От атомов к древу. Введение в современную науку о жизни [заметки]

Шрифт

Интервал

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Кроме стоп-кодона существует еще и другой «знак препинания» — старт-кодон, с которого синтез полипептидной цепочки начинается. Обычно им является кодон аминокислоты метионина — АУГ. Таким образом, первым «кирпичиком», с которого начинает синтезироваться почти любой белок, служит метионин. Это, однако, не значит, что все белки обязательно начинаются с метионина, потому что он вполне может удаляться в ходе так называемой посттрансляционной модификации.

Здесь воспроизведена идея, которую высказал в сетевом обсуждении китайский биохимик Минь Чжоу: https://www.researchgate.net/post/Why_did_evolution_favor_ATP_and_not_GTP_TTP_or_CTP

Вот описание этого опыта, которое в данном случае будет лучше любого пересказа своими словами: «В экспериментах с бесклеточной системой Маршалл Ниренберг и Генрих Маттэи, исследовавшие активность различных препаратов РНК в роли матриц для белкового синтеза, в качестве контроля использовали синтетическую полиуридиловую кислоту (poly U), рассчитывая, что она не будет проявлять существенной матричной активности. К своему большому удивлению, они обнаружили, что poly U достаточно эффективно направляет синтез полифенилаланина. Более того, полифенилаланин оказался единственным полипептидом, синтезируемым в присутствии poly U. Из этих наблюдений непосредственно вытекало, что триплет UUU служит кодоном для фенилаланина. Вскоре аналогичным образом было установлено, что poly C направляет синтез полипролина, а poly A — полилизина, то есть CCC является пролиновым кодоном, а AAA кодирует лизин. К счастью, использованная в этих экспериментах бесклеточная система содержала повышенную концентрацию ионов магния, при которой (как выяснилось в дальнейшем) инициация синтеза полипептидной цепи происходит и в отсутствие инициаторного кодона AUG. Только поэтому вышеупомянутые синтетические матрицы и удалось использовать для аномальной инициации трансляции. Так, отчасти благодаря счастливой случайности, удалось сделать первые шаги на пути к полной расшифровке генетического кода». (Кайгер Д., Айала Ф. Современная генетика. — М.: Мир, 1987. Т. 2. С. 76.)

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