 2 vols (London, 1974), особенно: pp. 58-106 and 158–192, был модифицирован, за исключением дельты Миссисипи, к которой относится большинство статистических данных этих авторов.

1116

Святое сердце (фр.).

1117

Ibid., pp. 616, 683.

1118

Ibid., p. 776.

1119

Ibid., p. 72, 113.

1120

P. J. Kitson, ed., Theories of Race (London, 1999), p. 4.

1121

J. Thornton, Africa and the Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1680 (992 особ. pp. 129–205.

1122

Thomas, op. cit., p. 466.

1123

«Свобода», «Так будет!» — песня времен Французской революции; и «Жан-Жак», имеется в виду Жан-Жак Руссо.

1124

P. J. Kitson, D. Lee et al., eds, Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation: Writings in the Britsh Romantic Period, 8 vols (London, 1999), vol. i, pp. 343–364 (for Mary Prince); vol. ii, pp. 3-36 (for Ramsay); vol. iv, pp. 126–157 (for Yearsley); vol. vi, pp. 66–67 (for Corncob).

1125

D. Northrup, ‘Migration: Africa, Asia, the Pacific’, в книге Louis et al., eds, op. cit., vol. iii, pp. 88-100.

1126

J. Greene, Peripheries and Center (Athens, Ga., 1986), pp. 166–167.

1127

Национальный, националистический (фр.).

1128

D. W. Meinig, The Shaping of America, i: Atlantic America, 1492–1800 (New Haven, 1986).

1129

G. R. Stewart, Names on the Land: a Historical Account of Placenaming in the United States (New York, 1945).

1130

V. Fraser, The Architecture of Conquest: Building in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 1535–1635 (Cambridge, 1990).

1131

A. W. Crosby, The Columbian Exchange: biological and cultural conse quences of 1492 (Westport, Conn. 1972).

1132

Lockhart and Otte, Letters and People of the Spanish Indies: sixteenth century (Cambridge, 1976).

1133

G. Baudot, Utopie et histoire au Mexique: les premiers chro-niqueurs de la civilisation mexicaine, 1520–1569 (Toulouse, 1977); J. L. Phelan, The Millennial Kingdom of the Franciscans in the New World: a Study of the Writings of Geronimo de Mendieta (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1970).

1134

William Boyd, Armadillo (London, 1998, p. 217).

1135

М. Pachter and F. Wein, eds, Abroad in America: Visitors to the New Nation (Reading, Mass, and London, 1976).

1136

W. A. Hinds, American Communities and Cooperative Colonies (New York, 1908); D. D. Egbert, Socialism and American Art (New York, 1967); A. E. Bestor, Backwoods Utopias: the Sectarian and Owenite Phases of Communitarian Socialism in America, 1663–1829 (Philadelphia, 1950), особенно pp. 36, 59, 94-132.

1137

T. Hall, The Spiritualists (London, 1962).

1138

J. Bryce, The American Commonwealth, 3 vols (London, 1888), vol. iii, pp. 357–363.

1139

J. Hasse, ed., Ragtime: its History, Composers and Music (London, 1985), pp. 29–32, 80–83.

1140

Tin Pan Alley, квартал на Манхэттене в конце XIX века, в котором были сосредоточены музыкальные магазины, нотные издательства и фирмы грамзаписи. Позже это выражение стало обозначать всю индустрию популярной музыки, прежде всего безвкусные музыкальные поделки.

1141

M. Kimmelman, ‘A Century of Art: Just How American Was It?’, The New York Times, 18 April 1999. Я благодарен профессору Клаудио Велизу за этот отрывок.

1142

R. В. Perry, The Thought and Character of William James (London, 1948), p. 621.

1143

Речь идет о знаменитом писателе Генри Джеймсе.

1144

G. Wilson Allen, William James: a Biography (London, 1967), p. 417.

1145

F. Boas, The Mind of Primitive Man (New York, 1913), p. 113.

1146

G. Stocking, ed., The Shaping of American Anthropology, 1883–1911: a Frank Boas Reader (New York, 1974); F. Fernandez-Armesto, Truth: a history (London, 1998), p. 24; E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Theories of Primitive Religion (Oxford, 1965), p. 35.

1147

L. P. Paine, Ships of the World (Boston, 1997), pp. 460–461.

1148

P. Butel, Histoire de Vatlantique de Vantiquite a nos jours (Paris, 1997), p. 153.

1149

F. Fernandez-Armesto, Millennium: A History of Our Last Thousand Years (New York, 1995), pp. 394–422; M. Eksteins, Rites of Spring (London, 1990), pp. 326–363. Благодарю Джима Кокрейна за рассказ об этой книге.

1150

Герой произведений английского писателя Пэлема Гренвилла Вудхауза.

1151

Роман английской писательницы Э. М. Делафилд «Дневник провинциалки», 1930.

1152

Butel, op. cit., p. 280.

1153

D. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear (New York, 1999), pp. 277–279, 378, 392.

1154

Ibid., pp. 363–380.

1155

Фраза была сочинена Дж. Паттерсоном: J. Patterson, Grand Expectations (Oxford, 1998).

1156

M. Glenny, The Balkans: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers (London, 1999), p. 657.

1157

W. T. Jeans, The Creators of the Age of Steel (London, 1884), pp. 10, 214.

1158

L. Т. C. Rolt, Isambard Kingdom Brunei (1957), pp. 185–186.

1159

S. Smiles, Industrial Biography: Iron-workers and Toolmakers (Boston, 1864), p. 400.

1160

Jeans, op. cit., p. 38.

1161

J. Benet and C. Marti, Barcelona a mitjan segle XIX, г vols (Barcelona, 1976), vol. i, pp. 67.

1162

R. Porter, London: a Social History (London, 1984); G. Dore and B. Jerrold, London: a Pilgrimage (London, 1842); J. Burnett, A Social History of Housing, 1815–1970 (London, 1978), pp. 142–144.

1163

J. M. Mackenzie, ‘The Popular Culture of Empire in Britain’, в книге W. R. Louis, ed., The Oxford History of the British Empire, 5 vols (Oxford, 1999), vol. iv, pp. 212–231.

1164

Настоящее имя Жорж Реми, бельгийский автор комиксов и художник.

1165

Синий лотос (фр.).

1166

Наша прекрасная западная цивилизация (фр.).

1167

Заблуждение (фр.).

1168

Это самый видный из авторов оптимистического настроения или тех, кто поддается пессимизму malgre soi. См. для примера J. Roberts, Twentieth Century (London, 1999), pp. 575–582, 838–839; M. Gilbert, Challenge to Civilization: a History of the Twentieth Century 1952–1999 (London, 1999), pp. 908–932.

1169

Gilbert, op. cit., p. 932.

1170

K. Thomas, Man and the Natural World: Changing Attitudes in England, 1500–1800 (London, 1983).

1171

R. Aubert, ed., Dictionnaire dlxistoire et de geographie ecclisiastiques (Paris, in progress), xxvii (1988), cols 1097–1099, s.v. I. Guinefort.

1172

Быт 9:3.

1173

S. Pinker, The Language Instinct: the New Science of Language and Mind (London, 1994), pp. 335–342.

1174

H. W. Janson, Apes and Ape Lore in the Middle Ages and Renaissance (New York, 1952), p. 352.

1175

Laurie Garret, ‘The Return of Infectious Disease’, Foreign Affairs, January/February 1996, pp. 66–79; The Coming Plague: Newly Emerging Diseases in a World out of Balance (New York, 1994), особенно pp. 411–456, 618–619.

1176

P. Kennedy, Preparing for the Twentyfirst Century (New York, 1993), pp. 44–46; A. Sen, Food, Economics and Entitlement (Helsinki, 1987); Hunger and Public Action (Oxford, 1989); P. R. and A. E. Ehrlich, The Population Explosion (New York, 1991); The Stork and the Plow: the Equity Answer to the Human Dilemma (New York, 1995).

1177

L. Brown, Who Will Feed China? Wake-up Call for a Small Planet (New York, 1995).

1178

В Великобритании существуют «клубы Дарби и Джоан» для людей пенсионного возраста — по имени старой любящей пары в одноименной балладе Г. Вудфолла. Такие клубы создаются благотворительными организациями и устраивают вечера, концерты, экскурсии и т. п.

1179

J. E. Hardoy and D. Satterthwaite, eds, Small and Intermediate Centers: Their Role in Regional and National Development in the Third World (Boulder, Co., 1986).

1180

S. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York, 1996), p. 302.

1181

Lord of Misrule — распорядитель рождественских увеселений в «доброй старой Англии».

1182

Общее пространство (нем.).

1183

Cm. O. Tunander, P. Baev and V. I. Einagel, eds, Geopolitics in Post-wall Europe: Security, Territory and Identity (London, 1997).

1184

Термин придумал А. Тоффлер: A. Toffler, Future Shock (London, 1970).

1185

“Millenium” — название одной из предыдущих книг автора.

1186

Культурная война, война культур (нем.).

1187

Этот пассаж позаимствован из: F. Fernandez-Armesto, Religion (London, 1998), pp. 30–31.

1188

S. Winchester, The Pacific (London, 1992), p. 446; Fernandez-Armesto, Millennium, op. cit., pp. 631–720.

1189

J. M. Roberts, The Triumph of the West (London, 1985).

1190

D. Held, A. McGrew, D. Goldblatt, J. Perraton, Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture (Cambridge, 1999), pp. 2, 15. Эта работа — самый существенный и осмысленный путеводитель по современным спорам о природе и перспективах глобализации.

1191

Ibid., pp. 149–235.

1192

Ibid., pp. 283–326.

1193

M. Albrow, The Global Age (Cambridge, 1996), p. 85.

1194

Held et al., op. cit., pp. 124–148.

1195

Ibid., pp. 242–282.

1196

S. Roic, ‘La Globalisation dans sa poche’, PEN International, xlix (1999), no. 2, pp. 48–50.

1197

На лингвистическом уровне правильнее было бы говорить об «англизации» (фр.).

1198

M. Geyer and C. Bright, ‘World History in a Global Age’, American Historical Review, с (1995); R. Burbach, ed., Globalization and its Discontents (London, 1997).

1199

Fernandez-Armesto, Millennium, op. cit., pp. 603–629.

1200

J. Friedman, ‘Global System, Globalization and the Parameters of Modernity’, в книге M. Featherstone, S. Lash and R. Robertson, eds, Global Modernities (London, 1995), pp. 69–90. Я благодарен профессору Хайде Герстенберг за эту ссылку.

1201

Известный английский кинорежиссер.

1202

Derek Jarman's Garden (London, 1995).

1203

Находка (фр.).

1204

См. R. D. Moury, Worlds within Worlds: the Richard Rosenblaum Collection of Chinese Scholars’ Rocks (Cambridge, Mass., 1997).

1205

Надо возделывать свой сад (фр.). Фраза из повести Вольтера «Кандид, или Простодушный».