Разведка и контрразведка США (с конца XVIII века и до наших дней) [заметки]
1
Вернее было бы сказать: «разведывательных, в том числе контрразведывательных» служб. Дело в том, что в Соединенных Штатах разведывательная деятельность включает в себя контрразведывательную деятельность и внешнюю разведывательную деятельность, что с 1992 года закреплено даже в американском законодательстве (Intelligence Organization Act of 1992, Pub. L. 102–496, title VII, §702, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3188). Тем не менее, рассматривая представленную книгу не как научное, а как публицистическое издание, автор сознательно допустил «неточность» в названии работы, чтобы не оттолкнуть от нее тех читателей, которых интересует в первую очередь контрразведывательная проблематика.
2
Цит. по: Ленин В.И., Полное собрание сочинений, Том 32. М.: Издательство политической литературы, 1969. С.78-79.
3
Об обстоятельствах принятия «Декларации независимости» и о самой Декларации см., например: Becker Carl L. The Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1942; Malone Dumas The Story of the Declaration of Independence, New York: Oxford University Press, 1954; Bailyn, Bernard The Origins of Independence, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1968.
4
У Канта буквально: «status hominum naturalis est status belli omnium in omnes». См.: Кант Иммануил, Религия в пределах только разума / Цит. по Иммануил Кант. Сочинения в шести томах. М.: Мысль, 1966. Т. 4. Ч. 1. И. Кант. Трактаты и письма. М.: Наука, 1980. С.333
5
Более подробно о развитии североамериканских колоний Англии до провозглашения ими своей независимости см.: История буржуазного конституционализма XVII–XVIII вв. под ред. В. С. Нерсесянца. М., Наука, 1983. С. 109–134.
6
В современной Англии (как и в прочих конституционных монархиях и парламентских республиках) вообще нельзя говорить о разделении законодательной и исполнительной властей. Получающая в ходе выборов парламентское большинство политическая партия не только контролирует парламент, но и формирует из своих рядов правительство.
7
Время от времени вооруженным силам США, в первую очередь военно-морскому флоту, приходилось на практике доказывать право молодой федерации иметь и на равных отстаивать собственные экономические и политические интересы. См., например: Capture of the British brigs Detroit and Caledonia, January 13, 1813. № 99, 12th Congress, 2nd Session. American State Papers, Documents, Legislative and Executive of the Congress of the United States. Naval Affairs. Wash., 1834. Vol. 1. P.282.
8
См., например: Message, transmitting a treaty of commerce, Sept. 13, 1816. № 284, Senate, 14th Congress, 2nd Session American State Papers, Documents, Legislative and Executive of the Congress of the United States. Foreign Relations. Wash., 1832. Vol. 4. P.98; Treaty of Commerce and Navigation with Prussia, communicated to the Senate, 1828, May 9. № 491, 20th Congress, 1st Session. American State Papers, Documents, Legislative and Executive of the Congress of the United States. Foreign Relations. Wash., 1832. Vol. 6. P.992.
9
См.: Message showing the negotiations with Great Britain, 1808, Mar. 22. № 214, 10th Congress, 1st Session. American State Papers, Documents, Legislative and Executive of the Congress of the United States. Foreign Relations. Wash., 1832. Vol. 3. P.80.
10
Carruth Gorton The Encyclopedia of American Facts and Dates, New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1997.
11
Paulus Robert D. Pack Mules and Surf Boats: Logistics in the Mexican War, Army Logistician November/December 1997.
12
Spykman H.J. America's Strategy in the world politics: the United States and the balance of power. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1942.
13
Кэрролл Л. Приключения Алисы в Стране Чудес. Сквозь Зеркало и что там увидела Алиса, или Алиса в зазеркалье. М.: Пресса, 1992. С.183.
14
См.: Сунь-цзы. Трактат о военном искусстве. Цит. по: Конрад Н.И. Избранные труды. Синология. М., Наука. 1976. С. 44.
15
О том, как могут воздействовать на современное мироустройство тайные операции разведки и агенты влияния, автор размышляет в заключении представленной работы.
16
См. например: Glenn Greenwald, NSA Collecting Phone Records of Millions of Verizon Customers Daily, The Guardian, June 5, 2013.
17
См.: Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789/ Volume II/, September 18, 1775. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1905. P.253-254.
18
O'Toole G.J.A., "Benjamin Franklin: American Spymaster or British Mole?", International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, vol. 3, №.1, P. 45-53.
19
См.: Van Doren Carl, Secret History of the American Revolution, The New York: Garden City Publishing, 1941, P.78.
20
См.: Hinsdale Mary L. A History of the President's Cabinet.: George Wahr. 1911. P. 19.
21
См.: [сайт]. URL:https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/intelligence/intellopos.html
22
См.: Morton Brain, Vergennes, Beaumarchais and Roderigue Hortalez et Cie/ Proceeding of the Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French Historical Studies, № 3, 1975. P.256-262.
23
См.: Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789/ Volume III/, November 29, 1775. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1905 . P.392.
24
См.: Hinsdale Mary L. A History of the President's Cabinet.: George Wahr. 1911. P. 19-20.
25
См.: См.: Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789/ Volume V/, June 5, 1776. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1906 . P.418-419.
26
См.: Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789/ Volume V/, August 21, 1776. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1906 . P.693.
27
См.: Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1789/ Volume X/ Resolution of February 27, 1778. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1908 P.204.
28
Pennypacker Morton, George Washington's Spies on Long Island and in New York, Brooklyn, 1939, P.31.
29
Ряд статей А. Гамильтона, в защиту американкой федерации и Конституции США 1787 года можно прочесть на страницах небезызвестного "Федералиста". Federalist № 67-71. – In: The Federalist Papers/ Ed. C. Rossiter, The New York, 1961.
30
См.: Van Doren Carl, Secret History of the American Revolution, The New York: Garden City Publishing, 1941, P.341.
31
См.: Washington J. Letter to Concel Elias Dayton, 26 July 1777.
32
См.: Edward F. Sayle, "George Washington, Manager of Intelligence," Studies in Intelligence, vol. 27, №. 4, 1983, P. 3-8.
33
См., например: An act providing the means of intercourse between the United States and foreign nations, June 1, 1796, ch. 41, 1 Stat.493.
34
См.: Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, 1845-1846 Friday, April 10, 1846. Washington: Printed by Ritchie & Heiss, 1846 P.657.
35
См.: Fishel Edwin C., The Secret War for the Union: The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil
War: New York, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1988. P.9.
36
См.: Gaddy David, William Norris and the Confederate Signal and Secret Service //Maryland Historical Magazine, Volume 70, №. 2, Spring 1975. P 167.
37
См.: Hearing before the Select Committee on intelligence of the US Senate, 98-th Congress, 1-st session, On National Historic Intelligence museum. Nov. 3, 1983, Wash. 1984, P. 7.
38
См.: Intelligence in the Civil War. A publication of the Central Intelligence Agency P.23. [сайт]. URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/additional-publications/civil-war/Intel_in_the_CW1.pdf (дата обращения: 25.04.2014)
39
Аллан Пинкертон, шотландец по происхождения, иммигрировал в США в 1842 году. В 1856 году организовал в Чикаго “Национальное сыскное агентство Пинкертона”. Участвовал в Гражданской войне с апреля 1861 года. Войну закончил в чине майора. Умер в 1884 году. Сыскную фирму передал сыновьям Роберту и Уильяму. – Прим. автора.
40
См.: Allan Pinkerton. The Spy of the Rebellion. New York, G.W. Carleton and Company, 1883. P.89-96.
41
См.: Horan James D. The Pinkertons: The Detective Dynasty That Made History. New York, Crown Publisher, 1967. P.115-137.
42
См.: An Act to amend an Act entitled "An Act to provide Internal Revenue to support the Government and pay interest on the Public Debt," approved July 102 first, eighteen hundred and sixty-too, and for other Purposes, Mar. 3 1863, ch. 74, sec. 20, 12 Stat. 726.
43
См.: Bowen Walter S. & Neal Harry Edward The United States Secret Service, Philadelphia and New York: Chilton Company. 1960, P. 13.
44
См., например: Donald, D., Lincoln. Simon and Schuster, 1996. P 597.
45
См.: Act making the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Expenses of Government for the Year ending the thirtieth of June, eighteen hundred and sixty-one, Jun. 23 1860, ch. 205, 12 Stat. 102.
46
См.: An Act to authorize an additional Issue of United States Notes, and for other Purposes, July 1 1862, ch. 143, 12 Stat. 533.
47
См.: Bowen Walter S. & Neal Harry Edward, oP. cit., P. 13.
48
Ibid., P. 12-83.
49
См.: Kaiser Frederick, Origins of Secret Service Protection of the President: Personal, Interagency, and Institutional Conflict // Presidential Studies Quarterly, 1988, vol. XVIII, №. 1, P. 102.
50
Ibid., P. 112.
51
Supplementary Reports on Intelligence Activities. Book VI. Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Apr. 23, 1976. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington: 1976. P. 61.
52
См.: An Act Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the Government for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and seven, and for other purposes, June 30, 1906, ch. 3914, 34 Stat. 708.
53
См.: William Corson. The Armies of Ignorance. The New York 1977. P.593.
54
См.: General Order № 292// General Orders and Circulars Issued by the Navy Department From 1863 to 1887. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1887. P. 208.
55
См.: US Government Manual. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1942, P. 203.
56
См.: Correspondence of the Military Intelligence Division Relating to "Negro Subversion" 1917-1941// National Archives Trust Fund Board National Archives and Records Administration. Washington: 1987. P.1.
57
См.: An act making appropriations for the support of the Army for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and eighty-nine, and for other purposes, Sept. 22, 1888, 25 Stat. 483.
58
См.: Correspondence of the Military Intelligence Division Relating to "Negro Subversion" 1917-1941. P.1.
59
См.: US Government manual. Wash. 1942, P. 203.
60
См.: Niblack A. P. The Office of naval intelligence : its history and aims. Washington : Governmental Printing Office, 1928. P. 6-11.
61
См.: Hayburn,s Case, 2 Dall. (2 U.S.) 409 (1792).
62
См.: Edward F. Sayle George Washington, Manager of Intelligence, Studies in Intelligence, vol. 27, №. 4, 1983, P. 3-8.
63
См.: The Constitution of the United States, Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. Art. II, sec. 2. Цит. по: Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1702.
64
См.: Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, December 22, 1794, P.271.
65
См.: Kurtz v. Moffitt, 115 U.S. 487 (1885); Dynes v. Hoover, 20 How. (61 U.S.) 65 (1858).
66
См.: The Constitution of the United States, Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. Art. II, sec. 2. Цит. по: Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1702.
67
Contingent Fund of Foreign Intercourse (Secret Service Fund).
68
Вряд ли справедливо считать Фонд секретной службы разведывательным органом. Фактически, разведывательная деятельность выступала лишь в качестве одной из направлений деятельности, финансируемых из бюджета Фонда. В равной мере Фонд мог выделять средства и на любые иные мероприятия, совершенно не связанные со спецификой тех задач, которые обычно решает разведка.
69
См.: Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, July 3, 1797.
70
Имеется в виду конституционное право президента "…назначать послов и других официальных лиц". См.: The Constitution of the United States, Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. Art. II, sec. 2. Цит. по: Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1702.
71
См.: Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, July 3, 1797; Journal of the executive proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America, Tuesday, June 1, 1813.
72
О том, что осуществление связей с иностранными государствами относится к компетенции президента и подчиненных ему должностных лиц, говорит уже в 1790 году один из виднейших творцов американского конституционализма Т. Джефферсон: "…Осуществление связей с иностранными державами есть полностью прерогатива исполнительной ветви власти". См.: Opinion on the Question Whether the Senate Has the Right to Negative the Grade of Persons Appointed by the Executive to Fill Foreign Missions, April 24, 1790, 5 Writings of Thomas Jefferson, P. Ford ed. The New York: 1895, P.161, 162.
73
См.: Journal of the executive proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America, June 1, 1813, P.348; Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, June 21, 1813, P.38; Journal of the executive proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America, April 12, 1822, P.281.
74
Этим же, видимо следует объяснять и тот факт, что судебная власть впервые вопрос о конституционной природе разведывательной деятельности поставила только в 1875 году, то есть почти через столетие после принятия Конституции США (Totten v. United States). – Прим. автора.
75
См.: Hearing before the Select Committee on Intelligence of the US Senate, 98-th Congress, 1-st session, On National Historic Intelligence museum. Nov. 3, 1983, Wash. 1984, P. 7.
76
В действительности, достаточно спорен сам вопрос о том, можно ли считать Гражданскую войну в США 1861-865 годов "периодом военного времени". Обычно, в качестве военного периода в США рассматривают лишь период участия США в военных действиях против внешнего противника. – Прим. Автора.
77
См.: Totten v. United States, 92 U.S. 105 (1875).
78
Обычно подобные вопросы Верховный Суд интерпретирует как "политические вопросы" и относит их к компетенции исполнительной и законодательной властей. См.: Foster v. Neilson, 2 Pet. (27 U. S.) 253 (1829).
79
См.: Prize Cases 2 Bl. (67 U.S.) 635 (1863).
80
См.: Totten v. United States, 92 U.S. 105 (1875).
81
См.: The Federalist, No. 69, J. Cooke ed., 1961, P.465.
82
См.: 1 Stat. 424 (1795); 2 Stat. 443 (1807).
83
См.: Martin v. Mott, 12 Wheat, (25 U.S.) 19, 32-33 (1827).
84
См.: William Corson The Armies of Ignorense. The New York 1977. P.593.
85
См.: The Constitution of the United States, Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. Art. II, sec. 2. Цит. по: Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1702.
86
См.: 333 U.S. 103 (1948).
87
См.: Hayburn,s Case, 2 Dall. (2 U.S.) 409 (1792).
88
См.: Bishop Joseph Bucklin, Theodore Roosevelt and His Time. Vol. II. New York, Scribners, 1920. P. 94.
89
См.: Correspondence of the Military Intelligence Division Relating to "Negro Subversion" 1917-1941// National Archives Trust Fund Board National Archives and Records Administration. Washington: 1987. P.1-3.
90
War Between United States and Germany. Declared by Joint Res. April 6, 1917, 40 Stat. 1.
91
Kahn David, The Codebreakers: the Story of Secret Writing. New York: Scribner:1996. P. 352.
92
См.: Yardley, Herbert O. The American Black Chamber, Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis: 1931. P. 21-22.
93
См.: Hannah Theodore M., The Many Lives of Herbert O. Yardley. «UNCLASSIFIED». NSA Cryptologic Spectrum: 1981. P . 5.
94
См.: Memorandum from Brigadier General Marlborough Churchill, Director of Military Intelligence, to the Chief of Staff, 16 May 1919, subject: Permanent Organization for Code and Cipher Investigation and Attack.
95
Свое название новая служба получила по ассоциации с английской «black chamber», созданной Джоном Уоллисом (John Wallis) и французской «cabinet noir», созданной Антуаном Россиньолем (Antoine Rossignol), предшественников современных криптографических служб, которые еще в XVII веке осуществляли прочтение тайнописных текстов, вскрывали шифры и перлюстрировали почтовые отправления в так называемых «черных кабинетах».
96
См.: Hannah Theodore M., The Many Lives of Herbert O. Yardley. «UNCLASSIFIED». NSA Cryptologic Spectrum: 1981. P. 7.
97
Ibid., P. 8.
98
См.: Historical Background of the Signal Security Agency, published, in three volumes, by the Army Security Agency, Washington, D.C., 12 April 1946. Vol. 3, P.45.
99
См.: David Kahn, The Reader of Gentlemen’s Mail : Herbert O. Yardley and the Birth of American Codebreaking. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004. P.101.
100
См.: Statement for Record of Participation of Brigadier General Carter W. Clarke. GSC, In the Transmittal of Letters From General George C. Marshall to Governor Thomas E. Dewey, the Latter Part of September 1944. P. 12.
101
См.: Yardley, Herbert O. The American Black Chamber, Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis: 1931. P. 370.
102
Hearings before House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1909. P. 774;
103
Congressional Record, vol.42, P. 5554-5560; Congressional Record, vol.43, P. 458, 460, 462, 463, 655-657, 662-663, 672, 678, 2192, 3132.
104
Congressional Record, vol.42, P. 5555.
105
Congressional Record, vol.43, P. 656, 662-663, 672, 678-679.
106
An Act Making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the Government for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and nine, and for other purposes. May 27,1908. 35 U.S. Stat. 328.
107
Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1909 year, P. 8-10.
108
Title pages of Uniform Crime Reports for 1934 and 1935.
109
Congressional Record, vol.43, P. 303, 311, 699, 3795-3801. House Res. 480 (60th Congress, 2nd Sess.), 1909; Sen. Res. 233(60th Congress 2nd Sess.), 1909.
110
Hearings before Selected Committee on ApproP. For the Prevention of Fraud in and Depredations upon the Public Service appointed Jan.20 1909, pursuant to House Res. 480 (60th Congress, 2nd Sess.),P.375.
111
43 Congressional Record P. 721-722.
112
43 Congressional Record P. 24-25,461,462,463.
113
Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil AppriP. for 1910 P. 1012-1013.
114
Ibid. P. 1041.
115
Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Legislative, Executive and Judical Appropriation for 1912, P. 202-203.
116
Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1910 26, Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1910, P. 1007,1008.
117
Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1909, P. 777; Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Legislative, Executive and Judicial Appropriation for 1911. -P. 268.
118
Hoover J. Edgar, Some Legal Aspects of Interstate Crime; Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., 1938. -P. 810, 26-27.
119
Congressional Record, vol.45, P. 1032.
120
Ibid. P. 820, 823.
121
Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1910 P.26; Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1911 P. 25.
122
45 Congressional Record P. 1032.
123
Johnson vs U.S., 215 Fed. 679 (Apr. 14. 1914); Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1915, P. 1156-1158.
124
Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1914, P. 871,872,874,876.
125
U.S. vs. Hotte, 236 U.S. 140, 145, 148 (Feb.1, 1915).
126
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 24, P. 480.
127
The New York Daily News, Feb. 19,26,28.
128
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 24, P. 478-479.
129
1940 Atty. Gen. 158.
130
Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1910, P. 1038.
131
Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Sundry Civil Appropriation for 1917, P. 1356.
132
Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1918, P. 730-734.
133
Lowenthal, Max, The Federal Bureau of Investigation, New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 1972, P.173.
134
Ibid 177 P.
135
Hearings House Appropriation Committee on Urgent Definciecy Appropriation for 1918, P. 855.
136
Annual Report of War Department for 1917, vol.1, P.129.
137
Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1918 76; Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1918 46-54, 104.
138
См.: Hyman Harold M. To Try Men's Souls: Loyalty Tests in American History. Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1959. P. 273.
139
См.: Jensen Joan M. The Price of Vigilance. Chicago, Rand McNally and Company, 1968. P.149-150.
140
Ungar, Sanford J., FBI : An Uncensored Look Behind the Walls, Boston, Toronto 1976, 42 P.
141
Ibid 42-43 P.
142
Coben, Stanley. A. Mitchell Palmer: Politician. New York: Columbia University Press, 1963. P.199.
143
Hagedorn, Ann. Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007. P.332.
144
Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1917 83; Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1918 24.
145
The New York Times,1918 Sept. 4. P.1.
146
Chicago Daily Tribune, July 14 1918, P.3.
147
The New York Tribune, Sept. 6, 1918, P.5.
148
The New York Evening World, Sept. 3, 1918, P.1.
149
The New York Times, Sept. 5, 1918, P.3; The New York Evening World, Sept. 5, 1918, P.1.
150
The New York Evening World, Sept. 5, 1918,P.1.
151
56 Cong. Rec. 10067.
152
Ibid. 9977.
153
Ibid. 9985.
154
Ibid. 9987.
155
The New York Times, Sept. 6,1918, P.24.
156
The New York Times, Sept. 8,1918, P.9.
157
Cummins and McFarland, Federal Justice, The New York, 1948, P.414.
158
Act of June 25 1798, ch.58, 1 Stat. 570, В закон дважды вносились поправки: July 6, 1798, ch. 66, 1 Stat. 577 and July 6, 1812, ch. 130, 2 Stat. 781.
159
6 апреле 1917 США официально вступили в войну против Германии на основании совместной резолюции Палаты Представителей и Сената, U.S. Code of Laws, Title 50, Joint Resolution of Senate and House of Representatives, P.1189, Washington, Governmental Printing Office 1989.
160
См.: Immigration Act of July 4, 1864, 13 Stat. 385; Immigration Act of Feb. 5 1917, 39 Stat. 874; Immigration Act of June 29 1918, 40 Stat. 634.
161
Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1917 year, p 58, Washington, Governmental Printing Office 1918.
162
Act of June 15 1917, 40 Stat. 217.
163
§ 4, 40 Stat. 219.
164
Act To define regulate, and punish trading with the enemy, and for other purposes, Oct. 6 1917, 40 Stat. 411.
165
В 1918 -1919 годах к закону было принято несколько поправок: Mar.28, 1918, 40 Stat. 460; Sept.24 1918, 40 Stat. 1020; July 11 1919, 41 Stat. 35.
166
Act of Oct.6 1917, Sec. 16, 40 Stat. 425.
167
Explosive Act,Oct. 6 1917, 40 Stat. 385.
168
Explosives Transportation Act of May 30, 1908, 35 Stat. 554, с поправками от 4 марта 1909 г., 35 Stat. 1134.
169
См.: An Act To codify, revise, and amend the penal laws of the United States, Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, §§1, 2, 35 Stat. 1088.
170
См.: March Peyton C. The Nation At War. New York, Doubleday, Doran and Company, 1932. P. 226; Nelson Otto L. National Security and the General Staff. Washington, Infantry Journal Press, 1946. P. 265
171
Report and Hearings of the Subcommittee on the Judiciary U.S. Senate, 66th Congress, 1st Session,1919, Vol. II, P.2254.
172
United States Congress, Bolshevik Propaganda, P.14.
173
Report and Hearings of the Subcommittee on the Judiciary, Vol. II, P. 2690-2720, 2729-2744,2751-2785.
174
Report and Hearings of the Subcommittee on the Judiciary U.S. Senate,66th Congress, 1st Session,1919, Vol. II, P.2778-2779.
175
Report and Hearings of the Subcommittee on the Judiciary U.S. Senate,66th Congress, 1st Session,1919, Vol. II, P.2779.
176
Report and Hearings of the Subcommittee on the Judiciary, Vol. II, P.2708.
177
Report and Hearings of the Subcommittee on the Judiciary, Vol. II, P.2729-.
178
New York Times: "Senate Orders Reds Here Investigated" February 5, 1919.
179
Report and Hearings of the Subcommittee on the Judiciary U.S. Senate,66th Congress, 1st Session,1919, Vol. II, P.2777;Vol.III P.137.
180
Report and Hearings of the Subcommittee on the Judiciary U.S. Senate,66th Congress, 1st Session,1919, Vol. 1, P. iii, iv, v, 5-10.
181
65th Congress (Brewers, Vol. 1, P.3).
182
Report and Hearings of the Subcommittee on the Judiciary U.S. Senate,66th Congress, 1st Session,1919, Vol. II, P.1388.
183
Ibid. P. 1399-1401, 1607-1673, 1806-1813.
184
The New York Times, Dec. 8, 1918, P.4; Jan. 26, 1919, P.8.
185
Report and Hearings of the Subcommittee on the Judiciary U.S. Senate,66th Congress, 1st Session,1919, Vol. II, P.1596, 1959.
186
Ibid. P. 1657, 2787.
187
Ibid. P. 1652, 1654.
188
Ibid. P. 2788.
189
Ibid. P. 1842.
190
Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1919. P.15.
191
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer on Charges made against Department of Justice by Louis F. Post and Others. Hearings before the Committee on Rules of House, 66th Congress, 2nd Session,1920,, Vol.I, P.158,159.
192
Report on Radicalism P.32.
193
Current Biography, Who’s News and Why, 1940, The New York Wilson, P.400-402.
194
Report on Radicalism P.39.
195
Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1923. P.78,335.
196
Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1920 173 P.
197
Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1919 13,15 P.; Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1920 178 P.
198
Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1920 P.178,179.
199
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer on Charges made against Department of Justice by Louis F. Post and Others. Hearings before the Committee on Rules of House, 66th Congress, 2nd Session,1920. Vol.I, P.23,166.
200
Ibidem, Vol.II, P.213.
201
1921 Atty.Gen. P.128.
202
Hearings Before House Appropriation Committee on Legislative, Executive and Judicial Appropriation for 1923, P.131.
203
Investigative Activities of the Department of Justice, Letter from the Attorney General, Transmitting in Response to a Senate Resolution of October 17 1919, a Report on the Activities of the Bureau of Investigation of the Department of Justice against Persons, Advising Anarchy, Sedition and the Forcible Overthrow of the Government, U.S. Senate, 66th Congress,1st Session, Nov. 15 1919, Governmental Printing Office 1920. P.5.
204
В дополнение к иммиграционным законам 1917 и 1918 годов Конгресс принял еще три закона об иммигрантах: Immigration Acts of May 10 1920, 41 Stat. 593; of June 5 1920, 41 Stat. 981, 1068; of May 5 1921, 42 Stat. 5.
205
Sedition Conspiracy Act , Incorporated in Federal Penal Code of 1910, Section 6, Washington, Governmental Printing Office 1916.
206
Powers, Richard Gid, Secrecy and Power, The New York Free Press,1987,p 71.
207
Colger vs. United States.
208
Powers, Richard Gid, Secrecy and Power, The New York Free Press,1987,p 119.
209
Sedition Law (Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer on Charges made against Department of Justice by Louis F. Post and Others, Hearings before the Committee on Rules of House, 66th Congress, 2nd Session, Washington, Governmental Printing Office 1920, vol., P.215).
210
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer on Charges made against Department of Justice by Louis F. Post and Others, Hearings before the Committee on Rules of House, 66th Congress, 2nd Session, Washington, Governmental Printing Office 1920, vol., P.14.
211
Investigative Activities of the Department of Justice, Letter from the Attorney General, Transmitting in Response to a Senate Resolution of October 17 1919, a Report on the Activities of the Bureau of Investigation of the Department of Justice against Persons, Advising Anarchy, Sedition and the Forcible Overthrow of the Government, U.S. Senate, 66th Congress,1st Session, Nov. 15 1919, Governmental Printing Office 1920 , P.130,31.
212
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer on Charges made against Department of Justice by Louis F. Post and Others, Hearings before the Committee on Rules of House, 66th Congress, 2nd Session, Washington, Governmental Printing Office 1920, vol., P.27.
213
Powers, Richard Gid, Secrecy and Power, The New York Free Press,1987,P.69-71.
214
См.: Wite, William A. A Puritan in Babylon, the Story of Calvin Coolidge, The New York MacMillian 1938. P.274.
215
65 Cong. Rec. 5288,5357.
216
Wite, William A., A Puritan in Babylon, the Story of Calvin Coolidge, The New York MacMillian 1938, P.274.
217
86 Cong. Rec. P.5642.
218
Ibidem, P.5643.
219
The New York Times, May 10, 1924 P.1.
220
Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1917 75-76; Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1918 53-54, 104.
221
Report and Hearings of the Subcommittee on the Judiciary U.S. Senate,66th Congress, 1st Session,1919, Vol. II, P.2730; The New York Tribune, Sept.5, 1918 P.1.
222
The New York Times, Sept.5, 1918, P.1; The New York Tribune, Sept.5, P.1.
223
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer on Charges made against Department of Justice by Louis F. Post and Others. Hearings before the Committee on Rules of House, 66th Congress, 2nd Session,1920. Vol.I P. 157-159.
224
The New York Times, Apr.29, 1919, P.1; May 1, P.1.
225
The New York Times, June 3, 1919, P.1.
226
Ibidem, P.1-3.
227
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer on Charges made against Department of Justice by Louis F. Post and Others. Hearings before the Committee on Rules of House, 66th Congress, 2nd Session,1920, Vol. I, P. 159.
228
The New York Times June 3, 1919, P.1-3.
229
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer on Charges made against Department of Justice by Louis F. Post and Others. Hearings before the Committee on Rules of House, 66th Congress, 2nd Session,1920,, Vol.I, P.158,159.
230
Hearings Before Senate Appropriation Committee on Legislative, Executive and Judicial Appropriation for 1919, P.649.
231
Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1921 128P.
232
Lowenthal, Max, The Federal Bureau of Investigation, New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 1972, P.263.
233
Dyer Act, 60 Stat. 755.
234
Аn Act Forbidding the transportation of any person in interstate or foreign commerce, kidnaped, or otherwise unlawfully detained, and making such act a felony, June 22, 1932, 47 Stat. 326.
235
An Act to amend the Act forbidding the transportation of kidnaped persons in interstate commerce, May 18, 1934, 48 Stat. 781.
236
An Act applying the powers of the Federal Government, under the commerce clause of the Constitution, to extortion by means of telephone, telegraph, radio, oral message, or otherwise. May 18, 1934, 48 Stat. 781.
237
An Act to amend the Act entitled "An Act forbidding the transportation of any person in interstate or foreign commerce, kidnaped, or otherwise unlawfully detained, and making such Act a felony. Jan 24, 1936, 49 Stat. 1099.
238
См.: Modification of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Administrative Law and Government Relations of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 102th Congress, 1st Session. Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1991. P.95-96.
239
См.: Modification of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Administrative Law and Government Relations of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 102th Congress, 1st Session. Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1991.P.95.
240
См.: Ch.327, 52 Stat. 631.
241
В оригинальном тексте закона обязанности осуществлять регистрацию иностранных агентов возлагались на Государственного секретаря США. Однако, в 1942 году президент Ф. Рузвельт на основании своего исполнительного приказа принял решения передать функции регистрации Генеральному атторнею США. См.: Executive Order № 9176, May 29, 1942, 7 F.R. 4127. Уже через месяц, в апреле 1942 года соответствующие изменения были внесены и в сам Закон о регистрации иностранных агентов См.: Apr. 29, 1942, ch. 263, Sec. 1, 56 Stat. 249.
242
См.: Aug.7 1939, Ch.521, 53 Stat. 1244.
243
См.: Act of Apr.29, 1942, Ch. 524, 56 Stat. 400.
244
См.: Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, June 8, 1938, Ch. 327, 52 Stat. 631.
245
William Fulbright.
246
См.: Act of July 4, 1966, Pub. L. 89-466, 80 Stat. 244-248.
247
См.: Lobbying Disclosure Act Pub. L. 104-65, Sec. 9(1), Dec. 19, 1995, 109 Stat. 699.
248
Informational Materials.
249
См.: June 8, 1938, ch. 327, Sec. 1, 52 Stat. 631.
250
«…участвует, в том числе в интересах иностранных источников, в политической деятельности, осуществляемой на территории Российской Федерации. См.: N 7-ФЗ "О некоммерческих организациях" ст.2, п.6.
251
См.: Федеральный закон от 20 июля 2012 г. N 121-ФЗ ст. 2, п.3) а).
252
См.: Apr. 29, 1942, ch. 263, Sec. 1, 56 Stat. 257.
253
См.: Vooris Antipropaganda Act of Oct. 17, 1940, Ch. 897, 54 Stat. 1201.
254
См.: Ch. 897. 54 Stat. 1201. Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1941. P.1201.
255
См.: Ch. 897. sec.1, 54 Stat. 1201.
256
См.: Ch. 897, sec.2(1), 54 Stat. 1201.
257
См.: Ch. 897, sec.3, 54 Stat. 1202.
258
См.: Ch. 897, sec.3, 54 Stat. 1202.
259
См.: Alien Registration Act of 1940, June 28, 1940, Ch.439, 54 Stat. 670.
260
См.: Immigration Act of Feb.5 1917, 39 Stat. 889.
261
См.: Alien Registration Act of 1940, June 28, Title 3, Section 1, Ch.439, 54 Stat. 683.
262
Troy N.F. Donovan and the CIA. The New York 1934, P. 13.
263
An act making appropriations for the Departments of State and Justice and for the Judiciary, and for the Departments of Commerce and Labor, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1936, and for other purposes, . Mar 22, 1935, 49 Stat. 77.
264
U.S. Congress, Senate, Hearings before the Selected Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, vol.6, FBI.– Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1976. P.559-561.
265
Ibidem. P.562.
266
Franklin D. Roosvelt to Agency Heads, June 26 1939, U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Final Report, Book III.– Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1976. P.403 .
267
Cline R.S. The CIA under Regan, Bush and Casey. Wash., GPO, 1981, P. 34.
268
Justice Department, Appropriation Bill, 1941, Hearings Before the House Committee on Appropriation.-Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1940. P.151.
269
Statement of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Washington: The New York Times, Sept. 6 1939. P.3.
270
См.: Corey Ford. Donovan of OSS. Boston, Little, Brown and Company, 1970. P.78-107.
271
Troy N.F. Donovan and the С1А. The New York 1984, P. 417-418.
272
Mc.Lachlan D. Roon 39, The New York 1968. P. 234-236.
273
Stevenson W. A man called interpid. The New York 1976. P. 69.
274
Cline R.S. The CIA under Regan, Bush and Casey. Wash., 1981, P.55.
275
3 CFR, Compilation 1938-1943, Wash., 1968, P.1324.
276
Ibid.
277
См.: Totten v. United States, 92 U.S. 105 (1875).
278
Federal Records of World War II, Vol. I, Wash., 1950, P. 222-225.
279
War between United States and Japan. Declared by Joint Res. Dec. 8, 1941, 4:10 P.m., E.S.T., ch. 561, 55 Stat. 795; War between United States and Germany. Declared by Joint Res. Dec. 11, 1941, 3:05 P.m. E.S.T., ch. 564, 55 Stat. 796; War between United States and Italy. Declared by Joint Res. Dec. 11, 1941, 3:06 P.m., E.S.T., ch. 565, 55 Stat. 797.
280
Military Order of June 13, 1942 / Code of Federal Regulation. Title 3. Compilation 1936–1965. Washington, 1970. P. 340
281
Joint Chiefs of Staff Directive, Functions of the Office of Strategic Services. SECRET. URL: http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/89801/DOC_0000417254.pdf (дата обращения: 10.07.2014).
282
См.: Records of the War Department General and Special Staffs, 165.4 Records of the Military Intelligence Division (MID, G-2) 1900-50. [сайт]. URL: http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/165.html (дата обращения: 18.09.2013).
283
См.: "Counter-Espionage is Revived by Army: Corps Reorganized to Combat Sabotage and Disloyalty," The New York Times, Jan 13, 1942. P. 11.
284
См.: Gilmore Allison В. The Allied Translator and Interpreter Section: The Critical Role of Allied Linguists in the Process of Propaganda Creation, 1943–1944 // The Foundations of Victory: The Pacific War 1943-1944. Proceedings of the 2003 Chief of Army's Military History Conference Military History Conference. Edit. by B. Dennis, Peter & Grey, Jeffrey Canberra: Army History Unit. 2004. P. 149-167.
285
См.: Navajo Code Talkers: World War II Fact Sheet. [сайт]. URL: http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq61-2.htm (дата обращения: 4.07.2014).
286
См.: Executive Order № 9621, Sept 22, 1945, 10 F.R.12033.
287
См.: Transfer Order № 40 of the Secretary of Defense, July 22, 1949, 14 F.R. 4908.
288
См.: Executive Order № 9652, Nov 3, 1945,10 F.R. 13581.
289
См.: Harry S. Truman: "Letter to Secretary Byrnes Concerning the Development of a Foreign Intelligence Program.," September 20, 1945. [сайт]. URL: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=12344 (дата обращения: 4.07.2014).
290
См.: Truman, Harry S. Memoirs: Year of Decisions Vol. I. The New York: Garden City, 1955. Р.117
291
Unification of the War and Navy departments and postwar organization for national security : report to Hon. James Forrestal, Secretary of the Navy. U.S. Senate Committee on Naval Affairs, 79th Cong., 1st sess., Oct. 22, 1945. Washington, G.P.O., 1945.
292
См.: Truman’s Executive Directive on Coordination of Foreign Intelligence Activities, January 22, 1946. [сайт]. URL: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=12478 (дата обращения: 4.07.2014).
293
President's letter of 22 January 1946, National Archives and Records Administration, RG 80, General Records of the Department of the Navy, SecNav /CNO Top Secret Correspondence File 1945, A8, Box 21, Folder A8
294
National Intelligence Authority Directive №. 1, National Archives and Records Administration, RG 59, Records of the Department of State, Records of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research: Lot 62 D 42, IAC.
295
House Report N 2734, 79 Congr. 17.72.1946 Committee on Military Affairs. Special Committee. "National security act of 1947". Hearings before the Committee on expenditures in the executive department 80-th Congr. I sess. June 2", 1947. Washington: Governmental Printing Office 1982.P. 184-193.
296
Ibid., P. 184-186.
297
Ibid., P. 188.
298
National Security Act of 1947, Hearing before the Committee on Expenditures. 80th Congress. I sess. on H.R. 2319, June 27, 1947. Washington: Governmental Printing Office. 1982.
299
US Congress, Senate, Committee on Armed Services, National Defence Establishment: Unification of Armed Services. Hearing on S.758, 80-th Congr. I sess. May 25, 1947, Washington: Governmental Printing Office, P. 122.
300
House Report N 2734, 79 Congr. 17.72.1946 Committee on Military Affairs. Special Committee. "National security act of 1947". Hearings before the Committee on expenditures in the executive department 80-th Congr. I sess. June 2", 1947. Washington: Governmental Printing Office 1982.
301
Ibid., P. 4-5.
302
Ibid., P. 22-23.
303
Ibid., P. 25.
304
См.: An Act to promote the national security by providing for a Secretary of Defense; for a National Military Establishment; for a Department of the Army, a Department of the Navy, and a Department of the Air Force; and for the coordination of the activities of the National Military Establishment with other departments and agencies of the Government concerned with the national security, July 26, 1947, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 495.
305
Ibid., P. 497-498.
306
См., например: National Security Council Intelligence Directive № 2, Jan. 13, 1948. “CONFIDENTIAL”. : [сайт]. URL:http://sttpml.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/CIA-Dulles-Jackson-Correa-RDP86B00269R000500040001-1.pdf (06.07.2014)
307
См.: Garthoff Douglas F. Directors of Central Intelligence as Leaders of the U.S. Intelligence Community, 1946–2005. Central Intelligence Agency, Wash. 2005. P. 22-24.
308
См.: Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949, June 20, 1949, ch. 227, 63 Stat. 212.
309
President Harry S. Truman, CIA Orientation, 21 November 1952: [сайт]. URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/our-first-line-of-defense-presidential-reflections-on-us-intelligence/truman.html (дата обращения: 07.07.2014).
310
Public Law 80-162 of July 27, 1947.
311
Dorwart Jeffrey M. Eberstadt and Forrestal: A National Security Partnership, 1909-1949, College Station, TX: Texas A & M University Press, 1991.
312
The Hoover Commission Report on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government, Task Force Report on National Security Organization, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1970.
313
The Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government, Task Force Report on National Security Organization, Appendix G, January 1949.
314
The Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government, Task Force Report on National Security Organization, Appendix G, January 1949. -P.76.
315
Arthur B. Darling, The Central Intelligence Agency: An Instrument of Government to 1950, University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1990, Introduction to Chapter VIII.
316
Arthur B. Darling, The Central Intelligence Agency: An Instrument of Government to 1950, University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1990. -P..295-298.
317
The National Security Organization. A Report to the Congress. The Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government, Feb. 1949: [сайт]. URL: http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/45/national_sec_org.pdf (дата обращения: 07.07.2014).
318
The Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government, Task Force Report on National Security Organization, Appendix G, January 1949. -P.16.
319
Arthur B. Darling, The Central Intelligence Agency: An Instrument of Government to 1950, University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1990, Introduction to Chapter VIII.
320
Arthur B. Darling, The Central Intelligence Agency: An Instrument of Government to 1950, University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1990. -P..297.
321
Donald P. Steury, ed., Sherman Kent and the Board of National Estimates: Collected Essays, Washington: Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1994.
322
Lowenthal Mark M., U.S. Intelligence: Evolution and Anatomy, Westport, CT: Praeger, 1992. P. 20.
323
"The Central Intelligence Agency and National Organization for Intelligence: A Report to the National Security
Council," January 1, 1949. A version was reprinted in William M. Leary, ed., The Central Intelligence Agency: History and Documents, University of Alabama Press, 1984.
324
"The Central Intelligence Agency and National Organization for Intelligence: A Report to the National Security
Council," January 1, 1949. -P 5, 11, 39.
325
В 1953 году Служба специальных операций и Служба политической координации были объединены в директорат планирования.
326
"The Central Intelligence Agency and National Organization for Intelligence: A Report to the National Security
Council," January 1, 1949. -P 11.
327
"The Central Intelligence Agency and National Organization for Intelligence: A Report to the National Security
Council," January 1, 1949. -P 138.
328
"The Central Intelligence Agency and National Organization for Intelligence: A Report to the National Security
Council," January 1, 1949. -P 3-4, 149.
329
"The Central Intelligence Agency and National Organization for Intelligence: A Report to the National Security
Council," January 1, 1949. -P 58.
330
См.: The Central Intelligence Agency and National Organization for Intelligence. A Report to the National Security Council by Allen W. Dulles, Chairman William H. Jackson and Mattias Correa.“TOP SECRET” : [сайт]. URL:http://sttpml.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/CIA-Dulles-Jackson-Correa-RDP86B00269R000500040001-1.pdf (дата обращения: 07.07.2014).
331
Public Law 83-108 of July 10, 1953.
332
U.S. Commission on Organization of Executive Branch of Government, GPO. 1955.
333
Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government, A Report to the Congress, Intelligence Activities, June 1955, P. 70-74.
334
Memorandum of conversation by Frank G. Wisner, "Implementation of NSC-10/2," August 12, 1948, цит. по Foreign Relations, 1945-1950, Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment, Document 298.
335
См.: NSC 4-A, December 17, 1947, цит. по Foreign Relations, 1945-1950, Emergence of the Intelligence Establishment, Document 257.
336
См.: Leary W.M. The CIA: History and Documents. The New York 1984, document N 4.
337
См.: National Security Council Directive № 10/2, Washington, June 18, 1948.
338
The Report on the Covert Activities of the Central Intelligence Agency, September 30, 1954.
339
The Report on the Covert Activities of the Central Intelligence Agency, September 30, 1954, Appendix A, P. 6-7.
340
The Report on the Covert Activities of the Central Intelligence Agency, September 30, 1954, Appendix A, P. 14.
341
The Report on the Covert Activities of the Central Intelligence Agency, September 30, 1954, Appendix A, P. 17.
342
John Ranelagh, The Agency: the Rise and Decline of the CIA, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987, P. 278.
343
Peter Grose, Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994, P. 445-448;
Arthur M. Schlesinger notes, discovered in the Robert Kennedy Papers, John F. Kennedy Library;
P. 598, n. 33 and n. 34; The Intelligence Community in the 21st Century, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence House of Representatives 104th Congress.
344
Peter Grose, Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994, P. 446.
345
Operation Zapata: The "Ultrasensitive" Report and Testimony of the Board of Inquiry on the Bay of Pigs, Frederick, MD: University publications of America, Inc., 1981).
346
Peter Grose, Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994, P. 532.
347
Operation Zapata: The "Ultrasensitive" Report and Testimony of the Board of Inquiry on the Bay of Pigs, Frederick, MD: University publications of America, Inc., 1981), P. 40.
348
Operation Zapata: The "Ultrasensitive" Report and Testimony of the Board of Inquiry on the Bay of Pigs, Frederick, MD: University publications of America, Inc., 1981), P. 43.
349
Memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, January 16, 1962.
350
Kirkpatrick, Lyman B. "Paramilitary Case Study – Bay of Pigs", Naval War College Review, November-December 1972; Evan Thomas, The Very Best Men, Four Who Dared: The Early Years of the CIA, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.
351
Evan Thomas, The Very Best Men, Four Who Dared: The Early Years of the CIA, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), P.268.
352
Ralph de Toledano, J. Edgar Hoover: The Man in his Time, New Rochelle, The New York, Arlington House, 1973 P.252.
353
Powers, Richard Gid, Secrecy and Power: The Life of J. Edgar Hoover, New York: Freepress, Copied 1987, 282 P.
354
U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Final Report, Supplementary Detailed Stuff Report to Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Book III, 94>th Congress, 2>nd Session, Washington, Governmental Printing Office 1947. P.417.
355
U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Book III, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, P. 410,420-421.
356
Robert Justin Goldstein, Political Repression in America, Cambridge, Massachussets: Schenkman, Two Continents, 1978, P.295.
357
U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Book III, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, P. 431-435.
358
Executive Order №9835, Mar.21, 1947, reprinted in Theoharis Athen, The Truman Presidency, P. 257-261.
359
Hoover to Attorney General, Mar.31,1947, Loyality Commission Vanech Papers, HST, Washington? Governmental Printing Office 1947, P.1-3.
360
Colger vs. United States.
361
См.: Alien Registration Act of 1940, June 28, 1940, Ch.439, 54 Stat. 670.
362
См.: Immigration Act of Feb.5 1917, 39 Stat. 889.– Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1918.-P.889.
363
См.: Alien Registration Act of 1940, June 28, Title 3, Section 1, Ch.439, 54 Stat. 683.– Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1941.-P.683.
364
U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Book III, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, P. 439.
365
Theodore Draper, The Roots of American Communism, The New York, Viking, 1957, P.227-232.
366
Hoover, The Crime of the Century, P.140,150,168.
367
Stone I.F., The Hounted Fifties, The New York Viking, 1969, P.23-24.
368
Oshinsky, David M., A Conspirasy so Immense, P.307.
369
Walter Goodman, The Committee: The Extraordinary Career of the House Committee on Un-American Activities, The New York Favrar, Straus 1968,P.417.
370
Dwight R. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change, 1952-1956, Garden City, Doubleday,1963,P.90.
371
Felt, W., Mark, The FBI Pyramid from the Inside, New York, Putnam, copied 1979, P.47.
372
Security Risk.
373
Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower, The President, The New York, Simon and Schuster, 1984, P.335.
374
Oshinsky, David M., A Conspirasy so Immense, P.343.
375
Atomic Energy Act of 1954, Aug. 13 1954, ch. 730, 68 Stat. 943.
376
Atomic Energy Act of 1954, Aug. 13 1954, chapter 12, sec. 145(с), 68 Stat. 943.
377
Parmet, Eisenhower, P.335.
378
Ibidem, P.147.
379
Fried, Richard M. Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective. Oxford University Press.1990. P. 150.
380
Sept. 23, 1950, ch.1024, 64 Stat.987.
381
Ibidem, Stat.1019-1030.
382
Sept. 23, 1950, ch.1024, sec.1, 64 Stat.987.
383
Ibidem, sec.1(9), 64 Stat.988.
384
Sept. 23, 1950, ch.1024, sec.4, 64 Stat.990.
385
ch.1024, sec.5, 64 Stat.992.
386
В результате судебного решения по делу Aptheker v. Secretary of State, 348 US 500 был снят запрет на выдачу коммунистам загранпаспортов.
387
ch.1024, sec.7, 64 Stat.1004-1008.
388
ch.1024, sec.7, 64 Stat.1004-1008.
389
Ibidem, P. 1009-1017.
390
Ibidem, P. 1019-1030.
391
Ibidem, P. 1019-1030.
392
ch.1024, 64 Stat.1027-1030.
393
Subversive Activities Control Board.
394
Labor Youth League, Jefferson School of Social Science.
395
Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1955, P.196.
396
Communist Control Act of Aug. 24 1954, ch.886, 68 Stat. 775.
397
Dennis v. United States, 341 U.S. 494 (1951).
398
American Communications Association v. Douds, 339 U.S. 382 (1950).
399
Pennsylvania v. Nelson, 350 U.S. 479 (1956), 504-505.
400
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board, 367 U.S. 1 (1961).
401
Goldstein, Political Repression in America, P.402.
402
Yates v. United States, 354 U.S. 298 (1957); Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Bd., 382 U.S. 70 (1965); United States v. Brown, 381 U.S. 437 (1965)
403
U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Book III, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, P. 449.
404
Kelly et. al., The American Constitution, P.596.
405
Belknap, Cold War Political Justice, P.155.
406
United States v. Robel, 389 U.S. 258 (1967); cf. Aptheker v. Secretary of State, 378 U.S. 500 (1964); Schneider v. Smith, 390 U.S. 17 (1968).
407
Section 5(a)(1)(D) of the Subversive Control Act of 1950, 64 Stat 992, 50 U.S.C. § 784(a)(1)(D).
408
An act to amend the Subversive Activities Control Art of 1954 so as to accord with certain decisions of the courts, Pub. L. 90-237, Jan.2, 1968, 81 Stat. 765.
409
Ibidem.
410
Domestic Intelligence Operations for Internal Security Purposes, Hearings before the Committee on Internal Security, U.S. House of Representatives, 93d Congress, 2nd Session, 1974, 3585-3588.
411
U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Vol.6, FBI, P. 70-71.
412
Keller, William Walton, The Liberals and J. Edgar Hoover, Prinston, Copied 1989, P.162.
413
U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Book III, P. 20-21.
414
Keller, William Walton, The Liberals and J. Edgar Hoover, Princeton, Copied 1989, P.181.
415
U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Final Report, Book III, P. 323,336.
416
Nixon, Memoirs, P. 368.
417
U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Final Report, Part 3, P. 1208-1220.
418
Felt, W., Mark, The FBI Pyramid from the Inside, New York, Putnam, copied 1979, 143,144.
419
Ungar, Sanford J., FBI : An Uncensored Look Behind the Walls, Boston, Toronto 1976, P.465.
420
Felt, W., Mark, The FBI Pyramid from the Inside, New York, Putnam, copied 1979, P.93.
421
U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Vol.2, Huston Plan, P.354-356.
422
James Q. Wilson, The Investigations: Managing FBI and Narcotics Agents, The New York, Basik Books, 1978, P.170.
423
Cook, Fred J., The FBI nobody knows, New York Macmilian 1964, P.227.
424
Schlesinger, Arthur M., A Thousand Days, Boston, Houghton Hifflin, 1965, P.125.
425
Parmet, Herbert, Jack: The Struggles of John F. Kennedy, The New York, 1980, P.510.
426
President’s Committee on Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Crime
427
Ohlin Lloyd, Delinquency and Opportunity, The New York, 1960.
428
FBI Law Inforcement Bulletin, January 1961, P.1-5.
429
Ibidem, P.4-5.
430
См.: Organized Crime Control Act of 1970, Pub. L. 91-452, Oct. 15, 1970, 84 Stat. 924.
431
См.: Report to the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Defense by a Special Committee Appointed Pursuant to Letter of 28 December 1951 to Survey Communications Intelligence Activities of the Government (Brownell Committee), June 13, 1952.
432
См.: Memorandum from President Harry S. Truman to the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, Subject: Communications Intelligence Activities, October 24, 1952. «TOP SECRET»: [сайт]. URL: http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB24/nsa02a.pdf (дата обращения: 07.07.2014).
433
См.: National Security Council Intelligence Directive № 9, Communications Intelligence, Dec. 29, 1952. «TOP SECRET» : [сайт]. URL: http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB24/nsa02b.pdf (дата обращения: 07.07.2014).
434
См.: An act to provide certain administrative authorities for the National Security Agency, and for other purposes, May 29, 1959, Pub. L.86-36, 73 Stat. 63.
435
Dwight D. Eisenhower: "The President's News Conference," May 11, 1960, The American Presidency Project. : [сайт]. URL: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=11778 (07.07.2014).
436
См.: National Security Council Directive № 5412, Mar. 15, 1954; National Security Council Directive № 5412/1, Mar. 12, 1955; National Security Council Directive № 5412, Dec. 28, 1955: [сайт]. URL: http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/89801/DOC_0000790232.pdf (дата обращения: 07.07.2014).
437
См.: President Dwight D. Eisenhower Letter to Mr. Allen W. Dulles, DCI, 18 January 1961: [сайт]. URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/our-first-line-of-defense-presidential-reflections-on-us-intelligence/eisenhower.html (дата обращения: 07.07.2014).
438
См.: Intelligence Activities, a Report to the Congress by Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government (1953-1955). Washington: Government Printing Office, 1955. P. 27-29.
439
Ibid., P.70-71.
440
См.: Executive Order № 10656, Feb. 8, 1956, 21 Fed. Reg. 859.
441
См.: Executive Order № 10938, May 6, 1961, 26 Fed. Reg. 3951.
442
См.: DOD Directive 5105.21 “Defense Intelligence Agency”, Aug. 1, 1961.
443
См.: DOD Directive С-5105.32 “Defense Attaché System”, Dec. 12, 1964.
444
См.: Richelson Jeffrey, The U.S. Intelligence Community, Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge Massachusetts, 1989. P. 27-29.
445
См.: Perry Robert L. A History of Satellite Reconnaissance The Perry Gambit & Hexagon Histories. Published by National Reconnaissance Office Center for the Study of National Reconnaissance, Chantilly, VA, 2012. P.13.
446
См.: Document 3: Memorandum of Agreement Concerning NSA Participation in the (S) National Reconnaissance Office, August 1, 1962. «TOP SECRET»: [сайт]. URL: http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB24/nsa03.pdf (дата обращения: 07.07.2014).
447
См.: Perry Robert L., oP. cit., P.23-32.
448
См.: Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the U.S. Intelligence Community. An Overview of the Intelligence Community.
449
"HUMINT" определяется в данном разделе отчета как "оперативное использование лиц, которым известна или которые имеют доступ к информации, рассматриваемой разведывательным сообществом в качестве важной и значимой для выполнения миссий сообщества". См.: Intelligence Community in the 21>st Century, Staff Study Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, House of Representatives, 104>th Congress. Chapter IX. Clandestine Service. Executive Summary.
450
Public Law 103-359, Intelligence Authorization Act for FY 1995.
451
См.: Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the U.S. Intelligence Community. Part One: The Intelligence Cycle. Collection and Analysis. II. Collection and the Collectors.
452
Ibid., Chapter X. Military Intelligence. Clandestine HUMINT Operations.
453
См.: U.S. National Intelligence an overview 2013. [сайт]. URL: http:// http://www.dni.gov/files/documents/USNI%202013%20Overview_web.pdf (дата обращения: 7.07.2014).
454
См.: DoD Directive 5200.37, “Centralized Management of Department of Defense Human Intelligence (HUMINT) Operations,” December 18, 1992.
455
См.: Drawing Down for the Future – NSA consolidates its resources // NSA Newsletter/ August 1994. P. 8-9.
456
См.: Michael S. Cassidy SIGINT: An Important Part of Air Force Intelligence // American Intelligence Journal/ Spring/Summer 1994. P. 20.
457
См.: Army Intelligence In Transition Changing Horizons // American Intelligence Journal/ Autumn/Winter 1993-1994. P. 17-20.
458
См.: Intelligence Community in the 21>st Century, Staff Study Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, House of Representatives, 104>th Congress. Chapter VI. IMINT: Imagery Intelligence; Report to the Director National Reconnaissance Office Defining the Future of the NRO for the 21st Century Final Report Executive Summary, 26 Aug. 1996.
459
См., например: National Imagery and Mapping Agency Act of 1996, , Sept. 23, 1996, Pub. L. 104-201, 110 Stat. 2675.
460
См., например: Intelligence Community in the 21>st Century, Staff Study Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, House of Representatives, 104>th Congress. Chapter VI. IMINT: Imagery Intelligence.
461
См., например: Vector 21, A Strategic Plan for the Defense Intelligence Agency, Washington, 1996, P.14.
462
Иллюстрацией провальных тайных операций ЦРУ против Кубы могут служить, например, ныне рассекреченные документы о деятельности ЦРУ и американских военных в «Заливе Кочинос» ( the Bay of Pigs). См., например: CIA “Official History” of the Bay of Pigs: Revelations. TOP SECRET. [сайт]. URL: http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB355/index.htm (дата обращения: 7.07.2014).
463
См.: DCI Memorandum “Establishment of the National Intelligence Programs Evaluation Staff”, Oct. 22, 1963. [сайт]. URL: http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/5829/CIA-RDP80B01676R000700030004-0.pdf (дата обращения: 7.07.2014).
464
См.: President John F. Kennedy, News conference, 9 October 1963. [сайт]. URL: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=9460 (дата обращения: 7.07.2014).
465
См.: President Lyndon B. Johnson Letter to VAdm. William F. Raborn, DCI, 29 July 1965. [сайт]. URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/our-first-line-of-defense-presidential-reflections-on-us-intelligence/johnson.html (дата обращения: 7.07.2014).
466
Наиболее употребимым в русском переводе является вариант “Ли Харви Освальд”, однако автор склонен использовать транскрипцию, употреблявшуюся в выданном данному лицу в СССР виде на жительство.
467
Powers, Richard Gid, Secrecy and Power: The Life of J. Edgar Hoover, New York: Freepress, Copied 1987, P.428.
468
Schlesinger, Arthur M., A Thousand Days, Boston, Houghton Hifflin, 1965, P.629-630.
469
Executive Order № 11154, in Ralph de Toledano, J. Edgar Hoover: The Man in his Time, New Rochelle, The New York, Arlington House, 1973 P.301.
470
Ungar, Sanford J., FBI : An Uncensored Look Behind the Walls, Boston, Toronto 1976, p 288.
471
William C. Sullivan, The Bureau, The New York, Norton,1979,P.68-70.
472
U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Vol.6, FBI, P. 483-484.
473
Ibidem, Book III, P. 365.
474
A Review of the Intelligence Community, March 10, 1971.
475
A Review of the Intelligence Community, March 10, 1971, P. 9.
476
U.S. Congress, Senate, 94th Congress, 2nd session, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities Intelligence, Final Report, 1976, Book I, P. 66.
477
Ibid., P. 25-27.
478
См.: President Nixon Memorandum “Organization and Management of the US Foreign Intelligence Community”, Nov. 5, 1971. “TOP SECRET” . [сайт]. URL: http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB144/document%206.pdf (дата обращения: 7.07.2014).
479
Ibid., P.4-5.
480
Foreign Relations Authorization Act for FY1973 of July13, 1972, P.L. 92-352.
481
См.: Commission on the Organization of the Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policy. [сайт]. URL: http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB144/document%209.pdfhttp://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB144/document%209.pdf (дата обращения: 7.07.2014).
482
U.S., Commission on the Organization of the Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policy, Report, June 1975, P. 98.
483
U.S., Commission on the Organization of the Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policy, Report, June 1975, P.98-99.
484
U.S., Commission on the Organization of the Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policy, Report, June 1975, P.101.
485
U.S., Commission on the Organization of the Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policy, Report, June 1975, P. 101-103.
486
См.: Johnson Loch K, Strategic intelligence : understanding the hidden side of government Westport, Conn. : Praeger Security International, 2007. P. 229.
487
См.: Gates Robert M., From the Shadows: the Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996. P. 333.
488
Archibald Cox “ Reflection upon Watergate “, Brandies University 1974, 39 P.
489
См.: Freedom of Information Acts of 1974, Pub. L. 93-502, Nov. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 1561.
490
Ungar, Sanford J., FBI : An Uncensored Look Behind the Walls, Boston, Toronto 1976, 568 P.
491
Final Report of the Selected Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Book 3, P.553-554.
492
Ibidem, P.75-76.
493
United States v. United States District Court 407 U.S. 297(1972
494
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Sec. 801(d), Pub. L. 90-351, June 9 , 82 Stat. 196.
495
дела, связанные с обеспечением национальной безопасности более того часто отражают конвергенцию положений Первой и Четвертой поправок, не присутствующую в делах по общеуголовным преступлениям, United States v. United States District Cort 407 U.S. 297(1972)
496
Attorney General’s Guidlines for FBI Domestic Security Investigations of Mar. 10, 1976.
497
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Pub. L. 90-351, June 9 , 82 Stat. 197.
498
Attorney General’s Guidelines for FBI Domestic Security Investigations of Mar. 10, 1976.
499
U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, Report on S.1566: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, Report №95-701, 95th Congress, 2nd Session, Report № 94-755, Governmental Printing Office 1976,P.320.
500
FBI Oversight, Testimony of Attorney General Edward H. Levi, Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Civil and Constitution Rights of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, Washington, Governmental Printing Office 1976, P.53.
501
См.: An Act to amend the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, and for other purposes, Dec. 30, 1974, Pub. L. 93-559, sec.32, 88 Stat. 1804.
502
Executive Order №11828 of January 4, 1975.
503
Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States.
504
Report to the President by the Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States, June 1975.
505
См.: Prados John, Lost Crusader: The Secret Wars of CIA Director William Colby. Oxford University Press, 2003. P. 301-304.
506
U.S. Congress, Senate, 94th Congress, 2nd session, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence, Final Report, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976.
507
Final report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities United States Senate: together with additional, supplemental, and separate views. Book 1-6 Wash. (D.C.), 1976.
508
U.S. Congress, Senate, 94th Congress, 2nd session, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence, Final Report, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976 P-468.
509
U.S. Congress, Senate, 94th Congress, 2nd session, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence, Final Report, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976 P-410-417.
510
U.S. Congress, Senate, 94th Congress, 2nd session, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence, Final Report, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976 P-401-408.
511
U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, 94th Congress, 2nd session, Select Committee on Intelligence, Recommendations of the Final Report of the House Select Committee on Intelligence, H. Rept. 94-833, February 11, 1976.
512
Отдельные части доклада опубликовали некоторые американские периодические издания, в частности нью-йоркская газета The Village Voice.
513
Foreign Operations Subcommittee.
514
General Accounting Office.
515
Senate Resolution 400 of the 94>th Congress.
516
H. Res. 658 of the 95>th Congress.
517
См.: Freedom of Information Acts of 1967, Pub. L. 90-23, June 5 1967, 81 Stat. 54,
518
См.: Privacy Act of 1974, Pub. L. 93-579, Dec.31, 1974, 88 Stat. 1896.
519
См.: John Cary Sims v. Central Intelligence Agency, 228 U.S. AP. D.C. 269, 709 F.2d 95.
520
См.: Statement of President Gerald R. Ford, 4 January 1975. [сайт]. URL: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=4838 (дата обращения: 7.07.2014).
521
President Gerald R. Ford Swearing-in ceremony of George Bush as DCI, 30 January 1976 . [сайт]. URL: http://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/our-first-line-of-defense-presidential-reflections-on-us-intelligence/ford.html (дата обращения: 7.07.2014).
522
См.: Daugherty William J. Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency. University Press of Kentucky, 2006. P.178-180.
523
См.: Prados Alfred B., Intelligence Reform: Recent History and Proposals, CRS Report 88-562 F, August 18, 1988, P. 18.
524
См.: Executive Order № 11905, Feb. 18, 1976, 41 Fed. Reg. 7703.
525
См.: Executive Order № 11905, Sec. 2. Definition.
526
См.: Executive Order № 11905, Sec. 5. Restrictions on Intelligence Activities.
527
Ibid., Sec. 5(b)(2).
528
Ibid., Sec. 5(b)(4).
529
См.: Smist Frank J. Congress Oversees the United States Intelligence Community, 1947-1994. Univ. of Tennessee Press, 1994. P. 326.
530
См.: Presidential Directives / NSC 17, Aug. 4, 1977. [сайт]. URL: http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB144/document%2014.pdf (дата обращения: 7.07.2014).
531
Bruce W. Watson, Susan M. Watson, and Gerald W. Hopple, United States Intelligence: An Encyclopedia, New York: Garland Publishing, 1990, P. 231.
532
См.: Executive Order № 12036, Jan. 24, 1978, 43 Fed. Reg. 3674.
533
См.: U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, 94th Congress, 2nd session, Select Committee on Intelligence, Recommendations of the Final Report of the House Select Committee on Intelligence, H. Rept. 94-833, February 11, 1976.
534
См.: U.S. Congress, Senate, 94th Congress, 2nd session, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence, Final Report, Book I, S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976.
535
Mark M. Lowenthal, U.S. Intelligence: Evolution and Anatomy, Westport, CT: Praeger, 1992, P. 107.
536
См.: Maroni Alice C. Special Access Programs and the Defense Budget: Understanding the “Black Budget», October 24, 1989. Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress, 1989.
537
См.: Executive Order № 12333, Dec. 4, 1981, 46 Fed. Reg. 59941.
538
Classified Information Procedures Act of 1980, Pub. L. 96–456, 94 Stat. 2025.
539
Intelligence Identities Protection Act of 1982, Pub. L. 97–200, §1, June 23, 1982, 96 Stat. 122
540
Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–433, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 992.
541
См., например: Congressional Record 102nd Congress (1991-1992), Edward Lee Howard (Senate – November 27, 1991). P. S18747. [сайт]. URL: http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/F?r102:63:./temp/~r102I5uftF:e0: (дата обращения: 10.07.2014).
542
Senate, Report 99-522. Meeting the Espionage Challenge: Review of United States Counterintelligence and Security Programs. Report of the Select Committee on Intelligence United States Senate, Oct. 3 1986. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1986.
543
См.: A Counterintelligence Reader, Volume III: Post-World War II to Closing the 20th Century by National Counterintelligence Center and Frank J. Frank J. Rafalko. Sep 1, 2011. P. 303-304.
544
См.: Iran: the Tower Commission Report // Survival: Global Politics and Strategy. Volume 29, Issue 4, 1987.
545
Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Conta Affair with Supplemental, Minority, and Additional Views. U.S. House of Representatives Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran. U.S. Senate Select Committee on Secret Military Assistance to Iran and the Nicaraguan Opposition. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1987.
546
U.S. Congress, 100th Congress, 1st session, Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair with Supplemental, Minority, and Additional Views, S.Rept. 100-216/H. Rept. 100-433, November 17, 1987, P. 423-427.
547
Public Law 102-88, Intelligence Authorization Act for FY 1991.
548
U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, 103rd Congress, 1st session, Committee of Conference, Intelligence Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1991, H. Rept. 102-166, July 25, 1991, p. 28.
549
См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1990, Pub. L. 101-193, title VIII, Sec. 801, Nov. 30, 1989, 103 Stat. 1711
550
Ibid., sec. 801 (a).
551
В данном случае автор имеет в виду тот факт, что все фундаментальные изменения в законодательстве, касающиеся вопросов организации и деятельности разведки, оформляются в виде поправок изменений и дополнений в Закон о национальной безопасности 1947 года. Прим. автора
552
См.: Executive Order № 12333, Dec. 4, 1981, 46 F.R. 59941.
553
Ibid., Part 1 – Goals, Direction, Duties and Responsibilities with Respect to the National Intelligence Effort, 46 F.R. 59941.
554
Ibid., sec. 2.10 Human Experimentation; sec.2.11 Prohibition on Assassination, 46 F.R. 59941.
555
Ibid., Part 1 – Goals, Direction, Duties and Responsibilities with Respect to the National Intelligence Effort, sec. 1.4 The Intelligence Community.
556
Ibid., sec. 2.6 Assistance to Law Enforcement Authorities.
557
Ibid., Part 3 – General Provisions.
558
См.: Intelligence Organization Act of 1992, Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102-496.
559
См., например: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997, Pub. L. 104-293, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3477.
560
См.: Executive Order № 13284, Sec. 18, Jan. 23, 2003, 68 Fed. Reg. 4077.
561
См.: Executive Order № 13355, Secs. 2, 3, 6, Aug. 27, 2004, 69 Fed. Reg. 53593; Executive Order №. 13470, Secs. 1-4, July 30, 2008, 73 Fed. Reg. 45325.
562
См.: Act of Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, Sec. 2, 63 Stat. 579; Pub. L. 85-599, Sec. 2, Aug. 6, 1958, 72 Stat. 514.
563
См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, Pub. L. 102-496, Oct. 24, 1992
564
См., например: Pub. L. 102-496, title VII, Sec. 702, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3188; amended Pub. L. 103-359, title V, Sec. 501(a)(1), Oct. 14, 1994, 108 Stat. 3428; Pub. L. 104-201, div. A, title XI, Sec. 1122(b)(1), Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2687; Pub. L. 107-56, title IX, Sec. 902, Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 387; Pub. L. 107-108, title I, Sec. 105, Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1397; Pub. L. 107-296, title II, Sec. 201(h), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2149; Pub. L. 107-306, title III, Sec. 353(a), Nov. 27, 2002, 116 Stat. 2401; Pub. L. 108-136, div. A, title IX, Sec. 921(e)(1), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1569; Pub. L. 108-177, title I, Sec. 105(d)(1), Dec. 13, 2003, 117 Stat. 2603; Pub. L. 108-458, title I, Secs. 1012, 1073, 1074(a), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3662, 3693, 3694; Pub. L. 111-259, title IV, Sec. 441, title VIII, Sec. 804(1), Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2732, 2747; Pub. L. 112-87, title IV, Sec. 431, title V, Sec. 505(1), Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1894, 1897.
565
President George Bush, News conference, 8 May 1991. [сайт]. URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/our-first-line-of-defense-presidential-reflections-on-us-intelligence/bush.html (дата обращения: 10.07.2014).
566
President George Bush, Swearing-in ceremony of Robert Gates as DCI, 12 November 1991. [сайт]. URL: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=20208&st=central+intelligence&st1= (дата обращения: 10.07.2014).
567
См.: The New York Times, Sept.5, 1918. P.1.
568
См.: Act of June 22, 1932, ch. 271, 47 Stat. 326.
569
См., например: Act of July 18, 1934, To empower Certain Member of the Division of Investigation of the Department of Justice to Make Arrests in Certain Cases and for Other Purposes, 73d Congress, H.R. 9476.
570
См., например: Pub. L. 103-236, title III, Sec.306; Pub. L. 103-359, title VIII, Sec. 804; Pub. L. 104-293, title VI, Sec. 601.
571
См., например: Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104-132, title VIII, Subtitle A, Sec. 810, 110 Stat. 1312.
572
См.: Justice Department Organized Crime and Drug Enforcement Enhancement Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100-690, title I, subtitle B, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4189.
573
См., например: Pub. L. 104-293, title VIII, Sec. 804, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3476.
574
См., например: Intelligence Community in the 21st Century, Staff Study Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, House of Representatives, 104th Congress. Chapter XIII. Intelligence and Law Enforcement.
575
Department of Commerce, Justice and State, The Judiciary and related agencies, appropriations for 1996 Fiscal Year: Part 2: Department of Justice: Hearings before the Appropriation Committee, Hose of Representatives, 104th Congress, 2nd Session, P.869.
576
См.: An Act to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 1997 for military activities of the Department of Defense, to prescribe military personnel strengths for fiscal year 1997, and for other purposes, Pub. L. 104-201, div. A, title XIV, Sec. 1402, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2715.
577
См.: Executive Order № 11905, Sec.4(b)(3), Feb. 18, 1976, 41 Fed. Reg. 7703.
578
The Intelligence Community in the XXI Century.
579
См., например: Cox Archibald Reflection upon Watergate. Brandies University. 1974, P.39.
580
См.: Intelligence Community in the 21st Century, Staff Study Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, House of Representatives, 104th Congress. Chapter XIII. Intelligence and Law Enforcement.
581
См.: Intelligence Organization Act of 1991, Oct . 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102-88. Sec.703.
582
См.: An act making appropriations for the Department of Defense for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1994, and for other purposes, Pub. L. 103-139, title VIII, Sec. 8056, Nov. 11, 1993, 107 Stat. 1452.
583
См.: Intelligence Organization Act of 1997, Pub. L. 104-293, title I, Sec. 104(d), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3464.
584
См.: Intelligence Organization Act of 2003, Pub. L. 107-306, title V, Sec. 501. , Nov. 27, 2002, 116 Stat. 2404.
585
См.: Executive Order № 12333, 1.6 Heads of Elements of the Intelligence Community. Dec. 4, 1981, 46 F.R. 59941.
586
См.: President William J. Clinton, Central Intelligence Agency, 4 January 1994. [сайт]. URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/our-first-line-of-defense-presidential-reflections-on-us-intelligence/clinton.html (дата обращения: 10.07.2014).
587
См.: The Vice President's National Performance Review – recommending a Biennial Budget Process: Hearing Before the Legislation and National Security Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, First Session, October 7, 1993. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1994.
588
См.: Executive Order № 12863, Sept. 13, 1993, 58 Fed. Reg. 48441.
589
См.: John Gannon, Chairman of National Intelligence Council "Challenges to US Intelligence" , October 13 1997. [сайт]. URL: https://www.cia.gov/news-information/speeches-testimony/1997/ddi_speech_101397.html (дата обращения: 11.07.2014).
590
См.: Select Committee on Intelligence United States Senate, The Director of Central Intelligence Annual Report, 22 August 1997. [сайт]. URL: http://fas.org/irp/cia/product/report-97.htm (дата обращения: 11.07.2014).
591
Ibid., Strategic Powers in Transition
592
Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the U.S. Intelligence Community, Chapter 11. Space Reconnaissance and the Management of Technical Collection, Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1996.
593
См.: DOD Directive 5105.56, Central Imagery Office, May 6, 1992.
594
См.: Крючков В.А. Личное дело М.: Изд-во Эксмо, 2003. С. 184.
595
An Assessment of the Aldrich H. Ames Espionage Case and Its Implications for U.S. Intelligence: Report Prepared by the Staff of the Select Committee on Intelligence, United States Senate [84-046] Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1994. P.53.
596
Ibid., P.65-66.
597
См.: Counterintelligence and Security Enhancements Act of 1994, Oct. 14, 1994, Pub. L.103-359, title VIII, 108 Stat. 3434.
598
Ibid., Sec. 802. Access to Classified Information.
599
Ibid., Sec. 803.
600
См.: Act to Combat International Terrorism of 1984, Pub. L. 98-533, title I, Sec. 101(a), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2706.
601
См.: Sec. 3001 of Pub. L. 104-19.
602
См.: Pub. L. 98-533, title I, Sec. 101(a), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2707.
603
См.: Pub. L. 98-533, title I, Sec. 101(a), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2707; amended Pub. L. 99-646, Sec. 45, Nov. 10, 1986, 100 Stat. 3601.
604
H.R.4165. National Security Act of 1992. [сайт]. URL: http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c102:H.R.4165: (дата обращения: 10.07.2014).
605
Ibid., Sec. 141.
606
См.: Intelligence Organization Act of 1992, Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L.102-496, title VII, Sec. 704, 106 Stat. 3189.
607
См.: National Security Act of 1947, July 26, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 495, as amended (50 U.S.C. 401 et seq.).
608
См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102-496, 106 Stat. 3189
609
См.: Pub. L. 102-496, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3180, Sec. 701.
610
Право президента учреждать необходимые ему исполнительные органы и назначать должностных лиц, необходимых ему для реализации своих конституционных полномочий, неоднократно подтверждалось Верховным Судом США. См., например: Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 109-143 (1976).
611
См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997, Pub. L. 103-359, title V, Sec. 501(a)(1), Oct. 14, 1994, 108 Stat. 3428)
612
Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the U.S. Intelligence Community, Space Reconnaissance and the Management of Technical Collection, Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1996. P.387.
613
Pub. L. 104-201, Section 1111-1118 of title XI of div. A, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2678.Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1997.
614
Pub. L. 104-201, div. A, title XI, Sec. 1112(a)(2), Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2678.
615
См.: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004, Pub. L. 108-136, Sec. 921 of title XI , Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1569.
616
См.: Pub. L. 107-108, title I, Sec. 105, Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1397.
617
См.: Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. 107-296, Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2135.
618
См.: Pub. L. 107-296, , title II, Sec. 201(h), Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2150.
619
См.: Pub. L 102-496, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3180, Sec. 701.
620
См., например: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997, Pub. L. 104-293, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3462.
621
См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004, Pub. L. 108-177, Dec. 13, 2003, 117 Stat. 2601.
622
См.: Pub. L.103-359, title IX. Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community, Oct. 14, 1994, 108 Stat. 3434.
623
См.: Preparing for the 21st century: An appraisal of U.S. intelligence : report of the Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community. [сайт]. URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-INTELLIGENCE/content-detail.html (дата обращения: 11.07.2014).
624
См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997, Pub. L. 104-293, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3477.
625
См.: National Security Act of 1947, sec.102.
626
См.: Pub. L. 104-293, title VIII, Sec. 805(a), 809(a), 810, 811, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3477, 3481, 3482.
627
The Assistant Director of Central Intelligence for Collection, The Assistant Director of Central Intelligence for Analysis and Production, The Assistant Director of Central Intelligence for Administration.
628
50 US Code, Sec. 403 (d)(2).
629
National Security Act of 1947, sec. 102(b).
630
См.: Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA Patriot Act) Act of 2001, Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 272.
631
Ibid., Sec. 901 and Sec. 905.
632
Ibid., Sec. 903.
633
Ibid., Sec. 904.
634
См.: Pub. L. 107-56, Sec. 902.
635
Ibid., Title II—Enhanced Surveillance Procedures, 115 Stat. 278.
636
См.: Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108-458, title I, Sec. 1012, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3662.
637
См.: USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005, Pub. L. 109-177,Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 192.
638
См.: USA PATRIOT Act Additional Reauthorizing Amendments Act of 2006, Pub. L. 109-178,Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 278.
639
См.: Protect America Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110-55, Aug. 5, 2007, 121 Stat. 552.
640
См.: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008, Pub. L. 110-261, July. 10, 2008, 122 Stat. 2436.
641
См.: FISA Amendments Act Reauthorization Act of 2012 Pub. L. 112-238, Sec. 2, Dec. 30, 2012, 126 Stat. 1631.
642
См.: Pub. L. 102-496, title VII, Sec. 705(a)(3), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3192.
643
См.: Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, Public Law 108-458, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3638.
644
См.: Harry S. Truman: "Directive on Coordination of Foreign Intelligence Activities," January 22, 1946. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project. [сайт]. URL: http:// www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=12478 (дата обращения: 10.07.2013).
645
A Review of the Intelligence Community, March 10, 1971.
646
Закон о полномочиях разведки на 2010 финансовый год объединил эти две программы в единую «Военно-разведывательную программу». См.: Pub. L. 111-259, Sec. 804(2)(B)(i), Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2747.
647
См.: Pub. L. 108-458, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3645.
648
См.: Pub. L. 108-458, title I, Sec. 1031, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3677.
649
Ibid., 118 Stat. 3652.
650
См., например: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, Pub. L. 111-259, title IV, Sec. 407(b), Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2721.
651
The Chief Information Officer of the Intelligence Community, The Inspector General of the Intelligence Community, The Director of the National Counterterrorism Center, The Director of the National Counter Proliferation Center, The Chief Financial Officer of the Intelligence Community.
652
См.: Pub. L. 108-458, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3656. В 2010 году эта норма была отменена, ныне закон содержит лишь общее требование о размещении штаб-квартиры Службы директора в Вашингтоне. Pub. L. 111-259, Sec. 403, Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2709.
653
См.: Pub. L. 111-259, title IV, Sec. 441, Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2732.
654
Ibid., Sec. 441(2).
655
См.: Pub. L. 112-87, title IV, Sec. 431, Jan. 3, 2012, 125 Stat. 1894.
656
См.: National Security Act of 26, 1947, ch. 343, Sec. 3, as amended.
657
Здесь автор умышленно не упоминает о тех разведывательных органах, которые были созданы в США в период борьбы за независимость, еще до образования единого федеративного государства. Такие органы, как Комитет секретно корреспонденции, Секретный комитет создавались в военный период и рассматривались лишь как органы, обеспечивающие поддержку (в первую очередь информационную) военным операциям против англичан. В мирной организации вновь созданного федеративного государства им не нашлось места.
658
См., например: Zacharias Е., Secret Missions. The Story of an Intelligence Officer, New York, 1946, P. 11-17.
659
Franklin D. Roosvelt to Agency Heads, June 26 1939, U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Final Report, Book III.– Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1976.– P.403 .
660
Речь идет в первую очередь о должности Информационного координатора (Coordinator of Information).См.: 3CFR, Compilation 1938-1943, Wash., 1968, P.1324.
661
Federal Records of World War II, Vol. I, Wash., 1950, P. 223.
662
Реформа, проведенная на основе Закона о национальной безопасности 1947 года. См.: National Security Act of 1947, July 26, 1947, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 495.
663
Ibid.
664
National Security Act of 1947, July 26, 1947, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 495.
665
U.S. Commission on Organization of Executive Branch of Government, GPO. 1955.
666
Следует уточнить, что в данном контексте имеются в виду изменения, касающиеся американской разведки. Поправки, связанные с министерством обороны США в Закон о национальной безопасности США вносились достаточно регулярно. См., например: Act of May 25, 1948, ch. 335, Sec. 1, 62 Stat. 266; Act of Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, Sec. 12(a), 63 Stat. 591; Act of Aug. 8, 1950, ch.645, Sec. 4, 64 Stat. 419; Act of June 3, 1954, ch. 254, 68 Stat. 170.
667
Executive Order № 11905, Feb. 18, 1976, 41 F.R. 7703.
668
Executive Order № 12036, Jan. 24, 1978, 43 F.R. 3674.
669
См.: Executive Order № 12333, Dec. 4, 1981, 46 F.R. 59941.
670
Ibid., Part 1. Goals, Direction, Duties, and Responsibilities With Respect to the National Intelligence Effort, Sec.1.8 – 1.14.
671
См.: Intelligence Organization Act of 1992, Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102-496, title VII, Sec. 704, 106 Stat. 3189
672
См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102-496, 106 Stat. 3189
673
См.: National Security Act of 1947, July 26, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 495, as amended.
674
См.: Public Law 102-496, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3180, Sec. 701.
675
Право президента учреждать необходимые ему исполнительные органы и назначать должностных лиц, необходимых ему для реализации своих конституционных полномочий, неоднократно подтверждалось Верховным Судом США. См., например: Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 109-143 (1976).
676
См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997, Pub. L. 103-359, title V, Sec. 501(a)(1), Oct. 14, 1994, 108 Stat. 3428)
677
См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997, Pub. L. 104-293, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3477
678
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency.
679
См.: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004, Pub. L. 108-136, Sec. 921 of title XI , Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1569.
680
См.: Pub. L. 107-108, title I, Sec. 105, Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1397.
681
См.: Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. 107-296, Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2135.
682
См.: Pub. L. 107-296, , title II, Sec. 201(h), Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2150.
683
См.: Pub. L 102-496, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3180, Sec. 701.
684
См., например: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997, Pub. L. 104-293, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3462.
685
См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004, Pub. L. 108-177, Dec. 13, 2003, 117 Stat. 2601.
686
Pub. L. 108–458, title I, §1073, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3693.
687
Структура разведывательного сообщества США приведена на электронном ресурсе Службы директора национальной разведки. : [сайт]. URL: .http://www.dni.gov/index.php/intelligence-community/members-of-the-ic#usaf (дата обращения: 15.07.2013)
688
Pub. L. 111–259, title IV, §441, Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2732.
689
Pub. L. 102–496, title VII, §702, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3188.
690
Memorandum of President of the United States, Apr. 21, 2005, 70 F.R. 23925
691
См.: Pub. L. 108-458, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3656.
692
См.: Pub. L. 102-496, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3180, Sec. 701.
693
См.: Pub. L. 108-458, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3656. В 2010 году эта норма была отменена, ныне закон содержит лишь общее требование о размещении штаб-квартиры Службы директора в Вашингтоне. Pub. L. 111-259, Sec. 403, Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2709.
694
Pub. L. 108–458, title I, §1011(a), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3655.
695
National Security Act of 1947, sec. 102(3)(С).
696
Pub. L. 113–293, title III, §303(a), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3994.
697
Act of Apr. 4, 1953, ch. 16, 67 Stat. 19.
698
Pub. L. 108–458, title I, §1011(a), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3656.
699
См.: Johnson Loch K, Strategic Intelligence : Understanding the Hidden Side of Government Westport, Conn. : Praeger Security International, 2007. P. 229.
700
Central Intelligence Agency, A Consumer's Guide to Intelligence, OPAI 93-00092, September 1993, P. 24.
701
Central Intelligence Agency A Consumer's Guide to Intelligence, OPAI 93-00092, September 1993, P. 24.
702
Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, Pub. L. 102-496, title VII, Sec. 705(a)(3), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3190.
703
Counterintelligence Enhancement Act of 2002, Pub. L. 107–306, title IX, §902, Nov. 27, 2002, 116 Stat. 2432
704
Pub. L. 115–31, div. N, title IV, §401(b)(1)–(5), May 5, 2017, 131 Stat. 817, 818.
705
Pub. L. 108–458, title I, §1011(a), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3656.
706
Pub. L. 108–487, title III, §303(a)(1), Dec. 23, 2004,118 Stat. 3944.
707
Pub. L. 111–259, title IV, §404, Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2709.
708
См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, Pub. L. 111-259, title IV, Sec. 405(a)(1), Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2709.
709
См.: Inspector General Act of 1978, Pub. L 95-452, Oct.12 1978, 92 Stat. 1101.
710
См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1995, Pub. L. 103-359, title VI, Sec. 402, Oct. 14, 1994, 108 Stat. 3423.
711
См.: Pub. L. 100-453, title V, Sec. 504, Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 1910.
712
Office of Inspector General Law Enforcement Act of 1990.
713
См.: Inspector General Reform Act of 2008, Pub. L. 103-359, Oct.14 2008, 122 Stat. 4302.
714
См.: Pub. L. 111-259, title IV, Sec. 405(a)(1), Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2709.
715
Pub. L. 108–458, title I, §1021, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3672
716
Pub. L. 111–259, title IV, §406(a), Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2720.
717
Pub. L. 113–126, title III, §305(a), July 7, 2014, 128 Stat. 1395.
718
Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, Pub. L. 102-496, title VII, Sec. 705(a)(3), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3190.
719
Pub. L. 108–458, title I, §1011(a), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3655.
720
Public Law 99-433. Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act.
721
NSC Intelligence Directive, No. 9, of July 1, 1948.
722
Joint Chiefs of Staff Directive № 2010 of May 20, 1949.
723
National Security Council Intelligence Directive 9, October 24, 1952.
724
US Senate Select Committee on Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence. Book I, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, 26 April 1976, P. 325-355.
725
US Senate Select Committee on Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence. Book I, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, 26 April 1976, P. 325-355.
726
House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, "Intelligence Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1992," 102d Congress, 1st Session, Report 102-65, Part 1, 15 May 1991, P. 6-7.
727
DNI Announces the Declassification of the Existence of Collection Activities Authorized by President George W. Bush Shortly After the Attacks of September 11, 2001. [сайт]. URL: http://icontherecord.tumblr.com/post/70683717031/dni-announces-the-declassification-of-the (дата обращения: 13.07.2014).
728
См.: Letter from Attorney-General Alberto Gonzales to Senators Patrick Leahyand Arlen Specter. [сайт]. URL: http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/politics/20060117gonzales_Letter.pdf. (дата обращения: 25.09.2013).
729
См.: Gellman, Barton & Poitras, Laura "US Intelligence Mining Data from Nine U.S. Internet Companies in Broad Secret Program". The Washington Post. June 6, 2013.
730
См.: Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board. Report on the Surveillance Program Operated Pursuant to Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance. [сайт]. URL: http://www.pclob.gov/All%20Documents/Report%20on%20the%20Section%20702%20Program/PCLOB-Section-702-Report-PRE-RELEASE.pdf (дата обращения: 13.07.2014).
731
Protect America Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110-55, Aug. 5, 2007, 121 Stat. 552.
732
An Act to provide certain administrative authorities for the National Security Agency, and for other purposes, Pub. L. 86–36, §6, May 29, 1959, 73 Stat. 64.
733
Richelson Jeffrey The U.S. Intelligence Community, Ballinger, Cambridge, 1989; Bamford James The Puzzle Palace, Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, 1982; Gertz Bill Electronic Spying Reoriented at NSA, The Washington Times, 27 January 1992; More Changes at NSA, Federal Computer Week, 22 August 1994, P. 4.
734
House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, "Intelligence Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1992," 102d Congress, 1st Session, Report 102-65, Part 1, 15 May 1991; US Senate Select Committee on Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence – Book I, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, 26 April 1976, P. 325-355; Final Report on the Verification Inspection of the National Security Agency Inspector General Department of Defense Report No. IR96-03 – February 13, 1996.
735
Pub. L. 111–259, title IV, §433, Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2732.
736
Department of Defense Directive № 5100.20, 23 December 1971, "The National Security Agency and the Central Security Service,"
737
More Changes at NSA, Federal Computer Week, 22 August 1994, TheWeek.com: The NSA's secret org chart, September 15, 2013.
738
См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102-496, 106 Stat. 3189
739
См.: Intelligence Organization Act of 1992, Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102-496, 106 Stat. 3189.
740
Richelson Jeffrey, The U.S. Intelligence Community, Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge Massachusetts, 1989. P. 27-29.
741
Richelson Jeffrey, The U.S. Intelligence Community, Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge Massachusetts, 1989. P. 29.
742
US Senate Select Committee on Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence – Book I, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, 26 April 1976. P.117-119.
743
Richelson Jeffrey, The U.S. Intelligence Community, Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge Massachusetts, 1989. P. 27-29.
744
Cover letter from Defense Secretary Richard Cheney and Director of Central Intelligence William Webster, 26 February 1990, National Reconnaissance Office, "Report to the Secretary of Defense and Director of Central Intelligence Regarding NRO Restructure," 8 January 1990, declassified and released at the 10 August 1994. NRO Westfields Project Senate Intelligence Committee hearing.
745
Senate Supplement to Report No. 101-78, 1989, abstracted in: Director of Central Intelligence, "NRO Westfields Facility", released at the 10 August 1994 NRO Westfields Project Senate Intelligence Committee hearing.
746
Cover letter from Defense Secretary Richard Cheney and Director of Central Intelligence William Webster, 26 February 1990, National Reconnaissance Office, "Report to the Secretary of Defense and Director of Central Intelligence Regarding NRO Restructure," 8 January 1990, declassified and released at the 10 August 1994 NRO Westfields Project Senate Intelligence Committee hearing.
747
Faga Martin C. Director, NRO, "Letter to David Boren, Chairman Senate Select Committee on Intelligence," 16 October 1992, abstracted in: Director of Central Intelligence, "NRO Westfields Facility", released at the 10 August 1994 NRO Westfields Project Senate Intelligence Committee hearing.
748
Gates Robert, Remarks to the Association of Former Intelligence Officers, Boston, MA, 14 November 1992.
749
Kiernan Vincent, NRO Streamlines to Cut Intelligence Bureaucracy, Space News, 7 December 1992, P. 1, 29.
750
National Reconnaissance Office, "Report to the Secretary of Defense and Director of Central Intelligence Regarding NRO Restructure," 8 January 1990. P. 42-45, released at the 10 August 1994 NRO Westfields Project Senate Intelligence Committee hearing.
751
Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Question for the Record, Fiscal Year 1993, Question 4, 19 May 1992, abstracted in: Director of Central Intelligence, "NRO Westfields Facility, released at the 10 August 1994 NRO Westfields Project Senate Intelligence Committee hearing.
752
Pub. L. 113–126, title IV, §411(a), July 7, 2014, 128 Stat. 1409.
753
Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title IX, §921(a), (g), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1568, 1570.
754
DoD Directive 5105.40
755
Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the U.S. Intelligence Community, Chapter 11. Space Reconnaissance and the Management of Technical Collection, Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1996.
756
Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the U.S. Intelligence Community, Space Reconnaissance and the Management of Technical Collection, Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1996. P.387.
757
Pub. L. 104-201, Section 1111-1118 of title XI of div. A, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2678.Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1997.
758
Pub. L. 104-201, div. A, title XI, Sec. 1112(a)(2), Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2678.
759
Pub. L. 108–136, div. A, title IX, §921(a), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1568.
760
Office of Inspector General, Commercial Office, Office of General Counsel.
761
Operational Directorate (Imagery Analysis Office, Customer Support Office, Information Services & Training Office, Central Imagery Tasking Office, Geospatial Information & Services Office).
762
Systems and Technology Directorate (Systems Office, Technology Office, Architecture & Requirements Office).
763
Corporate Affairs Directorate (Procurement & Contracts Office, National Imagery & Geospatial Policy Office, Human Resources Office, Mission Support Office, Congressional Affairs & Public Liaison Office, Plan, Programs & Analisis Office, Chief Financial Executive ).
764
David Colley "Shadow Warriors": Intelligence Operatives Waged Clandestine Cold War, Veterans of Foreign Wars Magazine, September 1997, P.24.
765
McCullough, Amy, "ISR Agency Becomes 25th Air Force", Air Force Magazine: Journal of the Air Force Association, November 2014, Volume 97 No. 11, P. 22
766
A Brief History of Headquarters Marine Corps Staff Organization. Historical Division Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps, Washington D.C. 1970. Р.11,12.
767
Tactical intelligence and related activities: Report from the director of intelligence MajGen Harry W. Jenkins, Jr. Assistant Chief of Staff for Command and Control, Communications, Computer, and Intelligence. Р.3.
768
General Order № 292// General Orders and Circulars Issued by the Navy Department From 1863 to 1887. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1887. P. 208.
769
Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110–53, title V, §502(а)(9), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 310.
770
Pub. L. 107-296, Sec. 307 (c)(2), Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2168.
771
В настоящее время упразднен. Вместо него созданы две самостоятельные службы: Служба разведки и анализа министерства внутренней безопасности (The Office of Intelligence and Analysis of the Department of Homeland Security) и Служба защиты инфраструктуры (Office Of Infrastructure Protection) Pub. L. 110–53, title V, §§501(a)(2)(A), (b), 531(a), title X, §1002(a), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 309, 332, 374.
772
Pub. L. 107-296, Sec. 307 (c)(2), Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2168.
773
См.: Executive Order № 13228, Oct. 9, 2001.
774
Pub. L. 107–296, title II, §201(h), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2149
775
Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110–53, title V, §502(а)(9), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 310.
776
Pub. L. 110–53, title V, §§501(a)(2)(A), (b), 531(a), title X, §1002(a), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 309, 332, 374.
777
Pub. L. 112–87, §431. Pub. L. 112–87, title IV, §431, Jan. 3,2012, 125 Stat. 1894.
778
Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013, Pub. L. 112–277, title V, §501, Jan. 14, 2013, 126 Stat. 2476.
779
См.: Pub. L. 107-108, title I, Sec. 105, Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1397.
780
См.: Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. 107-296, Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2135.
781
См.: Pub. L. 107-296, , title II, Sec. 201(h), Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2150.
782
An Act to create the Coast Guard by combining therein the existing Life-Saving Service and Revenue-Cutter Service, Jan. 28, 1915, 38 Stat. 800.
783
Ottenberg, Miriam. The Federal Investigators. Englewood Cliffs,
Prentice-Hall, 1962.P.138.
784
An Act to regulate enlistments and punishments in the United States Revenue-Cutter Service, May 26, 1906, 38 Stat. 201.
785
Ottenberg Miriam. The Federal Investigators. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, 1962. P.136-137.
786
An act to define the jurisdiction of the Coast Guard, June 22, 1936, 49 Stat. 1865.
787
Supplementary Reports on Intelligence Activities. Book VI. Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Apr. 23, 1976. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington: 1976. P. 227.
788
An act to amend and clarify certain Acts pertaining to the Coast Guard, and for other purposes, July 11, 1941, 55 Stat. 585.
789
Department of Transportation Act, Pub. L. 89–670, §6(b)(1), Oct. 15, 1966, 80 Stat. 938.
790
Pub. L. 107–295, title III, §301, Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2102
791
Вторая адмиральская должность была введена в Береговой охране сравнительно недавно. См.: Pub. L. 114–120, title II, §201(a), Feb. 8, 2016, 130 Stat. 33.
792
Pub. L. 113–126, title III, §312, July 7, 2014, 128 Stat. 1399.
793
Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, Pub. L. 111–259, title IV, §441, Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2732.
794
An Assessment of the Aldrich H. Ames Espionage Case and its Implications for US Intelligence, Hearings Before the Selective Committee on Intelligence of the U.S. Senate, 100th Congress, 2nd Session. Washington: Governmental Printing Office1994. -P.66.
795
Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1995, sec. 811.
796
Под разведкой в законе понимается внешняя разведка и контрразведка. См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, Oct. 24, 1992, Pub. L. 102-496, 106 Stat. 3189.
797
Executive Order № 12333, sec. 1.3 (20)(A), Dec. 4, 1981, 46 F.R. 59941.
798
См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2004, Pub. L. 108-177, Dec. 13, 2003, 117 Stat. 2601.
799
Pub. L. 111–259, title IV, §441, Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2732.
800
An Act Making appropriations for the legislative, executive, and judicial expenses of the Government for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and seventeen, and for other purposes, May 10, 1916, 39 Stat., Ch. 117, 87.
801
An Act To provide for the registration of, with collectors of internal revenue, and to impose a special tax upon all persons who produce, import, manufacture, compound, deal in, dispense, sell, distribute, or give away opium or coca leaves, their salts, derivatives, or preparations, and for other purposes, Dec. 17, 1914, 38 Stat., Ch. 1, 785.
802
An Act To create a Bureau of Customs and a Bureau of Prohibition in the Department of the Treasury, March 3, 1927, 44 Stat., Ch. 348, 1381.
803
В 1984 году Конгресс трансформировал все президентские планы реорганизации, имевшие место до 19 октября 1984 года, в федеральные законы. Pub. L. 98–532, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2705.
804
Reorganization Plan № 2 of 1973, July 1, 1973, 38 F.R. 15932, 87 Stat. 1091, as amended Pub. L. 93–253, §1, Mar. 16, 1974, 88 Stat. 50.
805
Intelligence program, Research, Engineering and Technical Operations program, Drug and Chemical Diversion Control program.
806
National Security Act of 1947, July 26, 1947, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 495.
807
Bowen Walter S. & Neal Harry Edward The United States Secret Service, Philadelphia and New York: Chilton Company. 1960, P. 13.
808
Executive Order № 12333 of 4 December 1981.
809
Pub. L. 108–177, title I, §105(d)(1), Dec. 13, 2003, 117 Stat. 2603.
810
Transportation, Treasury, Independent Agencies, and General Government Appropriations Act, 2005, Pub. L.
108–447, div. H, title II, §222(b)(1), Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 3245.
811
Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977, Pub. L. 95-91, 91 Stat. 565, Aug. 4, 1977.
812
National Security Council Intelligence Directive № 1 of December 12 1947.
813
The Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, Pub. L. 93-438, 88 Stat. 1233, Oct. 11, 1974.
814
Department of Energy Organization Act.
815
Department of Energy Order № 5670.3
816
Ibidem.
817
Order № 5670.3 § 8а.
818
Presidential Decision Directive № 61
819
Order № 5670.3 § 8b.
820
Order № 5670.3 § 7с.
821
Pub. L. 106–65, div. C, title XXXII, §3232, Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 960.
822
President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, Foreword, Science At Its Best/Security At Its Worst, June 1999, P. I-II.
823
Cumming А. Intelligence Reform at the Department of Energy: Policy Issues and Organizational Alternatives, September 25, 2009.
824
Pub. L. 111–84, div. C, title XXXI, §3121, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2710.
825
Pub. L. 109–364, div. C, title XXXI, §3117(a)(2)(C), (c), Oct. 17, 2006, 120 Stat. 2507, 2508
826
См., например: An act providing the means of intercourse between the United States and foreign nations, June 1, 1796, ch. 41, 1 Stat.493.
827
См.: Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, 1845-1846 Friday, April 10, 1846. Washington: Printed by Ritchie & Heiss, 1846 P.657.
828
Подобное положения неоднократно подтверждалось в решениях Верховного Суда США, см, например.: Chicago & S. Airlines v. Waterman S.S. Corp., 333 U.S. 103 (1948).
829
См.: The Constitution of the United States, Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. Art. II, sec. 2. Цит. по: Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1702.
830
См.: Chicago & S. Airlines v. Waterman S.S. Corp., 333 U.S. 103 (1948).
831
См.: Hayburn,s Case, 2 Dall. (2 U.S.) 409 (1792).
832
См.: Wilcox v. McConnel, 13 Pet. (38 U.S.) 498, 513 (1839).
833
См.: United States v. Eliason, 16 Pet. (41 U.S.) 291 (1842), Wilcox v. McConnel, 13 Pet. (38 U.S.) 498, 513 (1839), Williams v. United States, 1 How. (42 U.S.) 290, 297 (1843).
834
См.: 1 How. (42 U.S.), 297-298.
835
См.: 38 Ops. Atty. Gen. 457, 458 (1936).
836
См.: Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 109-143 (1976).
837
Накануне и в ходе Второй мировой войны подобным образом неоднократно поступал президент Франклин Д. Рузвельт. См., напрмиер: Stevenson W. A man called interpid. N.Y. 1976, P. 69.
838
См.: Intelligence Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1991, Pub. L. 102-88, Aug. 14, 1991, 105 Stat. 442.
839
См.: National Security Act of 1947, Pub. L. 102-88, title V, Sec. 503(a).
840
См.: Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 109-143 (1976).
841
См.: Executive Order № 10656, Feb. 8, 1956, 21 Fed. Reg. 859.
842
См.: Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government, A Report to the Congress, Intelligence Activities, June 1955, GPO. 1955.
843
Executive Order № 10938, May 6, 1961, 26 Fed. Reg. 3951.
844
Executive Order №. 13462, Feb. 29, 2008, 73 Fed. Reg. 11805, as amended by Executive Order № 13516, §1, Oct. 28, 2009, 74 Fed. Reg. 56521, 57241.
845
См.: Executive Order № 11460, March 22, 1969, 34 Fed. Reg. 5535.
846
См.: Executive Order № 11984, May 6, 1977, 42 Fed. Reg. 23129.
847
См.: Executive Order № 12334, Dec. 4, 1981, 46 Fed. Reg. 59955.
848
См.: Executive Order № 13462, Feb. 29, 2008, 73 Fed. Reg. 11805.
849
См.: Executive Order № 13516, §1, Oct. 28, 2009, 74 Fed. Reg. 56521, 57241
850
См.: National Security Act of 1947, title I, Sec. 101, July 26, 1947, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 496.
851
См.: United States v. Eliason, 16 Pet. (41 U.S.) 291 (1842).
852
См.: Sec. 101(b), 61 Stat. 496.
853
См.: Executive Order № 12333, Section 1.2(a), Dec. 4, 1981, 46 Fed. Reg. 59941.
854
См.: National Security Act of 1947, July 26, 1947, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 496.
855
См.: Act of Aug. 10, 1949, ch. 412, Sec. 3, 63 Stat. 579.
856
Кроме названных лиц в Законе о национальной безопасности 1947 года упоминаются также: Директор по взаимной безопасности (Director for Mutual Security) и Председатель Комитета по ресурсам национальной безопасности (Chairman of the National Security Resources Board). Однако, указанные должности были упразднены на основании различных Планов реорганизации. См.: Reorg. Plan No. 7 of 1953, eff. Aug. 1, 1953, 18 Fed. Reg. 4541; Reorg. Plan No. 3 of 1953, eff. June 12, 1953, 18 Fed. Reg. 3375, 67 Stat. 634; Reorg. Plan No. 6 of 1953, eff. June 30, 1953, 18 Fed. Reg. 3743, 67 Stat. 638.
857
Pub. L. 115–44, title II, §274(a), Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 938.
858
См.: National Security Act of 1947, title I, Sec. 101(а)(7), July 26, 1947, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 496.
859
National Security Presidential Memorandum №4. Organization of the National Security Council, the Homeland Security Council, and Subcommittees, Apr. 4, 2017, 82 F.R. 16881.
860
Executive Order № 11905, Feb. 18, 1976, 41 Fed. Reg. 7703.
861
Executive Order № 12036, Jan. 24, 1978, 43 Fed. Reg. 3674.
862
Executive Order № 12333, Dec. 4, 1981, 46 Fed. Reg. 59941.
863
См.: National Security Presidential Directive № 1 of Feb.13 2001.
864
См.: Executive Order № 13228, Oct. 9, 2001, 66 Fed. Reg. 51812, sec.5(а).
865
См.: National Security Act of 1947, ch. 343, title I, Sec. 101(a), 61 Stat. 496.
866
См.: Executive Order № 13228, Oct. 9, 2001, 66 Fed. Reg. 51812, sec.2-3.
867
См.: Homeland Security Presidential Directive № 1 of October 29, 2001.
868
См.: Homeland Security Presidential Directive № 1 of October 29, 2001, sec. D.
869
Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L. 107-296, Nov. 25, 116 Stat. 2135.
870
"There is established within the Executive Office of the President a council to be known as the ‘‘Homeland Security Council…". См.: Homeland Security Act of 2002, Title IX – National Homeland Security Council, Sec. 901
871
"…The function of the Council shall be to advise the President on homeland security matters". Ibid., Sec. 901
872
Presidential Study Directive № 1 of February 23 2009.
873
National Security Presidential Memorandum № 2, Jan. 28, 2017, 82 F.R. 9119.
874
National Security Presidential Memorandum № 4, Apr. 4, 2017, 82 F.R. 16881
875
Executive Order № 11905 of 18 Feb. 1976.
876
Public Law 102-496, Title VII.
877
См.: Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, Public Law 108-458, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3638.
878
Если рассматривать период до 1949 года, то справедливо говорить о двух самостоятельных министерствах: военном и военно-морском министерстве.
879
См.:Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act, Pub. L. 99-433, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 994.
880
См.:Act of July 26, 1947, ch. 343, Sec. 201(a); Pub. L. 87-651, title II, Sec. 202, Sept. 7, 1962, 76 Stat. 517, Sec. 131; Pub. L. 99-433, title I, Sec. 101(a)(2), (b), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 994, 995.
881
См.:Pub. L. 99-433, title I, Secs. 101(a)(2), 102, 110(b)(2), (d)(2), title III, Sec. 301(b)(2), title VI, Sec. 603(b), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 994, 996, 1002, 1022, 1075
882
См.: Pub. L. 99-433, title II, Sec. 201, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1007.
883
Pub. L. 99-433, title II, Sec. 211(a), Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1013.
884
С учетом поправок, внесенных на основании Закона Боба Стампа о полномочиях национальной обороны на 2003 финансовый год. См.: Bob Stump National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003, Pub. L. 107-314, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2457.
885
См.: Pub. L. 107-314, div. A, title IX, Sec. 901(a)(2), Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2619.
886
См.: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003, Pub. L. 108-136, div. A, title IX, Sec. 923(c)(1), Nov. 24, 2003, 117 Stat. 1575.
887
См.: Department of Defense Directive № 5148.11 September 20, 2010.: [сайт]. URL: .http://atsdio.defense.gov.(дата обращения: 15.07.2013).
888
См.: Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act, Pub. L. 99-433, title II, Sec. 201, Oct. 1, 1986, 100 Stat. 1005
889
См.: Department of Defense Directive № 5105.21, sec.E3, March 18, 2008
890
См.: Joint and National Intelligence Support to Military Operations/ JCS Joint Publication 2-01, 05 January 2012. P.12.
891
См.: Executive Order № 11905, sec. 2 (d), Feb. 18, 1976, 41 Fed. Reg. 7703.
892
См.: Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108-458, sec.1074, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3638.
893
House Armed Services Committee, Defense Authorization Report for 1994/1995 Fiscal Year.
894
См.: Pub. L. 111-259, Sec. 804(2)(B)(i), Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2747.
895
Woodward Bob Veil – The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981-1987, Simon and Schuster, N.Y. 1987. P.64.
896
Webster William Remarks before the Council on Foreign Relations, Washington DC,12 December 1988, cited in Alfred Prados, Intelligence Budgets: Contents and Releasability, Congressional Research Service, CDS 89-465F, 2 August 1989, – P.-23.
897
Central Intelligence Agency, Symposium on the Teaching of Intelligence – October 1-2, 1993, Washington, DC, Central Intelligence Agency Center for the Study of Intelligence, April 1994, CSI 94-001, -P.– 16.
898
Omand, Joanne, Administration Mobilizes To Direct Aid to Rebels, The Washington Post,
13 July 1986, PP. – A1, A16.
899
Harrison, Selig, Afghanistan: Soviet Intervention, Afghan Resistance, and the American Role, in
Michael Klare and Peter Kornbluh, editors, Low Intensity Warfare, (New York, Pantheon, 1989),
P.– 200.
900
[сайт]. URL: http://www.fas.org/irp/budget/index.html#1 (дата обращения: 25.04.2014)
901
См.: Preparing for the 21st Century: An Appraisal of U.S. Intelligence, Chapter 13 – The Cost of Intelligence, March 1, 1996, Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1996.
902
[сайт]. URL: http://www.fas.org/irp/budget/index.html#1 (дата обращения: 25.04.2014)
903
См.: Budget Control Act of 2011, Pub. L. 112-25, Aug. 2, 2011, 125 Stat. 240.
904
[сайт]. URL: http://www.fas.org/irp/budget/index.html?PHPSESSID=70809e6b347db 7b2122df1ef24d743e0. (дата обращения: 15.06.2018)
905
См., например: Intelligence Community Directive № 104 of April 30, 2013б NIP Budget Formulation, Execution, and Performance Evaluation. [сайт]. URL: http:// www.dni.gov/files/documents/ICD/ICD%20104.pdf (дата обращения: 25.04.2014).
906
См., например: General Order 80, War Department, August 26, 1918.
907
См., например: Franklin D. Roosevelt to Agency Heads, June 26 1939, U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Final Report, Book III. Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1976.– P.403; National Intelligence Authority Directive №. 1, National Archives and Records Administration, RG 59, Records of the Department of State, Records of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research: Lot 62 D 42, IAC.
908
См.: 61 Stat. 495.
909
См.: National Security Act of 1947, 61 Stat. 495. (50 US Code 401 et seq.).
910
См., например: National Security Council Intelligence Directive № 4 (National Intelligence Objectives), Dec. 12, 1947; National Security Council Intelligence Directive № 5 (Espionage and Counterespionage Operations), Dec. 12, 1947; National Security Action Memorandums № 277, Jan.30, 1964 (Review of Early Warning Procedures for Anticipating Foreign Crises), National Archives and Records Administration, RG 59, Records of the Department of State, Records of the Executive Secretariat, NSC Files: Lot 66 D 95, NSCIDs.
911
См.: Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Sec. 801(d), Pub. L. 90-351, June 9 , 82 Stat. 196.
912
См.: Freedom of Information Act: Pub. L. 90-23, June 5 1967, 81 Stat. 54; Pub. L. 89-487, July 4 1966, 80 Stat. 250; Pub. L. 93-502, Nov. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 1561.
913
См., например: Intelligence Identities Protection Act of 1982, Pub. L. 97-200, Sec. 1, June 23, 1982, 96 Stat. 122.
914
См., например: United States et al. v. Richardson, 418 U.S. 166 (1974); Snepp v. United States, 444 U.S. 507 (1980).
915
См.: An Act to regulate radio communication, August 13, 1912, sec.4 (Secrecy Of Messages), 37 Stat. 302.
916
См.: Marron v. United States, 275 U.S. 192 (1927); Go-Bart Importing Co. v. United States, 282 U.S. 344 (1931); United States v. Lefkowitz, 285 U.S. 452 (1932).
917
См.: The Constitution of the United States, Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. Article IV. Цит. по: Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1703.
918
Communication Act of July 19 1934, 48 Stat. 1064.
919
Ни Закон о коммуникациях 1934 года, ни другие законодательные акты этого периода не уточняют, какие суды вправе выдавать подобные разрешения. См.: Communication Act of July 19 1934, ch. 652, title VI, sec.605, 48 Stat. 1103.
920
См.: Nardone v. United States, 302 US 379 (1937).
921
Впрочем, в вопросе о допустимости принятия в качестве доказательств информации, добытой без судебной санкции, Верховный Суд занимал непоследовательную позицию. В деле Weiss v. US, 308 US 321 (1939) Верховный Суд отказался принять доказательства добытые без санкции суда.
922
См.: H.R. 2266, To Authorize Wiretapping, Bill relating: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Crime of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 76th Congress, 2nd Session. Washington: Governmental Printing Office, 1941. P.17-22.
923
См.: Communication Act of July 19 1934, ch. 652, title VI, sec.606, 48 Stat. 1103.
924
См.: Internal Security Act of Sept. 23, 1950, Ch.1024, sec.1(9), 64 Stat.988.
925
См.: Pennsylvania v. Nelson, 350 U.S. 479 (1956), 504-505.
926
См.: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, Book III, P. 20-21.
927
См.: Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Pub. L. 90-351, June 9 , 82 Stat. 197.
928
Под проводными средствами коммуникации в законе понимаются кабельные проводные и другие им подобные соединения.
929
См.: Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Sec. 801(d).
930
См.: Pub. L. 90-351.
931
Ibidem.
932
См.: United States v. United States District Court 407 U.S. 297(1972). В этом судебном деле правительство США выступает истцом по отношению к районному федеральному суду США. Подобные дела обычно получают свое название по имени судьи, чье решение обжалуется в вышестоящей судебной инстанции (в данном случае судья Keith).
933
См.: United States v. United States District Court 407 U.S. 297(1972).
934
См.: Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Sec. 801(d), Pub. L. 90-351, June 9 , 82 Stat. 196.
935
См.: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95-511, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1783.
936
См.: United States v. United States District Court 407 U.S. 297(1972).
937
См.: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95-511, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1787.
938
См.: Pub. L. 95-511, 92 Stat. 1788, 50 US Code, Sec. 1803.
939
См.: Pub. L. 95-511, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1787.
940
См.: Pub. L. 95-511, 92 Stat. 1788, 50 US Code, Sec. 1803.
941
См.: Pub. L. 95-511, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1787.
942
См.: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, Sec. 102, Pub. L. 95-511, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1790.
943
См.: Pub. L. 90-351.
944
См.: Pub. L. 95-511.
945
См.: Pub. L. 104-293, title III, Sec. 309, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3467.
946
См.: Pub. L. 104-293, title III, Sec. 309, Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3467.
947
Ibid.. Sec.309.
948
См.: Freedom of Information Act of 1966, Pub. L. 89-487, July 4 1966, 80 Stat. 250.
949
См.: The Administrative Procedure Act of 1946, 60 Stat. 238.
950
См.: Pub. L. 89-487, July 4 1966, 80 Stat. 250.
951
См.: Pub. L. 89-487, July 4 1966, 80 Stat. 250.
952
См.: Freedom of Information Act of 1967, Pub. L. 90-23, June 5 1967, 81 Stat. 54.
953
См.: Pub. L. 90-23.
954
. См., например: Archibald Cox Reflection upon Watergate. Brandies University, 1974, P. 37.
955
См.: Freedom of Information Act of 1974, Pub. L. 93-502, Nov. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 1561.
956
См.: Pub. L. 93-502, Nov. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 1561.
957
См.: Ungar, Sanford J. FBI : An Uncensored Look Behind the Walls. -Boston: Toronto, 1976. -568 P.
958
См., например: Pub. L. 94-409, Sec. 5(b), Sept. 13, 1976, 90 Stat. 1247; Pub. L. 95-454, title IX, Sec. 906(a)(10), Oct. 13, 1978, 92 Stat. 1225.
959
См.: Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments of 1996, Pub. L. 104-231, Oct. 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 3049.
960
См.: Executive Order № 13233, Nov. 1, 2001, 66 Fed. Reg. 56025.
961
См.: Executive Order № 12667, Jan. 16, 1989, 54 Fed. Reg. 3403.
962
См.: Executive Order № 13489, Jan. 26, 2009, 74 Fed. Reg. 4669.
963
См.: Pub. L. 110-175, Dec. 31, 2007, 121 Stat. 2524.
964
Ibid., sec.7.
965
Office of Government Information Services
966
Chief FOIA Officer
967
См.: Pub. L. 110-175, Sec. 10, Dec. 31, 2007, 121 Stat. 2529.
968
См., например: Pub. L. 98-620, title IV, Sec. 402(2), Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3357; Pub. L. 99-570, title I, Sec. 1802, 1803, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207-48, 3207-49; Pub. L. 104-231, Sec. 3-11, Oct. 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 3049-3054; Pub. L. 107-306, title III, Sec. 312, Nov. 27, 2002, 116 Stat. 2390; Pub. L. 110-175, Sec. 3, 4(a), 5, 6(a)(1), (b)(1), 7(a), 8-10(a), 12, Dec. 31, 2007, 121 Stat. 2525-2530; Pub. L. 111-83, title V, Sec. 564(b), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2184.
969
См., например: Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government, A Report to the Congress, Intelligence Activities, June 1955; U.S., Commission on the Organization of the Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policy, Report, June 1975.
970
См., например: Nardone v. United States, 302 US 379 (1937);United States v. United States District Court 407 U.S. 297(1972).
971
См., например: Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Pub. L. 90-351, June 9 , sec. 2511(3).
972
См.: Privacy Act of 1974, Pub. L. 93-579, Dec.31, 1974, 88 Stat. 1896.
973
Ibid., P.1899.
974
См.: Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100-503, Oct. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 2507.
975
Data Integrity Board.
976
См.: Pub. L. 100-503, Secs. 2-6(a), 7, 8, Oct. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 2507-2514.
977
См.: Intelligence Identities Protection Act of 1982, Pub. L.97-200, Sec. 2(a), June 23, 1982, 96 Stat. 122.
978
См.: Pub. L. 97-200.
979
См.: Intelligence Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2010, Pub. L. 111-259, title III, Sec. 363(a), Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2701.
980
В оригинальном варианте закона редакции 1982 года – до 10 лет тюремного заключения. См.: Pub. L. 97-200, Sec. 2(a), June 23, 1982, 96 Stat. 122.
981
См.: Pub. L. 97-200, June 23, 1982, 96 Stat. 122.
982
См.: Pub. L. 97-200, Sec. 2(a), June 23, 1982, 96 Stat. 122.
983
Ibid., Sec. 2(a).
984
См.: Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Sec. 801(d), Pub. L. 90-351, June 9 , 82 Stat. 196.
985
См.: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, Sec. 102, Pub. L. 95-511, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1790.
986
См.: Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act of 1994, Pub. L. 103-414.
987
Четвертая поправка Конституции США. См.: The Constitution of the United States, Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America. Article IV. Цит. по: Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1703.
988
См.: Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act of 1994, Title I, Sec. 110, Pub. L. 103-414.
989
Дополнительно пятьсот миллионов долларов (на 1995-1996 годы) Конгресс выделил из бюджета на покрытие расходов телекоммуникационных фирм. См.: Pub. L. 103-414, Title I, Sec. 110.
990
См.: Executive Order № 12333, Dec. 4, 1981, 46 F.R. 59941.
991
Дважды (в 1994 и 1998 годах) в Закон о наблюдении за иностранными разведками 1978 года вносились достаточно существенные дополнения, не менявшие, тем не менее, саму концепцию закона. См.: added Pub. L. 103-359, title VIII, Sec. 807(a)(3), Oct. 14, 1994, 108 Stat. 3443; Pub. L. 105-272, title VI, Sec. 601(2), Oct. 20, 1998, 112 Stat. 2404.
992
Как пример можно привести резонансные события сентября 1918 года, связанные со взрывом террористами бомбы в здании Федерального Правительства в Чикаго. См.: Report and Hearings of the Subcommittee on the Judiciary U.S. Senate, 66th Congress, 1st Session, 1919, Vol. II, P.2730.
993
См., например: Hostage Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95-426, Oct. 7 1978, 92 Stat. 989.
994
См.: FBI Domestic Security Guidelines: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Security and Terrorism, 97th Congress, 2nd Session, Washington, Governmental Printing Office 1983, P.35-37.
995
См.: Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA Patriot Act) Act of 2001, Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 272.
996
См.: Pub. L. 107-56, title V, Sec. 504(a), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 364.
997
См.: Pub. L. 107-56, title II, Sec. 207(a)(2), Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 282
998
Ibid., Sec. 208.
999
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95-511, Sec. 1803, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1783.
1000
См.: [сайт]. URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/16/politics/16program.html?pagewanted=print&_r=0. (дата обращения: 25.09.2013).
1001
DNI Announces the Declassification of the Existence of Collection Activities Authorized by President George W. Bush Shortly After the Attacks of September 11, 2001. [сайт]. URL: http://icontherecord.tumblr.com/post/70683717031/dni-announces-the-declassification-of-the (дата обращения: 13.07.2014).
1002
U.S. Signals Intelligence Directive SP0018, Jan. 25, 2011. [сайт]. URL: http://www.dni.gov/files/documents/1118/CLEANEDFinal%20USSID%20SP0018.pdf (дата обращения: 13.07.2014).
1003
Учитывая общественный резонанс, вызванный в США деятельностью АНБ, некоторые из этих судебных приказов были по решению президента Б. Обамы преданы гласности. См., например: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court Memorandum Opinion and Order, «TOP SECRET». Nov. 30, 2011. [сайт]. URL: http://www.dni.gov/files/documents/November%202011%20Bates%20Opinion%20and%20Order%20Part%201.pdf (дата обращения: 13.07.2014).
1004
In re Application of the Federal Bureau of Investigation for an Order Requiring the Production of Tangible Things, No. BR 13-109 (FISA Ct. Aug. 29, 2013) . [сайт]. URL: http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/In-re-Application-of-the-F.B.I.-BR-13%E2%80%93109-FISC-August-29-2013.pdf (дата обращения: 13.07.2014).
1005
См.: Letter from Attorney-General Alberto Gonzales to Senators Patrick Leahyand Arlen Specter. [сайт]. URL: http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/politics/20060117gonzales_Letter.pdf. (дата обращения: 25.09.2013).
1006
См.: Pub. L. 107-108, title III, Sec. 314(a)(1), Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1402.
1007
См.: Pub. L. 107-108, title III, Sec. 314(a)(2), Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1402.
1008
См.: Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, Pub. L. 108-458, title I, Sec. 1012, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3662.
1009
См.: Title VI. Reporting Requirement, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3743.
1010
См.: Pub. L. 108-458, title VI, Sec. 6001(a), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3742
1011
См.: Pub. L. 112-14, Sec. 2(b), May 26, 2011, 125 Stat. 216.
1012
См.: Clapper, Director of National Intelligence et al. v. Amnesty International USA et al. [сайт]. URL: http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/12pdf/11-1025_ihdj.pdf (дата обращения: 25.09.2013).
1013
См.: USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005, Pub. L. 109-177,Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 192.
1014
См.: USA PATRIOT Act Additional Reauthorizing Amendments Act of 2006, Pub. L. 109-178,Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 278.
1015
См.: Pub. L. 109-177, title I, Sec. 102(b), Mar. 9, 2006, 120 Stat. 195.
1016
См.: Protect America Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110-55, Aug. 5, 2007, 121 Stat. 552.
1017
Ibid., sec.2.
1018
Ibid., sec.6 (с).
1019
См.: Pub. L. 110-261, title I, Sec. 402-404, July 10, 2008, 122 Stat. 2473.
1020
См.: FISA Amendments Act Reauthorization Act of 2012 Pub. L. 112-238, Sec. 2, Dec. 30, 2012, 126 Stat. 1631.
1021
См.: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008, Pub. L. 110-261, July. 10, 2008, 122 Stat. 2436.
1022
См.: Pub. L. 110-261, title I, Sec. 101(a)(2), July 10, 2008, 122 Stat. 2438.
1023
См.: Pub. L. 110-261, title I, Sec. 110(a), July 10, 2008, 122 Stat. 2465.
1024
См.: Title VIII. Protection of Persons Assisting the Government.
1025
См.: Pub. L. 110-261, title VIII, Sec. 802, 803, July 10, 2008, 122 Stat. 2470.
1026
См. например: Glenn Greenwald, NSA Collecting Phone Records of Millions of Verizon Customers Daily, The Guardian, June 5, 2013.
1027
См.: Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board. Report on the Telephone Records Program Conducted under Section 215 of the USA PATRIOT Act and on the Operations of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, January 23, 2014. P.167-169.
1028
См., например: U.S. Signals Intelligence Directive SP0018, Jan. 25, 2011. [сайт]. URL: http://www.dni.gov/files/documents/1118/CLEANEDFinal%20USSID%20SP0018.pdf (дата обращения: 13.07.2014).
1029
См.: Klayman v. Obama 2013 WL 6571596 (D.D.C. 2013)
1030
См.: Clapper v. Amnesty Intern. USA, 133 S.Ct. 1138 (2013).
1031
См.: Gellman, Barton & Poitras, Laura "US Intelligence Mining Data from Nine U.S. Internet Companies in Broad Secret Program". The Washington Post. June 6, 2013.
1032
См.: Johnson, Kevin; Martin, Scott; O'Donnell, Jayne; Winter, Michael (June 15, 2013). "Reports: NSA Siphons Data from 9 Major Net Firms". USA Today. June 6, 2013. [сайт]. URL: http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2013/06/06/nsa-surveillance-internet-companies/2398345/ (дата обращения: 13.07.2014)
1033
См.: Protect America Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110-55, Aug. 5, 2007, 121 Stat. 552.
1034
См.: FISA Amendments Act Reauthorization Act of 2012 Pub. L. 112-238, Sec. 2, Dec. 30, 2012, 126 Stat. 1631.
1035
См.: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008, Pub. L. 110-261, July. 10, 2008, 122 Stat. 2436.
1036
См.: Pub. L. 110-261, title I, Sec. 101(a)(2), July 10, 2008, 122 Stat. 2438.
1037
См.: Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board. Report on the Surveillance Program Operated Pursuant to Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance. [сайт]. URL: http://www.pclob.gov/All%20Documents/Report%20on%20the%20Section%20702%20Program/PCLOB-Section-702-Report-PRE-RELEASE.pdf (дата обращения: 13.07.2014)
1038
Ibid., P.7.
1039
Ibidem.
1040
См.: Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110-53, sec.801, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 3638.
1041
См., например: Torture and the cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment of detainees : the effectiveness and consequences of 'enhanced' interrogation : hearing before the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, first session, November 8, 2007 United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2008.
1042
См.: Presidential Policy Directive/PPD-28. Signals Intelligence Activities]. URL: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/01/17/presidential-policy-directive-signals-intelligence-activities (дата обращения: 14.07.2014)
1043
См.: The Constitution of the United States. Article II. Цит. по: Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, N. J. 1989, P. 1698-1699.
1044
См., например: Pub. L. 102– 88, title VI, Sec. 602(a)(2), Aug. 14, 1991, 105 Stat. 442.
1045
Senate Armed Services Committee, House Armed Services Committee.
1046
См.: Congressional Record, April 9, 1956, P. 5926.
1047
См.: The Intelligence Community in the 21>st Century, Staff Study Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, House of Representatives, 104>th Congress, Chapter XV Congressional Oversight, P.3.
1048
Ibid., Rule X, clause 6.
1049
Senate Select Committee on Intelligence.
1050
Senate Resolution 400 of the 94>th Congress as amended by S. Res. 4, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. (1977), S. Res, 445, 108th Cong., 2d Sess.
(2004), Pub. L. No. 109–177, § 506, 120 Stat. 247 (2005), and S. Res. 50, 110th Cong., 1st Sess. (2007).
1051
Rules of Procedure for the Select Committee on Intelligence United States Senate, Washington, Government Printing Office 2013.
1052
Senate Resolution 445 of the 108>th Congress.
1053
Ibid. Sec.401.
1054
Senate Resolution 50 of the 110>th Congress.
1055
См: Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act Of 2004. Pub. L 108-458, 118 Stat. 3638.
1056
Rules of Procedure for the Select Committee on Intelligence United States Senate, Washington, Government Printing Office 2013.
1057
Ibid., Rule 1. Convening of Meetings.
1058
Резолюция Сената №400 от 1976 года дает следующее определение разведывательной деятельности: "(1)добывание (сбор), аналитическая обработка, распределение между заинтересованными потребителями, а также использование информации, о зарубежных государствах, их правительствах, политических группах, партиях, вооруженных силах, политических и иных движениях, других ассоциациях в зарубежных странах, и относящейся к вопросам обороны, международной политики, национальной безопасности; (2) деятельность, направленная на противодействие указанной деятельности иностранных государств против Соединенных Штатов; (3) тайная или скрытая деятельность, способная оказать воздействие на взаимоотношения Соединенных Штатов с каким-либо иностранным правительством, политической группировкой, партией, вооруженными силами, движениями или ассоциациями; (4) сбор, аналитическая обработка, распределение между потребителями и использование информации о деятельности каких-либо лиц на территории США и в их владениях, или деятельности за пределами территории Соединенных Штатов граждан США, чья политическая или связанная с ней деятельность рассматривается каким-либо федеральным министерством, ведомством, бюро, службой, управлением Соединенных Штатах как способная создать угрозу внутренней безопасности Соединенных Штатов; тайные или скрытые акции, проводимые в отношении таких граждан". Понятие разведывательной деятельности в его интерпретации комитетом по разведке Сената не включает в себя деятельность военной тактической разведки на территории иностранных государств, поскольку тактическая разведка не входит в сферу полномочий комитета по разведке Сената. Section 14 of Senate Resolution 400 of the 94>th Congress, 2d Session.
1059
Section 13 of Senate Resolution 400 of the 94>th Congress, 2d Session.
1060
Rule 2. Meeting Procedures, Rules of Procedure for the Select Committee on Intelligence United States Senate, Washington, Government Printing Office 2013
1061
Ibid., Rule 5. Nominations.
1062
Ibid., Rule 6. Investigations.
1063
Senate Resolution 400 of the 94>th Congress, 2d Session.
1064
Section 2 of Senate Resolution 400 of the 94>th Congress, 2d Session.
1065
Senate Resolution 9 of the 94>th Congress, 1>st Session, Appendix B, Section 8 of Senate Resolution 400 of the 94>th Congress, 2d Session.
1066
§ 7(b) of rule XXV of the Standing Rules of the Senate.
1067
Rule 2. Meeting Procedures. Rules of Procedure for the Select Committee on Intelligence United States Senate, Washington, Government Printing Office 2013.
1068
Section 8 of Senate Resolution 400 of the 94>th Congress.
1069
House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence.
1070
H. Res. 658 of the 95>th Congress. Resolution to amend the Rules of the House of Representatives and establish a Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Jul 14, 1977.
1071
См.: Rules of the House of Representatives 113>th Congress January 3, 2013. Clause 11 of rule X.
1072
Ibid., Clause 11 (а)(1) of rule X.
1073
Ibid., Clause 11 (а)(4) of rule X.
1074
См.: Rules of Procedure for the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. United States House of Representatives
113th Congress. Sec.9.
1075
Ibid., Sec. 8.
1076
Ibid., Sec. 7.
1077
Subcommittee on Terrorism, Human Intelligence, Analysis, and Counterintelligence.
1078
Subcommittee on Technical and Tactical Intelligence.
1079
Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations.
1080
См.: Rules of the House of Representatives 113>th Congress January 3, 2013. Clause 11 (i)(4) of rule XI.
1081
См.: Rules of the Committee on Armed Services House of Representatives of the United States, 113th congress 2013–2014 U.S. Government Printing Office Washington : 2013. Rule 4.
1082
Subcommittee on Intelligence, Emerging Threats and Capabilities.
1083
Subcommittee on Strategic Forces.
1084
См, например: The Intelligence Community in the 21>st Century, Staff Study Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, House of Representatives, 104>th Congress, Chapter XV Congressional Oversight, P.2.
1085
The Committee on Homeland Security.
1086
См.: H. Res. 5 of the 109>th Congress, sec.2.
1087
Senate Resolution 445 of the 108>th Congress.
1088
См.: Senate Resolution 445 of the 108>th Congress. Sec.101.
1089
См.: Freedom of Information Act of 1966, Pub. L. 89-487, July 4 1966, 80 Stat. 250; Freedom of Information Acts of 1967, Pub. L. 90-23, June 5 1967, 81 Stat. 54. В частности, в Акте о свободе информации1966 года в статье 3(с) говорится:»…каждое ведомство должно по запросу в отношении определенных документов, сделанному с соблюдением установленных законом норм, пре доставить информацию лицу, внесшему запрос».
1090
См., например: Amendments to the Freedom of Information Act: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary US Senate, 98th Congress 2nd Session, Washington Governmental Printing Office 1985.
1091
Senate Resolution 445 of the 108>th Congress, sec. 402.
1092
Constitution of the United States, Article II, clause 3.
1093
1 Annals of Cong. 495, 499 (1789).
1094
См.: Hayburn,s Case, 2 Dall. (2 U.S.) 409 (1792).
1095
См.: Лафитский В.И., Основы конституционного строя США, М. изд. Норма, 1998, С.88.
1096
См.: Williams v. United States, 1 How. (42 U.S.) 290 (1843).
1097
См.: Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 109-143 (1976).
1098
"…Президент вправе … назначать должностных лиц, через которых он осуществляет свои полномочия, или же таких должностных лиц, которые назначают указанных должностных лиц". Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 109-143 (1976).
1099
См.: Wilcox v. McConnel, 13 Pet. (38 U.S.) 498, 513 (1839).
1100
Отнесение генерального атторнея США как к первой, так и ко второй группе является не совсем правомерным. Генеральный атторней как бы совмещает в одном лице и функции министра юстиции, и функции генерального прокурора. Как генеральный прокурор он наделен правом осуществлять общий надзор за исполнением разведывательными службами федеральных законов. Как министр юстиции он выступает вышестоящим административным начальником по отношению к состоящему в структуре его министерства Федеральному бюро расследований США (и ряду других ведомств). Все же, автор счел более оправданным отнести генерального атторнея ко второй группе, поскольку осуществляемые им контрольные полномочия относятся не только к ФБР, но и ко всем иным федеральным органам. Ниже будут рассмотрены лишь те контрольные функции генерального атторнея, которые осуществляются им не в связи с отношениями административной подчиненности между ним и состоящими в структуре министерства юстиции органами, а в силу его прокурорских обязанностей в сфере осуществления общего надзора за законностью.
1101
См.: Executive Order № 10656, Feb. 6, 1956, 21 F.R. 859.
1102
Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government, A Report to the Congress, Intelligence Activities, June 1955, GPO. 1955.
1103
См.: Executive Order № 11984, , May 4, 1977, 42 F.R. 23129.
1104
См.: Executive Order № 12334, Dec. 4, 1981, 46 F.R. 59955.
1105
См.: Executive Order № 13462, Feb. 29, 2008, 73 F.R. 11805.
1106
См.: Executive Order № 13516, Sec. 1, Oct. 28, 2009, 74 F.R. 56521.
1107
См.: Executive Order № 13462, Feb. 29, 2008, sec. 3.
1108
Ibid., Sec. 3 (е).
1109
Ibid., Sec. 4.
1110
См.: Executive Order № 11905, Feb. 18, 1976, 41 F.R. 7703.
1111
См.: Executive Order № 12863 of September 13, 1993.
1112
См.: Executive Order № 12863 of September 13, 1993, Section 2.1.
1113
Executive Order № 13070 of December 16, 1997.
1114
Ibid., Section 1.
1115
Ibid., Section 2.
1116
См.: Executive Order № 13462, sec. 5.
1117
См.: Executive Order № 13462, Feb. 29, 2008, sec. 5,6.
1118
См., например: Attorney General’s Guidelines for FBI Domestic Security Investigations of Mar. 10, 1976; Attorney General’s Guidelines for FBI Domestic Security Investigations of Mar. 7, 1983.
1119
Следует, однако, отметить, что по отношению к ФБР генеральный атторней выступает в роли непосредственного административного руководителя, возглавляя министерство юстиции, с составе которого находится ФБР(Final Report of the Selected Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Book 3. -P.75-76).
1120
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95-511, Oct.25 1978, 92 Stat. 1783
1121
В соответствии с Законом о наблюдении за иностранными разведками (Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95-511, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1783) судебная санкция обязательна в случае сбора и добывания разведывательными службами в пределах территории Соединенных Штатов информации, классифицируемой как "внешняя разведывательная информация", если данная деятельность спецслужб связана с использованием средств электронного наблюдения, проведением обысков, задержаний, использованием оперативно-технических средств.
1122
См: Pub. L 95-511, 92 Stat. 1788, Sec. 1803.
1123
См.: Inspector General Act of 1978, Pub. L 95-452, Oct.12 1978, 92 Stat. 1101.
1124
См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1995, Pub. L. 103-359, title VI, Sec. 402, Oct. 14, 1994, 108 Stat. 3423.
1125
См.: Pub. L. 100-453, title V, Sec. 504, Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 1910.
1126
Office of Inspector General Law Enforcement Act of 1990.
1127
См.: Inspector General Reform Act of 2008, Pub. L. 103-359, Oct.14 2008, 122 Stat. 4302.
1128
Council of the Inspectors General on Integrity and Efficiency.
1129
The Director Office of Government Ethics, The Deputy Director of the Office of Personnel Management, The Deputy Director for Management of the Office of Management and Budget.
1130
The Intelligence Community Inspector General Forum.
1131
См.: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, Pub. L. 111-259, title IV, Sec. 405(a)(1), Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2709.
1132
Assistant Inspector General for Audit, Assistant Inspector General for Investigations.
1133
См.: Pub. L. 111-259, title IV, Sec. 405(a)(1), Oct. 7, 2010, 124 Stat. 2709.
1134
Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cr. (5 U.S.) 137 (1803).
1135
В частности, в § 13 федеральному окружному суду предоставляется право издавать судебные приказы и запреты местным судам (судам штатов); § 14 предоставляет право всем судам США издавать судебные приказы, которые будут необходимы для реализации их судебных функций, при условии что их приказы будут соответствовать положениям и принципам федеральных законов. 1 Stat. 73, Sec.81, Judiciary Act of 1789.
1136
McIntire v. Wood, Cr. (11 U.S.) 504 (1813).
1137
Marron v. United States, 275 U.S. 192 (1927); Go-Bart Importing Co. v. United States, 282 U.S. 344 (1931); United States v. Lefkovitz, 285 U.S. 452 (1932).
1138
Federal Communications Act of 1934.
1139
Constitution of the United States, Article 1, sec.3. Свое конституционное право конгресс реализовал в Законе о судоустройстве 1789 года (Act of September 24, 1789. 1 Stat. 73.). Законом было, в частности установлено, что Верховный Суд состоит из Председателя и 5 судей, назначаемых пожизненно. В последующем это количество постепенно увеличивалось, пока, в соответствии с законом от 3 марта 1863 года, не достигло 10 человек (Act of March 3, 1863. 12 Stat. 794, sec.1). После этого, по инициативе президента Эндрю Джонсона, конгресс принял закон, предусматривавший сокращение числа судей Верховного Суда, по мере высвобождения вакансий, до 7 человек (Act of July 23, 1866, 14 Stat. 209, sec.1). Однако, до истечения срока президентских полномочий Джонсона количество судей Верховного Суда сократилось лишь до 8 человек. В 1869 же году конгресс решил вновь увеличить число судей до 9 (Act of April 10, 1869, 16 Stat. 44).
1140
Constitution of the United States, Article 3. Первые 13 районных и 3 окружных суда были созданы в 1789 году в соответствии с Законом о судоустройстве 1789 года (Act of September 24, 1789. 1 Stat. 73, Sec.2-3).
1141
Hayburn,s Case, 2 Dall. (2 U.S.) 409 (1792).
1142
См., например Chicago & S. Airlines v. Waterman S.S. Corp., 333 U.S. 103 (1948).
1143
Act of June 15 1917, 40 Stat. 217.
1144
Act of June 25 1798, Ch.58, 1 Stat. 570, В закон дважды вносились поправки: July 6, 1798, Ch. 66, 1 Stat. 577 and July 6, 1812, Ch. 130, 2 Stat. 781.
1145
Annual Report of the United States Attorney General for 1917 year, p 58. -Washington: Governmental Printing Office1918.
1146
Nardone v. United States, 302 US 379.
1147
Weiss v. United States, 308 US 321.
1148
В пятидесятые годы даже деятельность в сфере политического сыска и обеспечения внутренней безопасности часто трактовали как разведывательную. См. Internal Security Act of Sept. 23, 1950, Ch.1024, 64 Stat.987.
1149
См.: Farrand M. The Framing of the Constitution of the United States, New Haven, 1913, P.79.
1150
Смю: Justice Samuel Miller, On the Constitution, N.Y. 1891, P.314.
1151
Hayburn,s Case, 2 Dall. (2 U.S.) 409 (1792).
1152
333 U.S. 103 (1948).
1153
В последующем, однако, Верховный Суд никогда не придерживался столь категоричной позиции.
1154
Circuit Court of Appeals.
1155
Federal District Courts.
1156
См.: Лафитский В.И. Основы конституционного строя США, М. изд. Норма, 1998, С.163-164.
1157
CIA v. Sims, 471 U.S. 159 (1985).
1158
Эта программа была связана с разработкой химических, биологических и радиологических материалов, предназначенных для их использования в ходе тайных операций для контроля за сознанием человека. Более подробно суть программы раскрыта в докладе сенатского комитета Чёрча: Report of the Select Committee to Study Government Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, S. Rep. №. 94-755, Book I, P. 389 (1976), а также в: Report to the President by the
Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States 226-228 (June 1975); Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification: Joint Hearings before the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Senate Committee on Human Resources, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. (1977); Human Drug Testing by the CIA, 1977: Hearings on S. 1893 before the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Senate Committee on Human Resources, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. (1977).
1159
John C. Sims.
1160
См.: Freedom of Information Act of 1966, Pub. L. 89-487, July 4 1966, 80 Stat. 250.
1161
См.: National Security Act of 1947, 102 (d) (3). 61 Stat. 498.
1162
F. Supp. 84 (1979).
1163
228 U.S. App. D.C. 269, 709 F.2d 95.
1164
CIA v. Sims, 471 U.S. 166-173.
1165
Constitution of the United States, Article 3.
1166
Ibid., Article 2.
1167
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95-511, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1783.
1168
Ibid., Sec. 1803.
1169
В редакции 1978 года было предусмотрено лишь 7 судей в составе специального суда. До 11 численность судей была увеличена в 2001 году на основании Закона «о патриотизме» 2001 года. USA Patriot Act of 2001. Pub. L. 107-56, title II, Sec. 208, Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 283
1170
См.: Pub. L.. 95-511, title I, Sec. 103, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1788.
1171
См.: Ethics in Government Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95-521, title VI, Sec. 601(a), Oct. 26, 1978, 92 Stat. 1869.
1172
Special Division of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.
1173
См.: Pub. L. 95-521, title VI, Sec. 602(a), Oct. 26, 1978, 92 Stat. 1873
1174
Morrison v. Olson, 487 U.S. 654, 670-685 (1988).
1175
См.: Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters Volume I: Investigations and Prosecutions Lawrence E. Walsh Independent Counsel August 4, 1993 Washington, D.C. [сайт]. URL: http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/ (дата обращения: 25.07.2013).
1176
The Uniform Code of Military Justice of 1950, 64 Stat. 107, as amended by the Military Justice Act of 1968, 82 Stat. 1335, 10 U.S.C. Sec. 801 et seq. For prior acts, see 12 Stat. 736 (1863); 39 Stat. 650 (1916).
1177
Legislative Courts.
1178
Впервые право конгресса учреждать "законодательные суды" было подтверждено Верховным Судом США в 1828 году в деле American Ins. Co. v. Canter, 1 Pet. (26 U.S.) 511 (1828).
1179
Kurtz v. Moffitt, 115 U.S. 487 (1885); Dynes v. Hoover, 20 How. (61 U.S.) 65 (1858).
1180
Cf. Grafton v. United States, 206 U.S. 333 (1907); Wade v. Hunter, 336 U.S. 684 (1949); Middendorf v. Henry, 425 U.S. 25 (1976).
1181
Dynes v. Hoover, 20 How. (61 U.S.) 65 (1858).
1182
Однако, в деле O'Callahan v. Parker Верховный Суд в качестве действий военнослужащего, несвязанных с его служебными обязанностями рассматривает также действия, совершенные военнослужащим в мирное время в отношении гражданских лиц за пределами воинской части . O'Callahan v. Parker, 395 U.S. 258 (1969).
1183
Rehnquist.
1184
Solorio v. United States, 483 U.S. 435 (1987).
1185
Freytag v. CIR, 501 U.S. 868 (1991); Glidden Co. v. Zdanok; McAllister v. United States, 141 U.S. 174 (1891).
1186
U.S. Court of Military Appeals.
1187
10 U.S. Code Sec. 867.
1188
Military Justice Act of 1983, Pub. L. 98-209, 97 Stat. 1393, 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1259.
1189
Certiorari Jurisdiction.
1190
McKinney's Consolidated Laws of New York Annotated. St. Paul, 1982. Vol. 1. P.22-42.
1191
Несколько раньше, в 1968 году Верховным Судом было рассмотрено дело Flast v. Cohen, 392 U.S. 83 (1968), в котором поднимался аналогичный вопрос. Однако, в этом деле оспаривалась не конституционность закона, а правомерность государственной политики в сфере ассигнований и сбора налогов. Отказав в удовлетворении иска по делу Flast v. Cohen, 392 U.S. 83 (1968), Верховный Суд апеллировал к прецеденту, созданному в деле Frothingham v. Mellon, 262 U.S. 447, где говорилось о недопустимости использования суда в качестве трибуны для выражения своих политических взглядов.
1192
United States et al. v. Richardson, 418 U.S. 166 (1974).
1193
Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949, 63 Stat. 208.
1194
50 U.S.C. 403j (b).
1195
Constitution of the United States, Article I, section 9, clause (7).
1196
465 F.2d 844 (CA3 1972).
1197
Flast v. Cohen, 392 U.S. 83 (1968)
1198
United States et al. v. Richardson, 418 U.S. 176-178.
1199
Internal Security Act of Sept. 23, 1950, Ch.1024, sec.1, 64 Stat.987.
1200
Этим законом определены 2 вида коммунистических организаций – "организации коммунистического действия " и "организации коммунистического фронта". В 1954 году Законом о контроле над коммунистами было введено также понятие «организации коммунистического проникновения (Communist Control Act of Aug. 24 1954, Ch.886, 68 Stat. 775).
1201
Internal Security Act of Sept. 23, 1950, Ch.1024, sec.1, 64 Stat.987.
1202
Pennsylvania v. Nelson, 350 U.S. 479 (1956). -Ð 504-505.
1203
В частности, в 1967 году Верховный Суд признал неконституционным запрет для членов "коммунистических организаций работать в оборонной отрасли (United States v. Robel, 389 U.S. 258 (1967), еще раньше, в 1964 году, в результате судебного решения по делу Aptheker v. Secretary of State, 348 US 500 (1964) был снят запрет на выдачу коммунистам загранпаспортов.
1204
Garrison v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 64(1964).
1205
Ashton v. Kentucky, 384 U.S. 195 (1966).
1206
Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969).
1207
См.: Clapper, Director of National Intelligence et al. v. Amnesty International USA et al. [сайт]. URL: http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/12pdf/11-1025_ihdj.pdf (дата обращения: 25.09.2013).
1208
См.: Pub. L. 110-261, 122 Stat. 2436, July 10, 2008.
1209
См.: Clapper v. Amnesty International USA 638 F. 3d 118.
1210
См.: [сайт]. URL:http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/12pdf/11-1025_ihdj.pdf (дата обращения: 25.09.2013).
1211
См.: Snepp v. United States, 444 U.S. 507 (1980).
1212
Snepp v. United States, 444 U.S. 507 (1980).
1213
Alfre A. Knopf, Inc. V. Colby, 509 F.2d 1362 (4>th Cir.).
1214
United States v. Marchetti, 446 F.2d 1309 (4>th Cir.).
1215
Executive Order № 9835, 12 Fed. Reg. 1935 (1947).
1216
Executive Order № 10450, 18 Fed. Reg. 2489 (1953).
1217
Executive Order № 11605, 36 Fed. Reg. 12831 (1971).
1218
Peters v. Hobby, 349 U.S. 331(1955).
1219
Cole v. Young, 351 U.S. 536 (1956).
1220
Greene v. McElroy, 360 U.S. 474 (1959).
1221
Cafeteria & Restaurant Workers Union, 367 U.S. 886 (1961).
1222
Hayburn,s Case, 2 Dall. (2 U.S.) 409 (1792).
1223
Constitution of the United States, Article 2.
1224
Totten v. United States, 92 U.S. 105 (1876).
1225
Civil Liberties and the National Security States. Wash. GPO, 1984, p. 1044.
1226
333 U.S. 103 (1948).
1227
Chicago & S. Airlines v. Waterman S.S. Corp., 333 U.S. 103 (1948).
1228
Ibid.
1229
Chicago & S. Airlines v. Waterman S.S. Corp., 333 U.S. 103 (1948).
1230
United States v. United States District Court 407 U.S. 297(1972) refereed as the Keith case, after the name of the U.S. District judge whole ruling was appealed by the government.
1231
Marron v. United States, 275 U.S. 192 (1927); Go-Bart Importing Co. v. United States, 282 U.S. 344 (1931); United States v. .Lefkowitz, 285 U.S. 452 (1932).
1232
Nardone v. United States, 302 US 379.
1233
Nardone v. United States, 302 US 379.
1234
Weiss v. United States, 308 US 321.
1235
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Pub. L. 90-351, June 9 , 82 Stat. 197.
1236
Foreign Intelligence Surveilance Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95-511, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1787.
1237
"Ничто, содержащееся в этой главе … не должно ограничивать власть Президента принимать такие меры, которые он сочтет необходимым для защиты нации от реальных или потенциальных угроз, других враждебных действий иностранных держав для получения внешней контрразведывательной или (начало; продолжение см. на следующей стр.) (продолжение; начало см. на предыдущей стр.) разведывательной информации, имеющей значение для защиты национальной безопасности США или защиты информации, необходимой для защиты национальной безопасности от деятельности иностранных разведок".
1238
Foreign Intelligence Surveilance Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95-511, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1787.
1239
См.: Clapper, Director of National Intelligence et al. v. Amnesty International USA et al. [сайт]. URL: http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/12pdf/11-1025_ihdj.pdf (дата обращения: 25.09.2013).
1240
См.: Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA Patriot Act) Act of 2001, Pub. L. 107-56, Oct. 26, 2001, 115 Stat. 272. Pub. L. 110-261, 122 Stat. 2436, July 10, 2008.
1241
В соответствии с законом судья должен определить: 1) составлено ли заявление в соответствии с требованиями закона; 2) каковы основания предполагать, что объектом наблюдения будет выступать иностранная держава или объект иностранной державы; места и строения, на которое будет направлено наблюдение, используется иностранной державой или агентом иностранной державы.
1242
Foreign Intelligence Surveilance Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95-511, Oct. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 1787.
1243
Сунь-цзы Трактаты о военном искусстве / Сунь-цзы, У-цзы. М.: АСТ, 2011. С.72.
1244
См., например: Моммен Т. История Рима, Том 4. Ростов-на-Дону, Изд. «Феникс», 1997. С.241.
1245
Pub. L. 102-88, Title V, Sec. 502(e), Aug. 14, 1991, 105 Stat. 445.
Составленное в форме хрестоматии исследование периода Хэйан (794-1185), который по праву считается временем становления самобытной национальной культуры. Основано на переводах текстов, являющихся образцами, как деловой документации, так и изящной словесности. Снабжено богатым справочным аппаратом. Для специалистов и широкого круга читателей, интересующихся историей и культурой Японии. Под редакцией И.С. Смирнова Составление, введение, перевод с древнеяпонского и комментарии Максим Васильевич Грачёв.
Сэкигахара (1600) — крупнейшая и важнейшая битва самураев, перевернувшая ход истории Японии. Причины битвы, ее итоги, обстоятельства самого сражения окружены множеством политических мифов и фальсификаций. Эта книга — первое за пределами Японии подробное исследование войны 1600 года, основанное на фактах и документах. Книга вводит в научный оборот перевод и анализ синхронных источников. Для студентов, историков, востоковедов и всех читателей, интересующихся историей Японии.
В работе впервые в отечественной и зарубежной историографии проведена комплексная реконструкция режима военного плена, применяемого в России к подданным Оттоманской империи в период Русско-турецкой войны 1877–1878 гг. На обширном материале, извлеченном из фондов 23 архивохранилищ бывшего СССР и около 400 источников, опубликованных в разное время в России, Беларуси, Болгарии, Великобритании, Германии, Румынии, США и Турции, воссозданы порядок и правила управления контингентом названных лиц, начиная с момента их пленения и заканчивая репатриацией или натурализацией. Книга адресована как специалистам-историкам, так и всем тем, кто интересуется событиями Русско-турецкой войны 1877–1878 гг., вопросами военного плена и интернирования, а также прошлым российско-турецких отношений.
Автор — полковник, почетный сотрудник госбезопасности, в документальных очерках показывает роль А. Джангильдина, первых чекистов республики И. Т. Эльбе, И. А. Грушина, И. М. Кошелева, председателя ревтрибунала О. Дощанова и других в организации и деятельности Кустанайской ЧК. Используя архивные материалы, а также воспоминания участников, очевидцев описываемых событий, раскрывает ряд ранее не известных широкому читателю операций по борьбе с контрреволюцией, проведенных чекистами Кустаная в годы установления и упрочения Советской власти в этом крае. Адресуется массовому читателю и прежде всего молодежи.
Работа видного историка советника РАН академика РАО С. О. Шмидта содержит сведения о возникновении, развитии, распространении и критике так называемой «новой хронологии» истории Древнего мира и Средневековья академика А. Т. Фоменко и его единомышленников. Подробно характеризуется историография последних десятилетий. Предпринята попытка выяснения интереса и даже доверия к такой наукообразной фальсификации. Все это рассматривается в контексте изучения современного общественного исторического сознания и тенденций развития науковедения.
Предлагаемая книга впервые в отечественной историографии подробно освещает историю Германии на одном из самых драматичных отрезков ее истории: от Аугсбургского религиозного мира до конца Тридцатилетней войны. Используя огромный фонд источников, автор создает масштабную панораму исторической эпохи. В центре внимания оказываются яркие представители отдельных сословий: императоры, имперские духовные и светские князья, низшее дворянство, горожане и крестьянство. Дается глубокий анализ формирования и развития сословного общества Германии под воздействием всеобъемлющих процессов конфессионализации, когда в условиях становления новых протестантских вероисповеданий, лютеранства и кальвинизма, укрепления обновленной католической церкви светская половина общества перестраивала свой привычный уклад жизни, одновременно влияя и на новые церковные институты. Книга адресована специалистам и всем любителям немецкой и всеобщей истории и может служить пособием для студентов, избравших своей специальностью историю Германии и Европы.