Сама уверенность. Как преодолеть внутренние барьеры и реализовать себя [заметки]
Сноски
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Суфражистки (фр. suffrage – избирательное право) – участницы движения за предоставление женщинам избирательных прав. Также суфражистки выступали против дискриминации женщин в целом в политической и экономической жизни. Движение суфражисток получило распространение в конце XIX – начале XX века, в основном в Великобритании и США. – Прим. ред.
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Сэндберг Ш. Не бойся действовать. Женщина, работа и воля к лидерству. – М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2014. – Прим. ред.
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Бланш Дюбуа – персонаж пьесы Теннесси Уильямса «Трамвай “Желание”». – Прим. ред.
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Поколение Y (поколение игрек; другие названия: millennials – поколение миллениума, поколение «некст», «сетевое» поколение, эхо-бумеры) – поколение родившихся после 1981 г., встретивших новое тысячелетие, характеризующееся прежде всего глубокой вовлеченностью в цифровые технологии, в молодом возрасте. – Прим. ред.
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Гик (англ. geek) – человек, чрезмерно увлеченный чем-либо. В русском языке употребляется преимущественно по отношению к людям, увлеченным технологиями (обычно компьютерными). – Прим. ред.
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См.: Чиксентмихайи М. Поток. Психология оптимального переживания. – М.: Альпина нон-фикшн, 2015. – Прим. ред.
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Селигман М. Как научиться оптимизму. Измените взгляд на мир и свою жизнь. – М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2015. – Прим. ред.
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См.: Зальцберг Ш. Медитации для молодости, снятия стресса и укрепления отношений. Программа на 28 дней. – М.: Эксмо, 2013. – Прим. ред.
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На начало 2014 г. ситуация не изменилась: компании 23andMe запрещено проводить генетические исследования для частных лиц в США. Но она продолжает делать генетические тесты для клиентов из 56 стран. – Прим. ред.
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Джинджер Роджерс – американская актриса и танцовщица, партнерша Фреда Астера. По словам Роджера Желязны, «Джинджер Роджерс делала то же самое, что Фред Астер, но на высоких каблуках». – Прим. пер.
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Дуэк К. Гибкое сознание. Новый взгляд на психологию развития взрослых и детей. – М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2013. – Прим. ред.
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Атрибуция (лат. attributio – приписывание) – психологический термин, обозначающий механизм объяснения причин поведения другого человека. Внутренняя атрибуция – связывание поведения человека с его характеристиками. Внешняя атрибуция – связывание поведения человека с ситуацией. – Прим. ред.
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Салливан Б., Томпсон Х. Эффект плато. Как преодолеть застой и двигаться дальше. – М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2014. – Прим. ред.
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Амен Д. Дж. Загадки женского мозга. – М.: Эксмо, 2014. – Прим. ред.
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Тимоти Джеймс Маквей – резервист армии США, ветеран войны в Персидском заливе, организатор самого крупного (до событий 11 сентября 2001 г.) террористического акта в истории Америки – взрыва в Оклахома-Сити 19 апреля 1995 г. В результате теракта погибло 168 человек. Маквей был признан виновным за нарушение 11 федеральных законов и приговорен к смертной казни. – Прим. ред.
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Первый тест был создан в 2013 г. профессором Университета штата Огайо Ричардом Петти и Кеннетом Де Марри из Университета штата Нью-Йорк в Буффало. Тест простой, но позволяет достаточно точно оценить уровень своей уверенности. Главное – отвечать честно.
Больше об использовании этой шкалы см.: K. G. DeMarree, C. Davenport, P. Briсol, and R. E. Petty, “The Role of Self-Confidence in Persuasion: A Multi-Process Examination,” presented at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, Ill., May 2012; and R. E. Petty, K. G. DeMarree, P. Briсol, “Individual Differences in the Use of Mental Contents,” presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Experimental Social Psychology, Berkeley, Calif., September 2013.
Еще один тест – общая шкала самоэффективности. Она была разработана в 1981 г. и до сих пор широко используется. При этом она в большей степени оценивает веру в свою способность решать поставленные задачи, а не общий уровень уверенности (английская версия – Ральф Шварцер, Матиас Джерузалем, 1995).
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Представьте себе, гены влияют на способность танцевать фокстрот! Израильские исследователи выяснили, что профессиональные танцоры чаще всего обладают комбинацией двух вариаций генов, один из которых регулирует выработку и распределение серотонина, а другой связан с выработкой другого гормона, вазопрессина, влияющего на способность человека общаться и устанавливать социальные связи. Ученые полагают (хотя их точка зрения пока не нашла широкой поддержки), что эти вариации генов способствуют творчеству, легкости в общении и даже вдохновению, что усиливает впечатление от танца. Забавно, что танцоры редко обладают теми же вариациями генов, что и многие спортсмены мирового уровня (мы говорим о вариации гена AGT, которая чаще всего встречается у спортсменов, занимающихся силовыми видами спорта и, как предполагают ученые, может влиять на силу мышц). Увы, про ген боулинга пока ничего не известно.
Подробнее см.: R. Bachner-Melman et al., “AVPR1a and SLC6A4 Gene Polymorphisms Are Associated with Creative Dance Performance,” Public Library of Science Genetics (2005), e42. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0010042; Christian Kandler, “The Genetic Links Between the Big Five Personality Traits and General Interest Domains,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (2011).
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Немецкие ученые провели исследование среди 57 мужчин, среди которых были как одинокие, так и состоящие в постоянных отношениях. Каждому из них несколько раз брызнули в нос окситоциновым спреем, после чего перед ним предстала невероятно красивая девушка-исследовательница. Она прохаживалась перед ними, а они в это время должны были сообщать, находится ли она на «идеальном расстоянии» от них. Мужчины, состоявшие в моногамных отношениях, получив дозу окситоцина, хотели, чтобы красотка-исследовательница фланировала от них подальше. В среднем, для них идеальное расстояние до нее оказалось на метр-полтора больше, чем для одиночек. В материалах исследования не говорится о том, на каком расстоянии от себя ее хотели бы видеть холостяки, и что, по их мнению, при этом на ней должно быть надето, хотя эти детали, конечно, очень важны. Впрочем, хотите пикантных подробностей – ищите их в журнале Journal of Neuroscience за ноябрь 2012 г.
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Victoria Brescoll, “Who Takes the Floor and Why: Gender, Power, and Volubility in Organizations,” Sage Journals, последнее изменение 26 марта 2012, http://asq.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/02/28/0001839212439994.
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Описание различий в функционировании мозга у мужчин и женщин см.: Бризендайл Л. Женский мозг. – М.: АСТ, 2006; Unleash the Power of the Female Brain by Daniel G. Amen. Очень много крайне полезных работ на эту тему опубликовали такие исследователи, как Герт де Ври, Патриция Бойл, Ричард Симмери, Келли Косгроув и Ларри Кэйл. Кроме того, отличный обзор литературы можно найти в статье: Glenda E. Gillies, Simon McArthur, “Estrogen Actions in the Brain and the Basis for Differential Action in Men and Women: A Case for Sex-Specific Medicines.”
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Richard Kanaan, “Gender Differences in White Matter Microstructure.” PLoS ONE, 2012: 7(6); Richard Haier, “The Neuroanatomy of General Intelligence: Sex Matters,” Neuroimage, volume 25, March 2005.
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Daniel G. Amen, Unleash the Power of the Female Brain: Supercharging Yours for Better Health, Energy, Mood, Focus, and Sex (New York: Random House Digital, 2013).
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L. Cahill, University of California, Irvine, “Sex-related Differences in Amygdala Functional Connectivity during Resting Conditions,” 2006.
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Louann Brizendine, The Female Brain (New York: Random House Digital, 2007).
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