Рассеянный ум [заметки]

Шрифт

Интервал

AARP – Американская ассоциация пенсионеров (прим. перев.).

Теория, или модель, оптимального поиска пищи (OFT) была создана для количественного прогнозирования оптимальных методов поиска и сбора пищи у разных видов живых существ в зависимости от их типологии. Она создана несколькими группами исследователей и использует математический аппарат для сравнительной оценки. В дальнейшем авторы предпочитают называть ее моделью MVT (аббревиатура от «теоремы критической пользы» Э. Чарнова) – (прим. перев.).

W. C. Clapp and A. Gazzaley, “Distinct Mechanisms for the Impact of Distraction and Interruption on Working Memory in Aging,” Neurobiology of Aging 33, no. 1 (2012): 134–148.

M. A. Killingsworth and D. T. Gilbert, “A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind,” Science, 330, no. 6006 (2010): 932.

F. Coolidge and T. Wynn, “Executive Functions of the Frontal Lobes and the Evolutionary Ascendancy of Homo Sapiens,” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11, no. 2 (2001): 255–260; M. Tomasello and E. Herrmann, “Ape and Human Cognition: What’s the Difference?” Current Directions in Psychological Science 19 (2010): 3–8.

S. Inoue and T. Matsuzawa, “Working Memory of Numerals in Chimpanzees,” Current Biology 17, no. 23 (2007): R1004–R1005; N. Kawai and T. Matsuzawa, “Numerical Memory Span in a Chimpanzee,” Nature 403, no. 6765 (2000): 39–40; M. J.-M. Mace, G. Richard, A. Delorme, and M. Fabre-Thorpe, “Rapid Categorization of Natural Scenes in Monkeys: Target Predictability and Processing Speed,” NeuroReport 16, no. 4 (2005): 349–354; S. F. Sands and A. A. Wright, “Monkey and Human Pictorial Memory Scanning,” Science 216, no. 4552 (1982): 1333–1334.

M. Anderson, Technology Device Ownership: 2015, Pew Research Center report, retrieved on March 2, 2016, from http://www.pewinternet.org/files/2015/10/PI_2015-10-29_device-ownership_FINAL.pdf; Pew Research Center, U.S. Smartphone Use in 2015, retrieved on March 2, 2016, from http://www.pewinternet.org/files/2015/03/PI_Smartphones_0401151.pdf.

“Global Mobile Statistics 2012, Part A: Mobile Subscribers, Handset Market Share, Mobile Operators,” mobithinking.com, December 2012, http://mobithinking.com/mobile-marketingtools/latest-mobile-stats.

L. M. Carrier, N. A. Cheever, L. D. Rosen, S. Benitez, and J. Chang, “Multitasking across Generations: Multitasking Choices and Difficulty Ratings in Three Generations of Americans,” Computers in Human Behavior 25 (2009): 483–489.

J. Q. Anderson and L. Rainie, Millennials Will Benefit and Suffer due to Their Hyperconnected Lives, PEW Internet and American Life Project, 2012, http://pewinternet.org/~/media//Files/Reports/2012/PIP_Future_of_Internet_2012_Young_brains_PDF.pdf; Carrier, Cheever, Rosen, Benitez, and Chang, “Multitasking across Generations”; U. G. Foehr, Media Multitasking among American Youth: Prevalence, Predictors, and Pairings: Report (Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation, 2006), http://www.kff.org/entmedia/upload/7592.pdf; S. A. Brasel and J. Gips, “Media Multitasking Behavior: Concurrent Television and Computer Usage,” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 14, no. 9 (2011): 527–534; S. Kessler, “38 % of College Students Can’t Go 10 Minutes without Tech [STATS],” Mashable Tech, 2011, http://mashable.com/2011/05/31/college-tech-device-stats/.

T. Ahonen, “Main Trends in the Telecommunications Market,” presentation at MoMo mobile conference, Kiev, Ukraine, http://www.citia.co.uk/content/files/50_44-887.pdf; “Anxiety UK Study Finds Technology Can Increase Anxiety,” AnxietyUK.org, July 9, 2012, http://www.anxietyuk.org.uk/2012/07/for-some-with-anxiety-technology-can-increase-anxiety/; Lockout Mobile Security, “Mobile Mindset Study” (2012), https://www.mylookout.com/downloads/lookout-mobile-mindset-2012.pdf.

Harris Interactive, “Americans Work on Their Vacation: Half of Those Vacationing Will Work on Their Vacation, Including Checking Emails, Voicemails, and Taking Calls,” July 28, 2011, http://www.harrisinteractive.com/NewsRoom/HarrisPolls/tabid/447/mid/1508/articleId/843/ctl/ReadCustom%20Default/Default.aspx.

Y. Hwang, H. Kim, and S. H. Jeong, “Why Do Media Users Multitask? Motives for General, Medium-Specific, and Content-Specific Types of Multitasking,” Computers in Human Behavior 36 (2014): 542–548; S. Chinchanachokchai, B. R. Duff, and S. Sar, “The Effect of Multitasking on Time Perception, Enjoyment, and Ad Evaluation,” Computers in Human Behavior 45 (2015): 185–191.

L. Yeykelis, J. J. Cummings, and B. Reeves, “Multitasking on a Single Device: Arousal and the Frequency, Anticipation, and Prediction of Switching between Media Content on a Computer,” Journal of Communication 64, no. 1 (2014): 167–192.

B. C. Wittmann, N. Bunzeck, R. J. Dolan, and E. Duzel, “Anticipation of Novelty Recruits Reward System and Hippocampus While Promoting Recollection,” NeuroImage 38, no. 1 (2007): 194–202.

O. Hikosaka, S. Yamamoto, M. Yasuda, and H. F. Kim, “Why Skill Matters,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17, no. 9 (2013): 434–441.

T. T. Hills, “Animal Foraging and the Evolution of Goal-Directed Cognition,” Cognitive Science 30, no. 1 (2006): 3–41.

R. A. Wise, “Dopamine, Learning, and Motivation,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5, no. 6 (2004): 483–494; M. van Schouwenburg, E. Aarts, and R. Cools, “Dopaminergic Modulation of Cognitive Control: Distinct Roles for the Prefrontal Cortex and the Basal Ganglia,” Current Pharmaceutical Design 16, no. 18 (2010): 2026–2032; M. Wang, S. Vijayraghavan, and P. S. Goldman-Rakic, “Selective D2 Receptor Actions on the Functional Circuitry of Working Memory,” Science 303 (2004): 853–856; M. Watanabe, T. Kodama, and K. Hikosaka, “Increase of Extracellular Dopamine in Primate Prefrontal Cortex During a Working Memory Task,” Journal of Neurophysiology 78, no. 5 (1997): 2795–2798.

E. S. Bromberg-Martin and O. Hikosaka, “Midbrain Dopamine Neurons Signal Preference for Advance Information about Upcoming Rewards,” Neuron 63, no. 1 (2009): 119–126.

T. T. Hills, “Animal Foraging.”

P. Pirolli and S. Card, “Information Foraging,” Psychological Review 106, no. 4 (1999): 643.

E. L. Charnov, “Optimal Foraging: The Marginal Value Theorem,” Theoretical Population Biology 9, no. 2 (1976): 129–136.

M. H. Cassini, A. Kacelnik, and E. T. Segura, “The Tale of the Screaming Hairy Armadillo, the Guinea Pig, and the Marginal Value Theorem,” Animal Behavior 39, no. 6 (1990: 1030–1050; R. J. Cowie, “Optimal Foraging in the Great Tits (Parus Major),” Nature 268 (1977): 137–139.

Pirolli and Card, “Information Foraging”; T. Hills, P. M. Todd, and R. L. Goldstone, “Priming and Conservation between Spatial and Cognitive Search,” in Proceedings of the 29th Annual Cognitive Science Society (Austin: Cognitive Science Society, 2007), 359–364; P. E. Sandstrom, “An Optimal Foraging Approach to Information Seeking and Use,” Library Quarterly (1994): 414–449; M. Dwairy, A. C. Dowell, and J. C. Stahl, “The Application of Foraging Theory to the Information Searching Behavior of General Practitioners,” BMC Family Practice, 12, no. 1 (2011): 90.

R. Marois and J. Ivanoff, “Capacity Limits of Information Processing in the Brain,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 9, no. 6 (2005): 296–305.

J. M. Fuster, “Upper Processing Stages of the Perception-Action Cycle,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8, no. 4 (2004): 143–145.

Термин «цикл восприятия/действия» был введен и популяризован Хоакином Фустером, но концепция Упоминалась несколькими другими учеными, начиная с 1950 года. See J. M. Fuster, The Prefrontal Cortex, 2nd ed. (New York: Raven Press, 1989); J. M. Fuster, Cortex and Mind: Unifying Cognition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).

Подколенный рефлекс можно точнее описать как рефлекс ощущения/действия, так как головной мозг не принимает участия в процессе.

F. L. Coolidge and T. Wynn, “Executive Functions of the Frontal Lobes and the Evolutionary Ascendancy of Homo Sapiens,” Cambridge Archeological Journal 11, no. 2 (2001): 255–260.

N. J. Emery and N. S. Clayton, “The Mentality of Crows: Convergent Evolution of Intelligence in Corvids and Apes,” Science 306, no. 5703 (2004): 1903–1907.

Quoted material in this paragraph is from Charles Sabine, “Senses Helped Animals Survive the Tsunami,” NBC News with Brian Williams, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6795562/ns/nbc_nightly_news_with_brian_williams/t/senses-helped-animals-survive-tsunami.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, “Breakthrough Research on Real-World Driver Behavior Released,” April 20, 2006, http://www.nhtsa.gov/Driving+Safety/Distracted+Driving+at+Distraction.gov/Breakthrough+Research+on+Real-World+Driver+Behavior+Released.

William James, Principles of Psychology (New York: Holt, 1890), 404.

S. J. Luck and S. P. Vecera, “Attention,” in Stevens’ Handbook of Experimental Psychology, vol. 1: Sensation and Perception, ed. H. Pasher and S. Yantis (New York: John Wiley, 2002), 235–286.

A. Baddeley, Working Memory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986).

A. Gazzaley and A. C. Nobre, “Top-Down Modulation: Bridging Selective Attention and Working Memory,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 16, no. 2 (2012): 129–135.

D. Premack, “Human and Animal Cognition: Continuity and Discontinuity,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, no. 35 (2007): 13861–13867.

A. Gazzaley and M. D’Esposito, “Unifying Prefrontal Cortex Function: Executive Control, Neural Networks, and Top-Down Modulation,” in The Human Frontal Lobes, ed. B. Miller and J. Cummings (New York: Guilford, 2007).

G. Fritsch and E. Hitzig, “Uber die elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshiirns,” Archiv der Anatomie, Physiologie und Wissenschaftlichen Medizin 37 (1870): 300–332.

B. J. Baars and N. M. Gage, Cognition, Brain, and Consciousness: Introduction to Cognitive Neuroscience (New York: Academic Press, 2010).

A. M. Glenberg, J. L. Schroeder, and D. A. Robertson, “Averting the Gaze Disengages the Environment and Facilitates Remembering,” Memory and Cognition 26 (1998): 651–658.

P. E. Wais, M. T. Rubens, J. Boccanfuso, and A. Gazzaley, “Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Impact of Visual Distraction on Retrieval of Long-Term Memory,” Journal of Neuroscience 30, no. 25 (2010): 8541–8550.

H. J. Bigelow, “Dr. Harlow’s Case of Recovery from the Passage of an Iron Bar through the Head,” American Journal of the Medical Sciences 16, no. 39 (1850): 13–22. See also the Phineas Gage Information Page at http://www.uakron.edu/gage.

H. Damasio, T. Grabowski, R. Frank, A. M. Galaburda, and A. R. Damasio, “The Return of Phineas Gage: Clues about the Brain from the Skull of a Famous Patient,” Science 264, no. 5162 (1994): 1102–1105.

Harlow, “Recovery from the Passage of an Iron Bar through the Head”; reprinted as J. M. Harlow, Recovery from the Passage of an Iron Bar through the Head (Boston: David Clapp & Son), 13.

G. A. Mashour, E. E. Walker, and R. L. Martuza, “Psychosurgery: Past, Present, and Future,” Brain Research Reviews 48, no. 3 (2005): 409–419.

W. Freeman and J. W. Watts, “Physiological Psychology,” Annual Review of Physiology 6, no. 1 (1944): 517–542.

W. Freeman and J. W. Watts, “Physiological Psychology”.

A. L. Benton, “Differential Behavioral Effects in Frontal Lobe Disease,” Neuropsychologia 6, no. 1 (1968): 53–60; A. R. Luria, Human Brain and Psychological Processes (New York: Harper & Row, 1968); B. Milner, “Effects of Different Brain Regions on Card Sorting,” Archives of Neurology 9 (1963): 90–100.

P. T. Schoenemann, M. J. Sheehan, and L. D. Glotzer, “Prefrontal White Matter Volume Is Disproportionately Larger in Humans Than in Other Primates,” Nature Neuroscience 8, no. 2 (2005): 242–252.

A. Gazzaley and M. D’Esposito, “Neural Networks: An Empirical Neuroscience Approach toward Understanding Cognition,” Cortex 42, no. 7 (2006): 1037–1040.

J. van Whye, “The History of Phrenology on the Web” (2004), http://www.historyofphrenology.org.uk/.

E. A. Berker, A. H. Berker, and A. Smith, “Translation of Broca’s 1865 Report: Localization of Speech in the Third Left Frontal Convolution,” Archives of Neurology 43, no. 10 (1986): 1065–1072.

R. M. Sabbatini, “Phrenology: The History of Brain Localization,” Brain and Mind 1 (1997), http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n01/frenolog/frenologia.htm.

B. Tizard, “Theories of Brain Localization from Flourens to Lashley,” Medical History 3 (1959): 132–145.

J. M. Fuster, Cortex and Mind: Unifying Cognition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).

M. Mesulam, “A Cortical Network for Directed Attention and Unilateral Neglect,” Annals of Neurology 10, no. 4 (1981): 309–325.

Gazzaley and D’Esposito, “Unifying Prefrontal Cortex Function.”

A. Gazzaley, J. W. Cooney, K. McEvoy, R. T. Knight, and M. D’Esposito, “Top-Down Enhancement and Suppression of the Magnitude and Speed of Neural Activity,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 3 (2005): 507–517.

E. K. Miller and J. D. Cohen, “An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function,” Annual Review of Neuroscience 24, no. 1 (2001): 167–202.

Левое полушарие мозга отображает правостороннее видение мира, поэтому зрительная кора правого полушария соответствует левостороннему зрительному полю, куда направлено внимание нашего предка.

Gazzaley et al., “Top-Down Enhancement.”

J. Z. Chadick, T. P. Zanto, and A. Gazzaley, “Structural and Functional Differences in Medial Prefrontal Cortex Underlie Distractibility and Suppression Deficits in Ageing,” Nature Communications 5 (2014): 4223.

J. Rissman, A. Gazzaley, and M. D’Esposito, “Measuring Functional Connectivity during Distinct Stages of a Cognitive Task,” Neuroimage 23, no. 2 (2004): 752–763.

A. Gazzaley, J. Rissman, and M. D’Esposito, “Functional Connectivity during Working Memory Maintenance,” Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience 4, no. 4 (2004): 580–599.

T. P. Zanto, M. T. Rubens, A. Thangavel, and A. Gazzaley, “Causal Role of the Prefrontal Cortex in Top-Down Modulation of Visual Processing and Working Memory,” Nature Neuroscience 14, no. 5 (2011): 656–661.

C. F. Jacobsen, “Studies of Cerebral Function in Primates,” Comparative Psychology Monographs 13 (1938): 1–68.

J. M. Fuster and G. E. Alexander, “Neuron Activity Related to Short-Term Memory,” Science 173, no. 3997 (1971): 652–654; K. Kubota and H. Niki, “Prefrontal Cortical Unit Activity and Delayed Alternation Performance in Monkeys,” Journal of Neurophysiology 34 (1971): 337–347.

P. S. Goldman-Rakic, “Cellular Basis of Working Memory,” Neuron 14, no. 3 (1995): 477–485.

J. M. Fuster, R. H. Bauer, and J. P. Jervey, “Functional Interactions between Inferotemporal and Prefrontal Cortex in a Cognitive Task,” Brain Research 330, no. 2 (1985): 299–307.

P. E. Dux, J. Ivanoff, C. L. Asplund, and R. Marois, “Isolation of a Central Bottleneck of Information Processing with Time-Resolved fMRI,” Neuron 52, no. 6 (2006): 1109–1120.

R. Kanai, M. Y. Dong, B. Bahrami, and G. Rees, “Distractibility in Daily Life Is Reflected in the Structure and Function of Human Parietal Cortex,” Journal of Neuroscience 31, no. 18 (2011): 6620–6626.

R. Desimone and J. Duncan, “Neural Mechanisms of Selective Visual Attention,” Annual Review of Neuroscience 18, no. 1 (1995): 193–222.

T. P. Zanto and A. Gazzaley, “Neural Suppression of Irrelevant Information Underlies Optimal Working Memory Performance,” Journal of Neuroscience 29, no. 10 (2009): 3059–3066.

E. K. Vogel, A. W. McCollough, and M. G. Machizawa, “Neural Measures Reveal Individual Differences in Controlling Access to Working Memory,” Nature 438, no. 7067 (2005): 500–503.

A. M. Glenberg, J. L. Schroeder, and D. A. Robertson, “Averting the Gaze Disengages the Environment and Facilitates Remembering,” Memory and Cognition 26 (1998): 651–658.

P. E. Wais, O. Y. Kim, and A. Gazzaley, “Distractibility during Episodic Retrieval Is Exacerbated by Perturbation of Left Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex,” Cerebral Cortex 22, no. 3 (2011): 717–724.

P. E. Wais and A. Gazzaley, “The Impact of Auditory Distraction on Retrieval of Visual Memories,” Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 1, no. 6 (2011): 1090–1097.

M. A. Killingsworth and D. T. Gilbert, “A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind,” Science 330, no. 6006 (2010): 932–932.

M. D. Mrazek, J. Smallwood, M. S. Franklin, B. Baird, J. M. Chin, and J. W. Schooler, “The Role of Mind-Wandering in Measurements of General Aptitude,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 141 (2012): 788–798.

C. E. Rolle, B. Voytek, and A. Gazzaley, “Examining the Performance of the iPad and Xbox Kinect for Cognitive Science Research,” Games for Health Journal 4, no. 3 (2015): 221–224.

B. S. Oken, M. C. Salinsky, and S. M. Elsas, “Vigilance, Alertness, or Sustained Attention: Physiological Basis and Measurement,” Clinical Neurophysiology 117, no. 9 (2006): 1885–1901.

S. Bioulac, S. Lallemand, C. Fabrigoule, A. L. Thoumy, P. Philip, and M. P. Bouvard, “Video Game Performances Are Preserved in ADHD Children Compared with Controls,” Journal of Attention Disorders 18, no. 6 (2014): 542–550.

K. L. Shapiro, J. E. Raymond, and K. M. Arnell, “The Attentional Blink,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 1, no. 8 (1997): 291–296.

K. Fukuda and E. K. Vogel, “Human Variation in Overriding Attentional Capture,” Journal of Neuroscience 29, no. 27 (2009): 8726–8733; K. Fukuda and E. K. Vogel, “Individual Differences in Recovery Time from Attentional Capture,” Psychological Science 22, no. 3 (2011): 361–368.

T. F. Brady, T. Konkle, and G. A. Alvarez, “A Review of Visual Memory Capacity: Beyond Individual Items and toward Structured Representations,” Journal of Vision 11, no. 5 (2011): 4.

G. A. Miller, “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information,” Psychological Review 63, no. 2 (1956): 81.

N. Cowan, “The Magical Number 4 in Short-Term Memory: A Reconsideration of Mental Storage Capacity,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24 (2001): 87–185.

S. J. Luck and E. K. Vogel, “The Capacity of Visual Working Memory for Features and Conjunctions,” Nature 390, no. 6657 (1997): 279–281.

M. Daneman and P. A. Carpenter, “Individual Differences in Working Memory and Reading,” Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 19, no. 4 (1980): 450–466; A. R. Conway, M. J. Kane, and R. W. Engle, “Working Memory Capacity and Its Relation to General Intelligence,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7, no. 12 (2003): 547–552.

T. F. Brady, T. Konkle, J. Gill, A. Oliva, and G. A. Alvarez, “Visual Long-Term Memory Has the Same Limit on Fidelity as Visual Working Memory,” Psychological Science 24, no. 6 (2013): 981–990.

W. C. Clapp, M. T. Rubens, and A. Gazzaley, “Mechanisms of Working Memory Disruption by External Interference,” Cerebral Cortex 20, no. 4 (2009): 859–872.

W. C. Clapp and A. Gazzaley, “Distinct Mechanisms for the Impact of Distraction and Interruption on Working Memory in Aging,” Neurobiology of Aging 33, no. 1 (2012): 134–148.

Vogel, McCollough, and Machizawa, “Neural Measures Reveal Individual Differences in Controlling Access to Working Memory.”

Bernard I. Witt and Ward Lambert, IBM Operating System/360 Concepts and Facilities, http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/ibm/360/os/R01-08/C28-6535-0_OS360_Concepts_and_Facilities_1965.pdf.

Jesus Diaz, “How Multitasking Works in the New iPhone OS 4.0,” Gizmodo.com, April 8, 2010, http://gizmodo.com/5512656/how-multitasking-works-in-the-new-iphone-os-40.

Diaz, “How Multitasking Works.”

100

Clapp, Rubens, and Gazzaley, “Mechanisms of Working Memory Disruption by External Interference”; A. S. Berry, T. P. Zanto, A. M. Rutman, W. C. Clapp, and A. Gazzaley, “Practice-Related Improvement in Working Memory Is Modulated by Changes in Processing External Interference,” Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 3 (2009): 1779–1789.

101

J. A. Anguera, J. Boccanfuso, J. L. Rintoul, O. Al-Hashimi, F. Faraji, J. Janowich, E. Kong, Y. Larraburo, C. Rolle, E. Johnston, and A. Gazzaley, “Video Game Training Enhances Cognitive Control in Older Adults,” Nature 501, no. 7465 (2013): 97–101.

102

J. S. Rubinstein, D. E. Meyer, and J. E. Evans, “Executive Control of Cognitive Processes in Task Switching,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 27, no. 4 (2001): 763.

103

J. R. Best, P. H. Miller, and L. L. Jones, “Executive Functions after Age 5: Changes and Correlates,” Developmental Review 29, no. 3 (2009): 180–200; M. C. Davidson, D. Amso, L. C. Anderson, and A. Diamond, “Development of Cognitive Control and Executive Functions from 4 to 13 Years: Evidence from Manipulations of Memory, Inhibition, and Task Switching,” Neuropsychologia 44, no. 11 (2006): 2037–2078.

104

S. A. Bunge and S. B. Wright, “Neurodevelopmental Changes in Working Memory and Cognitive Control,” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 17, no. 2 (2007): 243–250.

105

J. N. Giedd, J. Blumenthal, N. O. Jeffries, F. X. Castellanos, H. Liu, A. Zijdenbos, et al., “Brain Development during Childhood and Adolescence: A Longitudinal MRI Study,” Nature Neuroscience 2, no. 10 (1999): 861–863; N. Gogtay, J. N. Giedd, L. Lusk, K. M. Hayashi, D. Greenstein, A. C. Vaituzis, T. F. Nugent, et al., “Dynamic Mapping of Human Cortical Development during Childhood through Early Adulthood,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101, no. 21 (2004): 8174–8179.

106

D. M. Lane and D. A. Pearson, “The Development of Selective Attention,” Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (1982): 317–337; L. M. Trick and J. T. Enns, “Lifespan Changes in Attention: The Visual Search Task,” Cognitive Development 13, no. 3 (1998): 369–386; J. T. Enns and S. Cameron, “Selective Attention in Young Children: The Relations between Visual Search, Filtering, and Priming,” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 44, no. 1 (1987): 38–63.

107

J. T. Enns and J. S. Girgus, “Developmental Changes in Selective and Integrative Visual Attention,” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 40, no. 2 (1985): 319–337.

108

L. P. McAvinue, T. Habekost, K. A. Johnson, S. Kyllingsb.k, S. Vangkilde, C. Bundesen, and I. H. Robertson, “Sustained Attention, Attentional Selectivity, and Attentional Capacity across the Lifespan,” Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics 74, no. 8 (2012): 1570–1582.

109

See, e.g., http://www.playmaker.org.

110

S. A. Bunge and S. B. Wright, “Neurodevelopmental Changes in Working Memory and Cognitive Control,” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 17, no. 2 (2007): 243–250.

111

F. R. Manis, D. P. Keating, and F. J. Morrison, “Developmental Differences in the Allocation of Processing Capacity,” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 29, no. 1 (1980): 156–169; C. Karatekin, “Development of Attentional Allocation in the Dual Task Paradigm,” International Journal of Psychophysiology 52, no. 1 (2004): 7–21.

112

T. Zanto and A. Gazzaley, “Aging and Attention,” in Handbook of Attention, ed. A. C. Nobre and S. Kastner (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 927–971.

113

N. Raz, “Aging of the Brain and Its Impact on Cognitive Performance: Integration of Structural and Functional Findings,” in The Handbook of Aging and Cognition, 2nd ed., ed. F. I. M. Craik and T. A. Salthouse (New York: Erlbaum, 2000), 1–90.

114

Zanto and Gazzaley, “Aging and Attention.”

115

L. Hasher, R. T. Zacks, and C. P. May, “Inhibitory Control, Circadian Arousal, and Age,” in Attention and Performance, vol. 17 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999), 653–675.

116

A. Gazzaley, J. W. Cooney, J. Rissman, and M. D’Esposito, “Top-Down Suppression Deficit Underlies Working Memory Impairment in Normal Aging,” Nature Neuroscience 8, no. 10 (2005): 1298–1300.

117

T. P. Zanto, B. Toy, and A. Gazzaley, “Delays in Neural Processing during Working Memory Encoding in Normal Aging,” Neuropsychologia 48, no. 1 (2010): 13–25; T. P. Zanto, P. Pan, H. Liu, J. Bollinger, A. C. Nobre, and A. Gazzaley, “Age-Related Changes in Orienting Attention in Time,” Journal of Neuroscience 31, no. 35 (2011): 12461–12470; W. C. Clapp and A. Gazzaley, “Distinct Mechanisms for the Impact of Distraction and Interruption on Working Memory in Aging,” Neurobiology of Aging 33, no. 1 (2012): 134–148.

118

J. Z. Chadick, T. P. Zanto, and A. Gazzaley, “Structural and Functional Differences in Medial Prefrontal Cortex Underlie Distractibility and Suppression Deficits in Aging,” Nature Communications 5 (2014): 4223.

119

A. Gazzaley, W. Clapp, J. Kelley, K. McEvoy, R. T. Knight, and M. D’Esposito, “Age-Related Top-Down Suppression Deficit in the Early Stages of Cortical Visual Memory Processing,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, no. 35 (2008): 13122–13126.

120

Gazzaley et al., “Age-Related Top-Down Suppression Deficit”; P. E. Wais, M. T. Rubens, J. Boccanfuso, and A. Gazzaley, “Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Impact of Visual Distraction on Retrieval of Long-Term Memory,” Journal of Neuroscience 30, no. 25 (2010): 8541–8550.

121

Clapp and Gazzaley, “Distinct Mechanisms for the Impact of Distraction and Interruption”; J. Mishra, T. Zanto, A. Nilakantan, and A. Gazzaley, “Comparable Mechanisms of Working Memory Interference by Auditory and Visual Motion in Youth and Aging,” Neuropsychologia 51, no. 10 (2013): 1896–1906.

122

T. S. Braver and R. West, “Working Memory, Executive Control, and Aging,” Handbook of Aging and Cognition 3 (2008): 311–372; L. Hasher, C. Chung, C. P. May, and N. Foong, “Age, Time of Testing, and Proactive Interference,” Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology 56, no. 3 (2002): 200.

123

F. I. Craik and E. Dirkx, “Age-Related Differences in Three Tests of Visual Imagery,” Psychology and Aging 7, no. 4 (1992): 661.

124

J. Kalkstein, K. Checksfield, J. Bollinger, and A. Gazzaley, “Diminished Top-Down Control Underlies a Visual Imagery Deficit in Normal Aging,” Journal of Neuroscience 31, no. 44 (2011): 15768–15774.

125

Zanto and Gazzaley, “Aging and Attention.”

126

Clapp and Gazzaley, “Distinct Mechanisms for the Impact of Distraction and Interruption”; Gazzaley et al., “Age-Related Top-Down Suppression Deficit.”

127

Y. Gazes, B. C. Rakitin, C. Habeck, J. Steffener, and Y. Stern, “Age Differences of Multivariate Network Expressions during Task-Switching and Their Associations with Behavior,” Neuropsychologia 50, no. 14 (2012): 3509–3518; D. J. Madden, M. C. Costello, N. A. Dennis, S. W. Davis, A. M. Shepler, J. Spaniol, et al., “Adult Age Differences in Functional Connectivity during Executive Control,” Neuroimage 52, no. 2 (2010): 643–657; B. T. Gold, D. K. Powell, L. Xuan, G. A. Jicha, and C. D. Smith, “Age-Related Slowing of Task Switching Is Associated with Decreased Integrity of Frontoparietal White Matter,” Neurobiology of Aging 31, no. 3 (2010): 512–522.

128

R. Helman, M. Greenwald, C. Copeland, and J. VanDerhei, “The 2010 Retirement Confidence Survey: Confidence Stabilizing, but Preparations Continue to Erode,” EBRI Issue Brief 340 (Washington, DC: Employee Benefit Research Institute, 2010).

129

A. Wingfield and E. A. L. Stine-Morrow, “Language and Speech,” in The Handbook of Aging and Cognition, 359–416.

130

При этих исходных параметрах максимальные показатели обозначены низшей точкой.

131

Неопубликованные данные лаборатории Газзали.

132

J. A. Anguera, J. Boccanfuso, J. L. Rintoul, O. Al-Hashimi, F. Faraji, J. Janowich, et al., “Video Game Training Enhances Cognitive Control in Older Adults,” Nature 501, no. 7465 (2013): 97–101.

133

W. F. Chaplin, O. P. John, and L. R. Goldberg, “Conceptions of States and Traits: Dimensional Attributes with Ideals as Prototypes,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54, no. 4 (1988): 541.

134

D. I. Boomsma, “Genetic Analysis of Cognitive Failures (CFQ): A Study of Dutch Adolescent Twin Pairs and Their Parents,” European Journal of Personality 12 (1998): 321–330.

135

R. Ratcliff and H. P. Van Dongen, “Sleep Deprivation Affects Multiple Distinct Cognitive Processes,” Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 16, no. 4 (2009): 742–751.

136

J. S. Durmer and D. F. Dinges, “Neurocognitive Consequences of Sleep Deprivation,” Seminars in Neurology 25, no. 1 (2005): 117–129.

137

C. E. Sexton, A. B. Storsve, K. B. Walhovd, H. Johansen-Berg, and A. M. Fjell, “Poor Sleep Quality Is Associated with Increased Cortical Atrophy in Community-Dwelling Adults,” Neurology 83, no. 11 (2014): 967–973.

138

K. M. Edwards, R. Kamat, L. M. Tomfohr, S. Ancoli-Israel, and J. E. Dimsdale, “Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Neurocognitive Performance: The Role of Cortisol,” Sleep Medicine 15, no. 1 (2014): 27–32; E. Gaio, P. DeYoung, A. R. Elliott, T. Limberg, A. Villa, M. Baylon, R. Sison- Tojino, et al., “High Prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Patients with Moderate to Severe COPD,” American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine 189 (2014): A5844–A5844.

139

E. H. Telzer, A. J. Fuligni, M. D. Lieberman, and A. Galvan, “The Effects of Poor Quality Sleep on Brain Function and Risk Taking in Adolescence,” Neuroimage 71 (2013): 275–283.

140

R. Gruber, J. Cassoff, S. Frenette, S. Wiebe, and J. Carrier, “Impact of Sleep Extension and Restriction on Children’s Emotional Lability and Impulsivity,” Pediatrics 130, no. 5 (2012): e1155–e1161.

141

L. Wade, “Kids with More Sleep Cope Better,” CNN.com, October 16, 2012, http://www.cnn.com/2012/10/15/health/kids-sleep/index.html.

142

R. M. Yerkes and J. D. Dodson, “The Relation of Strength of Stimulus to Rapidity of Habit-Formation,” Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology 18, no. 5 (1908): 459–482.

143

M. A. Staal, “Stress, Cognition, and Human Performance: A Literature Review and Conceptual Framework,” NASA Technical Memorandum, 212824 (2004): 1–86.

144

M. J. Dry, N. R. Burns, T. Nettelbeck, A. L. Farquharson, and J. M. White, “Dose-Related Effects of Alcohol on Cognitive Functioning,” PLoS ONE 7, no. 11 (2012): e50977; T. L. Martin, P. A. Solbeck, D. J. Mayers, R. M. Langille, Y. Buczek, and M. R. Pelletier, “A Review of Alcohol-Impaired Driving: The Role of Blood Alcohol Concentration and Complexity of the Driving Task,” Journal of Forensic Sciences 58, no. 5 (2013): 1238–1250.

145

D. A. Brodeur and M. Pond, “The Development of Selective Attention in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,” Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 29, no. 3 (2001): 229–239; S. Forster, D. J. Robertson, A. Jennings, P. Asherson, and N. Lavie, “Plugging the Attention Deficit: Perceptual Load Counters Increased Distraction in ADHD,” Neuropsychology 28, no. 1 (2014): 91–97.

146

C. S. Carter, P. Krener, M. Chaderjian, C. Northcutt, and V. Wolfe, “Abnormal Processing of Irrelevant Information in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,” Psychiatry Research 56, no. 1 (1995): 59–70; B. M. Ben-David, L. L. Nguyen, and P. H. van Lieshout, “Stroop Effects in Persons with Traumatic Brain Injury: Selective Attention, Speed of Processing, or Color-Naming? A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 17, no. 2 (2011): 354–363; A. M. Epp, K. S. Dobson, D. J. Dozois, and P. A. Frewen, “A Systematic Meta-Analysis of the Stroop Task in Depression,” Clinical Psychology Review 32, no. 4 (2012): 316–328; J. M. Cisler, K. B. Wolitzky-Taylor, T. G. Adams, K. A. Babson, C. L. Badour, and J. L. Willems, “The Emotional Stroop Task and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Meta-Analysis,” Clinical Psychology Review 31, no. 5 (2011): 817–828; A. R. Moradi, M. R. Taghavi, H. T. Neshat Doost, W. Yule, and T. Dalgleish, “Performance of Children and Adolescents with PTSD on the Stroop Color-Naming Task,” Psychological Medicine 29, no. 2 (1999): 415–419; A. Henik and R. Salo, “Schizophrenia and the Stroop Effect,” Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews 3, no. 1 (2004): 42–59; B. M. Ben-David, A. Tewari, V. Shakuf, and P. H. van Lieshout, “Stroop Effects in Alzheimer’s Disease: Selective Attention Speed of Processing, or Color-Naming? A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 38, no. 4 (2014): 923–938.

147

A. Christakou, C. M. Murphy, K. Chantiluke, A. I. Cubillo, A. B. Smith, V. Giampietro, et al., “Disorder-Specific Functional Abnormalities during Sustained Attention in Youth with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and with Autism,” Molecular Psychiatry 18, no. 2 (2013): 236–244.

148

M. A. Jenkins, P. J. Langlais, D. Delis, and R. A. Cohen, “Attentional Dysfunction Associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Rape Survivors,” Clinical Neuropsychologist 14, no. 1 (2000): 7–12; J. J. Vasterling, K. Brailey, J. I. Constans, and P. B. Sutker, “Attention and Memory Dysfunction in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Neuropsychology 12, no. 1 (1998): 125; M.-L. Meewisse, M. J. Nijdam, G.-J. de Vries, B. P. R. Gersons, R. J. Kleber, P. G. van der Velden, A.-J. Roskam, et al., “Disaster-Related Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Sustained Attention: Evaluation of Depressive Symptomatology and Sleep Disturbances as Mediators,” Journal of Traumatic Stress 18, no. 4 (2005): 299–302.

149

J. Whyte, M. Polansky, M. Fleming, H. B. Coslett, and C. Cavallucci, “Sustained Arousal and Attention after Traumatic Brain Injury,” Neuropsychologia 33, no. 7 (1995): 797–813; P. P. Roy-Byrne, H. Weingartner, L. M. Bierer, K. Thompson, and R. M. Post, “Effortful and Automatic Cognitive Processes in Depression,” Archives of General Psychiatry 43, no. 3 (1986): 265–267.

150

R. J. Perry and J. R. Hodges, “Attention and Executive Deficits in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Critical Review,” Brain 122, no. 3 (1999): 383–404.

151

E. G. Willcutt, A. E. Doyle, J. T. Nigg, S. V. Faraone, and B. F. Pennington, “Validity of the Executive Function Theory of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review,” Biological Psychiatry 57, no. 11 (2005): 1336–1346.

152

M. D. Veltmeyer, C. R. Clark, A. C. McFarlane, K. A. Moores, R. A. Bryant, and E. Gordon, “Working Memory Function in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: An Event-Related Potential Study,” Clinical Neurophysiology 120, no. 6 (2009): 1096–1106; M. E. Shaw, K. A. Moores, R. C. Clark, A. C. McFarlane, S. C. Strother, R. A. Bryant, et al., “Functional Connectivity Reveals Inefficient Working Memory Systems in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder,” Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 172, no. 3 (2009): 235–241.

153

T. W. McAllister, L. A. Flashman, M. B. Sparling, and A. J. Saykin, “Working Memory Deficits after Traumatic Brain Injury: Catecholaminergic Mechanisms and Prospects for Treatment – A Review,” Brain Injury 18, no. 4 (2004): 331–350.

154

C. Christodoulou, J. DeLuca, J. H. Ricker, N. K. Madigan, B. M. Bly, G. Lange, et al., “Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Working Memory Impairment after Traumatic Brain Injury,” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 71, no. 2 (2001): 161–168.

155

L. Pelosi, T. Slade, L. D. Blumhardt, and V. K. Sharma, “Working Memory Dysfunction in Major Depression: An Event-Related Potential Study,” Clinical Neurophysiology 111, no. 9 (2000): 1531–1543; E. J. Rose and K. P. Ebmeier, “Pattern of Impaired Working Memory during Major Depression,” Journal of Affective Disorders 90, no. 2 (2006): 149–161;S. Belleville, I. Peretz, and D. Malenfant, “Examination of the Working Memory Components in Normal Aging and in Dementia of the Alzheimer Type,” Neuropsychologia 34, no. 3 (1996): 195–207.

156

N. Honzel, T. Justus, and D. Swick, “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Is Associated with Limited Executive Resources in a Working Memory Task,” Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience 14, no. 2 (2014): 792–804; R. L. Aupperle, A. J. Melrose, M. B. Stein, and M. P. Paulus, “Executive Function and PTSD: Disengaging from Trauma,” Neuropharmacology 62, no. 2 (2012): 686–694; I. A. Rasmussen Jr., J. Xu, I. K. Antonsen, J. Brunner, T. Skandsen, D. E. Axelson, et al., “Simple Dual Tasking Recruits Prefrontal Cortices in Chronic Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Patients, but not in Controls,” Journal of Neurotrauma 25, no. 9 (2008): 1057–1070; G. S. Alexopoulos, D. N. Kiosses, S. Klimstra, B. Kalayam, and M. L. Bruce, “Clinical Presentation of the ‘Depression – Executive Dysfunction Syndrome’ of Late Life,” American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 10, no. 1 (2002): 98–106; E. G. Willcutt, A. E. Doyle, J. T. Nigg, S. V. Faraone, and B. F. Pennington, “Validity of the Executive Function Theory of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review,” Biological Psychiatry 57, no. 11 (2005): 1336–1346; J. A. Foley, R. Kaschel, R. H. Logie, and S. Della Sala, “Dual-Task Performance in Alzheimer’s Disease, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Normal Aging,” Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 39, no. 1 (2011): 23–31.

157

A. F. Pettersson, E. Olsson, and L. O. Wahlund, “Effect of Divided Attention on Gait in Subjects With and Without Cognitive Impairment,” Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 20, no. 1 (2007): 58–62.

158

R. Camicioli, D. Howieson, S. Lehman, and J. Kaye, “Talking While Walking: The Effect of a Dual Task in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease,” Neurology 48, no. 4 (1997): 955–958.

159

F. Hamilton, L. Rochester, L. Paul, D. Rafferty, C. P. O’Leary, and J. J. Evans, “Walking and Talking: An Investigation of Cognitive – Motor Dual Tasking in Multiple Sclerosis,” Multiple Sclerosis 15, no. 10 (2009): 1215–1227; G. Yogev, N. Giladi, C. Peretz, S. Springer, E. S. Simon, and J. M. Hausdorff, “Dual Tasking, Gait Rhythmicity, and Parkinson’s Disease: Which Aspects of Gait Are Attention Demanding?” European Journal of Neuroscience 22, no. 5 (2005): 1248–1256.

160

A. Toffler, Future Shock (New York: Random House, 1970).

161

A. Toffler, The Third Wave (New York: William Morrow, 1980).

162

Автор подразумевает фильм «Вам письмо» 1998 года, с Томом Хэнксом и Мэг Райан в главных ролях. (прим. пер.).

163

Доктор Розен первоначально обсуждал эту концепцию в книге Rewired: Understanding the iGeneration and the WayThey Learn (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010).

164

http://www.statista.com/statistics/264810/number-of-monthly-active-facebook-users-worldwide/.

165

См. http://public.oed.com/the-oed-today/recent-updates-to-the-oed/.

166

B. Sparrow, J. Liu, and D. M. Wegner, “Google Effects on Memory: Cognitive Consequences of Having Information at Our Fingertips,” Science 333, no. 6043 (2011): 776–778.

167

http://www.cnet.com/news/myspace-growth-continues-amid-criticism/.

168

http://mashable.com/2013/03/27/facebook-usage-survey/.

169

Pew Research Center, U.S. Smartphone Use in 2015, retrieved on March 2, 2016, from http://www.pewinternet.org/files/2015/03/PI_Smartphones_0401151.pdf.

170

http://www.marketingcharts.com/online/people-pick-up-their-smartphones-dozens-of-times-a-day-downtime-a-key-reason-38831/.

171

http://mashable.com/2013/07/11/smartphones-during-sex/.

172

http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/20/tech/mobile/mobile-video-bedroom/.

173

http://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffbercovici/2014/07/10/using-a-second-screen-while-watching-tv-is-now-the-norm/.

174

C. Marci, “A (Biometric) Day in the Life: Engaging across Media,” paper presented at Re: Think 2012, New York, March 28, 2012.

175

E. Rose, “Continuous Partial Attention: Reconsidering the Role of Online Learning in the Age of Interruption,” Educational Technology Magazine: The Magazine for Managers of Change in Education 50, no. 4 (2010): 41–46.

176

L. D. Rosen, L. M. Carrier, and N.A. Cheever, “Facebook and Texting Made Me Do It: Media-Induced Task Switching While Studying,” Computers in Human Behavior 29, no. 3 (2013): 948–958.

177

V. M. Gonzalez and G. Mark, “Constant, Constant, Multitasking Craziness: Managing Multiple Working Spheres,” in Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York: ACM Press, 2004), 113–120.

178

H. A. M. Voorveld and M. van der Goot, “Age Differences in Media Multitasking: A Diary Study,” Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 57, no. 3 (2013): 392–408.

179

180

MarketingCharts, “College Students Own an Average of 7 Tech Devices,” June 18, 2013, http://www.marketingcharts.com/wp/online/college-students-own-an-average-of-7-tech-devices-30430.

181

J. Nielsen, “F-shaped Pattern for Reading Web Content,” April 17, 2006, https://www.nngroup.com/articles/f-shaped-pattern-reading-web-content/.

182

S. S. Krishnan and R. K. Sitaraman, “Video Stream Quality Impacts Viewer Behavior: Inferring Causality Using Quasi-experimental Designs,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON) 21, no. 6 (2013): 2001–2014.

183

Jupiter Research, Retail Web Site Performance, June 2006, http://www.akamai.com/html/about/press/releases/2006/press_110606.html.

184

S. Lohr, “For Impatient Web Users, an Eye Blink Is Just Too Long to Wait,” New York Times, February 29, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/01/technology/impatient-web-users-flee-slow-loading-sites.html.

185

J. Wajcman and E. Rose, “Constant Connectivity: Rethinking Interruptions at Work,” Organizational Studies 32, no. 7 (2011): 941–961.

186

S. T. Iqbal and E. Horvitz, “Disruption and Recovery of Computing Tasks: Field Study, Analysis, and Directions,” CHI 2007: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York: ACM Press, 2007), http://research.microsoft.com/EN-US/UM/PEOPLE/horvitz/CHI_2007_Iqbal_Horvitz.pdf.

187

S. Charman-Anderson, “Breaking the Email Compulsion,” Guardian, August 27, 2008, http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2008/aug/28/email.addiction.

188

L. Marulanda-Carter and T. W. Jackson, “Effects of E-mail Addiction and Interruptions on Employees,” Journal of Systems and Information Technology 14, no. 1 (2012): 82–94; T. Jackson, R. Dawson, and D. Wilson, “Case Study: Evaluating the Effect of Email Interruptions within the Workplace,” in Proceedings of EASE 2002: 6th International Conference on Empirical Assessment and Evaluation in Software Engineering, https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/bitstream/2134/489/3/Ease%2525202002%252520Jackson.pdf.

189

M. Hair, K. V. Renaud, and J. Ramsay, “The Influence of Self-Esteem and Locus of Control on Perceived Email-related Stress,” Computers in Human Behavior 23, no. 6 (2007): 2791–2803; K. Renaud, J. Ramsay, and M. Hair, “‘You’ve Got E-Mail!’ … Shall I Deal with It Now? Electronic Mail from the Recipient’s Perspective,” International Journal of Human – Computer Interaction 21, no. 3 (2007): 313–332.

190

MarketingCharts, “College Students Own an Average of 7 Tech Devices.”

191

R. Hammer, M. Ronen, A. Sharon, T. Lankry, Y. Huberman, and V. Zamtsov, “Mobile Culture in College Lectures: Instructors’ and Students’ Perspectives,” Interdisciplinary Journal of E-Learning and Learning Objects 6 (2010): 293–304; D. R. Tindell and R. W. Bohlander, “The Use and Abuse of Cell Phones and Text Messaging in the Classroom: A Survey of College Students,” College Teaching 60, no. 1 (2012): 1–9.

192

T. Judd, “Making Sense of Multitasking: Key Behaviors,” Computers and Education 63 (2013): 358–367.

193

C. Calderwood, P. L. Ackerman, and E. M. Conklin, “What Else Do College Students ‘Do’ While Studying? An Investigation of Multitasking,” Computers and Education 75 (2014): 19–29.

194

Z. Wang and J. M. Tchernev, “The Myth of Media Multitasking: Reciprocal Dynamics of Media Multitasking, Personal Needs, and Gratifications,” Journal of Communication 62, no. 3 (2012): 493–513.

195

Z. Wang, quoted in R. Nauert, “Multitasking Seems to Serve Emotional, not Productivity Needs,” PsychCentral, May 1, 2012, http://psychcentral.com/news/2012/05/01/multitasking-seems-to-serve-emotional-not-productivity-needs/38057.html.

196

L. D. Rosen, L. M. Carrier, and N. A. Cheever, “Facebook and Texting Made Me Do It: Media-Induced Task-Switching While Studying,” Computers in Human Behavior 29, no. 3 (2013): 948–958.

197

Carrier et al., “Causes, Effects, and Practicalities.”

198

Carrier et al., “Multitasking across Generations.”

199

Carrier et al., “Multitasking across Generations.”

200

MarketingCharts, “TV Viewers and (Un)related Multi-Screening Activity: Screen Size May Count,” July 29, 2013, http://www.marketingcharts.com/wp/television/tv-viewers-and-unrelated-multi-screening-activity-screen-size-may-count-35356/.

201

A. van Cauwenberge, G. Schaap, and R. van Roy, “TV No Longer Commands Our Full Attention: Effects of Second-Screen Viewing and Task Relevance on Cognitive Load and Learning from News,” Computers in Human Behavior, 38 (2014): 100–109.

202

S. A. Basel and J. Gips, “Media Multitasking Behavior: Concurrent Television and Computer Usage,” CyberPsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 14, no. 9 (2011): 527–534.

203

J. Fitzgerald, “How Multi-Screen Consumers Are Changing Media Dynamics,” August 28, 2012, https://www.comscore.com/Insights/Presentations-and-Whitepapers/2012/How-Multi-Screen-Consumers-Are-Changing-Media-Dynamics.

204

MarketingCharts, “4 in 5 Americans Multitask While Watching TV,” March 22, 2013, http://www.marketingcharts.com/wp/television/4-in-5-americans-multitask-while-watching-tv-28025/.

205

L. Ridley, “People Swap Devices 21 Times an Hour, Says OMD,” Brand Republic, January 3, 2014, http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/news/1225960/.

206

H. Lindroos, “Effects of Social Presence on the Viewing Experience in a Second Screen Environment” (master’s thesis, Aalto University, 2014), http://media.tkk.fi/visualmedia/publications/msc-theses/DI_H_Lindroos_2014.pdf.

207

S. Schieman and M. Young, “Who Engages in Work – Family Multitasking? A Study of Canadian and American Workers,” Social Indicators Research 120, no. 3 (2015): 741–767, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11205-014-0609-7/fulltext.html.

208

M. Gorges, “90 Percent of Young People Wake Up with Their Smartphones,” December 21, 2012, http://www.ragan.com/Main/Articles/90_percent_of_young_people_wake_up_with_their_smar_45989.aspx.

209

Bank of America, “Trends in Consumer Mobility Report” (2014), http://newsroom.bankofamerica.com/sites/bankofamerica.newshq.businesswire.com/files/press_kit/additional/2014_BAC_Trends_in_Consumer_Mobility.pdf.

210

MarketingCharts, “8 in 10 Smart Device Owners Use Them ‘All the Time’ on Vacation,” April 25, 2013, http://www.marketingcharts.com/online/8-in-10-smart-device-owners-use-them-all-the-time-on-vacation-28979/.

211

Iqbal and Horvitz, “Disruption and Recovery of Computing Tasks.”

212

L. D. Rosen, L. M. Carrier, and N. A. Cheever, “Facebook and Texting Made Me Do It: Media-Induced Task Switching While Studying,” Computers in Human Behavior 29, no. 3 (2013): 948–958.

213

L. L. Bowman, L. E. Levine, B. M. Waite, and M. Gendron, “Can Students Really Multitask? An Experimental Study of Instant Messaging While Reading,” Computers and Education 54 (2010): 927–931.

214

D. Prabu, J.-H. Kim, J. S. Brickman, W. Ran, and C. M. Curtis, “Mobile Phone Distraction While Studying,” New Media and Society (2014), http://nms.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/04/22/1461444814531692.abstract.

215

Превосходное резюме о влиянии различных медийных устройств на академическую успеваемость, см. T. Judd, “Making Sense of Multitasking: The Role of Facebook,” Computers and Education 70 (2014): 194–202.

216

G. Mark, Y. Wang, and M. Niiya, “Stress and Multitasking in Everyday College Life: An Empirical Study of Online Activity,” in CHI 2014, 41–50; L. E. Levine, B. M. Waite, and L. L. Bowman, “Electronic Media Use, Reading, and Academic Distractibility in College Youth,” CyberPsychology and Behavior 10, no. 4 (2007): 560–566; Bowman et al., “Can Students Really Multitask?”

217

L. M. Carrier, L. D. Rosen, N. A. Cheever, and A. F. Lim, “Causes, Effects, and Practicalities of Everyday Multitasking,” Developmental Review 35 (2015): 64–78.

218

E. Wood, L. Zivcakova, P. Gentile, K. Archer, D. De Pasquale, and A. Nosko, “Examining the Impact of Off-Task Multi-Tasking with Technology on Real-Time Classroom Learning,” Computers and Education 58, no. 1 (2012): 365–374.

219

J. H. Kuznekoff and S. Titsworth, “The Impact of Mobile Phone Usage on Student Learning,” Communication Education 62, no. 3 (2013): 233–252.

220

D. E. Clayson and D. A. Haley, “An Introduction to Multitasking and Texting Prevalence and Impact on Grades and GPA in Marketing Classes,” Journal of Marketing Education 35, no. 1 (2013): 26–40; Clayson and Haley, “An Introduction to Multitasking and Texting Prevalence”; L. Burak, “Multitasking in the University Classroom,” International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning 6, no. 2 (2012), http://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/ij-sotl/vol6/iss2/8; A. Lepp, J. E. Barkley, and A. C. Karpinski, “The Relationship between Cell Phone Use, Academic Performance, Anxiety, and Satisfaction with Life in College Students,” Computers in Human Behavior 31 (2014): 343–350; R. Junco and S. R. Cotten, “No A 4 U: The Relationship between Multitasking and Academic Performance,” Computers and Education 59, no. 2 (2012): 505–514.

221

L. D. Rosen, A. F. Lim, L. M. Carrier, and N. A. Cheever, “An Empirical Examination of the Educational Impact of Text Message-Induced Task Switching in the Classroom: Educational Implications and Strategies to Enhance Learning,” Psicologia Educativa 17, no. 2 (2011): 163–177.

222

A. D. Froese, C. N. Carpenter, D. A. Inman, J. R. Schooley, R. B. Barnes, P. W. Brecht, and J. D. Chacon, “Effects of Classroom Cell Phone Use on Expected and Actual Learning,” College Student Journal 46, no. 2 (2012): 323–332.

223

Lepp, Barkley, and Karpinski, “The Relationship between Cell Phone Use, Academic Performance, Anxiety, and Satisfaction.”

224

M. Kalpidou, D. Costin, and J. Morris, “The Relationship between Facebook and the Well-Being of Undergraduate College Students,” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 14, no. 4 (2011): 183–189.

225

Burak, “Multitasking in the University Classroom.”

226

C. N. Davidson, Now You See It: How the Brain Science of Attention Will Transform the Way We Live, Work, and Learn (New York: Viking Press, 2011); G. M. Slavich and P. G. Zimbardo, “Out of Mind, Out of Sight: Unexpected Scene Elements Frequently Go Unnoticed Until Primed,” Current Psychology 32, no. 4 (2013): 310–317.

227

I. E. Hyman, S. M. Boss, B. M. Wise, K. E. McKenzie, and J. M. Caggiano, “Did You See the Unicycling Clown? Inattentional Blindness While Walking and Talking on a Cell Phone,” Applied Cognitive Psychology 24 (2010): 597–607.

228

CBS News, “Texting While Walking, Woman Falls into Fountain,” January 20, 2011, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/texting-while-walking-woman-falls-into-fountain/.

229

S. Mirsky, “Smartphone Use While Walking Is Painfully Dumb,” Scientific American 309, no. 6 (2013), November 19, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/smartphone-use-while-walking-is-painfully-dumb/.

230

C. H. Basch, D. Ethan, S. Rajan, and C. E. Basch, “Technology-Related Distracted Walking Behaviors in Manhattan’s Most Dangerous Intersections,” Injury Prevention, March 25, 2014, http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/early/2014/03/25/injuryprev-2013-041063.abstract.

231

L. L. Thompson, F. P. Rivara, R. C. Ayyagari, and B. E. Ebel, “Impact of Social and Technological Distraction on Pedestrian Crossing Behavior: An Observational Study,” Injury Prevention 19, no. 4 (2013): 232–237.

232

N. D. Parr, C. J. Hass, and M. D. Tillman, “Cellular Phone Texting Impairs Gait in Able-Bodied Young Adults,” Journal of Applied Biomechanics 30, no. 6 (2014): 685–688.

233

Thompson et al., “Impact of Social and Technological Distraction on Pedestrian Crossing Behavior”; Basch et al., “Technology-Related Distracted Walking Behaviors.”

234

D. C. Schwebel, D. Stavrinos, K. W. Byington, T. Davis, E. E. O’Neal, and D. de Jong, “Distraction and Pedestrian Safety: How Talking on the Phone, Texting, and Listening to Music Impact Crossing the Street,” Accident Analysis and Prevention 45 (2012): 266–271.

235

Centers for Disease Control, Injury Prevention and Control: Motor Vehicle Safety – Distracted Driving, http://www.cdc.gov/motorvehiclesafety/distracted_driving/.

236

National Safety Council, “National Safety Council Estimates That at Least 1.6 Million Crashes Each Year Involve Drivers Using Cell Phones and Texting” (2010), http://www.nsc.org/pages/nscestimates16millioncrashescausedbydriversusingcellphonesandtexting.aspx.

237

http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/technology/series/driven_to_distraction/index.html.

238

D. L. Strayer, F. A. Drews, and D. J. Crouch, “A Comparison of the Cell Phone Driver and the Drunk Driver,” HFES 48, no. 2 (2006): 381–391, http://www.psych.utah.edu/lab/appliedcognition/publications/comparison.pdf.

239

D. L. Strayer, J. M. Watson, and F. A. Drews, “Cognitive Distraction While Multitasking in the Automobile,” Psychology of Learning and Motivation-Advances in Research and Theory 54 (2011): 29.

240

D. L. Strayer and F. A. Drews, “Cell-Phone-Induced Driver Distraction,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 16, no. 3 (2007): 128–131.

241

J. M. Cooper, H. Ingebretsen, and D. L. Strayer, “Mental Workload of Common Voice-Based Vehicle Interactions across Six Different Vehicle Systems” (2014), https://www.aaafoundation.org/sites/default/files/Cog%20Distraction%20Phase%20IIA%20FINAL%20FTS%20FORMAT.pdf.

242

F. A. Drews, M. Pasupathi, and D. L. Strayer, “Passenger and Cell Phone Conversations in Simulated Driving,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 14, no. 4 (2008): 392.

243

M. Madden and A. Lenhart, Teens and Distracted Driving: Texting, Talking and Other Uses of the Cell Phone behind the Wheel (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project, 2009), http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2009/Teens-and-Distracted-Driving.aspx.

244

EndDD, End Distracted Driving Resources, http://enddd.org/distracted-driving-resources/.

245

L. E. Levine, B. M. Waite, and L. L. Bowman, “Mobile Media Use, Multitasking, and Distractibility,” International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology, and Learning 2, no. 3 (2012): 15–29.

246

B. C. Lin, J. M. Kain, and C. Fritz, “Don’t Interrupt Me! An Examination of the Relationship between Intrusions at Work and Employee Strain,” International Journal of Stress Management 20, no. 2 (2013): 77–94.

247

V. M. Gonzalez and G. Mark, “Constant, Constant, Multitasking Craziness: Managing Multiple Working Spheres,” in Proceedings of CHI ’04 (New York: ACM Press, 2004), 113–120; G. Mark, D. Gudith, and U. Klocke, “The Cost of Interrupted Work: More Speed and Stress,” in Proceedings of CHI ’08 (New York: ACM Press, 2008), 107–110.

248

C. Thompson, “Meet the Life Hackers,” New York Times, October 16, 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/16/magazine/meet-the-life-hackers.html.

249

L. Kaufman, “Google Got It Wrong: The Open-Office Trend Is Destroying the Workplace,” Washington Post, December 30, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2014/12/30/google-got-it-wrong-the-open-office-trend-is-destroying-the-workplace/.

250

P. K. Juneja, “Auditory Distractions in Open Office Settings: A Multi Attribute Utility Approach to Workspace Decision Making,” Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences 71, no. 11-A (2010): 3823; C. Congdon, D. Flynn, and M. Redman, “Balancing ‘We’ and ‘Me,’” Harvard Business Review 92, no. 10 (2014): 50–57; J. Kim and R. de Dear, “Workspace Satisfaction: The Privacy-Communication Trade-Off in Open-Plan Offices,” Journal of Environmental Psychology 36 (2013): 18–26.

251

A. Haapakangas, V. Hongisto, J. Hyona, J. Kokko, and J. Keranen, “Effects of Unattended Speech on Performance and Subjective Distraction: The Role of Acoustic Design in Open-Plan Offices,” Applied Acoustics 86 (2014): 1–16.

252

A. Seddigh, E. Berntson, C. B. Danielson, and H. Westerlund, “Concentration Requirements Modify the Effect of Office Type on Indicators of Health and Performance,” Journal of Environmental Psychology 38 (2014): 167–174.

253

A. Shafaghat, A. Keyvanfar, H. Lamit, S. A. Mousavi, and M. Z. A. Majid, “Open Plan Office Design Features Affecting Staff’s Health and Well-Being Status,” Jurnal Teknologi 70, no. 7 (2014): 83–88.

254

J. B. Spira and J. B. Feintuch, The Cost of Not Paying Attention: How Interruptions Impact Knowledge Worker Productivity (September 2005), Basex, http://interruptions.net/literature/Spira-Basex05.pdf.

255

S. Turkle, Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other (New York: Basic Books, 2011).

256

A. Lenhart and M. Duggan, Couples, the Internet, and Social Media (Pew Research, 2014), http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/02/11/couples-the-internet-and-social-media/.

257

A. K. Przybylski and N. Weinstein, “Can You Connect with Me Now? How the Presence of Mobile Communication Technology Influences Face-to-Face Conversation Quality,” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 30, no. 3 (2013): 237–246.

258

S. Misra, L. Cheng, J. Genevie, and M. Yuan, “The iPhone Effect: The Quality of In-Person Social Interactions in the Presence of Mobile Devices,” Environment and Behavior 48, no. 2 (2016): 275–298.

259

B. Thornton, A. Faires, M. Robbins, and E. Rollins, “The Mere Presence of a Cell Phone May Be Distracting: Implications for Attention and Task Performance,” Social Psychology 45 (2014): 479–488.

260

M. Drouin, D. H. Kaiser, and D. A. Miller, “Phantom Vibrations among Undergraduates: Prevalence and Associated Psychological Characteristics,” Computers in Human Behavior 28 (2012): 1490–1496; M. B. Rothberg, A. Arora, J. Hermann, P. St. Marie, and P. Visintainer, “Phantom Vibration Syndrome among Medical Staff: A Cross Sectional Survey,” British Medical Journal 341, no. 12 (2010): 6914.

261

L. D. Rosen, K. Whaling, S. Rab, L. M. Carrier, and N. A. Cheever, “Is Facebook Creating ‘iDisorders’? The Link between Clinical Symptoms of Psychiatric Disorders and Technology Use, Attitudes, and Anxiety,” Computers in Human Behavior 29, no. 3 (2013): 1243–1254.

262

N. A. Cheever, L. D. Rosen, L. M. Carrier, and A. Chavez, “Out of Sight Is not Out of Mind: The Impact of Restricting Wireless Mobile Device Use on Anxiety Levels among Low, Moderate, and High Users,” Computers in Human Behavior 37 (2014): 290–297.

263

Drouin, Kaiser, and Miller, “Phantom Vibrations among Undergraduates”; Rothberg et al., “Phantom Vibration Syndrome among Medical Staff.”

264

P. A. Lewis, The Secret World of Sleep: The Surprising Science of the Mind at Rest (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013); S. D. Sparks, “‘Blue Light’ May Impair Students’ Sleep, Studies Say,” Education Week 33, no. 14 (2013): 20–21.

265

S. Lemola, N. Perkinson-Gloor, S. Brand, J. F. Dewald-Kaufmann, and A. Grob, “Adolescents’ Electronic Media Use at Night, Sleep Disturbance, and Depressive Symptoms in the Smartphone Age,” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 44, no. 2 (2014): 405–418; L. Hale and S. Guan, “Screen Time and Sleep among School-Aged Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review,” Sleep Medicine Reviews 21 (2015): 50–58.

266

S. K. Adams and T. S. Kisler, “Sleep Quality as a Mediator between Technology-Related Sleep Quality, Depression, and Anxiety,” CyberPsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 16, no. 1 (2013): 25–30.

267

M. Gradisar, A. R. Wolfson, A. G. Harvey, L. Hale, R. Rosenberg, and C. A. Czeisler, “The Sleep and Technology Use of Americans: Findings from the National Sleep Foundation’s 2011 Sleep in America Poll,” Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 9, no. 12 (2013): 1291–1299; K. A. Bartel, M. Gradisar, and P. Williamson, “Protective and Risk Factors for Adolescent Sleep: A Meta-Analytic Review,” Sleep Medicine Reviews 21 (2015): 72–85.

268

J. Falbe, K. K. Davison, R. L. Franckle, C. Ganter, S. L. Gortmaker, L. Smith, T. Land, and E. M. Taveras, “Sleep Duration, Restfulness, and Screens in the Sleep Environment,” Pediatrics 135, no. 2 (2015): 1–9, http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/01/01/peds.2014-2306.full.pdf.

269

A.-M. Chang, D. Aeschbach, J. F. Duffy, and C. A. Czeisler, “Evening Use of Light-Emitting eReaders Negatively Affects Sleep, Circadian Timing, and Next-Morning Alertness,” PNAS (2014), http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2014/12/18/1418490112.full.pdf.

270

L. Rosen, L. M. Carrier, A. Miller, J. Rokkum, and Ruiz, “Sleeping with Technology: Cognitive, Affective, and Technology Usage Predictors of Sleep Problems among College Students,” Sleep Health 2, no. 1 (2016): 49–56.

271

272

J. R. Lim, “All-Nighters Could Alter Your Memories,” Scientific American, July 28, 2014, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/all-nighters-could-alter-your-memories/.

273

S. J. Frenda, L. Patihis, E. F. Loftus, H. C. Lewis, and K. M. Fenn, “Sleep Deprivation and False Memories,” Psychological Science 25, no. 9 (2014): 1674–1681.

274

A. Park, “School Should Start Later so Teens Can Sleep, Urge Doctors,” Time, August 25, 2014, http://time.com/3162265/school-should-start-later-so-teens-can-sleep-urge-doctors; Adolescent Sleep Working Group, Committee on Adolescence, and Council of School Health, “School Start Times for Adolescents,” Pediatrics 134, no. 3 (2014): 642–649.

275

Mayo Clinic, “Are Smartphones Disrupting Your Sleep? Mayo Clinic Examines the Question,” June 3, 2013, http://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/are-smartphones-disrupting-your-sleep-mayo-clinic-study-examines-the-question/?mc_id=youtube.

276

K. Lanaj, R. E. Johnson, and C. M. Barnes, “Beginning the Workday yet Already Depleted? Consequences of Late-Night Smartphone Use and Sleep,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 124, no. 1 (2014): 11–23.

277

K. Custers and J. Van den Bulck, “Television Viewing, Internet Use, and Self-Reported Bedtime and Rise Time in Adults: Implications for Sleep Hygiene Recommendations from an Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study,” Behavioral Sleep Medicine 10, no. 2 (2012): 96–105.

278

L. D. Rosen, iDisorder: Understanding Our Obsession with Technology and Overcoming Its Hold on Us (New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2012); L. D. Rosen and J. Lara-Ruiz, “Similarities and Differences in Workplace, Personal, and Technology-Related Values, Beliefs, and Attitudes across Five Generations of Americans,” in The Handbook of Psychology, Technology, and Society, ed. L. D. Rosen, N. A. Cheever, and L. M. Carrier (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2015).

279

280

M. Prensky, “Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants,” On the Horizon 9 (2001): 1–6.

281

K. L. Mills, F. Lalonde, L. S. Clasen, J. N. Giedd, and S. J. Blakemore, “Developmental Changes in the Structure of the Social Brain in Late Childhood and Adolescence,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9, no. 1 (2014): 123–131.

282

J. Mishra, J. A. Anguera, D. A. Ziegler, and A. Gazzaley, “A Cognitive Framework for Understanding and Improving Interference Resolution in the Brain,” Progress in Brain Research 207 (2013): 351–377.

283

D. A. Christakis, F. J. Zimmerman, D. L. DiGiuseppe, and C. A. McCarty, “Early Television Exposure and Subsequent Attentional Problems in Children,” Pediatrics 113, no. 4 (2004): 708–713; American Academy of Pediatrics, Media and Children (n.d.), http://www.aap.org/en-us/advocacy-and-policy/aap-health-initiatives/Pages/Media-and-Children.aspx.

284

eMarketer, “Most US Children Use the Internet at Least Daily,” April 28, 2014, http://www.emarketer.com/Article/Most-US-Children-Use-Internet-Least-Daily/1010789

285

A. L. Gutnick, M. Robb, L. Takeuchi, and J. Kotler, Always Connected: The New Digital Media Habits of Young Children (New York: The Joan Ganz Cooney Center at Sesame Workshop, 2010).

286

C. Wallis, The Impacts of Media Multitasking on Children’s Learning and Development: Report from a Research Seminar (The Joan Ganz Cooney Center and Stanford University, 2010); V. Rideout, U. G. Foehr, and D. Roberts, Generation M2: Media in the Lives of 8- to 18-Year-Olds (Menlo Park, CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2010).

287

Commonsense Media, “Entertainment Media Diets of Children and Adolescents May Impact Learning,” November 1, 2012, https://www.commonsensemedia.org/about-us/news/press-releases/entertainment-media-diets-of-children-and-adolescents-may-impact; K. Purcell, L. Rainie, A. Heaps, J. Buchanan, L. Friedrich, A. Jacklin, C. Chen, and K. Zickuhr, How Teens Do Research in the Digital World, November 1, 2012, http://www.pewinternet.org/2012/11/01/how-teens-do-research-in-the-digital-world/.

288

M. Honan, “Are Touchscreens Melting Your Kid’s Brain?” Wired, April 15, 2014, http://www.wired.com/2014/04/children-and-touch-screens/.

289

L. D. Rosen, A. F. Lim, J. Felt, L. M. Carrier, N. A. Cheever, J. M. Lara-Ruiz, J. S. Mendoza, and J. Rokkum, “Media and Technology Use Predicts Ill-Being among Children, Preteens, and Teenagers Independent of the Negative Health Impacts of Exercise and Eating Habits,” Computers in Human Behavior 35 (2014): 364–375.

290

A. S. Page, A. R. Cooper, P. Griew, and R. Jago, “Children’s Screen Viewing Is Related to Psychological Difficulties Irrespective of Physical Activity,” Pediatrics 126, no. 5 (2010): e1011–e1017; A. Parkes, H. Sweeting, D. Wight, and M. Henderson, “Do Television and Electronic Games Predict Children’s Psychosocial Adjustment? Longitudinal Research Using the UK Millennium Cohort Study,” Archives of Disease in Childhood 98, no. 5 (2013): 341–348; T. Hinkley, V. Verbestel, W. Ahrens, L. Lissner, D. Molnar, L. A. Moreno, I. Pigeot, et al., “Early Childhood Electronic Media Use as a Predictor of Poorer Well-Being: A Prospective Cohort Study,” JAMA Pediatrics 168, no. 5 (2014): 485–492; R. Pea, C. Nass, L. Meheula, M. Rance, A. Kumar, H. Bamford, M. Nass, et al., “Media Use, Face-to-Face Communication, Media Multitasking, and Social Well-Being among 8- to 12-Year-Old Girls,” Developmental Psychology 48, no. 2 (2012): 327; D. A. Gentile, E. L. Swing, C. G. Lim, and A. Khoo, “Video Game Playing, Attention Problems, and Impulsiveness: Evidence of Bidirectional Causality,” Psychology of Popular Media Culture 1, no. 1 (2012): 62; K. Subrahmanyam, R. E. Kraut, P. M. Greenfield, and E. F. Gross, “The Impact of Home Computer Use on Children’s Activities and Development,” Children and Computer Technology 10, no. 2 (2000): 123–144; L. S. Pagani, C. Fitzpatrick, T. A. Barnett, and E. Dubow, “Prospective Associations between Early Childhood Television Exposure and Academic, Psychosocial, and Physical Well-Being by Middle Childhood,” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 164, no. 5 (2010): 425–431.

291

National Sleep Foundation, 2014 Sleep in America Poll: Sleep in the Modern Family, Summary of Findings, http://sleepfoundation.org/sites/default/files/2014-NSF-Sleep-in-America-poll-summary-of-findings-FINAL-Updated-3-26-14-.pdf (last accessed January 28, 2016); Harvard Medical School Family Health Guide, Repaying Your Sleep Debt, http://www.health.harvard.edu/fhg/updates/Repaying-your-sleep-debt.shtml (last accessed January 82, 2016).

292

N. Cain and M. Gradisar, “Electronic Media Use and Sleep in School-Aged Children and Adolescents: A Review,” Sleep Medicine 11, no. 8 (2010): 735–742.

293

A. A. K. Morsy and N. S. Shalaby, “The Use of Technology by University Adolescent Students and Its Relation to Attention, Sleep, and Academic Achievement,” Journal of American Science 8, no. 1 (2012): 264–270; L. S. Foley, R. Maddison, Y. Jiang, S. Marsh, T. Olds, and K. Ridley, “Presleep Activities and Time of Sleep Onset in Children,” Pediatrics 131, no. 2 (2013): 276–282; E. J. Paavonen, M. Pennonen, M. Roine, S. Valkonen, and A. R. Lahikainen, “TV Exposure Associated with Sleep Disturbances in 5- to 6-Year-Old Children,” Journal of Sleep Research 15, no. 2 (2006): 154–161; T. Nuutinen, C. Ray, and E. Roos, “Do Computer Use, TV Viewing, and the Presence of the Media in the Bedroom Predict School-Aged Children’s Sleep Habits in a Longitudinal Study,” BMC Public Health 13, no. 1 (2013): 684.

294

S. J. Blakemore and T. W. Robbins, “Decision-Making in the Adolescent Brain,” Nature Neuroscience 15, no. 9 (2012): 1184–1191.

295

J. K. Mullen, “The Impact of Computer Use on Employee Performance in High-Trust Professions: Re-examining Selection Criteria in the Internet Age,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 41, no. 8 (2011): 2009–2043.

296

Rosen, iDisorder.

297

U. G. Foehr, Media Multitasking among American Youth: Prevalence, Predictors, and Pairings: Report (Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation, 2006), http://www.kff.org/entmedia/upload/7592.pdf.

298

Rosen and Lara-Ruiz, “Similarities and Differences in Workplace, Personal, and Technology-Related Values.”

299

Nielsen.com, “New Mobile Obsession U.S. Teens Triple Data Usage,” December 15, 2011, http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2011/new-mobile-obsession-u-s-teens-triple-data-usage.html.

300

A. Smith, “Older Adults and Technology Use,” April 3, 2014, http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/04/03/older-adults-and-technology-use/.

301

H. A. M. Voorveld and M. van der Goot, “Age Differences in Media Multitasking: A Diary Study,” Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 57, no. 3 (2013): 392–408.

302

L. D. Rosen and J. Lara-Ruiz, “Similarities and Differences in Workplace, Personal and Technology-Related Values, Beliefs, and Attitudes across Five Generations of Americans,” in The Handbook of Psychology, Technology, and Society, ed. L. D. Rosen, N. A. Cheever, and L. M. Carrier (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2015), 20–55.

303

J. T. E. Richardson and A. Jelfs, “Access and Attitudes to Digital Technologies Across the Lifespan,” in The Handbook of Psychology, Technology, and Society, 89–104; K. Magsamen-Conrad, J. Dowd, M. Abuljadail, S. Alsulaiman, and A. Shareefi, “Life-Span Differences in the Uses and Gratifications of Tablets: Implications for Older Adults,” Computers in Human Behavior 52 (2015): 96–106.

304

A. M. Kueider, J. M. Parisi, A. L. Gross, and G. W. Rebok, “Computerized Cognitive Training with Older Adults: A Systematic Review,” PLoS ONE 7, no. 7 (2012): e40588.

305

S. Reaves, B. Graham, J. Grahn, P. Rabinnifard and A. Duarte, “Turn Off the Music! Music Impairs Visual Associative Memory Performance in Older Adults,” Gerontologist (2015), https://gerontologist.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/01/28/geront.gnu113.full.

306

N. Takeuchi, T. Mori, Y. Suzukamo, N. Tanaka, and S. I. Izumi, “Parallel Processing of Cognitive and Physical Demands in Left and Right Prefrontal Cortices during Smartphone Use While Walking,” BMC Neuroscience 17, no. 1 (2016): 1.

307

L. L. Thompson, F. P. Rivara, R. C. Ayyagari, and B. E. Ebel, “Impact of Social and Technological Distraction on Pedestrian Crossing Behaviour: An Observational Study,” Injury Prevention 19, no. 4 (2013): 232–237.

308

E. K. Vernon, G. M. Babulal, G. Head, D. Carr, N. Ghoshal, P. P. Barco, J. C. Morris, and C. M. Roe, “Adults Aged 65 and Older Use Potentially Distracting Electronic Devices While Driving,” Journal of American Geriatrics Society 63, no. 6 (2015): 1251–1254.

309

World Health Organization, “Mobile Phone Use: A Growing Problem of Driver Distraction” (Geneva: WHO, 2011), retrieved on February 25, 2016 from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44494/1/9789241500890_eng.pdf.

310

S. M. Ravizza and R. E. Salo, “Task Switching in Psychiatric Disorders,” in Task Switching, ed. J. Grange and G. Houghton (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 300–331.

311

D. Getahun, S. J. Jacobsen, M. J. Fassett, W. Chen, K. Demissie, and G. G. Rhoads, “Recent Trends in Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,” JAMA Pediatrics 167, no. 3 (2013): 282–288.

312

S. W. Nikkelen, P. M. Valkenburg, M. Huizinga, and G. J. Bushman, “Media Use and ADHDRelated Behaviors in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis,” Developmental Psychology 50, no. 9 (2014): 2228–2241.

313

Ravizza and Salo, “Task Switching in Psychiatric Disorders.”

314

J. B. Ewen, J. S. Moher, B. M. Lakshmanan, M. Ryan, P. Xavier, N. E. Crone, M. B. Denckla, et al., “Multiple Task Interference Is Greater in Children with ADHD,” Developmental Neuropsychology 37, no. 2 (2012): 119–133.

315

Dana Foundation, ADHD, Multi-Tasking, and Reading, May 7, 2012, http://danablog.org/2012/05/07/adhd-reading-multitasking/.

316

S. Siklos and K. A. Kerns, “Assessing Multitasking in Children with ADHD Using a Modified Six Elements Test,” Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 19, no. 3 (2004): 347–361. For an excellent summary of how the ADHD brain processes information differently than others, see J. Mishra, J. A. Anguera, D. A. Ziegler, and A. Gazzaley, “A Cognitive Framework for Understanding and Improving Interference Resolution in the Brain,” Progress in Brain Research 207 (2013) 351–377.

317

M. Narad, A. A. Garner, A. A. Brassell, D. Saxby, T. N. Antonini, K. M. O’Brien, L. Tamm, G. Matthews, and J. N. Epstein, “Impact of Distraction on the Driving Performance of Adolescents With and Without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder,” JAMA Pediatrics, 167, no. 10 (2013): 933–938.

318

G. S. O’Keeffe and K. Clarke-Pearson, “The Impact of Social Media on Children, Adolescents, and Families,” Pediatrics 127, no. 4 (2011): 800–804.

319

320

E. B. Thorsteinsson and L. Davey, “Adolescents’ Compulsive Internet Use and Depression: A Longitudinal Study,” Open Journal of Depression 3 (2014): 13.

321

L. L. Lou, Z. Yan, A. Nickerson, and R. McMorris, “An Examination of the Reciprocal Relationship of Loneliness and Facebook Use among First-Year College Students,” Journal of Educational Computing Research 46, no. 1 (2012): 105–117; K. B. Wright, J. Rosenberg, N. Egbert, N. A. Ploeger, D. R. Bernard, and S. King, “Communication Competence, Social Support, and Depression among College Students: A Model of Facebook and Face-to-Face Support Network Influence,” Journal of Health Communication, 18, no. 1 (2013): 41–57.

322

F. Grobe Deters and M. R. Mehl, “Does Posting Facebook Status Updates Increase or Decrease Loneliness? An Online Social Networking Experiment,” Social Psychological and Personality Science 4, no. 5 (2013): 579–586.

323

S. R. Tortolero, M. F. Peskin, E. F. Baumler, P. M. Cuccaro, M. N. Elliott, S. L. Davies, T. H. Lewis, et al., “Daily Violent Video Game Playing and Depression in Preadolescent Youth,” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 17, no. 9 (2014): 609–615; I. Pantic, A. Damjanovic, J. Todorovic, D. Topalovic, D. Bojovic-Jovic, S. Ristic, and S. Pantic, “Association between Online Social Networking and Depression in High School Students: Behavioral Physiology Viewpoint,” Psychiatria Danubina 24, no. 1 (2012): 90–93; S. Thomee, A. Harenstam, and M. Hagberg, “Computer Use and Stress, Sleep Disturbances, and Symptoms of Depression among Young Adults – A Prospective Cohort Study,” BMC Psychiatry, 12, no. 1 (2012): 176; M. A. Moreno, L. A. Jelenchick, K. G. Egan, E. Cox, H. Young, K. E. Gannon, and T. Becker, “Feeling Bad on Facebook: Depression Disclosures by College Students on a Social Networking Site,” Depression and Anxiety 28, no. 6 (2011): 447–455; S. Thomee, M. Eklof, E. Gustafsson, R. Nilsson, and M. Hagberg, “Prevalence of Perceived Stress, Symptoms of Depression, and Sleep Disturbances in Relation to Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Use among Young Adults – An Explorative Prospective Study,” Computers in Human Behavior 23, no. 3 (2007): 1300–1321; Y. Al-Saggaf and S. Nielsen, “Self-Disclosure on Facebook among Female Users and Its Relationship to Feelings of Loneliness,” Computers in Human Behavior 36 (2014): 460–468; C. M. Morrison and H. Gore, “The Relationship between Excessive Internet Use and Depression: A Questionnaire-Based Study of 1,319 Young People and Adults,” Psychopathology 43, no. 2 (2010): 121–126; D. A. Christakis, M. M. Moreno, L. Jelenchick, M. Myaing, and C. Zhou, “Problematic Internet Usage in US College Students: A Pilot Study,” BMC Medicine 9, no. 1 (2011): 77.

324

H. Song, A. Zmyslinski-Seelig, J. Kim, A. Drent, A. Victor, K. Omori, and M. Allen, “Does Facebook Make You Lonely? A Meta Analysis,” Computers in Human Behavior 36 (2014): 446–452.

325

Ravizza and Salo, “Task Switching in Psychiatric Disorders.”

326

R. Kotikalapudi, S. Chellappan, F. Montgomery, D. Wunsch, and K. Lutzen, “Associating Depressive Symptoms in College Students with Internet Usage Using Real Internet Data,” IEEE Technology and Society Magazine 31, no. 4 (2012): 73–80.

327

A. D. Kramer, J. E. Guillory, and J. T. Hancock, “Experimental Evidence of Massive-Scale Emotional Contagion through Social Networks,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 24 (2014): 8788–8790.

328

Rosen et al., “Is Facebook Creating ‘iDisorders’?”

329

G. T. Waldhauser, M. Johansson, M. Backstrom, and A. Mecklinger, “Trait Anxiety, Working Memory Capacity, and the Effectiveness of Memory Suppression,” Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 52, no. 1 (2011): 21–27; L. Visu-Petra, M. Miclea, and G. Visu-Petra, “Individual Differences in Anxiety and Executive Functioning: A Multidimensional View,” International Journal of Psychology 48, no. 4 (2011): 649–659.

330

J. M. Twenge and W. K. Campbell, The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement (New York: Free Press, 2009).

331

Rosen, et al., “Is Facebook Creating ‘iDisorders’?”

332

Более подробную информацию о влиянии технологии на людей, страдающих нарциссическим расстройством личности, см. Rosen, iDisorder.

333

G. Rajendran, A. S. Law, R. H. Logie, M. Van Der Meulen, D. Fraser, and M. Corley, “Investigating Multitasking in High-Functioning Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders Using the Virtual Errands Task,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 41, no. 11 (2011): 1445–1454.

334

M. L. Gonzalez-Gadea, S. Baez, T. Torralva, F. X. Castellanos, A. Rattazzi, V. Bein, K. Rogg, F. Manes, and A. Ibanez, “Cognitive Variability in Adults with ADHD and AS: Disentangling the Roles of Executive Functions and Social Cognition,” Research in Developmental Disabilities 34, no. 2 (2013): 817–830.

335

M. O. Mazurek and C. Wenstrup, “Television, Video Game, and Social Media Use among Children with ASD and Typically Developing Siblings,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 43, no. 6 (2013): 1258–1271.

336

H. Simon, quoted in S. Anderson, “In Defense of Distraction: Twitter, Adderall, Lifehacking, Mindful Jogging, Power Browsing, Obama’s BlackBerry, and the Benefits of Overstimulation,” New York Magazine, May 17, 2009, http://nymag.com/news/features/56793/.

337

Anderson, “In Defense of Distraction.”

338

P. Pirolli and S. Card, “Information Foraging,” Psychological Review 106, no. 4 (1999): 643–675.

339

340

J. D. Eastwood, A. Frischen, M. J. Fenske, and D. Smilek, “The Unengaged Mind Defining Boredom in Terms of Attention,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 7, no. 5 (2012): 482–495.

341

K. Weir, “Never a Dull Moment: Things Get Interesting When Psychologists Take a Closer Look at Boredom,” Monitor on Psychology 44, no. 7 (2013): 52.

342

W. Miklaus and S. Vodanovich, “The Essence of Boredom,” Psychological Record 43 (1993): 3–12.

343

J. M. Barbalet, “Boredom and Social Meaning,” British Journal of Sociology 50, no. 4 (1999): 631–646.

344

E. Fromm, The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness (New York: Holt McDougal, 1973).

345

“Tech-or-Treat: Consumers Are Sweet on Mobile Apps,” Nielsen.com, October 20, 2014, http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2014/tech-or-treat-consumers-are-sweet-on-mobile-apps.html.

346

“Downtime? Half of UK Smartphone Owners Prefer to Check Their Devices,” MarketingCharts.com, October 18, 2013, http://www.marketingcharts.com/online/downtime-half-of-uk-smartphone-owners-prefer-to-check-their-devices-37529/.

347

“Boredom Said to Spur Video Sharing among Smartphone Owners,” MarketingCharts.com, August 1, 2013, http://www.marketingcharts.com/online/boredom-said-to-spur-video-sharing-among-smartphone-owners-35474/.

348

L. D. Rosen, L. M. Carrier, and N. A. Cheever, “Facebook and Texting Made Me Do It: Media-Induced Task-Switching While Studying,” Computers in Human Behavior 29, no. 3 (2013): 948–958.

349

A. Lepp, J. Li, J. E. Barkley, and S. Salehi-Esfahani, “Exploring the Relationships between College Students’ Cell Phone Use, Personality, and Leisure,” Computers in Human Behavior 43 (2015): 210–219; A. Lepp and J. E. Barkley, “Cell Phone Use as Leisure: Activities, Motivations, and Affective Experiences,” in Book of Abstracts for the Leisure Research Symposium of the National Recreation and Parks Association’s Annual Congress (Ashburn, VA: National Recreation and Park Association, 2014), 154–156, http://www.academyofleisuresciences.com/sites/default/files/2014%20LRS%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf.

350

J. A. Danckert and A. A. A. Allman, “Time Flies When You’re Having Fun: Temporal Estimation and the Experience of Boredom,” Brain and Cognition 59, no. 3 (2005): 236–245.

351

Weir, “Never a Dull Moment.”

352

Eastwood et al., “The Unengaged Mind.”

353

D. Gross, “Have Smartphones Killed Boredom (and Is That Good)?” CNN.com, September 26, 2012, http://www.cnn.com/2012/09/25/tech/mobile/oms-smartphones-boredom/.

354

National Institute of Mental Health, “Any Anxiety Disorder Among Adults,” http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/prevalence/any-anxiety-disorder-among-adults.shtml; A. V. Horwitz and J. C. Wakefield, All We Have to Fear: Psychiatry’s Transformation of Natural Anxieties into Mental Disorders (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).

355

356

C. Taylor, “For Millennials, Social Media Is not All Fun and Games,” Gigaom.com, April 29, 2011, http://gigaom.com/2011/04/29/millennial-mtv-study/; A. K. Przybylski, K. Murayama, C. R. DeHaan, and V. Gladwell, “Motivational, Emotional, and Behavioral Correlates of Fear of Missing Out,” Computers in Human Behavior 29, no. 4 (2013): 1841–1848.

357

Przybylski et al., “Motivational, Emotional, and Behavioral Correlates.”

358

J. Loechner, “Fear of Missing Out Drives Social Media Use,” Mediapost.com, August 7, 2012, http://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/180230/fear-of-missing-out-drives-social-media-use.html.

359

Jeff Tingsley, quoted in N. Smith, “Social Media ‘Addiction’ Is Marketer’s Best Friend,” Business News Daily, August 1, 2012, http://www.businessnewsdaily.com/2933-consumers-addicted-social-media-fear-missing-out.html.

360

Rosen et al., “Is Facebook Creating ‘iDisorders’?”

361

“Nomophobia, the Fear of Not Having a Mobile Phone, Hits Record Numbers,” Australian, June 2, 2013, http://www.news.com.au/technology/nomophobia-the-fear-of-not-having-a-mobilephone-hits-record-numbers/story-e6frfro0-1226655033189.

362

S. A. Kelly, “Are You Afraid of Mobile Phone Separation?” Mashable.com, July 13, 2012, http://mashable.com/2012/07/13/nomophobia-infographic/.

363

S. A. Kelly, “Afraid of Losing Your Phone? You May Have Nomophobia Like Half the Population,” Mashable.com, February 21, 2012, http://mashable.com/2012/02/21/nomophobia/.

364

N. A. Cheever, L. D. Rosen, L. M. Carrier, and A. Chavez, “Out of Sight Is Not Out of Mind: The Impact of Restricting Wireless Mobile Device Use on Anxiety among Low, Moderate, and High Users,” Computers in Human Behavior 37 (2014): 290–297.

365

R. B. Clayton, G. Leshner, and A. Almond, “The Extended iSelf: The Impact of iPhone Separation on Cognition, Emotion, and Physiology,” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 20, no. 2 (2015): 119–135.

366

A. Lepp, J. E. Barkley, and A. C. Karpinski, “The Relationship between Cell Phone Use, Academic Performance, Anxiety, and Satisfaction with Life in College Students,” Computers in Human Behavior 31 (2014): 343–350; S. Thomee, M. Eklof, E. Gustafsson, R. Nilsson, and M. Hagberg, “Prevalence of Perceived Stress, Symptoms of Depression, and Sleep Disturbances in Relation to Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Use among Young Adults – An Explorative Prospective Study,” Computers in Human Behavior, 23, no. 3 (2007): 1300–1321.

367

J. Bennett, “Bubbles Carry a Lot of Weight: Texting Anxiety Caused by Little Bubbles,” New York Times, August 29, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/31/fashion/texting-anxiety-caused-by-little-bubbles.html.

368

C. Doctorow, “Writing in the Age of Distraction,” Locus Magazine, January 2009, http://www.locusmag.com/Features/2009/01/cory-doctorow-writing-in-age-of.html.

369

D. Sanbonmatsu, D. Strayer, and N. Medeiros-Ward, “Who Multi-Tasks and Why? Multi-Tasking Ability, Perceived Multi-Tasking Ability, Impulsivity, and Sensation Seeking,” PLoS ONE 8, no. 1 (2013): e54402.

370

E. Ophir, C. Nass, and A. D. Wagner, “Cognitive Control in Media Multitaskers,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (2009): 15583–15587.

371

J. R. Finley, A. S. Benjamin, and J. S. McCarley, “Metacognition of Multitasking: How Well Do We Predict the Costs of Divided Attention?” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (February 3, 2014), advance online publication, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xap0000010.

372

W. J. Horrey and M. F. Lesch, “Driver-Initiated Distractions: Examining Strategic Adaptation for In-Vehicle Task Initiation,” Accident Analysis and Prevention 41 (2009): 115–122.

373

S. T. Iqbal and E. Horvitz, “Disruption and Recovery of Computing Tasks: Field Study, Analysis, and Directions,” in Proceedings of CHI 2007 (New York: ACM Press, 2007), 677–686.

374

Finley, Benjamin, and McCarley, “Metacognition of Multitasking.”

375

Лучшим в своем роде (лат.) – прим. перев.

376

W. James, The Principles of Psychology (New York: Dover, 1890).

377

Y. Stern, “Cognitive Reserve,” Neuropsychologia 47, no. 10 (2009): 2015–2028.

378

Y. Stern, “Cognitive Reserve and Alzheimer Disease,” Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders 20, no. 2 (2006): 112–117.

379

J. Dewey, Experience and Education (New York: Kappa Delta Pi, 1938), 1–5.

380

О связи между когнитивным контролем и академической успеваемостью см. J. A. Welsh, R. L. Nix, C. Blair, K. L. Bierman, and K. E. Nelson, “The Development of Cognitive Skills and Gains in Academic School Readiness for Children from Low-Income Families,” Journal of Educational Psychology 102, no. 1 (2010), 43–53; C. Blair and R. P. Razza, “Relating Effortful Control, Executive Function, and False Belief Understanding to Emerging Math and Literacy Ability in Kindergarten,” Child Development 78, no. 2 (2007): 647–663; L. Visu-Petra, L. Cheie, O. Benga, and M. Miclea, “Cognitive Control Goes to School: The Impact of Executive Functions on Academic Performance,” Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 11 (2011): 240–244.

381

D. P. Baker, D. Salinas, and P. J. Eslinger, “An Envisioned Bridge: Schooling as a Neurocognitive Developmental Institution,” Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 2 (2012): S6–S17.

382

C. Blair, D. Gamson, S. Thorne, and D. Baker, “Rising Mean IQ: Cognitive Demand of Mathematics Education for Young Children, Population Exposure to Formal Schooling, and the Neurobiology of the Prefrontal Cortex,” Intelligence 33, no. 1 (2005): 93–106.

383

E. Peters, D. P. Baker, N. F. Dieckmann, J. Leon, and J. Collins, “Explaining the Effect of Education on Health: A Field Study in Ghana,” Psychological Science 21, no. 10 (2010): 1369–1376; D. P. Baker, D. Salinas, and P. J. Eslinger, “An Envisioned Bridge: Schooling as a Neurocognitive Developmental Institution,” Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 2 (2012): S6–S17.

384

A. Diamond, W. S. Barnett, J. Thomas, and S. Munro, “Preschool Program Improves Cognitive Control,” Science 318, no. 5855 (2007): 1387–1388.

385

A. R. Luria, The Higher Cortical Functions in Man (New York: Basic Books, 1966); L. S. Vygotsky, Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978).

386

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2174918/.

387

J. Gu, C. Strauss, R. Bond, and K. Cavanagh, “How Do Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Improve Mental Health and Wellbeing? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Meditation Studies,” Clinical Psychology Review 37 (2015): 1–12.

388

A. Chiesa, R. Calati, and A. Serretti, “Does Mindfulness Training Improve Cognitive Abilities? A Systematic Review of Neuropsychological Findings,” Clinical Psychology Review 31, no. 3 (2011): 449–464; H. A. Slagter, R. J. Davidson, and A. Lutz, “Mental Training as a Tool in the Neuroscientific Study of Brain and Cognitive Plasticity,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 5 (2011): 17.

389

A. P. Jha, J. Krompinger, and M. J. Baime, “Mindfulness Training Modifies Subsystems of Attention,” Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience 7, no. 2 (2007): 109–119.

390

K. A. MacLean, E. Ferrer, S. R. Aichele, D. A. Bridwell, A. P. Zanesco, T. L. Jacobs, et al., “Intensive Meditation Training Improves Perceptual Discrimination and Sustained Attention,” Psychological science 21, no. 6 (2010): 829–839. A. Lutz, H. A. Slagter, N. B. Rawlings, A. D. Francis, L. L. Greischar, and R. J. Davidson, “Mental Training Enhances Attentional Stability: Neural and Behavioral Evidence,” Journal of Neuroscience 29, no. 42 (2009): 13418–13427; H. A. Slagter, A. Lutz, L. L. Greischar, S. Nieuwenhuis, and R. J. Davidson, “Theta Phase Synchrony and Conscious Target Perception: Impact of Intensive Mental Training,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21, no. 8 (2009): 1536–1549; H. A. Slagter, A. Lutz, L. L. Greischar, A. D. Francis, S. Nieuwenhuis, J. M. Davis, and R. J. Davidson, “Mental Training Affects Distribution of Limited Brain Resources,” PLoS Biology 5, no. 6 (2007): e138; M. D. Mrazek, M. S. Franklin, D. T. Phillips, B. Baird, and J. W. Schooler, “Mindfulness Training Improves Working Memory Capacity and GRE Performance While Reducing Mind Wandering,” Psychological Science 24, no. 5 (2013): 776–781; A. P. Jha, E. A. Stanley, A. Kiyonaga, L. Wong, and L. Gelfand, “Examining the Protective Effects of Mindfulness Training on Working Memory Capacity and Affective Experience,” Emotion 10, no. 1 (2010): 54–64.

391

M. D. Mrazek, M. S Franklin, D. T. Phillips, B. Baird, and J. W. Schooler, “Mindfulness Training Improves Working Memory Capacity and GRE Performance While Reducing Mind Wandering,” Psychological Science 24, no. 5 (2013): 776–781.

392

A. Lampit, H. Hallock, and M. Valenzuela, “Computerized Cognitive Training in Cognitively Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Effect Modifiers,” PLoS Medicine 11, no. 11 (2014): e1001756; M. E. Kelly, D. Loughrey, B. A. Lawlor, I. H. Robertson, C. Walsh, and S Brennan, “The Impact of Cognitive Training and Mental Stimulation on Cognitive and Everyday Functioning of Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Aging Research Reviews 15 (2014): 28–43.

393

K. Ball, D. B. Berch, K. F. Helmers, J. B. Jobe, M. D. Leveck, M. Marsiske, et al., “Effects of Cognitive Training Interventions with Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” JAMA 288, no. 18 (2002): 2271–2281.

394

G. W. Rebok, K. Ball, L. T. Guey, R. N. Jones, H. Y. Kim, J. W. King, et al., “Ten-Year Effects of the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly Cognitive Training Trial on Cognition and Everyday Functioning in Older Adults,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 62, no. 1 (2014): 16–24.

395

K. Ball, J. D. Edwards, L. A. Ross, and G. McGwin, Jr., “Cognitive Training Decreases Motor Vehicle Collision Involvement of Older Drivers,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 58, no. 11 (2010): 2107–2113.

396

J. Mishra, E. de Villers-Sidani, M. Merzenich, and A. Gazzaley, “Adaptive Training Diminishes Distractibility in Aging across Species,” Neuron 84, no. 5 (2014): 1091–1103.

397

J. Au, E. Sheehan, N. Tsai, G. J. Duncan, M. Buschkuehl, and S. M. Jaeggi, “Improving Fluid Intelligence with Training on Working Memory: A Meta-Analysis,” Psychonomic Bulletin and Review (2014): 1–12; T. Klingberg, “Training and Plasticity of Working Memory,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 14, no. 7 (2010): 317–324; Y. Brehmer, H. Westerberg, and L. Bäckman, “Working-Memory Training in Younger and Older Adults: Training Gains, Transfer, and Maintenance,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6 (2012): 63; J. Karbach and J. Kray, “How Useful Is Executive Control Training? Age Differences in Near and Far Transfer of Task-Switching Training,” Developmental Science, 12, no. 6 (2009): 978–990; M. Lussier, C. Gagnon, and L. Bherer, “An Investigation of Response and Stimulus Modality Transfer Effects After Dual-Task Training in Younger and Older,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6 (2012): 129.

398

A. P. Goldin, M. J. Hermida, D. E. Shalom, M. E. Costa, M. Lopez-Rosenfeld, M. S. Segretin, et al., “Far Transfer to Language and Math of a Short Software-Based Gaming Intervention,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 17 (2014): 6443–6448.

399

A. M. Owen, A. Hampshire, J. A. Grahn, R. Stenton, S. Dajani, A. S. Burns, et al., “Putting Brain Training to the Test,” Nature, 465, no. 7299 (2010): 775–778.

400

W. Boot, D. Simons, C. Stothart, and C. Stutts, “The Pervasive Problem with Placebos in Psychology: Why Active Control Groups Are Not Sufficient to Rule Out Placebo Effects,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 8, no. 4 (2013): 445–454.

401

C. S. Green and D. Bavelier, “Action Video Game Modifies Visual Selective Attention,” Nature 423, no. 6939 (2003): 534–537.

402

Green and Bavelier, “Action Video Game.”

403

C. S. Green and D. Bavelier, “Learning, Attentional Control, and Action Video Games,” Current Biology 22, no. 6 (2012): R197–R206.

404

D. Bavelier, C. S. Green, A. Pouget, and P. Schrater, “Brain Plasticity through the Life Span: Learning to Learn and Action Video Games,” Neuroscience 35 (2012): 391–416.

405

J. Mishra, M. Zinni, D. Bavelier, and S. A. Hillyard, “Neural Basis of Superior Performance of Action Videogame Players in an Attention-Demanding Task,” Journal of Neuroscience 31, no. 3 (2011): 992–998.

406

D. Bavelier, R. L. Achtman, M. Mani, and J. Föcker, “Neural Bases of Selective Attention in Action Video Game Players,” Vision Research 61 (2012): 132–143.

407

NeuroRacer game development team: Eric Johnston, Dmitri Ellingson, Matt Omernick from LucasArts, and game designer Noah Fahlstein.

408

409

A. M. Kueider, J. M. Parisi, A. L. Gross, and G. W. Rebok, “Computerized Cognitive Training with Older Adults: A Systematic Review,” PLoS ONE 7, no. 7 (2012): e40588.

410

A. J. Latham, L. L. Patston, and L. J. Tippett, “The Virtual Brain: 30 Years of Video-Game Play and Cognitive Abilities,” Frontiers in Psychology 4 (2013): 629.

411

S. Prot, K. A. McDonald, C. A. Anderson, and D. A. Gentile, “Video Games: Good, Bad, or Other?” Pediatric Clinics of North America 59, no. 3 (2012): 647–658.

412

D. A. Gentile, E. L. Swing, C. G. Lim, and A. Khoo, “Video Game Playing, Attention Problems, and Impulsiveness: Evidence of Bidirectional Causality,” Psychology of Popular Media Culture 1, no. 1 (2012): 62.

413

Prot et al., “Video Games.”

414

M. G. Berman, E. Kross, K. M. Krpan, M. K. Askren, A. Burson, P. J. Deldin, et al., “Interacting with Nature Improves Cognition and Affect for Individuals with Depression,” Journal of Affective Disorders 140, no. 3 (2012): 300–305; A. F. Taylor and F. E. Kuo, “Children with Attention Deficits Concentrate Better after Walk in the Park,” Journal of Attention Disorders 12, no. 5 (2009): 402–409.

415

S. Kaplan, “The Restorative Benefits of Nature: Toward an Integrative Framework,” Journal of Environmental Psychology 15, no. 3 (1995): 169–182.

416

J. Persson, K. M. Welsh, J. Jonides, and P. A. Reuter-Lorenz, “Cognitive Fatigue of Executive Processes: Interaction between Interference Resolution Tasks,” Neuropsychologia 45, no. 7 (2007): 1571–1579; M. Muraven and R. F. Baumeister, “Self-Regulation and Depletion of Limited Resources: Does Self-Control Resemble a Muscle?” Psychological Bulletin 126, no. 2 (2000): 247.

417

S. Kaplan, “The Restorative Environment: Nature and Human Experience,” in The Role of Horticulture in Human Well Being and Social Development, ed. D. Relf (Portland, OR: Timber Press, 1992), 134–142.

418

R. S. Ulrich, “Aesthetic and Affective Response to Natural Environment,” in Behavior and the Natural Environment, ed. I. Altman and J. F. Wohlwill (New York, Plenum Press, 1983), 85–125.

419

D. G. Pearson and T. Craig, “The Great Outdoors? Exploringthe Mental Health Benefits of Natural Environments,” Frontiers in Psychology 5 (2014): 1178.

420

Многие из перечисленных препаратов запрещены в России. В любом случае, употребление каких-либо препаратов, влияющих на состояние мозга, без предписания врача опасно (прим. науч. ред.).

421

B. Maher, “Poll Results: Look Who’s Doping,” Nature 452 (2008): 674–675.

422

S. E. McCabe, J. R. Knight, C. J. Teter, and H. Wechsler, “Non-medical Use of Prescription Stimulants among US College Students: Prevalence and Correlates from a National Survey,” Addiction 100, no. 1 (2005): 96–106.

423

R. C. Spencer, D. M. Devilbiss, and C. W. Berridge, “The Cognition-Enhancing Effects of Psychostimulants Involve Direct Action in the Prefrontal Cortex,” Biological Psychiatry 77, no. 11 (2015): 940–950.

424

C. Advokat, “What Are the Cognitive Effects of Stimulant Medications? Emphasis on Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD),” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 34, no. 8 (2010): 1256–1266; L. C. Bidwell, F. J. McClernon, and S. H. Kollins, “Cognitive Enhancers for the Treatment of ADHD,” Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 99, no. 2 (2011): 262–274.

425

R. C. Malenka, E. J. Nestler, and S. E. Hyman, “Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control,” chapter 13 in Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience, 2nd ed., ed. A. Sydor and R. Y. Brown (New York: McGraw-Hill Medical, 2009), 318.

426

Advokat, “What Are the Cognitive Effects of Stimulant Medications?”

427

B. Sahakian and S. Morein-Zamir, “Professor’s Little Helper,” Nature 450, no. 7173 (2007): 1157–1159; A. G. Franke, C. Bagusat, S. Rust, A. Engel, and K. Lieb, “Substances Used and Prevalence Rates of Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancement among Healthy Subjects,” European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 264, no. 1 (2014): 83–90.

428

A. M. Kelley, C. M. Webb, J. R. Athy, S. Ley, and S. Gaydos, “Cognition Enhancement by Modafinil: A Meta-Analysis,” Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 83, no. 7 (2012): 685–690; M. J. Minzenberg and C. S. Carter, “Modafinil: A Review of Neurochemical Actions and Effects on Cognition,” Neuropsychopharmacology 33, no. 7 (2008): 1477–1502; D. Repantis, P. Schlattmann, O. Laisney, and I. Heuser, “Modafinil and Methylphenidate for Neuroenhancement in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review,” Pharmacological Research 62, no. 3 (2010): 187–206.

429

D. C. Turner, T. W. Robbins, L. Clark, A. R. Aron, J. Dowson, and B. J. Sahakian, “Cognitive Enhancing Effects of Modafinil in Healthy Volunteers,” Psychopharmacology 165, no. 3 (2003): 260–269; D. C. Randall, A. Viswanath, P. Bharania, S. M. Elsabagh, D. E. Hartley, J. M. Shneerson, and S. E. File, “Does Modafinil Enhance Cognitive Performance in Young Volunteers Who Are Not Sleep-Deprived?” Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 25, no. 2 (2005): 175–179.

430

M. J. Farah, J. Illes, R. Cook-Deegan, H. Gardner, E. Kandel, P. King, et al., “Neurocognitive Enhancement: What Can We Do and What Should We Do?” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5, no. 5 (2004): 421–425; B. J. Sahakian and S. Morein-Zamir, “Neuroethical Issues in Cognitive Enhancement,” Journal of Psychopharmacology 25, no. 2 (2011): 197–204.

431

K. T. Khaw, N. Wareham, S. Bingham, A. Welch, R. Luben, and N. Day, “Combined Impact of Health Behaviors and Mortality in Men and Women: The EPIC-Norfolk Prospective Population Study,” Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey 63 (2008): 376–377.

432

A. J. Daley, “Exercise Therapy and Mental Health in Clinical Populations: Is Exercise Therapy a Worthwhile Intervention?” Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 8 (2002): 262–270; R. Walsh, “Lifestyle and Mental Health,” American Psychologist 66, no. 7 (2011): 579.

433

C. W. Cotman and N. C. Berchtold, “Exercise: A Behavioral Intervention to Enhance Brain Health and Plasticity,” Neuroscience 25 (2002): 295–301; K. I. Erickson, M. W. Voss, R. S. Prakash, C. Basak, A. Szabo, L. Chaddock, et al., “Exercise Training Increases Size of Hippocampus and Improves Memory,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 7 (2011): 3017–3022; K. I. Erickson, C. A. Raji, O. L. Lopez, J. T. Becker, C. Rosano, A. B. Newman, et al., “Physical Activity Predicts Gray Matter Volume in Late Adulthood: The Cardiovascular Health Study,” Neurology 75, no. 16 (2010): 1415–1422; M. W. Voss, R. S. Prakash, K. I. Erickson, C. Basak, L. Chaddock, J. S. Kim, et al., “Plasticity of Brain Networks in a Randomized Intervention Trial of Exercise Training in Older Adults,” Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 2 (2010); K. Fabel and G. Kempermann, “Physical Activity and the Regulation of Neurogenesis in the Adult and Aging Brain,” Neuromolecular Medicine 10, no. 2 (2008): 59–66; S. J. Colcombe, K. I. Erickson, P. E. Scalf, J. S. Kim, R. Prakash, E. McAuley, et al., “Aerobic Exercise Training Increases Brain Volume in Aging Humans,” Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 61, no. 11 (2006): 1166–1170.

434

S. B. Hindin and E. M. Zelinski, “Extended Practice and Aerobic Exercise Interventions Benefit Untrained Cognitive Outcomes in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of the American Geriatric Society 60 (2012): 136–141; B. A. Sibley and J. L. Etnier, “The Relationship between Physical Activity and Cognition in Children: A Meta-Analysis,” Pediatric Exercise Science 15, no. 3 (2003): 243–256.

435

M. B. Pontifex, L. B. Raine, C. R. Johnson, L. Chaddock, M. W. Voss, N. J. Cohen, et al., “Cardiorespiratory Fitness and the Flexible Modulation of Cognitive Control in Preadolescent Children,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 6 (2011): 1332–1345; M. R. Scudder, K. Lambourne, E. S. Drollette, S. D. Herrmann, R. A. Washburn, J. E. Donnelly, and C. H. Hillman, “Aerobic Capacity and Cognitive Control in Elementary School-Age Children,” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 46 (2014): 1025–1035.

436

437

J. R. Themanson, M. B. Pontifex, and C. H. Hillman, “Fitness and Action Monitoring: Evidence for Improved Cognitive Flexibility in Young Adults,” Neuroscience 157, no. 2 (2008): 319–328.

438

D. Stavrinos, K. W. Byington, and D. C. Schwebel, “Effect of Cell Phone Distraction on Pediatric Pedestrian Injury Risk,” Pediatrics 123, no. 2 (2009): e179–e185.

439

L. Chaddock, M. B. Neider, A. Lutz, C. H. Hillman, and A. F. Kramer, “Role of Childhood Aerobic Fitness in Successful Street Crossing,” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 44 (2012): 749–753.

440

J. R. Best, “Effects of Physical Activity on Children’s Executive Function: Contributions of Experimental Research on Aerobic Exercise,” Developmental Review 30, no. 4 (2010): 331–351; C. H. Hillman, M. B. Pontifex, D. M. Castelli, N. A. Khan, L. B. Raine, M. R. Scudder, et al., “Effects of the FITKids Randomized Controlled Trial on Executive Control and Brain Function,” Pediatrics 134, no. 4 (2014): e1063–e1071.

441

Y. K. Chang, S. Liu, H. H. Yu, and Y. H. Lee, “Effect of Acute Exercise on Executive Function in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,” Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 27, no. 2 (2012): 225–237; C. H. Hillman, M. B. Pontifex, L. B. Raine, D. M. Castelli, E. E. Hall, and A. F. Kramer, “The Effect of Acute Treadmill Walking on Cognitive Control and Academic Achievement in Preadolescent Children,” Neuroscience 159, no. 3 (2009): 1044–1054.

442

J. J. Ratey and J. E. Loehr, “The Positive Impact of Physical Activity on Cognition during Adulthood: A Review of Underlying Mechanisms, Evidence, and Recommendations,” Reviews in the Neurosciences 22, no. 2 (2011): 171–185; C. L. Hogan, J. Mata, and L. L. Carstensen, “Exercise Holds Immediate Benefits for Affect and Cognition in Younger and Older Adults,” Psychology and Aging 28, no. 2 (2013): 587–594; J. Barenberg, T. Berse, and S. Dutke, “Executive Functions in Learning Processes: Do They Benefit from Physical Activity?” Educational Research Review 6, no. 3 (2011): 208–222.

443

S. Colcombe and A. F. Kramer, “Fitness Effects on the Cognitive Function of Older Adults: A Meta-Analytic Study,” Psychological Science 14, no. 2 (2003): 125–130.

444

E. McAuley, S. P. Mullen, and C. H. Hillman, “Physical Activity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Cognition across the Lifespan,” in Social Neuroscience and Public Health, ed. P. A. Hall (New York: Springer, 2013), 235–252.

445

J. E. Karr, C. N. Areshenkoff, P. Rast, and M. A. Garcia-Barrera, “An Empirical Comparison of the Therapeutic Benefits of Physical Exercise and Cognitive Training on the Executive Functions of Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials,” Neuropsychology 28, no. 6 (2014): 829–845; L. Bherer, K. I. Erickson, and T. Liu-Ambrose, “A Review of the Effects of Physical Activity and Exercise on Cognitive and Brain Functions in Older Adults,” Journal of Aging Research (2013).

446

S. J. Colcombe, A. F. Kramer, K. I. Erickson, P. Scalf, E. McAuley, N. J. Cohen, et al., “Cardiovascular Fitness, Cortical Plasticity, and Aging,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101, no. 9 (2004): 3316–3321; C. L. Davis, P. D. Tomporowski, J. E. McDowell, B. P. Austin, P. H. Miller, N. E. Yanasak, et al., “Exercise Improves Executive Function and Achievement and Alters Brain Activation in Overweight Children: A Randomized, Controlled Trial,” Health Psychology 30, no. 1 (2011): 91.

447

H. van Praag, “Exercise and the Brain: Something to Chew On,” Trends in Neurosciences 32, no. 5 (2009): 283–290; P. D. Bamidis, A. B. Vivas, C. Styliadis, C. Frantzidis, M. Klados, W. Schlee, et al., “A Review of Physical and Cognitive Interventions in Aging,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 44 (2014): 206–220.

448

B. Zoefel, R. J. Huster, and C. S. Herrmann, “Neurofeedback Training of the Upper Alpha Frequency Band in EEG Improves Cognitive Performance,” Neuroimage 54, no. 2 (2011): 1427–1431.

449

T. Ros, J. Theberge, P. A. Frewen, R. Kluetsch, M. Densmore, V. D. Calhoun, and R. A. Lanius, “Mind Over Chatter: Plastic Up-Regulation of the fMRI Salience Network Directly after EEG Neurofeedback,” Neuroimage 65 (2013): 324–335.

450

J. H. Gruzelier, “EEG-Neurofeedback for Optimising Performance. I: A Review of Cognitive and Affective Outcome in Healthy Participants,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 44 (2014): 124–141; D. J. Vernon, “Can Neurofeedback Training Enhance Performance? An Evaluation of the Evidence with Implications for Future Research,” Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 30, no. 4 (2005): 347–364.

451

S. K. Loo and R. A. Barkley, “Clinical Utility of EEG in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,” Applied Neuropsychology 12, no. 2 (2005): 64–76; M. Arns, H. Heinrich, and U. Strehl, “Evaluation of Neurofeedback in ADHD: The Long and Winding Road,” Biological Psychology (2013): 1–8; D. C. Hammond, “Neurofeedback with Anxiety and Affective Disorders,” Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 14, no. 1 (2005): 105–123; M. E. J. Kouijzera, J. M. H. de Moor, B. J. L. Gerrits, J. K. Buitelaar, and Hein T. van Schie, “Long-Term Effects of Neurofeedback Treatment in Autism,” Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 3, no. 2 (2009): 496–501; F. Dehghani-Arani, R. Rostami, and H. Nadali, “Neurofeedback Training for Opiate Addiction: Improvement of Mental Health and Craving,” Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 38, no. 2 (2013): 133–141.

452

J. R. Wang and S. Hsieh, “Neurofeedback Training Improves Attention and Working Memory Performance,” Clinical Neurophysiology 124, no. 12 (2013): 2406–2420.

453

J. Ghaziri, A. Tucholka, V. Larue, M. Blanchette-Sylvestre, G. Reyburn, G. Gilbert, et al. “Neurofeedback Training Induces Changes in White and Gray Matter,” Clinical EEG and Neuroscience 44 (2013): 265–272.

454

D. Fox, “Neuroscience: Brain Buzz,” Nature News 472, no. 7342 (2011): 156–159; H. L. Filmer, P. E. Dux, and J. B. Mattingley, “Applications of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Understanding Brain Function,” Trends in Neurosciences 37, no. 12 (2014): 742–753.

455

M. A. Nitsche and W. Paulus, “Excitability Changes Induced in the Human Motor Cortex by Weak Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation,” Journal of Physiology 527, no. 3 (2000): 633–639.

456

R. Lindenberg, V. Renga, L. L. Zhu, D. Nair, and G. Schlaug, “Bihemispheric Brain Stimulation Facilitates Motor Recovery in Chronic Stroke Patients,” Neurology 75, no. 24 (2010): 2176–2184; D. H. Benninger, M. Lomarev, G. Lopez, E. M. Wassermann, X. Li, E. Considine, and M. Hallett, “Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease,” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 81, no. 10 (2010): 1105–1111; A. R. Brunoni, L. Valiengo, A. Baccaro, T. A. Zanao, J. F. de Oliveira, A. Goulart, et al., “The Sertraline vs. Electrical Current Therapy for Treating Depression Clinical Study: Results from a Factorial, Randomized, Controlled Trial,” JAMA Psychiatry 70, no. 4 (2013): 383–391.

457

M. F. Kuo and M. A. Nitsche, “Effects of Transcranial Electrical Stimulation on Cognition,” Clinical EEG and Neuroscience 43, no. 3 (2012): 192–199.

458

B. A. Coffman, M. C. Trumbo, and V. P. Clark, “Enhancement of Object Detection with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Is Associated with Increased Attention,” BMC Neuroscience 13, no. 1 (2012): 108; A. R. Brunoni and M.-A. Vanderhasselt, “Working Memory Improvement with Non-invasive Brain Stimulation of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Brain and Cognition 86 (2014): 1–9; T. Strobach, A. Soutschek, D. Antonenko, A. Floel, and T. Schubert, “Modulation of Executive Control in Dual Tasks with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS),” Neuropsychologia 68C (2014): 8–20.

459

J. Nelson, R. McKinley, E. Golob, J. Warm, and R. Parasuraman, “Enhancing Vigilance in Operators with Prefrontal Cortex Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS),” NeuroImage 85 (2014): 909–917.

460

Nelson et al., “Enhancing Vigilance in Operators,” 909.

461

W. Y. Hsu, T. P. Zanto, and A. Gazzaley, “Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Enhances Multitasking Performance,” paper presented at the Bay Area Memory Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 2013.

462

D. Reato, A. Rahman, M. Bikson, and L. C. Parra, “Effects of Weak Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on Brain Activity: A Review of Known Mechanisms from Animal Studies,” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7 (2013): 687–687.

463

A. R. Brunoni, J. Amadera, B. Berbel, M. S. Volz, B. G. Rizzerio, and F. Fregni, “A Systematic Review on Reporting and Assessment of Adverse Effects Associated with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation,” International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 14, no. 8 (2011): 1133–1145.

464

T. Iuculano and R. Cohen Kadosh, “The Mental Cost of Cognitive Enhancement,” Journal of Neuroscience 33, no. 10 (2013): 4482–4486.

465

T. Pustovrh, “The Neuroenhancement of Healthy Individuals Using tDCS: Some Ethical, Legal, and Societal Aspects,” Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 12, no. 4 (2014): 270–279.

466

J. Mishra and A. Gazzaley, “Closed-Loop Rehabilitation of Age-Related Cognitive Disorders,” Seminars in Neurology 34 (2014): 584–590.

467

P. D. Bamidis, A. B. Vivas, C. Styliadis, C. Frantzidis, M. Klados, W. Schlee, et al., “A Review of Physical and Cognitive Interventions in Aging,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 44 (2014): 206–220.

468

C. D. Fisher, “Effects of External and Internal Interruptions on Boredom at Work: Two Studies,” Journal of Organizational Behavior 19, no. 5 (1998): 503–522.

469

Расширенный анализ литературы выявил лишь две статьи в рецензируемых научных журналах, где изучаются способы «цифровой детоксикации» и оценивается их эффективность: C. M. Paris, E. A. Berger, S. Rubin, and M. Casson, “Disconnected and Unplugged: Experiences of Technology Induced Anxieties and Tensions While Traveling,” in Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2015 (New York: Springer International, 2015), 803–816; S. Y. Schoenebeck, “Giving Up Twitter for Lent: How and Why We Take Breaks from Social Media,” in CHI ’14: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York: ACM Press, 2014), 773–782.

470

S. Turkle, Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other (New York: Basic Books, 2011); Y. T. Uhls, M. Michikyan, J. Morris, D. Garcia, G. W. Small, E. Zgourou, and P. M. Greenfield, “Five Days at Outdoor Education Camp without Screens Improves Preteen Skills with Nonverbal Emotion Cues,” Computers in Human Behavior, 39 (2014): 387–392; A. K. Przybylski and N. Weinstein, “Can You Connect with Me Now? How the Presence of Mobile Communication Technology Influences Face-to-Face Conversation Quality,” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 30, no. 3 (2013): 237–246.

471

http://www.fcc.gov/guides/texting-while-driving.

472

http://www.itcanwaitsimulator.org/.

473

Современную информацию и исследования см. по адресу http://nsc.org/handsfree; Governors Highway Safety Association, “Distracted Driving Laws” (February 2015), http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/laws/cellphone_laws.html.

474

Governors Highway Safety Association, “Distracted Driving: What Research Shows and What States Can Do” (2011), http://www.ghsa.org/html/files/pubs/sfdist11.pdf. Here is a sampling of recent studies that have examined the impact of handsfree driving: M. M. Haque and S. Washington, “The Impact of Mobile Phone Distraction on the Braking Behavior of Young Drivers: A Hazard-Based Duration Model,” Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 50 (2015): 13–27; B. Metz, A. Landau, and V. Hargutt, “Frequency and Impact of Hands-Free Telephoning While Driving – Results from Naturalistic Driving Data,” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behavior 29 (2015): 1–13.

475

M. L. Aust, A. Eugensson, J. Ivarsson, and M. Petersson, Thinking about Distraction – A Conceptual Framework for Assessing Driver-Vehicle On-Road Performance in Relation to Secondary Task Activity, National Highway Transportation and Safety Administration Report, http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/Esv/esv22/22ESV-000320.pdf; L. Nunes and M. A. Recarte, “Cognitive Demands of Hands-Free-Phone Conversation While Driving,” Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behavior 5, no. 2 (2002): 133–144.

476

D. L. Strayer, J. Turrill, J. R. Coleman, E. V. Ortiz, and J. M. Cooper, “Measuring Cognitive Distraction in the Automobile II: Assessing In-Vehicle Voice-Based Interactive Technologies,” Accident Analysis and Prevention 372 (2014): 379; D. Strayer, J. Cooper, J. Turrill, J. Coleman, N. Medeiros-Ward, and F. Biondi, Measuring Cognitive Distraction in the Automobile (2013), AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, Washington, DC.

477

F. Manjoo, “Discovering Two Screens Aren’t Better Than One,” New York Times, March 19, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/20/technology/personaltech/surviving-and-thriving-in-a-one-monitor-world.html.

478

C. Thompson, “End the Tyranny of 24.7 Email,” New York Times, August 28, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/29/opinion/end-the-tyranny-of-24-7-email.html.

479

K. Kushlev and E. W. Dunn, “Checking Email Less Frequently Reduces Stress,” Computers in Human Behavior 43 (2015): 220–228.

480

D. J. Levitan, “Hit the Reset Button in Your Brain,” New York Times, August 9, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/10/opinion/sunday/hit-the-reset-button-in-your-brain.

481

482

A. Mirelman, I. Maidan, H. Bernad-Elazari, F. Nieuwhof, M. Reelick, N. Giladi, and J. M. Hausdorff, “Increased Frontal Brain Activation during Walking While Dual Tasking: An fNIRS Study in Healthy Young Adults,” Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation 11, no. 1 (2014): 85; R. Beurskens, I. Helmich, R. Rein, and O. Bock, “Age-Related Changes in Prefrontal Activity during Walking in Dual-Task Situations: A fNIRS Study,” International Journal of Psychophysiology 92, no. 3 (2014): 122–128.

483

T. Lesiuk, “The Effect of Preferred Music on Mood and Performance in a High-Cognitive Demand Occupation,” Journal of Music Therapy 47, no. 2 (2010): 137–154; L. A. Angel, D. J. Polzella, and G. C. Elvers, “Background Music and Cognitive Performance,” Perceptual and Motor Skills 110, no. 3 (pt. 2) (2010): 1059–1064.

484

J. Blascovich, “Effects of Music on Cardiovascular Reactivity among Surgeons,” JAMA 272, no. 11 (1994): 882–884; D. N. Moris and D. Linos, “Music Meets Surgery: Two Sides to the Art of ‘Healing,’” Surgical Endoscopy 27, no. 3 (2013): 719–723; M. V. Thoma, M. Zemp, L. Kreienbuhl, D. Hofer, P. R. Schmidlin, T. Attin, et al., “Effects of Music Listening on Pre-treatment Anxiety and Stress Levels in a Dental Hygiene Recall Population,” International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 22, no. 4 (2015): 498–505.

485

S. Ransdell and L. Gilroy, “The Effects of Background Music on Word Processed Writing,” Computers in Human Behavior 17, no. 2 (2001): 141–148.

486

A. Ariga and A. Lleras, “Brief and Rare Mental ‘Breaks’ Keep You Focused: Deactivation and Reactivation of Task Goals Preempt Vigilance Decrements,” Cognition 118, no. 3 (2011): 439–443.

487

C. Popovich and W. R. Staines, “Acute Aerobic Exercise Enhances Attentional Modulation of Somatosensory Event-Related Potentials during a Tactile Discrimination Task,” Behavioral Brain Research 281 (2014): 267–275; M. T. Tine and A. G. Butler, “Acute Aerobic Exercise Impacts Selective Attention: An Exceptional Boost in Lower-Income Children,” Educational Psychology 32, no. 7 (2012): 821–834.

488

J. Kaldenberg, J. Tribley, S. McClain, A. Karbasi, and J. Kaldenberg, “Tips for Computer Vision Syndrome Relief and Prevention,” Work 39, no. 1 (2011): 85–87; Z. Yan, L. Hu, H. Chen, and F. Lu, “Computer Vision Syndrome: A Widely Spreading but Largely Unknown Epidemic among Computer Users,” Computers in Human Behavior 24, no. 5 (2008): 2026–2042.

489

R. M. Daniel, “The Effects of the Natural Environment on Attention Restoration” (doctoral dissertation, Appalachian State University, 2014).

490

J. C. McVay and M. J. Kane, “Why Does Working Memory Capacity Predict Variation in Reading Comprehension? On the Influence of Mind Wandering and Executive Attention,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 141, no. 2 (2012): 302–320; D. R. Thomson, D. Smilek, and D. Besner, “On the Asymmetric Effects of Mind-Wandering on Levels of Processing at Encoding and Retrieval,” Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 21, no. 3 (2014): 728–733; J. W. Schooler, M. D. Mrazek, M. S. Franklin, B. Baird, B. W. Mooneyham, C. Zedelius, and J. M. Broadway, “The Middle Way: Finding the Balance between Mindfulness and Mind-Wandering,” Psychology of Learning and Motivation 60 (2014): 1–33.

491

T. L. Signal, P. H. Gander, H. Anderson, and S. Brash, “Schedule Napping as a Countermeasure to Sleepiness in Air Traffic Controllers,” Journal of Sleep Research 18, no. 1 (2009): 11–19; J. S. Ruggiero and N. S. Redeker, “Effects of Napping on Sleepiness and Sleep-Related Performance Deficits in Night-Shift Workers: A Systematic Review,” Biological Research for Nursing 16, no. 2 (2013): 134–142; L. Moore, “High School Students’ Perceived Alertness in Afternoon Classes Following a Short Post-Lunch Nap” (doctoral dissertation, Northwest Missouri State University, 2014); A. Gardner, “‘Powernaps’ May Boost Right-Brain Activity,” CNN.com, September 25, 2013, http://www.cnn.com/2012/10/17/health/health-naps-brain/.

492

B. Ditzen and M. Heinrichs, “Psychobiology of Social Support: The Social Dimension of Stress Buffering,” Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 32, no. 1 (2014): 149–162.

493

G. S. Bains, L. S. Berk, N. Daher, E. Lohman, E. Schwab, J. Petrofsky, and P. Deshpande, “The Effect of Humor on Short-term Memory in Older Adults: A New Component for Whole-Person Wellness,” Advances in Mind – Body Medicine 28, no. 2 (2013): 16–24.

494

C. Seiter, “Why You Need to Stop Thinking You Are Too Busy to Take Breaks: Inside the Science of Why Taking Breaks Can Make You Happier and More Focused and Productive. Still Think You’re Too Important?” Fast Company, September 2, 2014, http://www.fastcompany.com/3034928/the-future-of-work/why-you-need-to-stop-thinking-you-are-too-busy-to-take-breaks.

495

C. Goldman, “This Is Your Brain on Jane Austen, and Stanford Researchers Are Taking Notes,” Stanford Report, September 7, 2012, http://news.stanford.edu/news/2012/september/austen-reading-fmri-090712.html.

496

M. Goyal, S. Singh, E. M. Sibinga, N. F. Gould, A. Rowland-Seymour, R. Sharma, J. A. Haythornthwaite, et al., “Meditation Programs for Psychological Stress and Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” JAMA Internal Medicine 174, no. 3 (2014): 357–368.

497

J. Yin and R. K. Dishman, “The Effect of Tai Chi and Qigong Practice on Depression and Anxiety Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials,” Mental Health and Physical Activity 7, no. 3 (2014): 135–146; P. M. Wayne, J. N. Walsh, R. E. Taylor-Piliae, R. E. Wells, K. V. Papp, N. J. Donovan, and G. Y. Yeh, “Effect of Tai Chi on Cognitive Performance in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 62, no. 1 (2014): 25–39; C. W. Wang, C. H. Chan, R. T. Ho, J. S. Chan, S. M. Ng, and C. L. Chan, “Managing Stress and Anxiety through Qigong Exercise in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials,” BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 14, no. 1 (2014): 8; F. Wang, E. K. O. Lee, T. Wu, H. Benson, G., Fricchione, W. Wang, and A. S. Yeung, “The Effects of Tai Chi on Depression, Anxiety, and Psychological Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 21, no. 4 (2014): 605–617; Goyal et al., “Meditation Programs for Psychological Stress and Well-Being.”

498

Przybylski and Weinstein, “Can You Connect with Me Now?”; S. Misra, L. Cheng, J. Genevie, and M. Yuan, “The iPhone Effect: The Quality of In-Person Social Interactions in the Presence of Mobile Devices,” Environment and Behavior 48, no. 2 (2016): 275–298; Thornton et al., “The Mere Presence of a Cell Phone May Be Distracting.”

499

C. Chambliss, E. Short, J. Hopkins-DeSantis, H. Putnam, B. Martin, M. Millington, et al., “Young Adults’ Experience of Mobile Device Disruption of Proximate Relationships,” International Journal of Virtual Worlds and Human Computer Interaction 3 (2015): 2368–6103.

500

Тест на номофобию можно пройти в онлайне: http://antinomophobe.activemobi.com/.

501

Арианна Хаффингтон – создательница и главный редактор влиятельного медиаресурса Huffington Post (прим. пер.).

502

C. Friedersdorf, “Arianna Huffington Implores You: Stop Taking Bright Devices into the Bedroom,” Atlantic, June 27, 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/06/arianna-huffington-implores-you-stop-taking-bright-devices-into-the-bedroom/277269/.

503

C. D. Watkins, P. J. Fraccaro, F. G. Smith, J. Vukovic, D. R. Feinberg, L. M. DeBruine, and B. C. Jones, “Taller Men Are Less Sensitive to Cues of Dominance in Other Men,” Behavioral Ecology 21, no. 5 (2010): 943–947.

504

M. E. Harrison, M. L. Norris, N. Obeid, M. Fu, H. Weinstangel, and M. Sampson, “Systematic Review of the Effects of Family Meal Frequency on Psychosocial Outcomes in Youth,” Canadian Family Physician 61, no. 2 (2015): e96–e106.

505

M. P. Judge, X. Cong, O. Harel, A. B. Courville, and C. J. Lammi-Keefe, “Maternal Consumption of a DHA-Containing Functional Food Benefits Infant Sleep Patterning: An Early Neurodevelopmental Measure,” Early Human Development 88, no. 7 (2012): 531–537.

506

M. Wood, “Bedtime Technology for a Better Night’s Sleep,” New York Times, December 24, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/25/technology/personaltech/bedroom-technology-for-a-better-nights-sleep.html.

507

Рекомендации Национального фонда сна см. по адресу http://sleepfoundation.org/bedroom/see.php.

508

Mayo Clinic, “Are Smartphones Disrupting Your Sleep? Mayo Clinic Study Examines the Question,” January 3, 2013, http://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/are-smartphones-disrupting-your-sleep-mayo-clinic-study-examines-the-question-238cef/?_ga=1.215025045.366396735.1415659551.

509

http://justgetflux.com.

510

R. Pinkham, “80 % of Smartphone Users Check Their Phones before Brushing Their Teeth … and Other Hot Topics,” April 5, 2013, http://blogs.constantcontact.com/smartphone-usage-statistics/.

511

J. Stern, “No Internet for One Year: Tech Writer Tries Life Offline,” ABC News, July 19, 2012, http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/internet-year-technology-writer-paul-miller-life-offline/story?id=16812425; http://99daysoffreedom.com/; W. Kagan, “Daring to Be Silent,” Chronogram – Hudson Valley News, January 1, 2015, http://www.chronogram.com/hudsonvalley/daring-to-besilent/Content?oid=2287720; W. L. Bjorklund, D. L. Rehling, P. S. Tompkins, and R. E. Strom, “The ‘Unplugged’ Project,” Communication Teacher 26, no. 2 (2012): 92–95; http://nationaldayofunplugging.com/; A. Isaacson, “Learning to Let Go: First, Turn Off the Phone,” New York Times, December 14, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/16/fashion/teaching-people-to-live-without-digital-devices.html.

512

A. Fernandez, “The Business and Ethics of the Brain Fitness Boom,” Generations 35, no. 2 (2011): 63–69.

513

N. Jaušovec and K. Jaušovec, “Increasing Working Memory Capacity with Theta Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS),” Biological Psychology 96 (2014): 42–47.