Посткапитализм. Путеводитель по нашему будущему [заметки]

Шрифт

Интервал

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Там же.

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Основные тезисы статистической критики Кондратьева см. в: R. Metz, ‘Do Kondratieff Waves Exist? How Time Series Techniques Can Help to  Solve the Problem’, Cliometrica, 5 (2011), pp. 205–38.

A.V. Korotayev and S.V. Tsirel, ‘A Spectral Analysis of World GDP Dynamics: Kondratieff Waves, Kuznets Swings; Juglar and Kitchin Cycles in Global Economic Development and the 2008–09 Economic Crisis’, Structure and Dynamics, 4 (1) (2010).

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Это осложняется тем фактом, что после 1911 года американская модель эволюционировала от открытых монополий к системе регулируемой конкуренции между крупными промышленными фирмами, тогда как реальная монопольная власть («монополия на власть») была сосредоточена в руках Уолл-стрит и недавно созданной ФРС. Это провоцировало частые выпады против монополий со стороны американских правых, которые затеняли тот факт, что в течение всего рассматриваемого периода монополии в США были нормой. – Примеч. пер.

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101

Доклад тов. Бухарина о деятельности Исполнительного комитета Коммунистического интернационала // Стенографический отчет VI Конгресса Коминтерна. М.-Л.: Государственное издательство, 1929. С. 26–94, http://ciml.250x.com/archive/comintern/russian/6_congress_comintern_part1.pdf

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104

C. Perez, Technological Revolutions and Finance Capital: The Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden Ages (Cheltenham, 2002).

105

Рассчитано на основе данных Мэддисона за 1950 год: http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/oriindex.htm

106

A. Horne, Macmillan: The Official Biography, vol. II, (London, 1989).

107

N. Craftsand and G. Toniolo,‘Postwar Growth: An Overview’, в: N. Crafts and G. Toniolo, Economic Growth in Europe since 1945 (Cambridge, 1996), p. 4.

108

Данные Мэддисона.

109

Crafts and Toniolo, Economic Growth in Europe, p. 2.

110

S. Pollard, The International Economy since 1945 (London, 1997), loc 232.

111

http://www.russellsage.org/sites/all/files/chartbook/Income%20and%20Earnings.pdf

112

http://www.esri.go.jp/jp/workshop/050914/050914moriguchi_saez-2.pdf

113

G. Federico, Feeding the World: An Economic History of Agriculture 1800–2000 (Princeton, 2005), p. 59; C. Dmitri, A. Effland and N. Conklin, ‘The 20th Century Transformation of US Agriculture and Farm Policy’, USDA Economic Information Bulletin 3, 2005.

114

C.T. Evans,‘Debate in the Soviet Union? Evgenii Varga and His Analysis of Postwar Capitalism, 1946–1950’, Essays in History, 32 (1989), pp. 1–17.

115

Варга Е.С. Изменения в экономике капитализма в итоге второй мировой войны. М., 1946.

116

http://www.marxist.com/TUT/TUT5-I.html

117

A. Crosland, The Future of Socialism (London, 1956).

118

P. Baran and P. Sweezy, Monopoly Capital: An Essay on the American Social Order (New York, 1966).

119

http://external.worldbankimflib.org/Bwf/60panel2.htm

120

H. Hazlitt, ‘For World Inflation?’, 24 June 1944, в: H. Hazlitt, From Bretton Woods to Inflation: A Study of Causes and Consequences (Chicago, 1984), p. 39.

121

J.A. Feinman, ‘Reserve Requirements: History, Current Practice, and Potential Reform’, Federal Reserve Bulletin, June 1993, p. 587.

122

C. Reinhart and B.M. Sbrancia,‘The Liquidation of Government Debt’, NBER Working Paper 16893, March 2011, p. 21, http://www.nber.org/ papers/w16893

123

Ibid., p. 38.

124

I. Stewart, Organising Scientific Research for War, An Administrative History of the Office of Scientific Research and Development (Boston, 1948), p. 19.

125

Ibid., p. 59.

126

J. Gleick, The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood (New York, 2011), loc 2998.

127

A. Glyn et al, ‘The Rise and Fall of the Golden Age’, WIDER Working Paper 43, April 1988, p. 2.

128

http://www.nber.org/chapters/c9101.pdf, p. 485.

129

http://irps.ucsd.edu/assets/001/500904.pdf

130

Glyn et al, ‘The Rise and Fall of the Golden Age’, p. 112.

131

Glyn et al, ‘The Rise and Fall of the Golden Age’, p. 23.

132

См., например: P.M. Garber, ‘The Collapse of the Bretton Woods  Fixed Exchange Rate System’, в: M. Bordo and B. Eichengreen, A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System; Lessons for International Monetary Reform (Chicago, 1993), pp. 461–94.

133

M. Ichiyo, ‘Class Struggle and Technological Innovation in Japan since 1945’, Notebooks for Study and Research, 5 (1987), p. 10.

134

‘The sick man of the euro’, The Economist, 3 June 1999, http://www.economist.com/node/209559

135

http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/02/20/germanys-economy-is-the-envy-of-europe-so-why-are-record-numbers-of-people-living-in-poverty

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G. Mayer, ‘Union Membership Trends in the United States’, Congressional Research Service, 2004.

137

J. Vissier, ‘Union Membership Statistics in 24 Countries’, Monthly Labor Review, January 2006, p. 38, http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2006/01/art3full.pdf

138

E. Stockhammer, ‘Why Have Wage Shares Fallen? A Panel Analysis of the Determinants of Functional Income Distribution’, ILO Research Paper, 2013.

139

A.V. Korotaev and S.V. Tsirel, ‘A Spectral Analysis of World GDP Dynamics: Kondratieff Waves, Kuznets Swings; Juglar and Kitchin Cycles in Global Economic Development and the 2008–09 Economic Crisis’, Structure and Dynamics, 4 (1) (2010).

140

http://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-states/bank-lending-rate

141

John F. Papp et al, ‘Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, and Steel Commodity Price Influences, Version 1.1’, US Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007–1257, p. 112.

142

Экономисты обычно сравнивают цены с инфляцией; в этом случае цена этого и многих других металлов в период после 1989 года была практически неизменной и даже падала. Тем не менее в анализе длинных циклов мы хотим видеть инфляцию и дефляцию, а не выносить их за скобки.

143

http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2011/03/picture.htm

144

http://dollardaze.org/blog/?post_id=00565

145

http://www.the-crises.com

146

S. Khatiwada, ‘Did the Financial Sector Profit at the Expense of the Rest of the Economy? Evidence from the United States’, ILO Research Paper, 2010.

147

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148

http://unctadstat.unctad.org/TableViewer/tableView.aspx

149

D. McWilliams, ‘The Greatest Ever Economic Change’, Gresham Lecture, 13 September 2012, http://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/the-greatest-ever-economic-change

150

См., например: S. Amin, Unequal Development: An Essay on the Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism (New York, 1976).

151

D. Milanovic, ‘Global Income Inequality by the Numbers: in History and Now’, Policy Research Working Paper 6259, World Bank, November 2012, p. 13.

152

R. Freeman,‘The New Global Labor Market’, Focus, vol. 26 (1) (2008), University of Wisconsin – Madison Institute for Research on Poverty, http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/focus/pdfs/foc261a.pdf

153

S. Kapsos and E. Bourmpoula, ‘Employment and Economic Class in the Developing World’, ILO Research Paper 6, June 2013.

154

K. Kelly, ‘New Rules for the New Economy’, Wired, 5 September 1997, http://www.archive.wired.com/wired/archive/5.09/newrules.html

155

R. Singh, ‘Civil Aero Gas Turbines; Technology and Strategy’, Speech, Cranfield University, 24 April 2001, p. 5.

156

J. Leahy, ‘Navigating the Future’, Global Market Forecast 2012–2031, Airbus, 2011.

157

D. Lee et al, ‘Aviation and Global Climate Change in the 21st Century’, Atmospheric Aviation, vol. 43, 2009, pp. 3520–37.

158

M. Gell et al, ‘The Development of Single Crystal Superalloy Turbine Blades’, Superalloys, 1980, p. 205.

159

http://www.mtu.de/en/technologies/engineering_news/others/Sieber_Aero_ Engine_Roadmap_en.pdf

160

Данные исследования см. в: Balance Sheet, SAS Institute/CEBR, June 2013.

161

P. Drucker, Post-capitalist Society (Oxford, 1993), p. 40.

162

Drucker, Post-capitalist Society, p. 175.

163

Ibid., p. 193.

164

Y. Peng, ‘Internet Use of Migrant Workers in the Pearl River Delta’, в: P.-L. Law (ed.), New Connectivities in China: Virtual, Actual and Local Interactions (Dordrecht, 2012), p. 94.

165

P. Romer, ‘Endogenous Technological Change’, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 98, no. 5, pt 2 (1990), pp. S71–S102.

166

Ibid., p. S72.

167

Ibid., pp. S71–S102.

168

http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/digital-and-mobile/1567869/business-matters-average-itunes-account-generates-just

169

D. Warsh, Knowledge and the Wealth of Nations: A Story of Economic Discovery (New York, 2007).

170

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_A7#cite_note-AnandTech-iPhone5s-A7-2

171

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Bill_Gates_Letter_to_Hobbyists.jpg

172

R. Stallman, The GNU Manifesto, March 1985, http://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html

173

http://gs.statecóunter.com

174

http://www.businessinsider.com/android-market-share-2012-11

175

K. Kelly, ‘New Rules for the New Economy’, Wired, 5 September 1977,  http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/5.09/newrules.html

176

Ibid.

177

Kelly, ‘New Rules for the New Economy’.

178

http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/history-of-samsungs-galaxy-phones-and-tablets/

179

http://www.emc.com/collateral/analyst-reports/idc-the-digital-universe-in-2020.pdf

180

http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx

181

Kelly, http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/5009/newrules.html

182

Ibid.

183

R. Konrad, ‘Trouble Ahead, Trouble Behind’, cnet 22 February 2002, http://news.cnet.com/2008-1082-843349.html

184

Y. Benkler, The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom (New Haven, 2006).

185

Benkler, The Wealth of Networks.

186

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia: Wikipedians

187

https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Staff_and_contractors

188

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia, дата обращения: 28 декабря 2013.

189

http://www.alexa.com/topsites

190

www.monetizepros.com/blog/2013/analysis-how-wikipedia-could-make-2-8-billion-in-annual-revenue

191

K. Arrow, ‘Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention’, в: The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and  Social Factors, NBER, 1962, pp. 609–26.

192

MEW (MarxEngelsWerke), vol. 29 (London, 1987), p. 225.

193

M. Nikolaus в: K. Marx, Grundrisse (Harmondsworth, 1973), p. 9.

194

K. Marx, Grundrisse.

195

Ibid.

196

http://distantwriting.co.uk/TelegraphStations1862.html

197

S. Tillotson, ‘We May All Soon Be “First-class Men”: Gender and Skill in Canada’s Early Twentieth Century Urban Telegraph Industry’, Labor/Le  Travail, 27 (Spring 1991), pp. 97–123.

198

Marx, Grundrisse.

199

Вирно П. Грамматика множества: к анализу форм современной жизни. М.: Ад Маргинем Пресс, 2016.

200

Marx, Grundrisse.

201

N. Dyer-Witheford, Cyber-Marx: Cycles and Circuits of Struggle in High-technology Capitalism (Illinois, 1999).

202

Y. Moulier-Boutang, Cognitive Capitalism (Cambridge, 2011), p. 53.

203

http://ycharts.com/indicators/average_hourly_earnings

204

http://management.fortune.cnn.com/2012/02/13/nike-digital-marketing

205

C. Vercellone,‘From Formal Subsumption to General Intellect: Elements for a Marxist Reading of the Thesis of Cognitive Capitalism’, Historical Materialism, 15 (2007), pp. 13–36.

206

Dyer-Witheford, Cyber-Marx.

207

J. Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism (New York, 2014).

208

См.: P. Mason, ‘WTF is Eleni Haifa?’, 20 December 2014, http://www.versobooks.com/blogs/1801-wtf-is-eleni-haifa-a-new-essay-by-paul-mason

209

http://www.sns.gov.uk/Simd/Simd.aspx

210

http://www.econlib.org/library/Smith/smWN2.html#B.I,%2 °Ch.5,%20Of%20the%20Real%20and%20Nominal%20Price%20of%2 °Commodities

211

A. Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence (Oxford, 1978), p. 351.

212

Доказательство этого см. в: John F. Henry, ‘Adam Smith and the Theory of Value: Chapter Six Considered’, History of Economics Review, 31 (Winter 2000).

213

http://www.econlib.org/library/Smith/smWN2.html

214

Towards the Free Machine, http://www.econlib.org/library/Ricardo/ricP1.html

215

D. Ricardo, On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (London, 1821), ch. 30, http://www.econlib.org/library/Ricardo/ricP7.html

216

http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/labdef.asp

217

Полное рассмотрение споров о стоимости см. в: I.I. Rubin, A History of Economic Thought (London, 1989).

218

http://www.cleanclothes.org/news/2013/11/20/clean-clothes-campaign-disappointed-at-new-bangladesh-minimum-wage-level

219

Расчет произведен на основе данных о минимальной заработной плате, составлявшей в 2014 году 5300 така, тогда как розничная цена риса равнялась 34 така за кг.

220

В этом разделе я следую общим чертам теории в том виде, в котором они изложены в: A. Kliman, Reclaiming Marx’s ‘Capital’: A Refutation of the Myth of Inconsistency (Plymouth, 2007).

221

http://www.Icddrb.org/who-we-are/gender-issues/daycare

222

K. Allen, ‘The Butterfly Effect: Chinese Dorms and Bangladeshi Factory Fires’, Financial Times, 25 April 2013, http://blogs.ft.com/ftdata/2013/04/25/the-butterfly-effect-chinese-dorms-and-bangladeshi-factory-fires/?

223

J. Robinson, Economic Philosophy (Cambridge, 1962).

224

Они показывают, что кажущиеся логические противоречия в расчетах Маркса исчезают, когда вы понимаете, что этот процесс занимает определенное время, а не происходит мгновенно, словно в отдельном столбце книги учета.

225

A. Einstein, ‘Physics and Reality’, Journal of The Franklin Institute, vol. 221 (1936), pp. 349–82.

226

OECD, ‘Education at a Glance 2014: OECD Indicators’ OECD, 2014, p. 14.

227

У теории Маркса есть один парадоксальный аспект. Есть ли уверенность в том, что возросшая производительность должна повышать «качество труда»? Новые станки и любая реорганизация рабочего пространства почти всегда наделяют наш труд новыми свойствами. Однако утверждение, что стоимость труда остается неизменной в результате повышения производительности, означает лишь то, что повышение производительности обеспечивается за счет станков, методов управления и знаний, а не благодаря изменениям в качестве самого труда. Они становятся «факторами повышения эффективности» человеческого труда, который сам по себе остается прежним. – Примеч. пер.

228

L. Walras, Elements of Pure Economics: Or the Theory of Social Wealth (London, 1900), p. 399.

229

http://library.mises.org/books/William%20Smart/An%20Introduction%20to%20the%20Theory%20of%20Value.pdf

230

Walras, Elements of Pure Economics, p. 6.

231

W.S. Jevons, ‘The Periodicity of Commercial Crises, and its Physical Explanation’, в: R.L. Smyth (ed.), Essays in the Economics of Socialism and Capitalism: Selected Papers Read to Section F of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1886–1932 (London, 1964), pp. 125–40.

232

Труд, размышлял Джевонс, возможно, представляет собой смесь удовольствия и страдания, однако страх еще большего страдания – голода – заставляет нас работать каждый день. – Примеч. пер.

233

Менгер К. Исследование метода социальных наук и политической экономии в частности // Менгер К. Избранные работы. М.: Территория будущего, 2005.

234

S. Keen, Debunking Economics: The Naked Emperor Dethroned (London, 2011), loc 474.

235

Walras, Elements of Pure Economics.

236

http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/game-thrones-purple-wedding-becomes-most-shared-illegal-download-ever-1445057

237

J. Hagel et al, ‘From Exponential Technologies to Exponential Innovation’, Deloitte, 2013.

238

N. Wiener, Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (Cambridge MA, 1948), p. 132.

239

http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/lectures/Rotman_Summer_School_2013/thermo_computing_docs/Landauer_1961.pdf

240

R. Landauer, ‘The Physical Nature of Information’, Physics Letters A, 217 (1996), pp. 188–93.

241

http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/hardware/landauer-limit-demonstrated

242

http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch15.htm

243

Маркс пишет: «Предположим, что капиталист вкладывает 1000 долларов, в том числе 200 долларов в машины, и зарабатывает 50 долларов в год. За четыре года машина окупится, после чего с точки зрения стоимости окажется, будто капитал стоит всего 800 долларов». – Примеч. пер.

244

V. Naranje and K. Shailendra, ‘AI Applications to Metal Stamping Die Design; A Review’, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology; vol. 4, 2010.

245

OECD, ‘Measuring the Internet Economy: A Contribution to the Research Agenda’, OECD Digital Economy Papers, 226, OECD Publishing, 2013.

246

http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5k43gjg6r8jf-en

247

http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/ocwage.pdf

248

C.B. Frey and M.A. Osborne, ‘The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?’, Oxford Martin School Working Paper, 2013, p. 38, http://www.futuretech.ox.ac.uk/future-employment-how-susceptible-are-jobs-computerisation-oms-working-paper-dr-carl-benedikt-frey-ms

249

A. Gorz, Critique of Economic Reason (London, 1989), p. 127.

250

R. Freeman, ‘The Great Doubling: Labor in the New Global Economy’, Usery Lecture in Labor Policy, University of Atlanta, GA, 2005.

251

Пикетти Т. Капитал в XXI веке. М.: Ад Маргинем Пресс, 2016.

252

http://newleftreview.org/II/21/fredric-jameson-future-city: «Кажется, что сегодня нам проще представить полное истощение земли и природы, чем крах позднего капитализма».

253

http://shanghaiist.com/2010/05/26/translated_foxconns_employee_non‑su.php

254

См.: P. Mason, ‘WTF is Eleni Haifa?’, 20 December 2014, http://www.versobooks.com/blogs/1801-wtf‑is‑eleni-haifa‑a‑new-essay‑by‑paul-mason

255

D. A. Galbi, ‘Economic Change and Sex Discrimination in the Early English Cotton Factories’, 1994, http://papers.ssrn.com/paper.taf?abstract_id=239564

256

A. Ure, The Cotton Manufacture of Great Britain Systematically Investigated, vol. II (London, 1836), p. 176.

257

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00236568508584785#.UeVsMBY9TCE

258

Маркс К. Капитал. Т. 1. С. 445–446.

259

Энгельс Ф. Положение рабочего класса в Англии // К. Маркс и Ф. Энгельс. Сочинения. Т. 2. М.: Государственное издательство политической литературы, 1955.

260

M. Winstanley, ‘The Factory Workforce’, в: M. Rose (ed.), The Lancashire Cotton Industry: A History since 1700 (Lancashire, 1996), p. 130.

261

W. Lazonick, Competitive Advantage on the Shop Floor (Harvard, 1990).

262

Энгельс Ф. Положение рабочего класса в Англии.

263

B. Palmer, A Culture in Conflict: Skilled Workers and Industrial Capitalism in Hamilton, Ontario, 1860–1914 (Montreal, 1979).

264

Исследование Кили, посвященное профсоюзу формовщиков из Торонто, показывает, что он устанавливал расценки для каждого нового фасона и навязывал их всей отрасли. См.: G. Kealey, ‘The Honest Working Man and Workers’ Control: The Experience of Toronto Skilled workers 1860–1892’, Labor/LeTravail, 1 (1976), p. 50.

265

Цит. по: Kealey, ‘The Honest Working Man and Workers’ Control’, р. 39.

266

Ibid., р. 58.

267

F.W. Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Management, 1911, p. 18.

268

Ibid.

269

Ibid.

270

G. Friedman, ‘Revolutionary Unions and French Labor: The Rebels behind the Cause; or, Why Did Revolutionary Syndicalism Fail?’, French Historical Studies, vol. 20, no. 2 (Spring, 1997).

271

http://www.llgc.org.uk/ymgyrchu/Llafur/1926/MNS.pdf

272

Ленин В.И. Что делать? // Собрание сочинений. Т. 6. М.: Государственное издательство политической литературы, 1963. С. 30.

273

Ленин В.И. Империализм как высшая стадия капитализма. Предисловие к французскому и немецкому изданиям // Собрание сочинений. Т. 27. М.: Государственное издательство политической литературы, 1969. С. 308.

274

Цит. по: A. Santucci, Antonio Gramsci (New York, 2010), p. 156.

275

W.B. Yeats, ‘Easter, 1916’, http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/unbound/poetry/soundings/easter.htm

276

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUcwc.htm

277

M. Ferro, October 1917: A Social History of the Russian Revolution (London, 1980), p. 151.

278

C. Goodrich, The Frontier of Control (New York, 1920), p. 264.

279

G. Orwell, ‘Looking Back on the Spanish War’, в: G. Orwell, A Collection of Essays (New York, 1979), p. 201.

280

http://www.economist.com/node/21550764

281

C. W. Mills, ‘The Sociology of Stratification’, в: I.L. Horowitz (ed.), Power Politics&People: The Collected Essays of C. Wright Mills (Oxford, 1967), p. 309.

282

D. Bell, ‘The Capitalism of the Proletariat’, Encounter, February 1958, pp. 17–23.

283

http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/marcuse/works/one-dimensional-man/one-dimensional-man.pdf, p. 33.

284

S. Wright, Storming Heaven: Class Composition and Struggle in Italian Autonomist Marxism (London, 2002), p. 54.

285

R. Alford, ‘A Suggested Index of the Association of Social Class and Voting’, Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 3 (Autumn, 1962), pp. 417–25.

286

E. Hobsbawm, ‘The Forward March of Labour Halted’, Marxism Today, September 1978, p. 279.

287

R. Alquati, Sulla Fiat e Altri Scritti (Milan, 1975), p. 83.

288

A. Gorz, Critique of Economic Reason (London, 1989), p. 55.

289

Gorz, Critique of Econimic Reason, p. 58.

290

J. Gorman, To Build Jerusalem: A Photographic Remembrance of British Working Class Life, 1875–1950 (London, 1980).

291

R. Hoggart, The Uses of Literacy: Aspects of Working-Class Life (London, 1957).

292

G. Akerlof, J. Yellen and M. Katz, ‘An Analysis of Out‑of‑Wedlock Childbearing in the United States’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 111, no. 2.

293

C. Goldin and L. Katz, ‘The Power of the Pill: Oral Contraception and Women’s Career and Marriage Decisions’, NBER Working Paper 7527, February 2000.

294

O. Ornati, ‘The Italian Economic Miracle and Organised Labor’, Social Research, vol. 30, no. 4 (Winter, 1953), pp. 519–26.

295

Ornati, ‘The Italian Economic Miracle and Organised Labor’.

296

P. Ginsborg, A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics 1943–1988 (London, 2003), pp. 298–9.

297

‘Class Struggle in Italy: 1960s to 70s’, anonymous, prole.info

298

Lotta Continua, #18, November 1970, цит. там же.

299

A. Glyn et al, ‘The Rise and Fall of the Golden Age’, WIDER, Working Paper 43, April 1988.

300

Ibid.

301

P. Myerscough, ‘Short Cuts’, London Review of Books, vol. 35, no. 1, 3 January 2013, p. 25.

302

http://www.bls.gov/fls/flscomparelf/lfcompendium.pdf

303

МОТ.

304

C. Lapavitsas, ‘Financialised Capitalism: Crisis and Financial Expropriation’, RMF Paper 1, 15 February 2009.

305

Ibid.

306

http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman/publications/littleboxes/littlebox.PDF

307

R. Sennett, The Culture of the New Capitalism (New Haven, 2005).

308

R. Sennett, The Corrosion of Character: The Personal Consequences of Work in the New Capitalism (New York, 1998).

309

A. Negri and M. Hardt, Declaration, ebook, 2012, https://antonionegriinenglish.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/93152857-hardt-negri-declaration-2012.pdf

310

Y. Peng, ‘Internet Use of Migrant Workers in the Pearl River Delta’, Knowledge, Technology, and Policy, 21, 2008, pp. 47–54.

311

Богданов А.А. Красная звезда. М.: Правда, 1989.

312

http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/photo/1908/007.htm

313

Цит. по: J.E. Marot, ‘Alexander Bogdanov, Vpered and the Role of the Intellectual in the Workers’ Movement’, Russian Review, vol. 49 (3) (1990), pp. 241–64.

314

http://www.marxists.org/glossary/orgs/w/o.htm#workers-opposition

315

N. Krementsov, A Martian Stranded on Earth: Alexander Bogdanov, Blood Transfusions and Proletarian Science (Chicago, 2011).

316

R. Stites, ‘Fantasy and Revolution’, в: Bogdanov, Red Star, p. 15.

317

M. Ellman, ‘The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931’, Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 57 (6) (2005), pp. 823–41.

318

https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1931/02/04.htm

319

M. Harrison ‘The Soviet Economy in the 1920s and 1930s’, Capital&Class, 2:2 (1978), pp. 78–94.

320

G. Ofer, ‘Soviet Economic Growth 1928–1985’, RAND/UCLA Center for the Study of Soviet International Behavior, JRS‑04 (1998).

321

H. Hunter, ‘A Test of Five-Year Plan Feasibility’, в: J. Thornton, Economic Analysis of the Soviet-Type System (Cambridge 1976), p. 296.

322

A. Kon, ‘Political Economy Syllabus’, pp. 19–20, цит. по: Y. Preobrazhensky, The New Economics (Oxford, 1964), p. 57.

323

V. Pareto, Cours d’Economie Politique, vol. 1 (Lausanne, 1896), p. 59. Цит. по: J. Bockman, Markets in the Name of Socialism: The Left Wing Origins of Neoliberalism (Stanford, 2011).

324

E. Barone, ‘The Ministry of Production in the Collectivist State’, в: F. Hayek (ed.), Collectivist Economic Planning: Critical Studies on the Possibilities of Socialism (London, 1935), p. 245.

325

L. von Mises, Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth (New York, 1990), p. 13.

326

Ibid., р. 14.

327

L. Robbins, The Great Depression (London, 1934), p. 151.

328

O. Lange, ‘On the Economic Theory of Socialism’, Review of Economic Studies, vol. 4 (1) (1936), pp. 53–71.

329

Bockman, Markets in the Name of Socialism, loc 1040.

330

Von Mises, Economic Calculation, p. 22.

331

Троцкий Л.Д. Советское хозяйство в опасности! // Бюллетень оппозиции (большевиков-ленинцев), № 31, http://magister.msk.ru/library/trotsky/trotm327.htm

332

Там же.

333

W.P. Cockshott and A. Cottrell, ‘Economic Planning, Computers and Labor Values’, Working Paper, January 1999, http://www.ecn.wfu.edu/socialism/aer.pdf

334

O. Yun, Improvement of Soviet Economic Planning (Moscow, 1988).

335

Cockshott and Cottrell, ‘Economic Planning, Computers and Labor Values’, p. 7.

336

P. Cockshott, A. Cottrell and H. Dieterich, Transition to 21st Century Socialism in the European Union, Lulu.com, 2010, pp. 1–20.

337

A. Gorz, Capitalism, Socialism, Ecology (London, 1994), p. 1.

338

J.M. Keynes, ‘The Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren’, в: J.M. Keynes, Essays in Persuasion (New York, 1963), pp. 358–73.

339

D. Thompson, ‘The Economic History of the Last 2000 Years: Part II’, The Atlantic, 20 June 2012.

340

http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1001134

341

D. Herlihy, The Black Death and the Transformation of the West (Cambridge, 1997), p. 48.

342

E.L. Eisenstein, The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe (2nd edn, Cambridge, 2005).

343

http://intersci.ss.uci.edu/wiki/eBooks/BOOKS/Bacon/Novum%20Organum%20Bacon.pdf

344

P.M. Sweezy and M. Dobb, ‘The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism’, Science&Society, vol. 14 (2) (1950), pp. 134–67.

345

P. Anderson, Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism (London, 1974), loc 3815.

346

Preobrazhensky, The New Economics, p. 79.

347

http://www.cpesap.net/publications/en

348

http://www.climatechange2013.org/images/uploads/WGI_AR5_SPM_brochure.pdf

349

J. Ashton, ‘The Book and the Bonfire: Climate Change and the Reawakening of a Lost Continent’, Speech, Swiss Museum of Transport, Lucerne, 19 January 2014.

350

‘World Energy Outlook 2012’, IEA, http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WEO2013_Executive_Summary_English.pdf

351

http://carbontracker.live.kiln.it/Unburnable-Carbon‑2‑Web-Version.pdf

352

http://priceofoil.org/2014/10/28/insurers-warned-climate-change-affects-viability-business-model

353

http://sams.scientificamerican.com/article/dark-money-funds-climate-change-denial-effort

354

http://mobile.bloomberg.com/news/2014‑11‑02/fossil-fuel-budgets-suggested‑to‑curb-climate-change.html?hootPostID=1bdb3b7bbbbb619db600e477f2c6a152

355

http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21587782-europes-electricity-providers-face-existential-threat-how-lose-half-trillion-euros

356

http://www.iea.org/techno/etp/etp10/English.pdf

357

http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/climate-change/energyrevolution

358

Ibid.

359

‘Fifth Annual Report of the Registrar General’, London, 1843.

360

‘World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables’, United Nations, 2013.

361

http://www.georgemagnus.com/articles/demographics‑3

362

‘Annual Survey of Large Pension Funds and Public Reserve Pension Funds’, OECD, October 2013.

363

M. Mrsnik et al, ‘Global Aging 2010: An Irreversible Truth’, Standard&Poors, 7 October 2010.

364

N. Howe and R. Jackson, ‘How Ready for Pensioners?’, Finance&Development, IMF, June 2011.

365

Нигерия, Танзания, Конго, Эфиопия, Уганда, Нигер плюс Индия и США.

366

‘World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision’.

367

http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Documentation/pdf/WPP2012_%20KEY%20FINDINGS.pdf

368

B. Milanovic, ‘Global Income Inequality by the Numbers: in History and Now’, Policy Research Working Paper 6259, World Bank, November 2012.

369

G. Magnus, Speech, IFC and Johns Hopkins Medicine International Health Conference 2013, http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/620b56004f081ebf99242b3eac88a2f8/George+ Mognus’+Keynote+Speech+–190313.pdf?MOD=AJPERES

370

D.H. Lawrence, Lady Chatterley’s Lover (London, 1928), p. 1.

371

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/17/china-internet-censorship_n_4981389.html

372

http://www.groupibi.com/2011/10/india-targets‑36‑billion-global-cosmetic-surgery-market-cnbc-ibi-industry-news

373

H. Simon, ‘Organisations and Markets’, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 5 (2) (1991), pp. 25–44.

374

E. Preobrazhensky, The New Economics (Oxford, 1964), p. 55.

375

См., например: P. Mason, ‘WTF is Eleni Haifa?’, 20 December 2014, http://www.versobooks.com/blogs/1801-wtf‑is‑eleni-haifa‑a‑new-essay‑by‑paul-mason

376

V. Kostakis and M. Bauwens, Network Society and Future Scenarios for a Collaborative Economy (London, 2014).

377

M. Wark, A Hacker Manifesto (Cambridge MA, 2004).

378

См., например: ‘Fair Society, Healthy Lives’ (The Marmot Review), UCL Institute of Health Equity, February 2010, http://www.instituteofhealthequity.org/projects/fair-society-healthy-lives-the-marmot-review

379

J.D. Farmer, ‘Economics Needs to Treat the Economy as a Complex System’, Crisis, December 2012.

380

J. Benes and M. Kumhof, ‘The Chicago Plan Revisited’, IMF Working Paper 12/202, August 2012, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2012/wp12202.pdf

381

См.: http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/bis и http://www.basicincome.org/bien/aboutbasicincome.html

382

D. Graeber, ‘On the Phenomenon of Bullshit Jobs’, Strike! Magazine, 17 August 2013.

383

K. Marx, Grundrisse, ed. M. Nicolaus (Harmondsworth, 1973), pp. 207–750, https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch/4.htm