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97

Если это нарушение проникает в дочерние клетки первого этапа, то оно будет передаваться всем последующим поколениям клеток с перспективой превратиться в клинически выявляемое раковое заболевание. Однако это упрощение очень сложного процесса. Две существенные гипотезы, похоже, оставлены без внимания: 1) для появления и развития рака нужно больше чем одна мутация и 2) не все генетические нарушения приводят к возникновению онкологических заболеваний.

98

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99

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100

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101

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102

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103

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104

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105

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106

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107

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108

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109

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110

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111

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112

Preston R. S., Hayes J. R., and Campbell T. C. “The effect of protein deficiency on the in vivo binding of aflatoxin B1 to rat liver macromolecules.” Life Sci. 19 (1976): 1191–1198.

113

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114

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115

Показатели очагов на графиках в этой главе отражают главным образом «% объема печени», объединяющий «количество очагов» и «размер очагов», которые указывают на тенденцию формирования опухоли. Таким образом, результаты отдельных экспериментов можно сравнивать друг с другом, а данные сопоставлять с единой шкалой, на которой зафиксирован эффект от стандартной дозы афлатоксина и 20 %-ной белковой диеты.

116

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117

Dunaif G. E., and Campbell T. C. “Relative contribution of dietary protein level and Aflatoxin B1 dose in generation of presumptive preneoplastic foci in rat liver.” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 78 (1987): 365–369.

118

Appleton B. S., and Campbell T. C. “Inhibition of aflatoxin-initiated preneoplastic liver lesions by low dietary protein.” Nutr. Cancer 3 (1982): 200–206.

119

Dunaif G. E., and Campbell T. C. “Relative contribution of dietary protein level and Aflatoxin B1 dose in generation of presumptive preneoplastic foci in rat liver.” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 78 (1987): 365–369.

120

Youngman L. D., and Campbell T. C. “High protein intake promotes the growth of preneoplastic foci in Fischer #344 rats: evidence that early remodeled foci retain the potential for future growth.” J. Nutr. 121 (1991): 1454–1461.

121

Youngman L. D., and Campbell T. C. “High protein intake promotes the growth of preneoplastic foci in Fischer #344 rats: evidence that early remodeled foci retain the potential for future growth.” J. Nutr. 121 (1991): 1454–1461.

122

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123

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124

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125

Для ускорения роста показателя требуется примерно 12 % пищевого белка в рационе, согласно Национальному ученому совету Национальной академии наук.

126

Подкомитет по питанию лабораторных животных / Subcommittee on Laboratory Animal Nutrition. Nutrient requirements of laboratory animals. 2-е дополненное издание, выпуск. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1972.

127

Национальный научный совет. Рекомендации по питанию / National Research Council. Recommended dietary allowances. 10-е издание. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989.

128

Dunaif G. E., and Campbell T. C. “Relative contribution of dietary protein level and Aflatoxin B1 dose in generation of presumptive preneoplastic foci in rat liver.” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 78 (1987): 365–369.

129

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130

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136

Youngman L. D., and Campbell T. C. “Inhibition of aflatoxin B1-induced gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase positive (GGT+) hepatic preneoplastic foci and tumors by low protein diets: evidence that altered GGT+ foci indicate neoplastic potential.” Carcinogenesis 13 (1992): 1607–1613.

137

Youngman L. D. The growth and development of aflatoxin B1-induced preneoplastic lesions, tumors, metastasis, and spontaneous tumors as they are influenced by dietary protein level, type, and intervention. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, PhD Thesis, 1990.

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Hu J., Cheng Z., Chisari F. V., et al. “Repression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgene and HBV-induced liver injury by low protein diet.” Oncogene 15 (1997): 2795–2801.

142

Cheng Z., Hu J., King J., et al. “Inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma development in hepatitis B virus transfected mice by low dietary casein.” Hepatology 26 (1997): 1351–1354.

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Hu J., Cheng Z., Chisari F. V., et al. “Repression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgene and HBV-induced liver injury by low protein diet.” Oncogene 15 (1997): 2795–2801.

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Hu J., Cheng Z., Chisari F. V., et al. “Repression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgene and HBV-induced liver injury by low protein diet.” Oncogene 15 (1997): 2795–2801.

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Hawrylewicz E. J., Huang H. H., Kissane J. Q., et al. “Enhancement of the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) mammary tumorigenesis by high dietary protein in rats.” Nutr. Reps. Int. 26 (1982): 793–806.

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Huang H. H., Hawrylewicz E. J., Kissane J. Q., et al. “Effect of protein diet on release of prolactin and ovarian steroids in female rats.” Nutr. Rpts. Int. 26 (1982): 807–820.

148

O’Connor T. P., Roebuck B. D., and Campbell T. C. “Dietary intervention during the post-dosing phase of L-azaserine-induced preneoplastic lesions.” J Natl Cancer Inst 75 (1985): 955–957.

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O’Connor T. P., Roebuck B. D., and Campbell T. C. “Dietary intervention during the post-dosing phase of L-azaserine-induced preneoplastic lesions.” J Natl Cancer Inst 75 (1985): 955–957.

150

O’Connor T. P., Roebuck B. D., Peterson F., et al. “Effect of dietary intake of fish oil and fish protein on the development of L-azaserine-induced preneoplastic lesions in rat pancreas.” J Natl Cancer Inst 75 (1985): 959–962.

151

He Y. Effects of carotenoids and dietary carotenoid extracts on aflatoxin B1-induced mutagenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, PhD Thesis, 1990.

152

He Y., and Campbell T. C. “Effects of carotenoids on aflatoxin B1-induced mutagenesis in S. typhimurium TA 100 and TA 98.” Nutr. Cancer 13 (1990): 243–253.

153

Li J.-Y., Liu B.-Q., Li G.-Y., et al. “Atlas of cancer mortality in the People’s Republic of China. An aid for cancer control and research.” Int. J. Epid. 10 (1981): 127–133.

154

Higginson J. “Present trends in cancer epidemiology.” Proc. Can. Cancer Conf. 8 (1969): 40–75.

155

Wynder E. L., and Gori G. B. “Contribution of the environment to cancer incidence: an epidemiologic exercise.” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 58 (1977): 825–832.

156

Doll R., and Peto R. “The causes of cancer: Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today.” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 66 (1981): 1192–1265.

157

Doll R., and Peto R. “The causes of cancer: Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today.” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 66 (1981): 1192–1265.

158

Д. Фэгин, пресс-релиз «Причины рака молочной железы по-прежнему неясны: отсутствие четкой связи между загрязнением окружающей среды и раком молочной железы», 6 августа 2002 г. / Fagin D. News release. “Breast cancer cause still elusive study: no clear link between pollution, breast cancer on LI.” 6 августа 2002 г. Newsday.com. на сайте www.newsday.com/news/local/longisland/nylicanc062811887aug06.story?coll=ny%2Dtop%2Dheadlines.

159

Уровень смертности составлял 82, но примерно треть случаев одного и того же заболевания повторялась у людей другого возраста.

160

Hu F. B., Stampfer M. J., Manson J. E., et al. “Dietary protein and risk of ischemic heart disease in women.” Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70 (1999): 221–227.

161

Chen J., Campbell T. C., Li J., et al. Diet, life-style and mortality in China. A study of the characteristics of 65 Chinese counties. Oxford, UK; Ithaca, NY; Beijing, PRC: Oxford University Press; Cornell University Press; People’s Medical Publishing House, 1990.

162

SerVaas C. “Diets that protected against cancers in China.” The Saturday Evening Post, October 1990: 26–28.

163

Все доступные показатели смертности от болезней были объединены в матрицу, чтобы можно было легко определить соотношение каждого отдельного показателя с другими. Каждое сравнение затем оценивалось со знаком плюс или минус, в зависимости от прямой или обратной корреляции. Положительные корреляции были сведены в один список, отрицательные – в другой. Таким образом, каждый пункт находился в положительном отношении со всеми другими пунктами своего списка и в обратной корреляции с записями из второго списка. Большинство корреляций, но не все имели статистическое значение.

164

Campbell T. C., Chen J., Brun T., et al. “China: from diseases of poverty to diseases of affluence. Policy implications of the epidemiological transition.” Ecol. Food Nutr. 27 (1992): 133–144.

165

Chen J., Campbell T. C., Li J., et al. Diet, life-style and mortality in China. A study of the characteristics of 65 Chinese counties. Oxford, UK; Ithaca, NY; Beijing, PRC: Oxford University Press; Cornell University Press; People’s Medical Publishing House, 1990.

166

Campbell T. C., Chen J., Brun T., et al. “China: from diseases of poverty to diseases of affluence. Policy implications of the epidemiological transition.” Ecol. Food Nutr. 27 (1992): 133–144.

167

Эпидемиологический комитет Программы клинического изучения жировых тканей / Lipid Research Clinics Program Epidemiology Committee. “Plasma lipid distributions in selected North American Population. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study.” Circulation 60 (1979): 427–439.

168

Campbell T. C., Parpia B., and Chen J. “Diet, lifestyle, and the etiology of coronary artery disease: The Cornell China Study.” Am. J. Cardiol. 82 (1998): 18T–21T.

169

Данные для сельских районов Китая приводятся по деревням, в монографии обозначены аббревиатурами SA, LC и RA (для женщин) и SA, QC и NB для мужчин (Chen, et al. 1990).

170

Sirtori C. R., Noseda G., and Descovich G. C. “Studies on the use of a soybean protein diet for the management of human hyperlipoproteinemias.” В: M.J. Gibney and D. Kritchevsky (eds.), Current Topics in Nutrition and Disease, Volume 8: Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, 135–148. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1983.

171

Carroll K. K. “Dietary proteins and amino acids – their effects on cholesterol metabolism.” В: M. J. Gibney and D. Kritchevsky (eds.), Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Volume 8: Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, 9–17. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1983.

172

Terpstra A. H. M., Hermus R. J. J., and West C. E. “Dietary protein and cholesterol metabolism in rabbits and rats.” В: M.J. Gibney and D. Kritchevsky (eds.), Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Volume 8: Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, 19–49. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1983.

173

Kritchevsky D., Tepper S. A., Czarnecki S. K., et al. “Atherogenicity of animal and vegetable protein. Influence of the lysine to arginine ratio.” Atherosclerosis 41 (1982): 429–431.

174

Sirtori C. R., Noseda G., and Descovich G. C. “Studies on the use of a soybean protein diet for the management of human hyperlipoproteinemias.” В: M.J. Gibney and D. Kritchevsky (eds.), Current Topics in Nutrition and Disease, Volume 8: Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, 135–148. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1983.

175

Carroll K. K. “Dietary proteins and amino acids – their effects on cholesterol metabolism.” В: M. J. Gibney and D. Kritchevsky (eds.), Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Volume 8: Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, 9–17. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1983.

176

Terpstra A. H. M., Hermus R. J. J., and West C. E. “Dietary protein and cholesterol metabolism in rabbits and rats.” В: M.J. Gibney and D. Kritchevsky (eds.), Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Volume 8: Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, 19–49. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1983.

177

Kritchevsky D., Tepper S. A., Czarnecki S. K., et al. “Atherogenicity of animal and vegetable protein. Influence of the lysine to arginine ratio.” Atherosclerosis 41 (1982): 429–431.

178

Sirtori C. R., Noseda G., and Descovich G. C. “Studies on the use of a soybean protein diet for the management of human hyperlipoproteinemias.” В: M.J. Gibney and D. Kritchevsky (eds.), Current Topics in Nutrition and Disease, Volume 8: Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, 135–148. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1983.

179

Содержание пищевого жира может выражаться в% от общей массы рациона или в% от общего объема калорий. Большинство комментаторов и исследователей обозначают содержание жира как% от общего объема калорий, потому что мы едим в первую очередь для того, чтобы удовлетворить нашу потребность в калориях, а не для того, чтобы поправиться. В данной книге я применяю такое же обозначение.

180

National Research Council. Diet, Nutrition and Cancer. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1982.

181

Министерство здравоохранения и социальных служб США. The Surgeon General’s Report on Nutrition and Health. Washington, DC: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988.

182

Национальный научный совет и Комитет по вопросам диеты и здоровья / National Research Council, and Committee on Diet and Health. Diet and health: implications for reducing chronic disease risk. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989.

183

Экспертная панель / Expert Panel. Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer, a global perspective. Washington, DC: American Institute for Cancer Research/World Cancer Research Fund, 1997.

184

Исключение составляют продукты, лишенные содержания жира, такие как обезжиренное молоко.

185

Armstrong D., and Doll R. “Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices.” Int. J. Cancer 15 (1975): 617–631.

186

Сенат США / U.S. Senate. “Dietary goals for the United States, 2nd Edition.” Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977.

187

National Research Council. Diet, Nutrition and Cancer. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1982.

188

Комитет по диете, питанию и онкологии / Committee on Diet Nutrition and Cancer. Diet, nutrition and cancer: directions for research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1983.

189

Существуют и другие программные заявления, а также многочисленные клинические исследования, которые стали появляться примерно одновременно и которые заслуживали активного публичного обсуждения, будучи связанными с темой отношения пищевого жира к этим заболеваниям. К ним относятся серия докладов с диетическими рекомендациями, инициированными в 1980 г., гарвардское исследование состояния здоровья медсестер 1984 г., Фрамингемское исследование сердца в 1960-х гг., «Исследование семи стран» Анселя Кейза, «Экспериментальное исследование множественных факторов» риска (MRFIT) и др.

190

Carroll K.K., Braden L.M., Bell J.A., et al. “Fat and cancer.” Cancer 58 (1986): 1818–1825.

191

Wynder E. L., and Gori G. B. “Contribution of the environment to cancer incidence: an epidemiologic exercise.” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 58 (1977): 825–832.

192

Drasar B.S., and Irving D. “Environmental factors and cancer of the colon and breast.” Br. J. Cancer 27 (1973): 167–172.

193

Haenszel W., and Kurihara M. “Studies of Japanese migrants: mortality from cancer and other disease among Japanese and the United States.” J. Natl. Cancer. Inst. 40 (1968): 43–68.

194

Higginson J., and Muir C. S. “Epidemiology in Cancer.” В: J. F. Holland and E. Frei (eds.), Cancer Medicine, 241–306. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1973.

195

Doll R., and Peto R. “The causes of cancer: Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today.” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 66 (1981): 1192–1265.

196

Соотношение потребления жиров с потреблением животных белков составляет 84 % на объем потребленного жира и 70 % на процент жира относительно калорий.

197

Armstrong D., and Doll R. “Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices.” Int. J. Cancer 15 (1975): 617–631.

198

Kelsey J. L., Gammon M. D., and Esther M. J. “Reproductive factors and breast cancer.” Epidemiol. Revs. 15 (1993): 36–47.

199

de Stavola B. L., Wang D. Y., Allen D. S., et al. “The association of height, weight, menstrual and reproductive events with breast cancer: results from two prospective studies on the island of Guernsey (United Kingdom).” Cancer Causes and Control 4 (1993): 331–340.

200

Rautalahti M., Albanes D., Virtamo J., et al. “Lifetime menstrual activity – indicator of breast cancer risk.” (1993): 17–25

201

В этой группе женщин не удалось обнаружить статистически значимую связь уровня гормонов в крови с риском рака молочной железы, потому что образцы их крови были взяты в разное время их менструального цикла, а показатели рака молочной железы были настолько низкие, что сводили к минимуму возможность обнаружения подобной корреляции, даже если бы она и существовала.

202

Key T. J. A., Chen J., Wang D. Y., et al. “Sex hormones in women in rural China and in Britain.” Brit. J. Cancer 62 (1990): 631–636.

203

Эти биомаркеры включают содержание меди, мочевины, эстрадиола, пролактина, тестостерона в плазме крови и, в свою очередь, связывающего половые гормоны глобулина, – каждый из них, как известно из более ранних исследований, зависит от потребления белка животного происхождения.

204

Средние уровни потребления пищевой клетчатки в Китае и США составляли 33,3 и 11,1 г в день соответственно. По районам вариативность средних значений составляла 7,7–77,6 г в день в Китае против 2,4–26,6 г в день для 90 % мужчин-американцев.

205

Корреляция для растительного белка составляла +0,53III, а для животного белка +0,12.

206

National Research Council. Diet, Nutrition and Cancer. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1982.

207

В принципе, мониторинг «распространенности рака в семьях» является более эффективным методом выявления причин рака и его разновидностей, что позволяет провести исследование влияния диетических факторов отдельно.

208

Guo W., Li J., Blot W. J., et al. “Correlations of dietary intake and blood nutrient levels with esophageal cancer mortality in China.” Nutr. Cancer 13 (1990): 121–127.

209

Полный эффект этих жирорастворимых антиоксидантов проявляется только при их концентрации с учетом уровня ЛПНП у каждого индивида. Об этом не было известно на момент исследования; таким образом, соответствующих оговорок сделано не было.

210

Kneller R. W., Guo W., Hsing A. W., et al. “Risk factors for stomach cancer in sixty-five Chinese counties.” Cancer Epi. Biomarkers Prev. 1 (1992): 113–118.

211

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213

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216

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217

Westman E. C., Yancy W. S., Edman J. S., et al. “Carbohydrate Diet Program.” Am. J. Med. 113 (2002): 30–36.

218

Wright J. D., Kennedy-Stephenson J., Wang C. Y., et al. “Trends in Intake of Energy and Macronutrients – United States, 1971–2000.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 53 (6 февраля 2004 г.): 80–82.

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221

Westman E. C., Yancy W. S., Edman J. S., et al. “Carbohydrate Diet Program.” Am. J. Med. 113 (2002): 30–36.

222

Westman E. C., Yancy W. S., Edman J. S., et al. “Carbohydrate Diet Program.” Am. J. Med. 113 (2002): 30–36.

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229

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230

Drasar B. S., and Irving D. “Environmental factors and cancer of the colon and breast.” Br. J. Cancer 27 (1973): 167–172; Armstrong D., and Doll R. “Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices.” Int. J. Cancer 15 (1975): 617–631.

231

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232

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233

Аткинс утверждает, что антиоксидантный коктейль может защитить от развития сердечно-сосудистых, онкологических заболеваний и старения, – это утверждение было опровергнуто в ходе нескольких крупных судебных разбирательств последнего времени (см. главу 11).

234

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235

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244

Цитируемая информация о потреблении животного и растительного белка взята из рецензируемой рукописи.

245

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247

Adams C. F. “How many times does your heart beat per year?” версия от 20 октября 2003 г. на сайте www.straightdope.com/classics/a1_088a.html.

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249

Национальный институт болезней сердца, легких и крови США / National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. “Morbidity and Mortality: 2002 Chart Book on Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases.” Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 2002.

250

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Robertson W. G., Peacock M., Heyburn P. J., et al. “Should recurrent calcium oxalate stone formers become vegetarians?” Brit. J. Urology 51 (1979): 427–431.

806

Robertson W. G. “Diet and calcium stones.” Miner Electrolyte Metab. 13 (1987): 228–234.

807

Cao L. C., Boeve E. R., de Bruijn W. C., et al. “A review of new concepts in renal stone research.” Scanning Microscopy 7 (1993): 1049–1065.

808

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809

Broghi L. et al. “Urinary volume, water and recurrences in idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis: a 5-year randomized prospective study.” J. Urol. 155 (1996): 839–843.

810

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811

Friedman D. S., Congdon N., Kempen J., et al. “Vision problems in the U.S.: prevalence of adult vision impairment and age-related eye disease in America.” Bethesda, MD: Prevent Blindness in America. National Eye Institute, 2002.

812

Foote C. S. Photosensitized Oxidation and Singlet Oxygen: Consequences in Biological Systems. Vol. 2 New York: Academic Press, 1976.

813

Seddon J. M., Ajani U. A., Sperduto R. D., et al. “Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration.” JAMA 272 (1994): 1413–1420.

814

Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. “Antioxidant status and neovascular age-related macular degeneration.” Arch. Ophthalmol. 111 (1993): 104–109.

815

Seddon J. M., Ajani U. A., Sperduto R. D., et al. “Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration.” JAMA 272 (1994): 1413–1420.

816

Остальные четыре группы продуктов – брокколи, морковь, сладкий картофель и тыква, употребление которых приводило к снижению заболеваний на 53, 28, 33 и 44 % соответственно. Каждый результат имел минимальное статистическое значение либо был близок к таковому.

817

Seddon J. M., Ajani U. A., Sperduto R. D., et al. “Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration.” JAMA 272 (1994): 1413–1420.

818

Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. “Antioxidant status and neovascular age-related macular degeneration.” Arch. Ophthalmol. 111 (1993): 104–109.

819

Friedman D. S., Congdon N., Kempen J., et al. “Vision problems in the U.S.: prevalence of adult vision impairment and age-related eye disease in America.” Bethesda, MD: Prevent Blindness in America. National Eye Institute, 2002.

820

Berman E. R. Biochemistry of the Eye. (Perspectives in Vision Research). New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1991.

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Lyle B. J., Mares-Perlman J. A., Klein B. E. K., et al. “Antioxidant intake and risk of incident age-related nuclear cataracts in the Beaver Dam Eye Study.” Am. J. Epidemiol. 149 (1999): 801–809.

822

Bates C. J., Chen S. J., Macdonald A., et al. “Quantitation of vitamin E and a carotenoid pigment in cataracterous human lenses, and the effect of a dietary supplement.” Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 66 (1996): 316–321.

823

Varma S. D., Beachy N. A., and Richards R. D. “Photoperoxidation of lens lipids: prevention by vitamin E.” Photochem. Photobiol. 36 (1982): 623–626.

824

Talan J. “Alzheimer’s diagnoses can be two years late.” Ithaca J.: 8A.

825

Ассоциация болезни Альцгеймера «Болезнь Альцгеймера: факты и показатели» / 2016 Alzheimer’s Association. “Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures.” Информация по состоянию на 2 сентября 2016 г. на сайте www.alz.org/facts/.

826

Petersen R. C., Smith G. E., Waring S. C., et al. “Mild cognitive impairment.” Arch. Neurol. 56 (1999): 303–308.

827

Kivipelto M., Helkala E.-L., Hanninen T., et al. “Midlife vascular risk factors and late-life mild cognitive impairment. A population based study.” Neurology 56 (2001): 1683–1689.

828

Breteler M. M. B., Claus J. J., Grobbee D. E., et al. “Cardiovascular disease and distribution of cognitive function in elderly people: the Rotterdam Study.” Brit. Med. J. 308 (1994): 1604–1608.

829

Haan M. N., Shemanski L., Jagust W. J., et al. “The role of APOE e4 in modulating effects of other risk factors for cognitive decline in elderly persons.” JAMA 282 (1999): 40–46.

830

Sparks D. L., Martin T. A., Gross D. R., et al. “Link between heart disease, cholesterol, and Alzheimer’s Disease: a review.” Microscopy Res. Tech. 50 (2000): 287–290.

831

Slooter A. J., Tang M. X., van Duijn C. M., et al. “Apolipoprotein E e4 and risk of dementia with stroke. A population based investigation.” JAMA 277 (1997): 818–821.

832

Messier C., and Gagnon M. “Glucose regulation and cognitive functions: relation to Alzheimer’s disease and diabetes.” Behav. Brain Res. 75 (1996): 1–11.

833

Ott A., Stolk R. P., Hofman A., et al. “Association of diabetes mellitus and dementia: the Rotterdam Study.” Diabetologia 39 (1996): 1392–1397.

834

Breteler M. M. B., Claus J. J., Grobbee D. E., et al. “Cardiovascular disease and distribution of cognitive function in elderly people: the Rotterdam Study.” Brit. Med. J. 308 (1994): 1604–1608.

835

Kannel W. B., Wolf P. A., Verter J., et al. “Epidemiologic assessment of the role of blood pressure in stroke.” JAMA 214 (1970): 301–310.

836

Launer L. J., Masaki K., Petrovitch H., et al. “The association between midlife blood pressure levels and late-life cognitive function.” JAMA 274 (1995): 1846–1851.

837

Sparks D. L., Martin T. A., Gross D. R., et al. “Link between heart disease, cholesterol, and Alzheimer’s Disease: a review.” Microscopy Res. Tech. 50 (2000): 287–290.

838

Haan M. N., Shemanski L., Jagust W. J., et al. “The role of APOE e4 in modulating effects of other risk factors for cognitive decline in elderly persons.” JAMA 282 (1999): 40–46.

839

White L., Petrovitch H., Ross G. W., et al. “Prevalence of dementia in older Japanese-American men in Hawaii. The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study.” JAMA, 276: 955–960, 1996.

840

Hendrie H. C., Ogunniyi A., Hall K. S., et al. “Incidence of dementia and Alzheimer Disease in 2 communities: Yoruba residing in Ibadan, Nigeria and African Americans residing in Indianapolis, Indiana.” JAMA 285 (2001): 739–747.

841

Chandra V., Pandav R., Dodge H. H., et al. “Incidence of Alzheimer’s disease in a rural community in India: the Indo-U.S. Study.” Neurology 57 (2001): 985–989.

842

Grant W. B. “Dietary links to Alzheimer’s Disease: 1999 Update.” J. Alzheimer’s Dis 1 (1999): 197–201.

843

Grant W. B. “Incidence of dementia and Alzheimer disease in Nigeria and the United States.” JAMA 285 (2001): 2448.

844

Это недавно опубликованное исследование заслуживает большего внимания по сравнению с остальными, потому что витамин Е здесь измерялся наиболее точно, с учетом того, что он переносится в жире крови. То есть высокий уровень в крови витамина Е может быть обусловлен высоким содержанием жира в крови. Am. J. Epidemiol. 150 (1999): 37–44.

845

Влияние витамина С и селена в исследовании Перкинса (Am. J. Epidemiol. 150 [1999]: 37–44) в модели логистической регрессии не имело статистического значения, как отмечали авторы. Я не согласен с их выводом, поскольку обратная зависимость «доза-ответ» (высокий уровень антиоксидантов в крови, меньше потеря памяти) была впечатляющей и явно значительной. Авторы не смогли проанализировать такие данные.

846

Ortega R. M., Requejo A. M., Andres P., et al. “Dietary intake and cognitive function in a group of elderly people.” Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 66 (1997): 803–809.

847

Perrig W. J., Perrig P., and Stahelin H. B. “The relation between antioxidants and memory performance in the old and very old.” J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 45 (1997): 718–724.

848

Gale C. R., Martyn C. N., and Cooper C. “Cognitive impairment and mortality in a cohort of elderly people.” Brit. Med. J. 312 (1996): 608–611.

849

Goodwin J. S., Goodwin J. M., and Garry P. J. “Association between nutritional status and cognitive functioning in a healthy elderly population.” JAMA 249 (1983): 2917–2921.

850

Goodwin J. S., Goodwin J. M., and Garry P. J. “Association between nutritional status and cognitive functioning in a healthy elderly population.” JAMA 249 (1983): 2917–2921.

851

Jama J. W., Launer L. J., Witteman J. C. M., et al. “Dietary antioxidants and cognitive function in a population-based sample of older persons: the Rotterdam Study.” Am. J. Epidemiol. 144 (1996): 275–280.

852

Martin A., Prior R., Shukitt-Hale B., et al. “Effect of fruits, vegetables or vitamin E-rich diet on vitamins E and C distribution in peripheral and brain tissues: implications for brain function.” J. Gerontology 55A (2000): B144–B151.

853

Joseph J. A., Shukitt-Hale B., Denisova N. A., et al. “Reversals of age-related declines in neuronal signal transduction, cognitive, and motor behavioral deficits with blueberry, spinach, or strawberry dietary supplementation.” J. Neurosci. 19 (1999): 8114–8121.

854

Gillman M. W., Cupples L. A., Gagnon D., et al. “Protective effect of fruits and vegetables on development of stroke in men.” JAMA 273 (1995): 1113–1117.

855

Gillman M. W., Cupples L. A., Gagnon D., et al. “Protective effect of fruits and vegetables on development of stroke in men.” JAMA 273 (1995): 1113–1117.

856

Kalmijn S., Launer L. J., Ott A., et al. “Dietary fat intake and the risk of incident dementia in the Rotterdam Study.” Ann. Neurol. 42 (1997): 776–782.

857

Sparks D. L., Martin T. A., Gross D. R., et al. “Link between heart disease, cholesterol, and Alzheimer’s Disease: a review.” Microscopy Res. Tech. 50 (2000): 287–290.

858

Sparks D. L., Martin T. A., Gross D. R., et al. “Link between heart disease, cholesterol, and Alzheimer’s Disease: a review.” Microscopy Res. Tech. 50 (2000): 287–290.

859

Тренд появления болезни Альцгеймера не получил статистического подтверждения, возможно, из-за небольшого количества эпизодов заболевания.

860

Kalmijn S., Launer L. J., Ott A., et al. “Dietary fat intake and the risk of incident dementia in the Rotterdam Study.” Ann. Neurol. 42 (1997): 776–782.

861

Clarke R., Smith D., Jobst K. A., et al. “Folate, vitamin B12, and serum total homocysteine levels in confirmed Alzheimer disease.” Arch. Neurol. 55 (1998): 1449–1455.

862

McCully K. S. “Homocysteine theory of arteriosclerosis: development and current status.” В: A. M. Gotto, Jr. and R. Paoletti (eds.), Atherosclerosis Reviews, Vol. 11, 157–246. New York: Raven Press, 1983.

863

Однако в этой логике есть потенциальный изъян. Уровень гомоцистеина регулируется отчасти витаминами группы В, особенно фолиевой кислотой и витамином B_>12, и у людей с дефицитом этих витаминов могут наблюдаться более высокие уровни гомоцистеина. У людей, которые не едят продуктов животного происхождения, может быть понижен B_>12 и повышен гомоцистеин. Однако, как отмечается в главе 11, это больше связано с нашей удаленностью от природы, а не с недостатком диеты на растительной основе.

864

Scelfo J. “Dieting: The Next Atkins?” Newsweek (4 мая 2003 г.).

865

Управление по санитарному надзору за качеством пищевых продуктов и медикаментов США / U.S. Food and Drug Administration. “What Is a Dietary Supplement?” Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2015.

866

Lariviere D. “Nutritional supplements flexing muscles as growth industry.” Forbes, 18 апреля 2013 г. На сайте www.forbes.com/sites/davidlariviere/2013/04/18/nutritional-supplements-flexing-their-muscles-as-growth-industry/.

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869

Atkins RC. Dr. Atkins’ New Diet Revolution. New York: Avon Books, 1999.

870

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871

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872

Американская рабочая группа по профилактическим мероприятиям / U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. “Routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease: recommendations and rationale.” Ann. Internal Med. 139 (2003): 51–55.

873

Morris C. D., and Carson S. “Routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cardiovascular disease: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.” Ann. Internal Med. 139 (2003): 56–70.

874

Американская рабочая группа по профилактическим мероприятиям / U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. “Routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease: recommendations and rationale.” Ann. Internal Med. 139 (2003): 51–55.

875

Kolata G. “Vitamins: more may be too many (Science Section).” New York Times, April 29, 2003: 1, 6.

876

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877

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879

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880

The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. “The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers.” New Engl. J. Med. 330 (1994): 1029–1035.

881

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882

Holden J. M., Eldridge A. L., Beecher G. R., et al. “Carotenoid content of U.S. foods: an update of the database.” J. Food Comp. Anal. 12 (1999): 169–196.

883

Точное перечисление продуктов питания в базе данных таково: говяжий фарш, 80 % постного мяса, 20 % жирного, мясо непереработанное; свинина свежая, фарш, непереработанная; курица, бройлеры или цыплята, мясо и кожа непереработанные; молоко сухое, цельное; шпинат необработанный; помидоры красные, спелые, необработанные, круглогодично; лимская фасоль, крупные, зрелые семена, необработанная; горох зеленый, сырой; картофель красновато-коричневый, мякоть и кожица, сырой.

884

Mozafar A. “Enrichment of some B-vitamins in plants with application of organic fertilizers.” Plant and Soil 167 (1994): 305–311.

885

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887

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888

Мне никогда не нравились такие пороговые точки в отношении возникновения, роста и прогрессирования хронических заболеваний, потому что для каждой стадии хронической болезни они совершенно случайны. Важно знать, что хроническое заболевание может быть с нами большую часть нашей жизни, и если оно прогрессирует, то очень плавно и непрерывно.

889

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Swank R. L. “Effect of low saturated fat diet in early and late cases of multiple sclerosis.” Lancet 336 (1990): 37–39.

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894

Campbell T. C. (with Jacobson H.). Whole: Rethinking the Science of Nutrition. Dallas: BenBella Books, 2013.

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Davey, G. K. et al. “EPIC-Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33, 883 meat eaters and 31, 546 non meat-eaters in the UK.” Publ. Health Nutr. 6 (2003): 259–268; Sobiecki, J. G., Appleby, P. N., Bradbury, K. E., and Key, T. J. “High compliance with dietary recommendations in a cohort of meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians, and vegans: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Oxford study.” Nutr. Res. 36 (2016): 464–477.

896

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897

Colen B. D. “To die in Tijuana; a story of faith, hope and laetrile.” Washington Post Magazine, September 4, 1977: 10.

898

Colen B. D. “To die in Tijuana; a story of faith, hope and laetrile.” Washington Post Magazine, September 4, 1977: 10.

899

Colen B. D. “To die in Tijuana; a story of faith, hope and laetrile.” Washington Post Magazine, September 4, 1977: 10.

900

Colen B. D. “To die in Tijuana; a story of faith, hope and laetrile.” Washington Post Magazine, September 4, 1977: 10.

901

Burros M. “The sting? America’s supplements appetite; scientists are dubious, but America’s appetite for food supplements keeps growing.” Washington Post, August 2, 1979: E1.

902

Burros M. “The sting? America’s supplements appetite; scientists are dubious, but America’s appetite for food supplements keeps growing.” Washington Post, August 2, 1979: E1.

903

Hilgartner S. Science on Stage. Expert Advice As Public Drama. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000.

904

National Research Council. Diet, Nutrition and Cancer. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1982.

905

Hilgartner S. Science on Stage. Expert Advice As Public Drama. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000.

906

Сенат США, «Задачи питания в США. 2-е издание» / U.S. Senate. “Dietary goals for the United States, 2nd Edition.” Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977.

907

Американский совет по науке и здравоохранению, «Об Американском совете по науке и здравоохранению» / American Council of Science and Health. “About American Council on Science and Health.” Информация по состоянию на 3 сентября 2016 г. На сайте acsh.org/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php.

908

Mindfully.org. Американский совет по науке и здравоохранению / “American Council on Science and Health (ACSH).” Информация по состоянию на 3 сентября 2016 г. на сайте www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/ACSH-Koop.htm.

909

Mindfully.org. Американский совет по науке и здравоохранению / “American Council on Science and Health (ACSH).” Информация по состоянию на 3 сентября 2016 г. на сайте www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/ACSH-Koop.htm.

910

National Research Council. Diet, Nutrition and Cancer. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1982.

911

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912

National Research Council. Diet, Nutrition and Cancer. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1982.

913

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914

Национальный научный комитет «Диета, питание и рак» / National Research Council. Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1982.

915

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920

Marchione M. “Taking the long view; for 25 years, Harvard’s Nurses’ Health Study has sought answers to women’s health questions.” Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, 16 июля 2001 г.: 01G.

921

Carroll K. K. “Experimental evidence of dietary factors and hormone-dependent cancers.” Cancer Res. 35 (1975): 3374–3383.

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Chen J., Campbell T. C., Li J., et al. Diet, Life-style and Mortality in China. A Study of the Characteristics of 65 Chinese Counties. Oxford, UK; Ithaca, NY; Beijing, PRC: Oxford University Press; Cornell University Press; People’s Medical Publishing House, 1990.

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924

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925

Chen J., Campbell T. C., Li J., et al. Diet, Life-style and Mortality in China. A Study of the Characteristics of 65 Chinese Counties. Oxford, UK; Ithaca, NY; Beijing, PRC: Oxford University Press; Cornell University Press; People’s Medical Publishing House, 1990.

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927

Hu F. B., Stampfer M. J., Manson J. E., et al. “Dietary protein and risk of ischemic heart disease in women.” Am. Journ. Clin. Nutr. 70 (1999): 221–227.

928

Holmes M. D., Hunter D. J., Colditz G. A., et al. “Association of dietary intake of fat and fatty acids with risk of breast cancer.” JAMA 281 (1999): 914–920.

929

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930

Средний процент калорий, получаемых из жира, незначительно снизился, но среднесуточное потребление жира в граммах осталось прежним или увеличилось.

931

Information Plus. Nutrition: A Key to Good Health. Wylie, TX: Information Plus, 1999.

932

Wegmans.com. Информация по состоянию на 19 января 2004 г., на сайте www.wegmans.com/recipes.

933

Mardiweb.com. “Cheesecake.” информация по состоянию на 19 января 2004 г., на сайте mardiweb.com/lowfat/dessert.htm#Recipe000857.

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Eberhardt M. V., Lee C. Y., and Liu R. H. “Antioxidant activity of fresh apples.” Nature 405 (2000): 903–904.

1070

Cовет по продовольствию и питанию, Институт медицины, «Стандарты потребления энергии, углеводов, клетчатки, жира, жирных кислот, холестерина, белков и аминокислот (макроэлементов)» / Food and Nutrition Board, and Institute of Medicine. “Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrates, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids (macronutrients).” Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002. На сайте www.nap.edu/catalog/10490/dietary-reference-intakes-for-energy-carbohydrate-fiber-fat-fatty-acids-cholesterol-protein-and-amino-acids-macronutrients.

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Национальная академия наук. Пресс-релиз «Новые ориентиры питания и физической активности с целью снижения риска возникновения хронических заболеваний» / National Academy of Sciences. Press Release. “Report offers new eating and physical activity targets to reduce chronic disease risk.” 5 сентября 2002 г. Washington, DC: National Research Council, Institute of Medicine. На сайте www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10490.

1072

Национальная академия наук. Пресс-релиз «Новые ориентиры питания и физической активности с целью снижения риска возникновения хронических заболеваний» / National Academy of Sciences. Press Release. “Report offers new eating and physical activity targets to reduce chronic disease risk.” 5 сентября 2002 г. Washington, DC: National Research Council, Institute of Medicine. На сайте www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10490.

1073

Национальная академия наук. Пресс-релиз «Новые ориентиры питания и физической активности с целью снижения риска возникновения хронических заболеваний» / National Academy of Sciences. Press Release. “Report offers new eating and physical activity targets to reduce chronic disease risk.” 5 сентября 2002 г. Washington, DC: National Research Council, Institute of Medicine. На сайте www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10490.

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1076

Рекомендованная суточная норма выражается как единичное количество белка, то есть 0,8 г протеина на каждый килограмм массы тела. При дневной норме 2200 ккал для человека весом 70 кг эти 0,8 г составляют около 10–11 % от общего количества калорий: 70 кг × 0,8 г/кг × 4 ккал/г × 1 / 2200 ккал × 100 = 10,2 %.

1077

Wright J. D., Kennedy-Stephenson J, Wang CY, et al. “Trends in Intake of Energy and Macronutrients – United States, 1971–2000.” MMWR 53 (6 февраля 2004 г.): 80–82.

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1083

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1086

Совет по продовольствию и питанию, Институт медицины, «Стандарты потребления энергии, углеводов, клетчатки, жира, жирных кислот, холестерина, белков и аминокислот (макроэлементов)» / Food and Nutrition Board, and Institute of Medicine. “Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrates, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids (macronutrients).” Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002. На сайте www.nap.edu/catalog/10490/dietary-reference-intakes-for-energy-carbohydrate-fiber-fat-fatty-acids-cholesterol-protein-and-amino-acids-macronutrients.

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Kursban M. “Commentary: conflicted panel makes for unfit guidelines.” Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (Комитет врачей за ответственную медицину). Информация по состоянию на июнь 2003 г. На сайте www.pcrm.org/health/commentary/commentary0004.html.

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1089

В течение нескольких лет я был членом научно-консультативного совета Комитета врачей за ответственную медицину.

1090

Kursban M. “Commentary: conflicted panel makes for unfit guidelines.” Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (Комитет врачей за ответственную медицину). Информация по состоянию на июнь 2003 г. На сайте www.pcrm.org/health/commentary/commentary0004.html.

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Chaitowitz S. “Court rules against USDA’s secrecy and failure to disclose conflict of interest in setting nutrition policies.” Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (Комитет врачей за ответственную медицину). Информация по состоянию на 27 января 2004 г. На сайте www.pcrm.org/news/health001002.html.

1092

Совет по продовольствию и питанию, Институт медицины, «Стандарты потребления энергии, углеводов, клетчатки, жира, жирных кислот, холестерина, белков и аминокислот (макроэлементов)» / National Academy of Sciences, and Institute of Medicine. “Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrates, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids [основные положения].” Washington, DC: National Academy Press, сентябрь 2002 г.

1093

Совет по продовольствию и питанию, Институт медицины, «Стандарты потребления энергии, углеводов, клетчатки, жира, жирных кислот, холестерина, белков и аминокислот (макроэлементов)» / National Academy of Sciences, and Institute of Medicine. “Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrates, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids [основные положения].” Washington, DC: National Academy Press, сентябрь 2002 г.

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Служба продовольствия и питания Министерства сельского хозяйства США, «Сводка основных программ последнего месяца» / “Summary of Major Programs for Latest Available Month.” Alexandria, VA: Food and Nutrition Service, 5 августа 2016 г. На сайте www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/pd/currentsum.xls.

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Служба продовольствия и питания Министерства сельского хозяйства США, «Специальная программа обеспечения дополнительного питания для женщин и детей грудного и раннего возраста – участие государства по категориям и расходам» / U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service. “WIC Program: Monthly Data – State Level Participation by Category and Program Costs, FY 2014 (Final).” Alexandria, VA: Food and Nutrition Service, 5 августа 2016 г. На сайте www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/pd/WICAgencies2014ytd.xls.

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Национальные институты здравоохранения. Февраль 2004 г. / National Institutes of Health. February 2004. На сайте www.nih.gov.

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Национальные институты здравоохранения, «План работы на 2016 г.» / National Institutes of Health “Operating Plan for FY 2016.” Информация по состоянию на 3 сентября 2016 г., на сайте https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY17/FY 2016 NIH Operating Plan Posting.pdf.

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Национальные институты здравоохранения, «Оценки финансирования исследований различных состояний и категорий заболеваний» / “Estimates of Funding for Various Research, Condition, and Disease Categories (RCDC).” Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 10 февраля 2016 г. На сайте report.nih.gov/categorical_spending.aspx.

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Национальные институты здравоохранения, «Оценки финансирования исследований различных состояний и категорий заболеваний» / “Estimates of Funding for Various Research, Condition, and Disease Categories (RCDC).” Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 10 февраля 2016 г. На сайте report.nih.gov/categorical_spending.aspx.

1100

Расчеты на основе данных в таблице примечания 18.

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1103

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Национальный институт онкологии США, «Вопросы и ответы по итогам 1999 г.» / National Cancer Institute. “FY 1999 Questions and Answers provided for the record for the FY 1999 House Appropriations Subcommitee.” 15 июля 2003 г. На сайте www3.cancer.gov/admin/fmb/1999Q (в формате htm).

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1108

Консультативный комитет по диетическим рекомендациям, «Научный доклад за 2015 год» / Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. “Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committe: Part A. Executive Summary.” Rockville, MD: Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Информация по состоянию на 27 августа 2016 г. На сайте health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/02-executive-summary.asp.

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Консультативный комитет по диетическим рекомендациям, «Научный доклад за 2015 год» / Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. “Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committe: Part A. Executive Summary.” Rockville, MD: Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Информация по состоянию на 27 августа 2016 г. На сайте health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/02-executive-summary.asp.

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Два из трех авторитетных агентств также финансировали эту программу, но подозреваю, что управляющие этих агентств сочли необходимым связаться с проектом в медицинском образовании для своих личных целей, независимо от темного списка других организаций.

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Уровень смертности составлял 82, но примерно треть случаев одного и того же заболевания повторялась у людей другого возраста.

1213

Это также означает, что очень мало или совсем нет полезных данных при включении показателей всех людей в округе. Есть только один показатель заболевания для каждого округа; при этом необходимо иметь только один показатель для любой из переменных для сопоставления с индикатором заболеваемости.

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Китайское исследование: обновленное и расширенное издание. Классическая книга о здоровом питании [заметки]