Narconomics: Преступный синдикат как успешная бизнес-модель [заметки]

1

Executive Secretariat of the National Public Security System. Reports of Incidence of Crime by Year, 2010 (на испанском языке) на http://secretariadoejecutivo.gob.mx/incidencia-delictiva/incidencia-delictiva-fuero-comun.php.

2

Приведены округленные данные Управления ООН по наркотикам и преступности (здесь и далее UNODC). Также см. Time for Policy Change Against Crime, Not in Favor of Drugs. 2009 на https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/about-unodc/speech-es/2009-03-11.html.

3

Kilmeretal В. Reducing Drug Trafficking Revenues and Violence in Mexico. RAND Corporation occasional paper. 2010. P. 19 на http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/occasional_papers/2010/RANDOP325.appendixes.pdf.

4

Naim М. Illicit: How Smugglers, Traffickers, and Copycats Are Hijacking the Global Economy. New York: Doubleday, 2005. P. 68.

5

Plurinational State of Bolivia, Monitoring of Coca Cultivation 2014. UNODC. August 201S (на испанском языке) на https://www.unodc.org/documents/bolivia/Infonne_Monitoreo_Coca_2014/Bolivia_Informe_Monitoreo_Coca_2014.pdf.

6

World Drug Report 2006. UNODC. 2007 на https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2006.html.

7

См. с. 75 на http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/ondcp/policy-and-research/2013_data_supplement_final2.pdf.

8

T van Riper. The Wal-Mart Squeeze // Forbes. April 24, 2007 на http://www.forbes.com/2007/04/23/walmart-suppliers-margins-lead-cxtvr0423walmart.html.

9

Fishman С. The Wal-Mart You Don’t Know // Fast Company. December 2003 на http://www.fastcompany.com/47593/wal-mart-you-dont-know.

10

Gallego J., Rico D. Manual Eradication, Aerial Spray and Coca Prices in Colombia // Unpublished paper. 2012 на http://www.mamacoca.org/docsdebase/Fumigas/Daniel_Rico_GallegoIorge_Manual_Eradication_Aerial_Sparying_and_Coca_Prices_2012.pdf.

11

Dube О., Garcia-Ponce О., Thom К.From Maize to Haze: Agricultural Shocks and the Growth of the Mexican Drug Sector // Center for Global Development. 2014 на http://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/maize-haze-agricultural-shocks-growth-mexican-drug-sector0.pdf.

12

Recommended Methods for the Identification and Analysis of Cocaine in Seized Materials. UNODC. 2012 на http://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/Cocaine_Manual_Rev_1.pdf.

13

Ciudad Juarez Man Sentenced for Eight Years for Bribery/Drug Smuggling // US Immigration and Customs Enforcement news release. September 15, 2008 на http://www.ice.gov/news/releases/ciudad-juarez-man-sentenced-8-years-briberydrug-smuggling.

14

Dudley S.S. Drug Trafficking Organizations in Central America: Transportistas, Mexican Cartels and Maras. Wilson Center. 2010 на http://www.wilsoncenter.org/%20Cartels%20and%20Maras.pdf.sites/default/files/Chapter%202%20Drug%20Trafficking%200rganizations%20in%20Central%20America%20Transportistas,%20Mexican%20Cartels%20and%20Maras.pdf.

15

US Securities and Exchange Commission см. C. 15 на http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1467858/000146785812000014/gm201110k.htm#s8EF7834BE4E777188CAFl031CB30C168.

16

Fiorentini G., Peltzman S., eds. The Economics of Organised Crime. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

17

Villacorte С.Tattoo Removal in Prison Gives Inmates a Second Chance // Huffington Post. September 4, 2013 на http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/04/tattoo-removal-prison_n_3864222.html.

18

The Illicit Drug Trade in the United Kingdom. Matrix Knowledge Group / Home Office. 2007 на http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110220105210/rds.home-office.gov.uk/rds/pdfs07/rdsolr2007.pdf.

19

Palazzolo J. Jelmayer R. Brazil Files Bribery Charges in Embraer Aircraft Sale to Dominican Republic I I Wall Street Journal. September 23,2014 на http://www.wsj.com/articles/brazil-files-bribery-charges-in-embraer-aircraft-sale-to-dominican-repub-lic-1411502236.

20

Skarbek D. The Social Order of the Underworld: How Prison Gangs Govern the American Prison System. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.

21

Gram D. The Brand I I New Yorker. February 2004, на http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/02/16/the-brand.

22

The Illicit Drug Trade in the United Kingdom. Home Office. 2007.

23

Soudijn М., Reuter P. Managing Potential Conflict in Illegal Markets: An Exploratory Study of Cocaine Smuggling in the Netherlands. 2013 на http://www.trimbos.org/-/media/ Programmas/Internationalisering/Further %20insights %20into %20aspects %20of %20 the 9620EU %20illicit %20drugs %20market.ashx.

24

Bowden С. Murder City: Ciudad Juarez and the Global Economy’s New Killing Fields. New York: Nation Books, 2010.

25

Nairn M. Illicit: How Smugglers, Traffickers, and Copycats Are Hijacking the Global Economy. New York: Doubleday, 2005. P. 73.

26

Cited by Common Sense for Drug Policy на http://www.csdp.org/research/nixon-pot.txt.

27

International Centre for Prison Studies, http://www.prisonstudies.org.

28

Maclean R. We’re Not a Gang, We’re a Union, Say the Drug Killers of Ciudad Juarez // London Times. March 27,2010, доступно на сайте автора по ссылке https://macleanandrickardstraus.wordpress.com/2010/03/27/were-not-a-gang-were-a-union-say-the-drug-killers-of-ciudad-juarez.

29

Reforma’s regular opinion poll. April 1, 2014. P. 8 (на испанском), процитирована статья http://www.funcionpublica.gob.mx/sintesis/ComSoc_historico/2014/abril01/t5.pdf.

30

Пер. автора. Веселую балладу можно послушать по ссылке https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfGtRJjkSg.

31

El Chapo Accuses Governor of Chihuahua of Helping Juarez Cartel. Proceso, September 15, 2010 (на испанском) на http://www.proceso.com.mx/?p=101344.

32

Ries A., Ries L. The Fall of Advertising and the Rise of PR. New York: HarperCollins, 2012.

33

Приблизительная цифра, приведенная в статье Davies N. Flat Earth News. London: Chatto and Windus, 2008.

34

El D. de Juárez. What Do You Want from Us? September 19,2010 на http://diario.mx/Local/2010-09-19_cfaade06/_que-quieren-de-nosotros/?/.

35

Smith A. Fortune S00 Companies Spend More Than $500bn on Corporate Responsibility// Financial Times. October 12, 2012 на http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/95239a6e-4fe0-lle4-a0a4-00144feab7de.html#axzz31qtuDTmC.

36

Процитирована статья сайта La Jornada от 20 сентября 2005 года (на испанском), http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2005/09/20/index.php ?section=politica&articl =022nlpol.

37

Grossman H. I. Rival Kleptocrats: The Mafia Versus the State I I Fiorentini G., Peltzman S. The Economics of Organised Crime. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

38

Franchetti L. Political and Administrative Conditions in Sicily. 1876.

39

Gambetta D., Reuter P. Conspiracy Among the Many: The Mafia in Legitimate Industries // Fiorentini G., Peltzman S. The Economics of Organised Crime. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

40

FBI. Investigative Programs: Organized Crime на http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/ investigate/organizedcrime/cases/carting-industry.

41

Wainwright T. Senores, Start Your Engines // Economist. November 24, 2012 на http://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21566782-cheaper-china-and-credit-and-oil-about-start-flowing-mexico-becoming.

42

Blinder A. Offshoring: The Next Industrial Revolution? // Foreign Affairs. March 2006 на https://www.foreignaffairs.eom/articles/2006-03-01/offshoring-next-industri-al-revolution.

43

Brownetal С. The 2010 National Organizations Survey: Examining the Relationships Between Job Quality and the Domestic and International Sourcing of Business Functions by United States Organizations / Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, December 2013 на http://www.irle.berkeley.edu/workingpapers/156-13.pdf.

44

Latin America: Tax Revenues Continue to Rise, but Are Low and Varied Among Countries. OECD. January 20, 2014 на http://www.oecd.org/ctp/latin-america-tax-revenues-continue-to-rise-but-are-low-and-varied-among-countries-according-to-new-oecd-eclac-ciat-report.htm.

45

См. http://kevinunderhill.typepad.com/Documents/Opinions/USvOne_LuciteBall.pdf, а также http://www.collectspace.com/news/usvmoonrock.pdf.

46

Wainwright T. Dicing with Death // Economist. April 12, 2014 на http://media. economist.com/sites/default/files/media/2014InfoG/databank/IR2a.pdf.

47

Country Report: Honduras. US Department of State. 2014 на http://www.state. gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2014/voll/222904.htm.

48

Cocaine from South America to the United States. UNODC на https ://www.unodc. org/documents/toc/Reports/TOCTASouthAmerica/English/TOCTA_CACaribb_cocaine_ SAmericaUS.pdf.

49

Это доказывается Питером Рейтером в работе «The Limits of Supply-Side Drug Control» (Milken Institute Review. First Quarter 2001) на http://faculty.publicpolicy.umd. edu/sites/default/files/reuter/files/milken.pdf.

50

Miguel L, Giron C. Land Ownership Transfers in the Peten, Guatemala. Western Hemisphere Security Analysis Center. Florida International University. February 1, 2011 на http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=w hemsac.

51

Naish N., Scott J. Coke: The Biography. London: Robson Press, 2013. P. 18.

52

Incidence of Crime 2014. National System of Public Security. 2015 (на испанском), http://secretariadoejecutivo.gob.mx/docs/pdfs/estadisticas %20del %20fuero %20comun/ Cieisp2014012015.pdf.

53

Chris Kanich et al., Spamalytics: An Empirical Analysis of Spam Marketing Conversion. CCS’08. 2008, http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/-savage/papers/CCS08Conversion.pdf.

54

Blair R., Lafontaine F. The Economics of Franchising. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

55

Mazzitelli А. О. Mexican Cartels’ Influence in Latin America. Florida International University. Applied Research Center. September 2011 на http://www.seguridadydefensa.com/descargas/Mazzitelli-Antonio-Mexican-Cartel-Influence-in-Central-America-Sept.pdf.

56

Drucker P. The Daily Drucker. New York: HarperCollins, 2004.

57

См. выступление Родриго Каналеса о мексиканских картелях на канале TED, по ссылке http ://www.ted.com/talks/rodrigo_canales_the deadly genius of drug cartels/ transcript?language=en.

58

За 2004 год зафиксировано 539 убийств; в 2014 — уже 1,514. См. http://secretariadoejecutivo.gob.mx/incidencia-delictiva/incidencia-delictiva-fuero-comun.php.

59

Miller С. G. Hot Litigation Topics in Franchising. Unpublished paper на http://www.bzbm.eom/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/HOT-LITIGATION-TOPICS-IN-FRANCHISING.pdf.

60

Grecko Т., Espino D. War for the «Red Gold» Tears Guerrero Apart // El Universal. February 3,2015 (на испанском) на http://www.eluniversal.com.rmi/nacion-mexico/2015/impreso/guerra-porel-8216oro-rojo-8217flagela-a-guerrero-222823.html, а также Ramirez J. Government of the Republic Identifies Nine Cartels; They Control Forty-three Gangs // Excelsior. September 16, 2014 (на испанском) на http://www.excelsior.com.mx/ nacional/2014/09/16/981925#imagen-2.

61

Drugs Use Map of the World // Guardian. July 2, 2012 на http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/interactive/2012/jul/02/drug-use-map-world.

62

Wainwright T. Legal Highs: A New Prescription // Economist. August 8, 2013 на http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21583270-new-zealands-plan-regulate-designer-drugs-better-trying-ban-them-and-failing-new.

63

Например, см. Wilkins С. et al. Legal Party Pill Use in New Zealand. Centre for Social and Health Outcomes Research and Evaluation. Massey University. Auckland по ссылке http://www.whariki.ac.nz/massey/fms/Colleges/College %20of %20Humanities %20and %20Social %20Sciences /Shore /reports /Legal %20party %20pills %20in %20New %20 Zealand %20report3.pdf.

64

World Drug Report 2013. UNO DC. June 26, 2013 на http://www.unodc.org/lpo-brazil/en/frontpage/2013/06/26-world-drug-report-notes-stability-in-use-of-traditional-drugs-and-points-to-alarming-rise-in-new-psychoactive-substances.html.

65

Controlled Drugs: Licences, Fees and Returns. Home Office. July 24, 2015 на https:// www.gov.uk/government/publications/controlled-drugs-list.

66

Текст нелепого призыва увековечен в Хансарде, официальном отчете о заседаниях обеих палат Парламента, в разделе делопроизводства, публикаций и записей от 23 июля 1996 года. Ознакомиться с ним можно по ссылке http://www.parliament. the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cml99596/cmhansrd/vo960723/text/60723wl0.htm.

67

Процитирована статья «Is Irish Ban on Legal Highs Driving Market Underground?» (Guardian. June 30,2015) на http://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/jun/30/risks-of-legal-highs-drive-bereaved-mother-to-campaign-for-uk-ban.

68

Psychoactive Substance Regulations — Regulatory Impact Assessment // Treasury of New Zealand. August 5, 2014 на http://www.treasury.govt.nz/publications/informa-tionreleases/ris/pdfs/ris-moh-psr-jull4.pdf.

69

Pharmaceutical Industry // Programmes. World Health Organization на http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story073/en.

70

DiMasi J.A. Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry: New Estimates of R&D Costs. Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development. November 18,2014 на http://csdd.tufts. edu/files/uploads/ruftsCSDDbriefmgonRDcost_study_-_NovJ8,_2014.pdf.

71

The Price of Failure // Economist. November 27, 2014 на http://www.economist. com/news/business/21635005-startling-new-cost-estimate-new-medicines-met-scepticism-price-failure.

72

Groeger L. Big Pharma’s Big Fines // ProPublica. February 24,2014 на http://projects. propublica.org/graphics/bigpharma.

73

Regulatory Impact Statement: Amendment to the Psychoactive Substances Act 2013// Treasury of New Zealand. May 2014 на http://www.treasury.govt.nz/publications/ informationreleases/ris/pdfs/ris-moh-apsa-mayl4.pdf.

74

Gillies A. Matt Bowden’s Legal High Company in Liquidation // 3 News. May 16, 2015 на http://www.3news.co.nz/nznews/matt-bowdens-legal-high-company-in-liquidation-2015051617#axzz3eYIB5tSf.

75

См. http://www.pizzahut.com/assets/pizzanet.

76

Global Drug Survey. 2014 на http://www.globaldrugsurvey.com/facts-figures/the-global-drug-survey-2014-findings.

77

Aldridge J., Décary-Hétu D. Not an ‘eBay for Drugs’: The Cryptomarket «Silk Road» as a Paradigm Shifting Criminal Innovation // Social Science Research Network. May 13, 2014 нa http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Papers.cfm?abstract_id=2436643.

78

Ginsburg B. С. et al. Purity of Synthetic Cannabinoids Sold Online for Recreational Use // Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 36 (1). January 2012.

79

Jena А. В., Goldman D. P. Growing Internet Use May Help Explain the Rise in Prescription Drug Abuse in the United States // Health Affairs. May 12, 2011 на http:// content.healthaffairs.org/content/30/6/1192.full.pdf+html.

80

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81

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82

Kilmer В., Reuter P. Prime Numbers: Doped//Foreign Policy. October 16, 2009 на http ://foreignpolicy.com/2009 /10/16/prime-numbers-doped.

83

Bearman Р. S., Moody J., Stovel К. Chains of Affection: The Structure of Adolescent Romantic and Sexual Networks //American Journal of Sociology. 110 (1). July 2004 на http://www.soc.duke.edu/-jmoody77/chains.pdf.

84

Findings from the 2013/14 Crime Survey. Home Office, 2014 на https://www.gov. uk/government/publications/drug-misuse-findings-from-the-2013-to-2014-csew/drug-misuse-findings-from-the-201314-crime-survey- for-england-and-wales.

85

Popping Pills: Prescription Drug Abuse in America. National Institute on Drug Abuse. 2011 на http://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/infographics/ popping-pills-prescription-drug-abuse-in-america.

86

Roberts В. et al. An Analysis of Migrant Smuggling Costs Along the Southwest Border. Department of Homeland Security, working paper. November 2010 на http://www.dhs. gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/publications/ois-smuggling-wp.pdf.

87

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88

Passel J. S., Cohn D'V., Gonzalez-Barrera A. Net Migration from Mexico Falls to Zero — and Perhaps Less. Pew Hispanic Center. April 23, 2012 на http://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/04/23/net-migration-from-mexico-falls-to-zero-and-perhaps-less.

89

Процитировано исследование Бо Килмера «Reducing Drug Traffi eking Revenues and Violence in Mexico» (RAND Corporation. Casional paper. 2010 на http://www.rand. org/content/dam/rand/pubs/occasional papers/2010/RAND_OP325.pdf.

90

Gabie R. S. Comparison of Acute Lethal Toxicity of Commonly Used Psychoactive Substances // Addiction. 99 (6). (2004).

91

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92

Васа R. Chart: Colorado Marijuana Sales Hit $700 Million in 2014 // Cannabist. February 12, 2015 на http://www.thecannabist.co/2015/02/12/colorado-marijuana-sales-2014-700-million/27565.

93

Smith A. Tech-Savvy Criminals Now Using Heat-Seeking Drones to Target Cannabis Farms // Halesowen News. April 17, 2014 на http://www.halesowennews.co.uk/ news/11155386.print.

94

First annual report of the Colorado Marijuana Enforcement Division. 2015 на https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/sites/default/files/2014%20MED%20Annual %20 Report_l.pdf.

95

Dowd М. Don’t Harsh Our Mellow, Dude // New York Times. June 3,2014 на http:// www.nytimes.com/2014/06/04/opinion/dowd-dont-harsh-our-mellow-dude.html?_r=0.

96

Kilmer В.Reducing Drug Trafficking Revenues and Violence in Mexico // RAND Corporation occasional paper. 2010. P. 19 на http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/ pubs/occasional papers/2010/RAND_OP32S.appendixes.pdf.

97

Mapping Marijuana // Economist. January 20, 2015 на http://www.economist.com/ blogs/graphicdetail/2015/01/daily-chart-11.

98

Dolmetsch С. New York Expands Fight on Smuggled Cigarettes with UPS Suit // Bloomberg. February 18, 2015 на http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-02-18/ new-york-expands-fight-on-smuggled-cigarettes-with-ups-lawsuit.

99

Possible Impact of the Legalization of Marijuana in the United States // IMCO. October 2012 (на испанском) на http://imco.org.mx/seguridad/posible_jmpacto_de_lalegalizacion_de_la_marihuana_en_estados_unidos.

100

Ro S. Wall Street Analyst Argues Big Tobacco Will Soon Have to Answer Big Questions About Pot // Business Insider. December 10, 2014 на http://uk.businessinsider.com/rbc-analyst-on-marijuana-2014-12.

101

Barry R. A., Hiilamo H., Glantz S. Waiting for the Opportune Moment: The Tobacco Industry and Marijuana Legalization // Milbank Quarterly. 92(2). 2014 на http://www.milbank.org/uploads/documents/featured-articles/pdf/Milbank_Quarterly_Vol-92_No-2_2014_The_Tobacco_Industry_and_Marijuana_Legalization.pdf.

102

Collier К., Schwartz J. DPS Boosts Drug Seizure Values as It Seeks More Border Money // Austin American-Statesman. February 26, 2015 на http://www.mystatesman. com/news/news/state-regional-govt-politics/dps-boosts-drug-seizure-values-as-it-seeks-more-bo/nkKbc.

103

Reuter P. Understanding the Demand for Illegal Drugs. Washington, DC: National Academies Press на http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12976/understanding-the-demand-for-illegal-drugs.

104

О полном опасностей «фестивале тыкв» в Кине написал мой бесстрашный коллега Джон Фасман в своей статье «Полицейский или военный?», опубликованной в журнале «Economist» от 22 мая 2014 года по ссылке http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21599349-americas-police-have-become-too-militarised-cops-or-soldiers.

105

The Benefits and Costs of Drug Use Prevention // RAND Corporation, research brief. 1999 на http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB6007/indexl.html.

106

Приведена цитата Талифа Дина, UN Body Praises Peru, Bolivia for Slashing Output. Inter Press Service. March 7, 2000 на http://www.ipsnews.net/2000/03/drugs-un-body-praises-peru-bolivia-for-slashing-output.

107

UN press release. UNODC Reports Steep Decline in Cocaine Production in Colombia. June 19, 2009 на http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/press/releases/2009/june/unodc-reports-steep-decline-in-cocaine-production-in-colombia.html.

108

Naim М. Illicit: How Smugglers, Traffickers, and Copycats Are Hijacking the Global Economy. New York: Doubleday, 2005. P. 80.

109

War on Drugs: Report of the Global Commission on Drug Policy. June 2011 на http://www.globalcommissionondrugs.org /wp-content/themes/gcdp_vl/pdf/Global_  Commission_Report_English.pdf.

110

Личная беседа Ричарда Никсона и Гарри Холдемана в Овальном кабинете. 21 марта 1972 года по ссылке http://www.csdp.org/research/nixonpot.txt.