Изобретение новостей. Как мир узнал о самом себе [заметки]

Шрифт

Интервал

Weekly Review of the Affairs of France (17 February 1704). Defoe’s Review (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2003-11). William L. Payne, The Best of Defoe’s Review: An Anthology (New York: Columbia University Press, 1951).

Review (fasc. edn, New York, 1938), viii, 708, book 21. Quoted Harold Love, The Culture and Commerce of Texts (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1998), p. 3. See now also Dror Wahrman, Mr. Collier’s Letter Rack: A Tale of Art and Illusion at the Threshold of the Modern Information Age (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 19–29.

Примеры можно найти по крайней мере в десяти шекспировских пьесах: «Король Генрих VI», Часть 2, Акт IV, сцена 4; «Король Генрих VI», Часть 3, Акт II, Сцена 1; «Ричард III», Акт IV, сцены 2 и 4; «Укрощение строптивой», Акт V, сцена 2; «Венецианский купец», акт 1, сцена 2; «Двенадцатая ночь», акт 1, сцена 1; «Гамлет», Акт IV, сцена 7; «Тимон Афинский», акт 1, сцена 2; «Король Лир», действие 1, сцена 2; «Макбет», Акт 1, сцена 7. Примеры предоставлены Полом Арбластером.

Claude Holyband, The French Littelton (London: Richard Field, 1593). Below, Chapter 6.

The historie of Cambria, now called Wales (1584), sig. vr. Благодарю моего коллегу Алекса Вульфа за эту ссылку.

Jurg Zulliger, ‘“Ohne Kommunikation wurde Chaos herrschen”. Zur Bedeutung von Informationsaustauch, Briefverkehr und Boten bei Bernhard von Clairvaux’, Archiv fur Kulturgeschichte, 78 (1996), pp. 251-76. Ниже, глава 1.

Ниже, глава 2.

Ниже, глава 7.

Nate Silver, The Signal and the Noise: Why So Many Predictions Fail but Some Don’t (New York: Penguin, 2012).

Ulinka Rublack, The Crimes of Women in Early Modern Germany (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 16–19.

Matthew Lundin, Paper Memory: A Sixteenth-Century Townsman Writes his World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012).

Там же, с. 243.

Ниже, глава 5.

Andrew Pettegree, The Book in the Renaissance (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2010).

Ниже, глава 4.

Ниже, глава 7.

Allyson Creasman, Censorship and Civic Order in Reformation Germany, 1517–1648 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2012).

Jan Bloemendal, Peter G. F. Eversmann and Else Strietman (eds), Drama, Performance and Debate: Theatre and Public Opinion in the Early Modern Period (Leiden: Brill, 2013); и ниже в примечаниях к главе 12.

По-французски publier. См. Kate van Orden, ‘Cheap Print and Street Song Following the Saint Bartholomew’s Massacres of 1572’, in van Orden (ed.), Music and the Cultures of Print (New York: Garland Publishing, 2000), pp. 271–323.

Maximilian Novak, Daniel Defoe, Master of Fictions: His Life and Ideas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).

Ниже, глава 15.

Larry Silver, Marketing Maximilian: The Visual Ideology of a Holy Roman Emperor (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008).

Wolfgang Behringer, Thurn und Taxis: Die Geschichte ihrer Post und ihrer Unternehmen (Munich: Piper, 1990); idem,Im Zeichen des Merkur: ReichspostundKommunikationsrevolution in der Fruhen Neuzeit (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003).

A. M. Ramsay, ‘A Roman Postal Service under the Republic’, Journal of Roman Studies, 10 (1920), pp. 79–86.

Alan K. Bowman, Life and Letters on the Roman Frontier: Vindolanda and its People, 2nd edn (London: British Museum, 2003); Anthony Birley, Garrison Life at Vindolanda (Stroud: History Press, 2007).

Alan K. Bowman and Greg Woolf, Literacy and Power in the Ancient World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Greg Woolf, ‘Monumental Writing and the Expansion of Roman Society in the Early Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 86 (1996), pp. 22–39.

M. T. Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record: England 1066–1307 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1979).

Там же, с. 261.

Jurg Zulliger, ‘“Ohne Kommunikation wurde Chaos herrschen”: Zur Bedeutung von Informationsaustauch, Briefverkehr und Boten bei Bernhard von Clairvaux’, Archiv fur Kulturgeschichte, 78 (1996), pp. 251-76.

Chris Given-Wilson, Chronicles: The Writing of History in Medieval England (London: Hambledon, 2004), p. 21.

Там же, с. 13.

J. K. Hyde, ‘Italian Pilgrim Literature in the Late Middle Ages’, in his Literacy and its Uses: Studies on Late Medieval Italy (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993), pp. 136-61.

Sophia Menache, The Vox Dei: Communication in the Middle Ages (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 116.

Lorraine Daston and Katharine Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150–1750 (New York: Zone, 2001).

Hyde, ‘Ethnographers in Search of an Audience’, in his Literacy and its Uses, pp. 162–216.

Jonathan Sumption, Pilgrimage: An Image of Medieval Religion (London: Faber, 1975), p. 257; Debra Birch, ‘Jacques de Vitry and the Ideology of Pilgrimage’, in J. Stopford (ed.), Pilgrimage Explored (Woodbridge: York Medieval Press, 1999).

Dianna Webb, Pilgrims and Pilgrimage in the Medieval West (London: I. B. Tauris, 2001); Sumption, Pilgrimage.

Albert Kapr, Johann Gutenberg: The Man and his Invention (London: Scolar Press, 1996), pp. 71-5.

Debra Birch, Pilgrimage to Rome in the Middle Ages (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1998).

Peter Spufford, Power and Profit: The Merchant in Medieval Europe (London: Thames and Hudson, 2002), p. 23.

О посольской корреспонденции идет речь ниже в главе 5.

Yves Renouard, ‘Comment les papes d’Avignon expediaient leur courrier’, Revue historique, 180 (1937), pp. 1-29; idem, The Avignon Papacy, 1305–1403 (London: Faber, 1970); Anne-Marie Hayez, ‘Les courriers des papes d’Avignon sous Innocent VI et Urbain V (1352–1370)’, in La circulation des nouvelles au moyen age (Paris: Sorbonne, 1994), pp. 37–46.

Renouard, ‘Les papes d’Avignon’, pp. 20-3.

Письмо, предназначенное для Рима, написанное 3 марта 1321 года, отправилось из Авиньона только 18 апреля. Письмо в Венецию, написанное 6 октября 1321 г., отправилось 31 октября. Отправка письма в Пуатье в 1360 г. была отложена на два месяца. Renouard, ‘Les papes d’Avignon’, p. 28.

Suzanne Budelot, Messageries universitaires et messageries royales (Paris: Domat, 1934).

Hilde de Rodder-Symoens (ed.), A History of the University in Europe. Volume I: Universities in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 114.

C. H. Haskins, ‘The Lives of Mediaeval Students as Illustrated in their Letters’, in his Studies in Mediaeval Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1929), pp. 1-35.

Alain Boureau, ‘The Letter-Writing Norm, a Mediaeval Invention’, in Roger Chartier (ed.), Correspondence: Models of Letter-Writing from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Polity, 1997), pp. 24–58.

Haskins, ‘Lives of Medieval Students’, p. 10.

Ibid., pp. 15–16.

Ниже, глава 15.

Philip O. Beale, A History of the Post in England from the Romans to the Stuarts (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998), p. 22.

Ibid., pp. 24-7.

J. K. Hyde, ‘The Role of Diplomatic Correspondence and Reporting’, in his Literacy and its Uses, pp. 217-59, here pp. 224-6.

Там же, с. 244.

Ниже, глава 5.

Beale, History of the Post, pp. 30–39.

Given-Wilson, Chronicles, p. 109.

Beale, History of the Post, pp. 84-6.

La circulation des nouvelles.

C. A. J. Armstrong, ‘Some Examples of the Distribution and Speed of News in England at the Time of the Wars of the Roses’, in his England, France and Burgundy in the Fifteenth Century (London: Hambledon, 1983), pp. 97-122.

Armstrong, ‘Some Examples’, p. 100; James Gairdner (ed.), Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles (London: Camden Society, 1880), pp. 156 ff.

Ниже, глава 4.

B. Guenee, ‘Les campagnes de lettres qui ont suivi le meurtre de Jean sans Peur, duc de Bourgogne (septembre 1419-fevrier 1420)’, Annuaire-Bulletin de la Societe de l’Histoire de France (1993), pp. 45–65.

Craig Taylor, ‘War, Propaganda and Diplomacy in Fifteenth-Century France and England’, in Christopher Allmand (ed.), War, Government and Power in Late Medieval France (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2000), pp. 70–91.

Armstrong, ‘Some Examples’, p. 99.

Budelot, Messageries universitaires et messageries royales; E. John B. Allen, ‘The Royal Posts of France in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries’, Postal History Journal, 15 (January 1971).

Armstrong, ‘Some Examples’, p. 107.

Menache, Vox Dei.

Armstrong, ‘Some Examples’, p. 101.

Iris Origo, The Merchant of Prato: Francesco di Marco Datini (London: Jonathan Cape, 1957), p. 90.

Кроме того, произошел обмен десятью тысячами писем между Датини и его женой, которой пришлось вести хозяйство в Прато, когда Датини переехал во Флоренцию. Этому и уделяется основное внимание Ориго.

David Nicholas, Medieval Flanders (London: Longman, 1992). James M. Murray, Bruges, Cradle of Capitalism, 1280–1390 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).

Edwin S. Hunt, The Medieval Super-Companies: A Study of the Peruzzi Company of Florence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

Raymond de Roover, Money, Banking and Credit in Medieval Bruges (Cambridge, MA: 1948).

Gilles le Bouvier, Le livre de la description des pays (Paris: Leroux, 1908), pp. 157–216.

Peter Spufford, Power and Profit: The Merchant in Medieval Europe (London: Thames and Hudson, 2002), pp. 143-52.

Frederic C. Lane, Andrea Barbarigo, Merchant of Venice, 1418–1449 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1944), p. 20.

Spufford, Power and Profit, pp. 25-8.

Lane, Andrea Barbarigo, pp. 199–200. Письма Барбариго из Валенсии редко приходили быстрее, чем за тридцать дней, а обычно шли около сорока дней.

Federigo Melis, ‘Intensita e regolarita nella diffusione dell’informazione economica generale nel Mediterraneo e in Occidente alla fine del Medioevo’, in Melanges en l’honneur de Fernand Braudel, 2 vols (Toulouse: Privat, 1973), I, 389–424. Spufford, Power and Profit, p. 27.

Philip O. Beale, A History of the Post in England from the Romans to the Stuarts (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998), p. 33.

C. A. J. Armstrong, England, France and Burgundy in the Fifteenth Century (London: Hambledon, 1983), pp. 97-122, here p. 109.

A. Grunzweig, Correspondence de la filiale de Bruges de Medici (Brussels: Lamertin, 1931), I, 130-45.

Ниже, глава 5.

Hunt, Medieval Super-Companies, p. 73.

Этот момент был оценен миланским послом, когда он рекомендовал использовать торговую почту, A History of the Post in England, p. 160.

E. John B. Allen, Post and Courier Service in the Diplomacy of Early Modern Europe, vol. 3 (The Hague: Nijhoff, International Archive of the History of Ideas, 1972).

Richard Goldthwaite, The Economy of Renaissance Florence, (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press), p. 94.

Origo, Datini, pp. 85-6.

Там же, с. 86.

Robert S. Lopez and Irving W. Raymond, Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World: Illustrative Documents (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955), no. 193; Gunnar Dahl, Trade, Trust and Networks: Commercial Cultures in Late Medieval Italy (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 1998), p. 82.

Lopez and Raymond, Medieval Trade, no. 194; Dahl, Trade, p. 82.

Dahl, Trade, p. 83.

Gertrude R. B. Richards (ed.), Florentine Merchants in the Age of the Medici: Letters and Documents from the Selfridge Collection of Medici Manuscripts (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1932), p. 109; Dahl, Trade, p. 83.

Paolo da Certaldo, Libro di buoni costumi, ed. Alfredo Schiaffini (Florence, 1946), pp. 149-50.

Goldthwaite, Economy of Renaissance Florence, p. 95.

Theodor Gustav Werner, ‘Das kaufmannische Nachrichtenwesen im spaten Mittelalter und in der fruhen Neuzeit und sein Einfluss auf die Entstehung der handschriftlichen Zeitung’, Scripta Mercaturae (1975), pp. 3-51.

Goldthwaite, Economy of Renaissance Florence, p. 94.

100

George Christ, ‘A Newsletter in 1419? Antonio Morosini’s Chronicle in the Light of Commercial Correspondence between Venice and Alexandria’, Mediterranean Historical Review, 20 (2005), pp. 35–66, here pp. 41-2.

101

Richards, Florentine Merchants, 263; Dahl, Trade, p. 116.

102

Dahl, Trade, p. 104. They were, however, permitted to play chess, to while away the long evenings.

103

Dahl, Trade, p. 119.

104

Lane, Andrea Barbarigo, pp. 127-8.

105

Marin Sanudo, I diarii, 58 vols (Venice: Visentini, 1879–1903); Pierre Sardella, Nouvelles et speculations a Venise au debut du XVIe siecle (Paris: Colin, 1949). Patricia H. Labalme and Laura Sanguieti White (eds), Cita Excelentissima: Selections from the Renaissance Diaries of Marin Sanudo (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008).

106

Sardella, Nouvelles, p. 21.

107

Там же, с. 32.

108

G. Priuli, I diarii, 4 vols (Bologna: Zanichelli, 1912-39), I, 153, cited by Mario Infelise, ‘From Merchants’ Letters to Handwritten Political Avvisi: Notes on the Origins of Public Information’, in Francisco Bethercourt and Florike Egmond (eds), Correspondence and Cultural Exchange in Europe, 1400–1700 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 33–52.

109

Sardella, Nouvelles, p. 42.

110

Там же, с. 50.

111

Sardella, Nouvelles, p. 50.

112

Wolfgang Behringer, Im Zeichen des Merkur: Reichspost und Kommunikationsrevolution in der Fruhen Neuzeit (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003), p. 51.

113

Sardella, Nouvelles, pp. 56–71.

114

Philippe Dollinger, The German Hansa (London: Macmillan, 1970); Tom Scott, The City State in Europe, 1000–1600 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).

115

Lore Sporhan-Krempel, Nurnberg als Nachrichtenzentrum zwischen 1400 und 1700 (Nuremberg: Vereins fur Geschichte der Stadt Nurnberg, 1968), p. 19.

116

Steven Ozment, Three Behaim Boys: Growing up in Early Modern Germany (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990).

117

Sporhan-Krempel, Nurnberg als Nachrichtenzentrum, p. 21; Ниже, глава 3.

118

Werner, ‘Das kaufmannische Nachrichtenwesen’, p. 11.

119

Sporhan-Krempel, Nurnberg als Nachrichtenzentrum, p. 23.

120

Werner, ‘Das kaufmannische Nachrichtenwesen’, p. 7; Sporhan-Krempel, Nurnberg als Nachrichtenzentrum, p. 21.

121

Sporhan-Krempel, Nurnberg als Nachrichtenzentrum, p. 23.

122

Phyllis Goodhart Gordan, Two Renaissance Book Hunters: The Letters of Poggius Bracciolini to Nicolaus de Niccolis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974).

123

Albert Kapr, Johann Gutenberg: The Man and his Invention (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1996).

124

Andrew Pettegree, The Book in the Renaissance (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2010).

125

126

Victor Scholderer, ‘The Petition of Sweynheim and Pannartz to Sixtus IV’, The Library, 3rd ser., 6 (1915), pp. 186-90, reprinted in his Fifty Essays in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Bibliography (Amsterdam: Hertzberger, 1966), pp. 72-3.

127

Chapter 4, below.

128

Falk Eisermann, Verzeichnis der typographischen Einblattdrucke des 15. Jahrhunderts im Heiligen Romischen Reich Deutscher Nation: VE 15 (Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2004).

129

R. N. Swanson, Indulgences in Late Mediaeval England: Passport to Paradise? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).

130

Pettegree, Book in the Renaissance, pp. 93-4; Paul Needham, The Printer and the Pardoner (Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1986), p. 31.

131

USTC 743954, the indulgence of 1454 for contributions to the war against the Turks.

132

Eyn Manung der Christenheit Widder die Durken (1454). ISTC it00503500. GW M19909; Kapr, Gutenberg, pp. 212-14.

133

Calixtus III, Bulla Turcorum (1456). ISTC ic00060000. GW 0591610N. Die Bulla widder die Turcken. ISTC ic00060100. GW 05916.

134

Robert Schwoebel, The Shadow of the Crescent: The Renaissance Image of the Turk (14531517) (Nieuwkoop: De Graaf, 1967).

135

Ibid., pp. 157-60, 166-71.

136

Janus Moller Jensen, Denmark and the Crusades, 1400–1650 (Leiden: Brill, 2007), pp. 131-2; Schwoebel, Shadow of the Crescent, pp. 157-60, 166-71.

137

Nikolaus Paulus, ‘Raimund Peraudi als Ablasskommissar’, Historisches Jahrbuch, 21 (1900), pp. 645-82.

138

Falk Eisermann, ‘The Indulgence as a Media Event’, in R. N. Swanson (ed.), Promissory Notes on the Treasury of Merits: Indulgences in Late Mediaeval Europe (Leiden: Brill, 2006), pp. 309-30, here pp. 315-16.

139

Jensen, Denmark and the Crusades, p. 138.

140

Ingrid D. Rowland, ‘A Contemporary Account of the Ensisheim Meteorite, 1492’, Meteoritics, 25 (1990), pp. 19–22.

141

Martin Davies, Columbus in Italy (London: British Library, 1991).

142

Renate Pieper, Die Vermittlung einer Neuen Welt: Amerika im Nachrichtennetz des Habsburgischen Imperiums, 1493–1598 (Mainz: Von Zabern, 2000), pp. 86, 287.

143

Выше в главе 2.

144

USTC перечисляет издания его Mundus novus на латинском, итальянском, французском и немецком языках, изданное в четырнадцати разных местах.

145

Pieper, Die Vermittlung einer Neuen Welt.

146

Meserve, ‘News from Negroponte’.

147

Josef Benzing, Lutherbibliographie. Verzeichnis der gedruckten Schriften Martin Luthers bis zu dessen Tod, 2nd edn (Baden-Baden: Heitz, 1989), nos 87-9.

148

Theodor Gustav, Werner, ‘Das kaufmannische Nachrichtenwesen im spaten Mittelalter und in der fruhen Neuzeit und sein Einfluss auf die Entstehung der handschriftlichen Zeitung’, Scripta Mercaturae (1975), p. 32.

149

Leon-E. Halkin, Erasmus: A Critical Biography (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993), pp. 146-59.

150

Ein Sermon von Ablass und gnade; Benzing, Lutherbibliographie, nos 90-112. Mark U. Edwards, Printing, Propaganda and Martin Luther (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1994), p. 21. http://www.ustc.ac.uk/. USTC перечисляет 9469 наименований, напечатанных в Виттенберге до 1601 года, из которых только 123 были опубликованы до 1517 года. Steven Ozment, The Serpent and the Lamb (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2011). Max J. Friedlander and Jakob Rosenberg, The Paintings of Lucas Cranach (New York: Tabard Press, 1978); Werner Hofmann, Kopfe der Lutherzeit (Munich: Prestel, 1983). Cranach im Detail. Buchschmuck Lucas Cranachs des Alteren und seiner Werkstatt (exhibition, Lutherhalle Wittenberg, 1994). Margaret Smith, The Title Page: Its Early Development, 1460–1510 (London: British Library, 2000).

151

Paul Roth, Die Neuen Zeitungen in Deutschland im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert (Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1914).

152

Carl Gollner, Turcica. Die europaischen Turkendrucke des 16. Jahrhundert, 3 vols (Bucharest: Academiei, 1961-78).

153

William Layher, ‘Horrors of the East: Printing Dracole Wayda in 15th-Century Germany’, Daphnis, 37 (2008), pp. 11–32.

154

Ниже, глава 5.

155

Название Neue Zeitung впервые используется на двустороннем листе 1502 года как Newe zeytung von orient und auff gange, но только как подзаголовок к другим новостям. Hans H. Bockwitz, Newe zeytung von orient und auff gange. Facsimileabdruck eines zeitungsgeschichtlichen Dokuments vom Jahre 1502 mit Begleitwort (Leipzig: Deutsches Museum fur Buch und Schrift, 1920).

156

Этот расчет основан на анализе данных в USTC.

157

Newe Tzeittug von Padua und von vil anderen Stetten in welschen landen gelegen kurtzlich ergangen (Nuremberg, s.n., 1509); USTC 677285. Neutzeytug ausz welschen landen eyns handels fryde czu machen czwischen Bebstlicher Heyligkeit unnd dem Koenige von Franckreich durch mittel der oratores Kayserlichen Majestat der Koenige von Hyspanien und Engelant (Nuremberg: Johann Weifienburger, 1510); USTC 677019.

158

Gollner, Turcica, предоставляет полезный, хотя и несколько устаревший обзор.

159

Ниже в главах 4 и 6.

160

USTC 705457: ‘Von Rom geschriben an einen guten freund in Deudtschlandt’; USTC 705584: ‘Von einer glaubwirdigen person aufi Bibrach einem guten freunde zugeschrieben’; USTC 705464: ‘Aufi der statt Achen an einen guten freundt geschriben’; USTC 705068: ‘Von einer glaubwirdigen person entpfangen: an seinen guten freund einen geschrieben und erklehret’.

161

USTC 659718: ‘Aus gewissen Zeitungen so ausser dem feldlager uberschickt worden’.

162

Lisa Ferraro Parmelee, Good Newes from Fraunce: French Anti-League Propaganda in Late Elizabethan England (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 1996).

163

Augsburg, Magdeburg, Mainz, Passau, Strasbourg, Stuttgart and Ulm. There was also an edition in Antwerp. USTC (search Maximilian — 1486).

164

Gefangenschaft des Romischen Konigs Maximilian in Brugge (Augsburg: Erhard Ratdolt, 1488). USTC 747013. A further Augsburg edition (Augsburg: Peter Berger, 1488), USTC 747014. A Nuremberg edition (Nuremberg: Marx Ayrer, 1488), USTC 747015.

165

Выше, глава 1.

166

Jean-Pierre Seguin, ‘L’information a la fin du XVe siecle en France. Pieces d’actualite sous le regne de Charles VIII’, Arts et traditions populaires, 4 (1956), pp. 309-30, 1–2; (1957), pp. 46–74; David Potter, Renaissance France at War: Armies, Culture and Society, c. 1480–1560 (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2008), pp. 255-84.

167

Три выпуска: ISTC it00421850; ISTC it00421880; ISTC it00421860.

168

David Potter, ‘War, Propaganda, Literature and National Identity in Renaissance France, c. 1490–1560’, in Robert Stein and Judith Pollmann (eds), Networks, Regions and Nations: Shaping Identity in the Low Countries, 1300–1650 (Leiden: Brill, 2010), pp. 173-93, here p. 188.

169

Jean-Pierre Seguin, L’information en France de Louis XII a Henri II (Geneva: Droz, 1961).

170

Frederic J. Baumgartner, Louis XII (London: Macmillan, 1996), p. 216; Michael Sherman, ‘Political Propaganda and Renaissance Culture: French Reactions to the League of Cambrai, 1509–1510’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 8 (1977), pp. 97-128.

171

Seguin, L’information en France.

172

Lauro Martines, Strong Words: Writing and Social Strain in the Italian Renaissance (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), Chapter 11, ‘Crisis in the Generation of 1494’.

173

USTC; Stefano Dall’Aglio, Savonarola and Savonarolism (Toronto: Center for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2010).

174

USTC (search ‘Antwerp + news’). Steven Gunn, David Grummitt and Hans Cool, War, State and Society in England and the Netherlands, 1477–1559 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).

175

Seguin, L’information en France, nos 167-70.

176

Andrew Pettegree, ‘A Provincial News Community in Sixteenth-Century France’, in his The French Book and the European Book World (Leiden: Brill, 2007), pp. 19–42.

177

Potter, Renaissance France at War, p. 267.

178

Там же, с. 277.

179

Gunn, Grummitt and Cool, War, State and Society, p. 263.

180

Steven Gunn, ‘War and Identity in the Habsburg Netherlands’, in Stein and Pollman (eds), Networks, Regions and Nations, p. 160.

181

Alastair Duke, ‘From King and Country to King or Country? Loyalty and Treason in the Revolt of the Netherlands’, in his Reformation and Revolt in the Low Countries (London: Hambledon, 1990), pp. 175-97.

182

Potter, Renaissance France at War, pp. 267-8.

183

Lauren Jee-Su Kim, ‘French Royal Acts Printed before 1601: A Bibliographical Study’ (University of St Andrews PhD dissertation, 2007); Potter, Renaissance France at War, p. 262.

184

Paul L. Hughes and James F. Larkin, Tudor Royal Proclamations, 3 vols (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1969), no. 390.

185

Adam Fox, Oral and Literate Culture in England, 1500–1700 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 367.

186

Wallace T. MacCaffrey, ‘The Newhaven Expedition, 1562–1563’, Historical Journal, 40 (1997), pp. 1-21.

187

Hughes and Larkin, Tudor Royal Proclamations, no. 510.

188

G. R. Elton, Policy and Police: The Enforcement of the Reformation in the Age of Thomas Cromwell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972), p. 134.

189

They are listed in Leon Voet, The Plantin Press (1555–1589): A Bibliography of the Works Printed and Published by Christopher Plantin at Antwerp and Leiden, 6 vols (Amsterdam: Van Hoeve, 1980-3).

190

Voet, The Plantin Press, nos 144, 169, 438, 528.

191

Pieter Spierenburg, The Spectacle of Suffering (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984).

192

Matthias Senn, Die Wickiana. Johann Jakob Wicks Nachrichtensammlung aus dem 16 Jahrhundert (Zurich: Raggi, 1975); Franz Mauelshagen, Wunderkammer auf Papier. Die “Wickiana” zwischen Reformation und Volksglaube (Zurich: Bibliotheca academica, 2011).

193

Zurich ZB, Pas II 12:76, reproduced in Walter L. Strauss, The German Single-Leaf Woodcut, 1550–1600, 3 vols (New York: Abaris, 1975), p. 842.

194

Strauss, German Single-Leaf Woodcut, pp. 246, 700, 701, 831.

195

Там же, с. 1, 086, Zurich ZB Pas II 27:7; там же, 848, Zurich ZB, Pas II 22:10.

196

A most straunge, rare, and horrible murther committed by a Frenchman of the age of too or three and twentie yeares who hath slaine and most cruelly murthered three severall persons (London: Purfoot, 1586); STC 11377.

197

Joseph H. Marshburn, Murder and Witchcraft in England, 1550–1640, as Recounted in Pamphlets, Ballads, Broadsides, and Plays (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971); Peter Lake and Michael Questier, The Antichrist’s Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002), pp. 3-53.

198

J. A. Sharpe, ‘Last Dying Speeches: Religion, Ideology and Public Execution in Seventeenth-Century England’, Past and Present, 107 (1985), pp. 144-67.

199

Senn, Wickiana, p. 149.

200

Strauss, German Single-Leaf Woodcut, p. 488.

201

Jennifer Spinks, Monstrous Births and Visual Culture in Sixteenth-Century Germany (London: Chatto & Pickering, 2009); Aaron W. Kitch, ‘Printing Bastards: Monstrous Birth Broadsides in Early Modern England’, in Douglas A. Brooks (ed.), Printing and Parenting in Early Modern England (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005), pp. 221-36.

202

Zurich ZB, PAS II 15:17, Strauss, German Single-Leaf Woodcut, p. 481.

203

Senn, Wickiana, pp. 216-17.

204

Ulinka Rublack, The Crimes of Women in Early Modern Germany (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).

205

Strauss, German Single-Leaf Woodcut, p. 936.

206

Там же, с. 395, Zurich ZB PAS II 2:23; Zurich ZB PAS II 12:78. USTC 699843; ‘Shower of Wheat that Fell in Wiltshire’, in J. Paul Hunter, Before Novels: The Cultural Contexts of Eighteenth-Century English Fiction (New York: Norton, 1990), p. 186.

207

Burkard Waldis, Eyne warhafftige und gantz erschreckliche historien (Marburg, 1551). Joy Wiltenburg, ‘Crime and Christianity in Early Sensationalism’, in Marjorie Plummer and Robin Barnes (eds), Ideas and Cultural Margins in Early Modern Germany (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2009), pp. 131-45, here p. 135.

208

Wiltenburg, ‘Crime and Christianity’, p. 140.

209

Joy Wiltenburg, ‘True Crime: The Origins of Modern Sensationalism’, American Historical Review, 109 (2004), pp. 1, 377-1,404.

210

Wolfgang Behringer, ‘Witchcraft and the Media’, in Marjorie Plummer and Robin Barnes (eds), Ideas and Cultural Margins in Early Modern Germany (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2009), pp. 217-36.

211

Мы насчитываем двадцать шесть изданий, опубликованных до 1600 года.

212

De lamiis et phitonicis mulieribus, twenty-five editions in Latin and German translation.

213

Max Geisberg, The German Single-Leaf Woodcut, 1500–1550 (New York: Hacker, 1974), vol. 1,206.

214

Behringer, ‘Witchcraft and the Media’, pp. 221-2.

215

Johannes Weyer, Cinq livres de l’imposture et tromperie des diables, des enchantements et sorcelleries (Paris: Jacques du Puys, 1567); USTC 1465; Jean Bodin, De la demonomanie des sorciers (Paris: Jacques du Puys, 1580); USTC 1660.

216

Zwo Newe Zeittung, was man fur Hexen und Unholden verbrendt hat (Basel, 1580); USTC 707209; Behringer, ‘Witchcraft and the Media’, p. 227.

217

David Randall, Credibility in Elizabethan and Early Stuart Military News (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2008).

218

M. S. Anderson, The Rise of Modern Diplomacy, 1450–1919 (London: Longman, 1993), p. 9. The seminal texts are Garrett Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy (London: Jonathan Cape, 1955), and Donald E. Queller, The Office of Ambassador in the Middle Ages (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1967).

219

Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy, p. 45.

220

J. K. Hyde, ‘The Role of Diplomatic Correspondence and Reporting: News and Chronicles’, in his Literacy and its Uses: Studies on Late Medieval Italy (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993), pp. 217-59.

221

Donald E. Queller, Early Venetian Legislation on Ambassadors (Geneva: Droz, 1967), p. 82 (no. 43).

222

Donald E. Queller, ‘The Development of Ambassadorial Relazioni’, in J. R. Hale (ed.), Renaissance Venice (London: Faber & Faber, 1973), pp. 174-96.

223

Queller, ‘Development’, pp. 177-8.

224

Traite du gouvernement de la cite et seigneurie de Venise, in P.-M. Perret, Relations de la France avec Venise, 2 vols (Paris, 1896), II, 292.

225

Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy, pp. 135-6.

226

Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy, pp. 232-5; Richard Lundell, ‘Renaissance Diplomacy and the Limits of Empire: Eustace Chapuys, Habsburg Imperialisms, and Dissimulation as Method’, in Tonio Andrade and William Reger (eds), The Limits of Empire: European Imperial Formations in Early Modern World History: Essays in Honour of Geoffrey Parker (Farnham: Ashgate, 2012), pp. 205-22.

227

Michael J. Levin, Agents of Empire: Spanish Ambassadors in Sixteenth-Century Italy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005), p. 44.

228

Mai to Charles V, 31 July 1530; quoted Levin, Agents of Empire, p. 52.

229

Catherine Fletcher, Our Man in Rome: Henry VIII and his Italian Ambassador (London: Bodley Head, 2012); idem, ‘War, Diplomacy and Social Mobility: The Casali Family in the Service of Henry VIII’, Journal of Early Modern History, 14 (2010), pp. 559-78.

230

Levin, Agents of Empire, pp. 18–23.

231

Там же, с. 167.

232

Frederic J. Baumgartner, ‘Henry II and the Papal Conclave of 1549’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 16 (1985), pp. 301-14.

233

Levin, Agents of Empire, p. 65.

234

Ermolao Barbara, Epistolae, Orationes et Carmina, ed. V. Branca, 2 vols (Florence: Bibliopolis, 1943).

235

Renaissance Diplomacy, p. 188.

236

Geoffrey Parker, The Grand Strategy of Philip II (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 1998), p. 214; Katy Gibbons, English Catholic Exiles in Late Sixteenth-Century Paris (Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2011).

237

Parker, Grand Strategy, pp. 209-23; M. Leimon and Geoffrey Parker, ‘Treason and Plot in Elizabethan England: The Fame of Sir Edward Stafford Reconsidered’, English Historical Review, 106 (1996), pp. 1, 134-58.

238

Полезное информацию об испанских дипломатических шифрах с некоторыми примерами можно найти в приложении к изданию: De Lamar Jensen, Diplomacy and Dogmatism: Bernardino de Mendoza and the French Catholic League (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964), pp. 231-8.

239

John Bossy, Under the Molehill: An Elizabethan Spy Story (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001).

240

Rene Ancel, ‘Etude critique sur quelques recueils d’avvisi’, Melanges d’archeologie et d’histoire, 28 (1908), pp. 115-39, here p. 130.

241

Philip Beale, A History of the Post in England from the Romans to the Stuarts (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1988), p. 148.

242

Jensen, Diplomacy and Dogmatism, pp. 171-89.

243

Wolfgang Behringer, Im Zeichen des Merkur: Reichspost und Kommunikationsrevolution in der Fruhen Neuzeit (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003), p. 340.

244

Mario Infelise, Prima dei giornali: alle origini della pubblica informazione (secoli XVI–XVII) (Rome: Laterza, 2002). ‘From Merchants’ Letters to Handwritten Political Avvisi: Notes on the Origins of Public Information’, in Francisco Bethercourt and Florike Egmond (eds), Correspondence and Cultural Exchange in Europe, 1400–1700 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 33–52, and ‘Roman Avvisi: Information and Politics in the Seventeenth Century’, in Gianvittorio Signorotto and Maria Antonietta Visceglia (eds), Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1400–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).

245

George Holmes, ‘A Letter from Lucca to London in 1303’, in Peter Denley and Caroline Elam (eds), Florence and Italy: Renaissance Studies in Honour of Nicolai Rubinstein (London: University of London, 1988), pp. 227-33.

246

Выше, глава 2.

247

Carolyn James (ed.), The Letters of Giovanni Sabadino degli Arienti (1481–1510) (Florence: Olschki, 2001); Bernard Chandler, ‘A Renaissance News Correspondent’, Italica, 29 (1952), pp. 158-63.

248

C. Marzi, ‘Degli antecessori dei giornali’, Rivista delle biblioteche e degli archivi, 24 (1913), 181-5. The translated excerpts are from Infelise, ‘Merchants’ Letters’, p. 39.

249

James, Letters of Giovanni Sabadino degli Arienti, pp. 48–50.

250

Infelise, ‘Merchants’ Letters’, pp. 39–40.

251

Jean Delumeau, Vie economique et sociale de Rome dans la seconde moitie du XVIe siecle (Paris: Boccard, 1957-9), pp. 26–79, here p. 28.

252

The Merchant of Venice, Act 3, scene 1, echoing Shylock to Bassano, Act 1, scene 3.

253

Delumeau, Vie economique et sociale de Rome, pp. 877-8.

254

Infelise, ‘Roman Avvisi’, p. 216.

255

Brian Richardson, Manuscript Culture in Renaissance Italy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 159.

256

Там же, с. 117–21.

257

Ниже, глава 7

258

Delumeau, Vie economique et sociale de Rome, p. 31.

259

Richardson, Manuscript Culture, p. 159.

260

Delumeau, Vie economique et sociale de Rome, p. 64.

261

Ниже, глава 8

262

Mark Haberlein, The Fuggers of Augsburg: Pursuing Wealth and Honor in Renaissance Germany (Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2012); Jacob Strieder, Jakob Fugger the Rich: Merchant and Banker of Augsburg, 1459–1525 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984); Gotz von Polnitz, Die Fugger (Frankfurt: Scheffler, 1960); Richard Ehrenberg, Das Zeitalter der Fugger: Geldkapital und Creditverkehr im 16. Jahrhundert (Jena: Fischer, 1922).

263

Vienna, ONB, Cod. 8949–8975; Mathilde A. H. Fitzler, Die Entstehung der sogenannten Fuggerzeitungen in der Wiener Nationalbibliothek (Baden bei Wien: Rohrer, 1937); Oswald Bauer, Zeitungen vor der Zeitung. Die Fuggerzeitungen (1568–1605) und das fruhmoderne Nachrichtensystem (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2011).

264

Ancel, ‘Etude critique’, pp. 115-39.

265

Behringer, Im Zeichen des Merkur, p. 327.

266

Fitzler, Entstehung, p. 22.

267

Behringer, Im Zeichen des Merkur, p. 328.

268

Fitzler, Entstehung, p. 78. It was published as Warhafftige Abconterfectur und eigentlicher bericht der gewaltigen Schiffbrucken, Blochheusser und unerhorter wundergebew die der Printz von Barma vor der Statt Antorff auf dem Wasser hat bawen lassen. A copy is in the Munich State Library, Cod. Germ. 5864/2 f. 38.

269

Albert Ganado and Maurice Agius-Valada, A Study in Depth of 143 Maps Representing the Great Siege of Malta of 1565 (Valetta: Bank of Valetta, 1994).

270

Behringer, Im Zeichen des Merkur, pp. 330-1.

271

William S. Powell, John Pory, 1572–1636: The Life and Letters of a Man of Many Parts (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1976).

272

G. R. Elton, Policy and Police: The Enforcement of the Reformation in the Age of Thomas Cromwell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972).

273

Adam Fox, Oral and Literate Culture in England, 1500–1700 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 346, 349.

274

Peter Clark (ed.), Small Towns in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).

275

Adam Fox, ‘Rumour, News and Popular Political Opinion in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England’, Historical Journal, 40 (1997), p. 604.

276

Там же, с. 605.

277

Там же, с. 609.

278

Pieter Spierenburg, The Spectacle of Suffering (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); Paul Friedland, Seeing Justice Done: The Age of Spectacular Capital Punishment in France (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012); David Nicholls, ‘The Theatre of Martyrdom in the French Reformation’, Past and Present, 121 (188), pp. 49–73; J. A. Sharpe, ‘Last Dying Speeches: Religion, Ideology and Public Execution in Seventeenth-Century England’, Past and Present, 107 (1985), pp. 144-67.

279

См. главу 4.

280

Для более реалистичного графика см. дело печально известного убийцы с топором Еноха ап Эвана, казненного в Шрусбери 20 августа 1633 года. К концу года были опубликованы две короткие брошюры. Peter Lake and Michael Questier, The Antichrist’s Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002), pp. 6–7.

281

Laurence Fontaine, History of Pedlars in Europe (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996).

282

Clive Griffin, ‘Itinerant Booksellers, Printers and Pedlars in Sixteenth-Century Spain and Portugal’, in Robin Myers, Michael Harris and Giles Mandelbrote, Fairs, Markets and the Itinerant Book Trade (London: British Library, 2007), pp. 43–59.

283

E. M. Wilson, ‘Samuel Pepys’s Spanish Chapbooks’, Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society, 2 (1955-7), pp. 127-54, 229-68, 305-22.

284

Clive Griffin, Journeymen Printers, Heresy and the Inquisition in Sixteenth-Century Spain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).

285

Alastair Duke, ‘Posters, Pamphlets and Prints’, in his Dissident Identities in the Early Modern Low Countries (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2009), pp. 157-77.

286

F. Madan, ‘The Daily Ledger of John Dorne, 1520’, in C. R. L. Fletcher (ed.), Collectanea (Oxford: Oxford Historical Society, 1885), pp. 71-177.

287

Rosa Salzberg and Massimo Rospocher, ‘Street Singers in Italian Renaissance Urban Culture and Communication’, Cultural and Social History, 9 (2012), pp. 9-26.

288

Giancarlo Petrella, ‘Ippolito Ferrarese, a Travelling “Cerratano” and Publisher in Sixteenth-Century Italy’, in Benito Rial Costas (ed.), Print Culture and Peripheries in Early Modern Europe (Leiden: Brill, 2013), pp. 201-26.

289

Salzberg and Rospocher, ‘Street Singers’.

290

Massimo Rospocher, ‘Print and Political Propaganda under Pope Julius II (1503–1513)’, in Pollie Bromilow (ed.), Authority in European Book Culture (New York: Ashgate, 2013).

291

Salzberg and Rospocher, ‘Street Singers’.

292

Cantique de victoire pour lEglise de Lyon. A Lyon, Le jour de la victoire, dernier du mois d’Avril. 1562 (Lyon: Jean Saugrain, 1562). USTC 37138.

293

The conclusion, and telling phrase of Rosa Salzberg. Salzberg and Rospocher, ‘Street Singers’.

294

См. главу 5.

295

Tommaso Garzoni, La piazza universale di tutte le professionini del mondo (1585).

296

Andrew Pettegree, Reformation and the Culture of Persuasion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), Chapter 3.

297

Nathan Rein, The Chancery of God: Protestant Print, Polemic and Propaganda against the Emperor, Magdeburg 1546–1551 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008).

298

Приложение к изданию: Thomas Kaufmann, Das Ende der Reformation: Magdeburgs “Herrgotts Kanzlei” (1548–1551/2) (Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2003).

299

Rebecca Wagner Oettinger, Music as Propaganda in the German Reformation (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001), p. 137, and the chapter, ‘Popular Song as Resistance.’

300

Wagner Oettinger, Music as Propaganda, pp. 118-19. Oettinger’s table 4.2 (p. 113)

301

Jane Finucane, ‘Rebuking the Princes: Erasmus Alber in Magdeburg, 1548–1552’, in Bromilow (ed.), Authority in European Book Culture. For Alber’s works, Kaufmann, Ende der Reformation, appendix I and pp. 371-97.

302

Allyson Creasman, Censorship and Civic Order in Reformation Germany, 1517–1648 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2012), pp. 27–30, 73.

303

Там же, с. 106.

304

Там же, с. 147–84. See also on the Calendar controversies C. Scott Dixon, ‘Urban Order and Religious Coexistence in the German Imperial City: Augsburg and Donauworth, 15481608’, Central European History (2007), 40, pp. 1-33.

305

Alexander J. Fisher, ‘Song, Confession and Criminality: Trial Records as Sources for Popular Music Culture in Early Modern Europe’, Journal of Musicology, 18 (2001), pp. 616-57.

306

Creasman, Censorship and Civic Order.

307

Allyson F. Creasman, ‘Lies as Truth: Policing Print and Oral Culture in the Early Modern City’, in Marjorie Plummer and Robin Barnes (eds), Ideas and Cultural Margins in Early Modern Germany (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2009), pp. 255-70.

308

Tessa Watt, Cheap Print and Popular Piety, 1550–1640 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Natasha Wurzbach, The Rise of the English Street Ballad, 1550–1650 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Christopher Marsh, Music and Society in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).

309

Marsh, Music and Society, p. 255.

310

Там же, с. 251.

311

Nancy Lyman Roelker, The Paris of Henry of Navarre as Seen by Pierre de LEstoile (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958).

312

Patricia Fumerton and Anit Guerrini, ‘Introduction: Straws in the Wind’, in their Ballads and Broadsides in Britain, 1500–1800 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2010), p. 1.

313

Marsh, Music and Society, pp. 245-6.

314

Там же, с. 246.

315

Alan Everitt, ‘The English Urban Inn, 1560–1760’, in idem, Perspectives in English Urban History (London: Macmillan, 1973), pp. 91-137, here p. 93; see also Peter Clark, The English Alehouse: A Social History, 1200–1830 (London: Longman, 1983).

316

Peter Spufford, Power and Profit: The Merchant in Medieval Europe (London: Thames and Hudson, 2002), pp. 205-6.

317

Everitt, ‘English Urban Inn’, pp. 104-5.

318

Beat Kumin, Drinking Matters: Public Houses and Social Exchange in Early Modern Central Europe (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), p. 121.

319

Там же.

320

Там же, с. 134–5.

321

Famously, the White Horse Tavern in Cambridge. Elisabeth Leedham-Green, A Concise History of the University of Cambridge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p.44.

322

M. Kobelt-Groch, ‘Unter Zechern, Spielern und Haschern. Tauter im Wirtshaus’, in N. Fischer and M. Kobelt-Groch (eds), Aussenseiter zwischen Mittelalter und Neuzeit (Leiden: Brill, 1997), pp. 111-26.

323

Tom Scott, Freiburg and the Breisgau: Town-Country Relations in the Age of Reformation and Peasants’ War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986).

324

Hans-Christoph Rublack (ed.), ‘The Song of Contz Anahans: Communication and Revolt in Nordlingen, 1525’, in R. Po-Chia Hsia (ed.), The German People and the Reformation (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988), pp. 108-9.

325

Clive Griffin, Journeymen-Printers, Heresy and the Inquisition in Sixteenth-Century Spain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).

326

Kumin, Drinking Matters, p. 129.

327

Michael Frank, ‘Satan’s Servants or Authorities’ Agent? Publicans in Eighteenth-Century Germany’, in Beat Kumin and B. Ann Tlusty (eds), The World of the Tavern: Public Houses in Early Modern Europe (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002), p. 32. See also B. Ann Tlusty, Bacchus and Civic Order: The Culture of Drink in Early Modern Germany (Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2001).

328

Fox, Oral and Literate Culture, p. 364.

329

Там же, с. 369.

330

Adam Fox, ‘Rumour, News and Popular Political Opinion in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England’, Historical Journal, 40 (1997), pp. 597–620; Rebecca Lemon, Treason by Words: Literature, Law, and Rebellion in Shakespeare’s England (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006).

331

Fox, ‘Rumour’, p. 599.

332

Fox, Oral and Literate Culture, p. 341.

333

Claude Holyband, The French Littelton (London: Richard Field, 1593), pp. 46-7. STC 6742. USTC 75635.

334

Fox, ‘Rumour’, p. 601.

335

Carolyn Muessig (ed.), Preacher, Sermon and Audience in the Middle Ages (Leiden: Brill, 2002).

336

Выше в главе 3.

337

Larissa Taylor (ed.), Preachers and People in the Reformations and Early Modern Period (Leiden: Brill, 2001); Pettegree, Reformation and the Culture of Persuasion, Chapter 2.

338

Pettegree, Reformation and the Culture of Persuasion, p. 18.

339

Там же, с. 24–5. Florimond de Raemond in Alastair Duke, Gillian Lewis and Andrew Pettegree (eds), Calvinism in Europe: A Collection of Documents (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992), pp. 37-8.

340

Duke, Lewis and Pettegree (eds), Calvinism in Europe, pp. 30–34.

341

William G. Naphy, Calvin and the Consolidation of the Genevan Reformation (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994), pp. 159, 161.

342

Heiko Oberman, Luther: Man between God and the Devil (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992), pp. 3-12.

343

Arnold Hunt, The Art of Hearing: English Preachers and their Audiences, 1590–1640 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 106. А также см. главу 9.

344

Hunt, The Art of Hearing, pp. 150-4. For the highly politicised sermons of seventeenth-century England see Tony Clayton, ‘The Sermon, the “Public Sphere” and the Political Culture of Late Seventeenth-Century England’, in L. A. Ferrell and P. McCullough (eds), The English Sermon Revised: Religious Literature and History, 1600–1750 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001), pp. 208-34.

345

Millar MacLure, The Paul’s Cross Sermons, 1534–1642 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1958); idem, Register of Sermons Preached at Paul’s Cross, 1534–1642 (Ottawa: Dovehouse editions, 1989).

346

Hunt, The Art of Hearing, p. 212. On the highly political and topical character of Paul’s Cross sermons, see Lake and Questier, Antichrist’s Lewd Hat, pp. 335-76.

347

Emily Michelson, ‘An Italian Explains the English Reformation’, in Michelson et al. (eds), A Linking of Heaven and Earth (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2012), pp. 33–48.

348

Hunt, The Art of Hearing, Chapter 1.

349

Там же, с. 64.

350

Margo Todd, The Culture of Protestantism in Early Modern Scotland (London: Yale University Press, 2002), pp. 28–48.

351

Iain Fenlon, The Ceremonial City: History, Memory and Myth in Renaissance Venice (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2007).

352

Margaret Meserve, ‘News from Negroponte: Politics, Popular Opinion and Information Exchange in the First Decade of the Italian Press’, Renaissance Quarterly, 59 (2006), pp. 440-80; Robert Schwoebel, The Shadow of the Crescent: The Renaissance Image of the Turk (1453–1517) (Nieuwkoop: De Graaf, 1967); Carl Gollner, Turcica. Die europaischen Turkendrucke des XVI Jahrhunderts, 3 vols (Bucharest: Academiei, 1961-78).

353

Выше в главе 3.

354

Margaret Meserve, Empires of Islam in Renaissance Historical Thought (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008).

355

Albert Ganado and Maurice Agius-Vadala, A Study in Depth of 143 Maps Representing the Great Siege of Malta of 1565 (Valetta: Bank of Valetta, 1994).

356

Henry Kamen, Philip of Spain (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 1997), p. 139.

357

Geoffrey Parker, The Grand Strategy of Philip II (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 1998), p. 19.

358

Fenlon, Ceremonial City.

359

Barbarics Zsuzsa and Renate Pieper, ‘Handwritten Newsletters as a Means of Communication in Early Modern Europe’, in Francisco Bethercourt and Florike Egmond, Correspondence and Cultural Exchange in Europe, 1400–1700 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 75-6.

360

Gollner, Turcica, vol. 2, no. 1,396.

361

Там же, том 2.

362

Там же.

363

Интересно, что перечисленные Голлнером основаны на утерянных оригиналах.

364

Basel, Ulm, Nuremberg, Leipzig and Breslau. Gollner, Turcica, nos 1398–1404, 1448, 1477–1496.

365

Zurich ZB: PAS II 24/17.

366

Barbara Diefendorf, Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots in Sixteenth-Century Paris (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991). For the provincial massacres and recantations, Philip Benedict, Rouen during the Wars of Religion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).

367

Robert M. Kingdon, Myths about the St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988).

368

Correspondance de Theodore de Beze, 13 (1572), ed. Hippolyte Aubert (Geneva: Droz, 1988), no. 938, p. 179; Scott M. Manetsch, Theodore Beza and the Quest for Peace in France, 1572–1598 (Leiden: Brill, 2000), p. 34.

369

Manetsch, Theodore Beza and the Quest for Peace, p. 34.

370

Correspondance de Theodore de Beze, no. 939.

371

Donald Kelley, Frangois Hotman: A Revolutionary’s Ordeal (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973), p. 219.

372

John Cooper, The Queen’s Agent: Francis Walsingham at the Court of Elizabeth I (London: Faber & Faber, 2011); Conyers Read, Mr. Secretary Walsingham and the Policy of Queen Elizabeth, 3 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1925).

373

Bertrand de Salignac de La Mothe Fenelon, Correspondance diplomatique, ed. T. H. A. Teulet, 7 vols (Paris, 1838-40), V, 21; Conyers Read, Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth (London: Jonathan Cape, 1960), p. 87.

374

Read, Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth, p. 91.

375

Pierre Hurtubise, ‘Comment Rome apprit la nouvelle du massacre de la Saint-Barthelemy’, Archivum Historiae Pontificiae, 10 (1972), pp. 187–209.

376

Там же, с. 198–9.

377

Kamen, Philip of Spain, p. 141.

378

Parker, Grand Strategy, p. 101.

379

Paula Sutter Fichtner, Emperor Maximilian II (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), pp. 183-4.

380

Declaration de la cause et occasion de la mort de l’admiral (Paris: Jean Dallier, 1572); FB 12209-12217, 12230-12231.

381

Hurtubise, ‘Comment Rome apprit la nouvelle’, p. 202.

382

Le stratagem ou la ruse de Charles IX (Geneva: Jacob Stoer, 1574); FB 8814. The original Italian edition (Rome, 1572) is USTC 818499.

383

Kingdon, Myths about the St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. The classic treatment of this literature is Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978).

384

Kingdon, Myths about the St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, pp. 28–50. Many of the most important contemporary published documents are collected in Simon Goulart, Memoires de l’estat de France sous Charles neufiesme (Geneva: Vignon, 1576).

385

Colin Martin and Geoffrey Parker, The Spanish Armada, 2nd edn (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999). For the ground-breaking archaeological investigations that underpin this study, Colin Martin, Full Fathom Five: The Wrecks of the Spanish Armada (London: Chatto & Windus, 1975).

386

Jean Delumeau, Vie economique et sociale de Rome dans la seconde moitie du XVIe siecle (Paris: Boccard, 1957-9), p. 60.

387

Там же, с. 35.

388

De Lamar Jensen, Diplomacy and Dogmatism: Bernardino de Mendoza and the French Catholic League (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964), pp. 156-7.

389

Copie d’une lettre envoyee de Dieppe, sur la rencontre des armees d’Espaigne & d’Angleterre (Paris: Guillaume Chaudiere, 1588); USTC 8949. There were four 1588 editions in all, including reprints in Lyon and Toulouse. USTC 12721, USTC 53285.

390

Discours veritable de ce qui s’estpasse entre les deux armees de Mer d’Angleterre & d’Espaigne (s.l, s.n. 1588). USTC 19491 for the La Rochelle edition.

391

Bertrand T. Whitehead, Brags and Boasts: Propaganda in the Year of the Armada (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1994), p. 109.

392

Parker, Grand Strategy, pp. 223-4. For the Elizabethan efforts at intelligence gathering, Alan Haynes, Invisible Power: The Elizabethan Secret Service, 1570–1603 (Stroud: Sutton, 1992); Stephen Alford, The Watchers: A Secret History of the Reign of Elizabeth I (London: Allen Lane, 2012).

393

Parker, Grand Strategy, p. 270.

394

Stuart Carroll, Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 281-92.

395

Delumeau, Vie economique et sociale de Rome, p. 54.

396

Там же, с. 59.

397

Там же, с. 61.

398

Michael Wolfe, The Conversion of Henry IV (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993).

399

Delumeau, Vie economique et sociale de Rome, p. 58.

400

Corte verhael vande groote victorie die Godt almachtich de conincklijcke mayesteyt van Enghelant verleent heft, over de Spaensche armada (Amsterdam: Barent Adriaesnz, 1588); USTC 422639.

401

Le discourse de la deffette des Anglois par l’armee espagnolle conduicte par le marquis de Saincte Croix espagnol, aux Illes Orcades (Paris: Francois Le Fevre, 1588); USTC 9650.

402

Brendan Dooley, ‘Sources and Methods in Information History: The Case of Medici Florence, the Armada and the Siege of Ostende’, in Joop W. Koopmans (ed.), News and Politics in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800) (Louvain: Peeters, 2005), p. 39.

403

Whitehead, Brags and Boasts, pp. 209-11. John J. McAleer, ‘Ballads on the Spanish Armada’, Texas Studies in Literature and Language, 4 (1963), pp. 602-12.

404

STC 6558. Illustrated Whitehead, Brags and Boasts, p. 126.

405

A true discourse of the Armie which the kinge of Spaine caused to be assembled in the haven of Lisbon (London: John Wolfe, 1588); STC 22999, USTC 510911.

406

Le vray discours de l’armee, que le roy catholique a faict assembler ay port de la ville de Lisbone (Paris: Chaudiere, 1588); USTC 19534. There is also an abbreviated Dutch version: De wonderlijcke groote Armade die den Coninck van Spaengien heft toegherust op Enghelandt (Gent: Jan van Salenson, 1588); USTC 413911.

407

A pack of Spanish lyes sent abroad in the world (London: Christopher Barker, 1588); STC 23011, USTC 510912; Whitehead, Brags and Boasts, pp. 197-8. Ирония в том, что Англия была одной из последних печатных культур, где отказались от старомодной готики в пользу римского шрифта. В этом отношении Испания находится впереди.

408

Christina Borreguero Beltran, ‘Philip of Spain: The Spider’s Web of News and Information’, in Brendan Dooley (ed.), The Dissemination of News and the Emergence of Contemporaneity in Early Modern Europe (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2010), pp. 23–49, here p. 31.

409

Beltran, ‘Philip of Spain’, p. 33.

410

Ниже, глава 8.

411

Parker, Grand Strategy, p. 244.

412

Parker, Grand Strategy, p. 218.

413

Там же, с. 20.

414

Там же.

415

Там же, с. 65.

416

Geoffrey Parker, The Dutch Revolt (London: Allan Lane, 1977).

417

Johannes Weber, ‘Strassburg 1605: The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe’, German History, 24 (2006), pp. 387–412.

418

См. главу 2.

419

Wolfgang Behringer, Thurn und Taxis. Die Geschichte ihrer Post und ihrer Unternehmen (Munich: Piper, 1990); idem, Im Zeichen des Merkur. Reichspost und Kommunications- revolution in der Fruhen Neuzeit (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003). Wolfgang Behringer, ‘Communications Revolutions’, in German History, 24 (2006), pp. 333-74.

420

Behringer, Thurn und Taxis, p. 18.

421

Там же, с. 41–6; idem, Im Zeichen des Merkur, p. 63.

422

Behringer, Im Zeichen des Merkur, pp. 80–82.

423

Behringer, Thurn und Taxis, pp. 52-4, 79–83.

424

E. John B. Allen, ‘The Royal Posts of France in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries’, Postal History Journal, 15 (1971), pp. 13–17.

425

Philip Beale, A History of the Post in England from the Romans to the Stuarts (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1988).

426

Там же, с. 119.

427

Там же, с. 122.

428

Там же, с. 142.

429

Philip Beale, Adrian Almond and Mike Scott Archer, The Corsini Letters (Stroud: Amberley, 2011).

430

Behringer, Thurn und Taxis, pp. 49–50.

431

Wolfgang Behringer, ‘Fugger und Taxis. Der Anteil Augsburger Kaufleute an der Entstehung des europaischen Kommunikationssystems’, in Johannes Burkhardt (ed.), Augsburger Handelshauser im Wandel des historischen Urteils (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1996), pp. 24–48.

432

Hans and Marx Fugger stood godfather to Octavia von Taxis in 1572, and Hans Fugger acted as executor for the Augsburg postmaster Seraphin in 1582. Behringer, ‘Fugger und Taxis’, in Burkhardt (ed.), Augsburger Handelshauser, pp. 241-8.

433

Von Sautter, ‘Auffindung einer grossen Anzahl verschlossener Briefe aus dem Jahre 1585’, Archiv fur Post und Telegraphie, 4 (1909), pp. 97-115.

434

Von Sautter, ‘Briefe aus dem Jahre 1585’, pp. 107-9.

435

A. L. E. Verheyden, ‘Une correspondance ineditee addressee par des familles protestantes des Pays-Bas a leurs coreligionnaires d’Angleterre (11 novembre 1569-25 fevrier 1570)’, Bulletin de la Commission Royale d’Histoire, 120 (1955), pp. 95-257.

436

Andrew Pettegree, Foreign Protestant Communities in Sixteenth-Century London (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 221-5.

437

См. выше главу 7.

438

M. A. H. Fitzler, Die Entstehung der sogenannten Fuggerzeitungen in der Wiener Nationalbibliothek (Vienna: Rohrer, 1937), p. 61.

439

Behringer, Thurn und Taxis, p. 52.

440

Там же, с. 56.

441

Behringer, Im Zeichen des Merkur, pp. 132-6.

442

Erich Kuhlmann, ‘Aus Hamburgs alterer Postgeschichte’, Archiv fur deutsche Postgeschichte, Sonderheft (1984), pp. 36–68.

443

Behringer, Thurn und Taxis, p. 58.

444

Reproduced in Там же, с. 70–1.

445

Behringer, Im Zeichen des Merkur, pp. 177-88.

446

Там же, с. 178.

447

Там же, с. 205–11.

448

Причастность Швеции к международной дипломатии тех лет была наглядно продемонстрирована открытием в 1936 году крупнейшей из сохранившихся коллекций газет семнадцатого века в штабелях Королевской библиотеки в Стокгольме. Folke Dahl, The Birth of the European Press as Reflected in the Newspaper Collection of the Royal Library (Stockholm: Rundqvists Boktryckeri, 1960).

449

См. ниже главу 10.

450

Klaus Beyrer, Die Postkutschenreise (Tubingen: Ludwig-Uhland-Instituts, 1985); idem, ‘The Mail-Coach Revolution: Landmarks in Travel in Germany between the Seventeenth and Nineteenth Centuries’, German History, 24 (2006), pp. 375-86.

451

Johannes Weber, ‘Strassburg 1605: The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe’, German History, 24 (2006), pp. 387–412.

452

Elizabeth Armstrong, Before Copyright: The French Book-Privilege System, 1498–1526 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). У Гейдельбергского университета есть почти все выпуски за этот год, которые теперь оцифрованы: http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/relation1609. Johannes Weber, ‘“Unterthenige Supplication Johann Caroli, Buchtruckers.” Der Beginn gedruckter politischer Wochenzeitungen im Jahre 1605’, Archiv fur Geschichte des Buchwesens, 38 (1992), pp. 257-65. Каталог ранних немецких газет: Else Bogel and Elgar Bluhm, Die deut-schen Zeitungen des 17. Jahrhunderts. Ein Bestandverzeichnis, 2 vols (Bremen: Schunemann, 1971); Nachtrag (Munich: Saur, 1985). See also Holger Boning, Deutsche Presse. Biobibliographische Handbucher zur Geschichte der deutschsprachigen periodischen Presse von den Anfangen bis 1815, 6 vols (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, 1996–2003). Paul Ries, ‘The Anatomy of a Seventeenth-Century Newspaper’, Daphnis, 6 (1977), pp. 171–232; idem, ‘Der Inhalt der Wochenzeitungen von 1609 im Computer’, Deutsche Presseforschung, 26 (1987), pp. 113-25.

453

Weber, ‘Strassburg 1605’, p. 398.

454

Karl Heinz Kremer, Johann von den Birghden, 1582–1645. Kaiserlicher und koniglich-schwedischer Postmeister zu Frankfurt am Main (Bremen: Lumiere, 2005); idem, ‘Johann von den Birghden, 1582–1645’, Archiv fur deutsche Postgeschichte (1984), pp. 7-43.

455

Bogel and Bluhm, Deutschen Zeitungen, no. 5.

456

Там же, номер 15.

457

Там же, номер 16.

458

В этом отношении решение Мейера назвать свой второй еженедельный выпуск, вышедший в 1630 году, тоже Postzeitung, было явной и ненужной провокацией.

459

Bogel and Bluhm, Deutschen Zeitungen, no. 15.

460

Folke Dahl, Dutch Corantos, 1618–1650: A Bibliography (The Hague: Koninklijke Bibliotheek, 1946); Folke Dahl, The Birth of the European Press as Reflected in the Newspaper Collection of the Royal Library (Stockholm: Rundqvists Boktryckeri, 1960).

461

Folke Dahl, ‘Amsterdam, Earliest Newspaper Centre of Western Europe: New Contributions to the History of the first Dutch and French Corantos’, Het Boek, XXV (1939), III, pp. 161-97, D. H. Couvee, ‘The First Couranteers — The Flow of the News in the 1620s’, Gazette, 8 (1962), pp. 22–36.

462

Это означает, что в тех случаях, когда копии обоих отпечатков сохраняются, они могут иметь небольшие типографские различия. Dahl, Dutch Corantos, pp. 20–23, с репродукциями копий в Королевской библиотеке в Стокгольме и в библиотеке Mazarine в Париже.

463

Dahl, Dutch Corantos, pp. 23-6.

464

Dahl, ‘Amsterdam, Earliest Newspaper Centre’, pp. 190-91.

465

Там же, с. 185–6.

466

Там же, с. 161–198 и ниже, глава 14.

467

Michiel van Groesen, ‘A Week to Remember: Dutch Publishers and the Competition for News from Brazil, 26 August-2 September 1624’, Quaerendo, 40 (2010), pp. 26–49.

468

Paul Arblaster, ‘Current Affairs Publishing in the Habsburg Netherlands, 1620–1660’ (Oxford University DPhil dissertation, 1999); Leon Voet, ‘Abraham Verhoeven en de Antwerpse pers’, De Gulden Passer, 31 (1953), pp. 1-37. See also, most recently, Stephane Brabant, L’imprimeur Abraham Verhoeven (1575–1652) et les debuts de la presse ‘belge’ (Paris: A.E.E.F, 2009).

469

See Christiaan Schuckman, Hollstein’s Dutch and Flemish Etchings, Engravings and Woodcuts, ca. 1450–1700, vol. XXXV (Roosendaal: van Poll, 1990), pp. 217-26, nos 2–5.

470

Brabant, Verhoeven, p. 281.

471

Dahl, The Birth of the European Press, p. 18.

472

Augustus, 1621, 112. Tijdinghe wt Weenen, ende hoe dat het doodt lichaem… van Bucquoy, binnen… Weenen op chrijschmaniere… is ghebrocht, ende in baren ghestelt, inde kercke vande minimen. Copies in Antwerp, Heritage Library: B 17885: II, 112, and London, British Library: PP.3444 af (269).

473

Paul Arblaster, Antwerp and the World: Richard Verstegen and the International Culture of Catholic Reformation (Louvain: Louvain University Press, 2004).

474

Andrew Pettegree, ‘Tabloid Values: On the Trail of Europe’s First News Hound’, in Richard Kirwan and Sophie Mullins (eds), Specialist Markets in the Early Modern Book World (Leiden: Brill, 2014).

475

Paul Arblaster, ‘Policy and Publishing in the Habsburg Netherlands, 1585–1690’, in Brendan Dooley and Sabrina Baron (eds), The Politics of Information in Early Modern Europe (London: Routledge, 2001), p. 185.

476

Lisa Ferraro Parmelee, Good Newes from Fraunce: French Anti-League Propaganda in Late Elizabethan England (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 1996).

477

I. Atherton, ‘The Itch Grown a Disease: Manuscript Transmission of News in the Seventeenth Century’, in Joad Raymond, News, Newspapers, and Society in Early Modern Britain (London: Cass, 1999). William S. Powell, John Pory, 1572–1636: The Life and Letters of a Man of Many Parts (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1976).

478

Folke Dahl, A Bibliography of English Corantos and Periodical Newsbooks, 1620–1642 (London: Bibliographical Society, 1952), nos 1-16 (with illustrations). Dahl, Birth of the European Press, p. 29. See STC 18507.1-17.

479

Dahl, Birth of the European Press; STC 18507.18–25 (Amsterdam: Jansz.; or London for Thomas Archer). STC 18507.29–35 (London: N. Butter).

480

STC 18507.35–81.

481

Dahl, Bibliography, nos 80 ff.

482

Illustrated Dahl, Birth of the European Press, p. 30.

483

Nicholas Brownlees, Corantos and Newsbooks: Language and Discourse in the First English Newspapers (1620–1641) (Pisa: Ets, 1999); Nicholas Brownlees, The Language of Periodical News in Seventeenth-Century England (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars, 2011).

484

C. John Sommerville, The News Revolution in England: Cultural Dynamics of Daily Information (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 26.

485

Там же.

486

Jason Peacey and Chris R. Kyle, Breaking News: Renaissance Journalism and the Birth of the Newspaper (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), p. 55: ‘I send you here enclosed the Currantos that are come out since my last letter, which is in effect all our present foreign news.’

487

Michael Frearson, ‘The Distribution and Readership of London Corantos in the 1620s’, in Robin Myers and Michael Harris (eds), Serials and their Readers, 1620–1914 (Winchester: St Paul’s Bibliographies, 1993), p. 17.

488

Thomas Cogswell, ‘“Published by Authoritie”: Newsbooks and the Duke of Buckingham’s Expedition to the Ile de Re’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 67 (2004), pp. 1-26, here p. 4.

489

В оригинале: ‘1. To settle a way when there shall be any revolt or back sliding in matters of religion or obedience (which commonly grows with rumours among the vulgar) to draw them in by the same lines that drew them out, by spreading among them such reports as may best make for that matter to which we would have they drawn. 2. To establish a speedy and ready way whereby to disperse in the veins of the whole body of a state such matter as may best temper it, and be most agreeable to the disposition of the head and principal members. 3. To devise means to raise the spirits of the people and to quicken their concepts… It extends the sense by degrees to the concept of the right rules of reason, whereby they are wrought easily to obey those which by those rules shall command them.’ Powell, Pory (1976), p. 52.

490

Thomas Cogswell, ‘“Published by Authoritie”’.

491

Там же, с. 14.

492

Frearson, ‘London Corantos’, p. 3.

493

Jayne E. E. Boys, London’s News Press and the Thirty Years War (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2011).

494

Jeffrey K. Sawyer, Printed Poison: Pamphlet Propaganda, Faction Politics, and the Public Sphere in Early Seventeenth-Century France (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990).

495

Christian Jouhaud, ‘Printing the Event: From La Rochelle to Paris’, in Roger Chartier (ed.), The Culture of Print: Power and Uses of Print in Early Modern Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), pp. 290–333.

496

Dahl, Birth of the European Press, pp. 23-4.

497

Gilles Feyel in Jean Sgard, Dictionnaire des Journaux 1600–1789 (Paris: Universitas, and Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1991), pp. 967-70.

498

Howard M. Solomon, Public Welfare, Science, and Propaganda in Seventeenth-Century France: The Innovations of Theophraste Renaudot (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1972); Christian Bailly, Theophraste Renaudot: un homme d’influence au temps de Louis XIII et de la Fronde (Paris: Le Pre aux Clercs, 1987).

499

Gilles Feyel, L’annonce et la nouvelle. La presse d’information en France sous l’ancien regime (1630–1788) (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2000), pp. 131-90.

500

Solomon, Public Welfare, p. 126.

501

Там же, с. 129; see also idem, ‘The Gazette and Antistatist Propaganda: The Medium of Print in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century’, Canadian Journal of History, 9 (1974), pp. 1-17.

502

Feyel, L’annonce et la nouvelle, pp. 476–503.

503

C. Moreau, Bibliographie des Mazarinades (Paris: Societe de l’histoire de France, 1850-51).

504

Remerciment des imprimeurs a monseigneur le Cardinal Mazarin (N. Boisset, 1649), p. 4; Moreau, Mazarinades, no. 3,280.

505

Avis burlesque du cheval de Mazarin a son maitre (Paris: veuve Musnier, 1649); Moreau, Mazarinades, no. 494.

506

Moreau, Mazarinades, nos 811–835 (Courier), 1,466-1,472 (Gazette), 1,740-1,764 (Journal), 2,451-2,457 (Mercury).

507

Le gazettier des-interresse (Paris: Jean Brunet, 1649), sig. B2r; Moreau, Mazarinades, no. 1,466.

508

Moreau, Mazarinades, no. 830.

509

Там же, с. 249–50, H. Carrier, La Presse de la Fronde (1648–1653): les Mazarinades (Paris: Droz, 1989), I, 188–189.

510

Moreau, Mazarinades, no. 718.

511

Ниже, глава 11; Stephane Haffemayer, L’information dans la France du XVIIe siecle: La Gazette de Renaudot de 1647 a 1663 (Paris: Champion, 2002).

512

Filippo de Vivo, Information and Communication in Venice: Rethinking Early Modern Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).

513

Quoted Brendan Dooley, The Social History of Skepticism: Experience and Doubt in Early Modern Culture (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), p. 34.

514

Там же, Filippo de Vivo, ‘Paolo Sarpi and the Uses of Information in Seventeenth-Century Venice’, Media History, 11 (2005), pp. 37–51.

515

Dooley, Skepticism, p. 54.

516

Там же, с. 42.

517

Там же, с. 46.

518

Johannes Weber, ‘Der grosse Krieg und die fruhe Zeitung. Gestalt und Entwicklung der deutschen Nachrichtenpresse in der ersten Halfte des 17. Jahrhunderts’, Jahrbuch fur Kommunikationsgeschichte, 1 (1999), pp. 23–61, here p. 25.

519

520

Esther-Beate Korber, ‘Deutschsprachige Flugschriften des Dreissigjahrigen Krieges 1618 bis 1629’, Jahrbuch fur Kommunikationsgeschichte, 3 (2001), pp. 1-37.

521

Weber, ‘Der grosse Krieg und die fruhe Zeitung’, p. 25: the victims were described as Herr Slawata, Herr Schmozonsky, and Herr Philip P, Secretarius.

522

Там же, с. 29.

523

Else Bogel and Elgar Bluhm, Die deutschen Zeitungen des 17. Jahrhunderts. Ein Bestandverzeichnis, 2 vols (Bremen: Schunemann, 1971); Else Bogel and Elgar Bluhm, Nachtrag (Munich: Saur, 1985), vol. I, pp. 48–51; II, pp. 50–51.

524

Johannes Weber, ‘Kontrollmechanismen im deutschen Zeitungswesen des 17. Jahrhunderts’, Jahrbuch fur Kommunikationsgeschichte, 6 (2004), pp. 56–73.

525

John Roger Paas, The German Political Broadsheet, 16001700, 11 vols (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1985–2012); Elmer A. Beller, Propaganda during the Thirty Years War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1940).

526

Выше в главе 4.

527

Robert W. Scribner, For the Sake of Simple Folk: Popular Propaganda for the German Reformation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). О критике неявного аргумента о том, что клиенты были в основном из более низких социальных слоев, чем покупатели брошюр, см. мою работу: Reformation: The Culture of Persuasion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), глава 5. Примеры эффективного использования католиками полемических образов второй половины XVI века см.: Andrew Pettegree, ‘Catholic Pamphleteering’, in Alexandra Bamji et al. (eds), The Ashgate Research Companion to the Counter-Reformation (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2013), pp. 109-26.

528

Paas, German Political Broadsheet, vol. 2, P272-337.

529

William A. Coupe, The German Illustrated Broadsheet in the Seventeenth Century: Historical and Iconographical Studies, 2 vols (Baden Baden: Heintz, 1966).

530

Beller, Propaganda, plate II, pp. 18–20.

531

Paas, German Political Broadsheet, vol. 2, P452-6.

532

Там же, т. 3, с. 652–9, для этого и других представлений о поисках Фредерика. Были даже французская и голландская версии: т. 3, с. 133–9.

533

Там же, с. 784–90.

534

Там же, с. 708–13.

535

Там же, с. 675–6.

536

Там же, том 1, с. 23.

537

W. Lahne, Magdeburgs Zerstoring in der zeitgenossischen Publizistik (Magdeburg: Verlag des Magdeburger Geschichtsvereins, 1931). Более короткая версия на английском: Andrew Cunningham and Ole Peter Grell, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Religion, War, Famine and Death in Reformation Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 170-99.

538

Weber, ‘Der grosse Krieg und die fruhe Zeitung’, pp. 36-7.

539

Там же, с. 38–9.

540

Paas, German Political Broadsheet, vol. 5, P1,336-47.

541

Lahne, Magdeburgs Zerstorung, pp. 147-55; Cunningham and Grell, Four Horsemen, p. 182.

542

О шведской пропаганде: G. Rystad, Kriegsnachrichten und Propaganda wahrend des Dreissigjahrigen Krieges (Lund: Gleerup, 1960).

543

Paas, German Political Broadsheet, vol. 5, P1,430-52; Beller, Propaganda, plate XI, pp. 30-1.

544

Paas, German Political Broadsheet, vol. 6, P1,585, 1,587.

545

Kremer, ‘Johann von den Birghden’, pp. 31-4.

546

Там же, с. 34–9.

547

Paas, German Political Broadsheet, vol. 6, P1,770-8.

548

Там же, с. 1554–5, 1614-15.

549

Там же, с. 1635–6, 1812.

550

Как, например, в случае Британской библиотеки 1750.b.29, фолио более сто предметов.

551

Weber, ‘Der grosse Krieg und die fruhe Zeitung’, pp. 39–40.

552

Paas, German Political Broadsheet, vol. 7, P2,174-5.

553

Nadine Akkerman, ‘The Postmistress, the Diplomat and a Black Chamber?: Alexandrine of Taxis, Sir Balthazar Gerbier and the Power of Postal Control’, in Robyn Adams and Rosanna Cox (eds), Diplomacy and Early Modern Culture (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2011), pp. 172-88.

554

Выше в главе 9.

555

Joad Raymond, Pamphlets and Pamphleteering in Early Modern Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003); Jason Peacey, Politicians and Pamphleteers: Propaganda during the English Civil Wars and Interregnum (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004). Joseph Frank, The Beginnings of the English Newspaper, 1620–1660 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961).

556

Caroline Nelson and Matthew Seccombe, British Newspapers and Periodicals, 1641–1700: A Short-Title Catalogue (New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1987).

557

John Barnard and Maureen Bell, ‘Statistical Tables’, in Barnard and D. F. McKenzie (eds), The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain. Volume IV, 1557–1695 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 779-84; Raymond, Pamphlets and Pamphleteering, pp. 202-75.

558

Jason McElligott, ‘1641’, in Joad Raymond (ed.), The Oxford History of Popular Print Culture. I: Cheap Print in Britain and Ireland to 1660 (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 599–608.

559

Ethan Shagan, ‘Constructing Discord: Ideology, Propaganda and the English Responses to the Irish Rebellion of 1641’, Journal of British Studies, 36 (1997), pp. 4-34.

560

Joad Raymond, Making the News: An Anthology of the Newsbooks of Revolutionary England 1641–1660 (Moreton-in-Marsh: Windrush Press, 1993), pp. 35–52.

561

Иногда очень большими тиражами. Чтобы рекламные объявления были распространены по всем приходам Англии в 1649 году, типографиям заказали от девяти до двенадцати тысяч экземпляров. Angela McShane, ‘Ballads and Broadsides’, in Raymond (ed), Popular Print Culture, p. 348.

562

C. John Sommerville, The News Revolution in England: Cultural Dynamics of Daily Information (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).

563

Там же, с. 35.

564

Raymond, Making the News, pp. 92-9. For its principal editor see P. W. Thomas, Sir John Berkenhead, 1617–1679: A Royalist Career in Politics and Polemics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969).

565

Sommerville, News Revolution, p. 51.

566

Jason Peacey, ‘The Struggle for Mercurius Britanicus: Factional Politics and the Parliamentarian Press, 1643-6’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 68 (2005), pp. 517-43.

567

Joseph Frank, Cromwell’s Press Agent: A Critical Biography of Marchamont Nedham, 1620–1678 (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1980). For excerpts from the Mercurius Britanicus, see Raymond, Making the News, pp. 332-50.

568

Raymond, Making the News, pp. 350-74.

569

Helmer J. Helmers, ‘The Royalist Republic: Literature, Politics and Religion in the Anglo-Dutch Public Sphere (1639–1660)’ (Doctoral Dissertation, Leiden, 2011).

570

Paas, German Political Broadsheet, vol. 8, P2,225-36.

571

Peacey, Politicians and Pamphleteers, pp. 132-54.

572

Francis F. Madan, A New Bibliography of the Eikon Basilike (Oxford: Oxford Bibliographical Society Publications, III, 1949).

573

Blair Worden, Literature and Politics in Cromwellian England: John Milton, Andrew Marvell, Marchamont Nedham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007); idem, ‘Marchamont Nedham and the Beginnings of English Republicanism, 1649–1656’, in David Wootton (ed.), Republicanism, Liberty and Commercial Society, 1649–1776 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994), pp. 45–81.

574

Jason Peacey, ‘Cromwellian England: A Propaganda State?’, History, 91 (2006), pp. 176-99; Raymond, Making the News, pp. 364-79.

575

The best modern study is Jonathan Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).

576

Folke Dahl, ‘Amsterdam, Earliest Newspaper Centre of Western Europe: New Contributions to the History of the First Dutch and French Corantos’, Het Boek, XXV (1939), 3, pp. 185-6.

577

Helmers, ‘Royalist Republic’.

578

Ниже, глава 14.

579

Meredith Hale, ‘Political Martyrs and Popular Prints in the Netherlands in 1672’, in Martin Gosman (ed.), Selling and Rejecting Politics in Early Modern Europe (Louvain: Peeters, 2007), pp. 119-34.

580

Michel Reinders, Printed Pandemonium: Popular Print and Politics in the Netherlands 1650-72 (Leiden: Brill, 2013).

581

Выше в главе 9. Hubert Carrier, La presse et la Fronde, 1648–1653: Les Mazarinades. I. La conquete de l’opinion. II. Les hommes du livre, 2 vols (Geneva: Droz, 1989-91).

582

Maximillian E. Novak, Daniel Defoe, Master of Fictions (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 289–328.

583

Craig Calhoun (ed.), Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992); Nick Crossley and John Michael Roberts, After Habermas: New Perspectives on the Public Sphere (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004).

584

Aytoun Ellis, The Penny Universities: A History of the Coffee-House (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1956); Heinrich Jacob, Coffee: The Epic of a Commodity (London, 1935; reprinted Short Hills, NJ: Burford Books, 1998); Brian Cowan, The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005); Steve Pineus, ‘Coffee Politicians Does Create: Coffeehouses and Restoration Political Culture’, Journal of Modern History, 67 (1995), pp. 807-34; Mark Knights, Representation and Misrepresentation in Later Stuart Britain: Partisanship and Political Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).

585

Gilles Feyel, L’annonce et la nouvelle. La presse d’information en France sous l’ancien regime (1630–1788) (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2000).

586

Peter Burke, The Fabrication of Louis XIV (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992).

587

Roger Mettam, ‘Power, Status and Precedence: Rivalries among the Provincial Elites of Louis XlV’s France’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (5th series), 38 (1988), pp. 43–62.

588

Feyel, L’annonce et la nouvelle, pp. 476-92.

589

This schedule is reconstructed Там же, с. 486–92.

590

Burke, Fabrication, p. 76.

591

Gazette extraordinaire, 77, July 1673. Quoted Feyel, L’annonce et la nouvelle, p. 435.

592

Feyel, L’annonce et la nouvelle, p. 501.

593

Там же, с. 466.

594

Francois Moureau, Repertoire des Nouvelles a la Main. Dictionnaire de la presse manuscrite clandestine XVIe-XVIIIe siecle (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1999); Moreau (ed.), De bonne main. La communication manuscrite au XVIII siecle (Paris: Universitas, and Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1993).

595

Joseph Klaits, Printed Propaganda under Louis XIV: Absolute Monarchy and Public Opinion (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), pp. 50-6.

596

Jane McLeod, Licensing Loyalty: Printers, Patrons and the State in Early Modern France (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2011).

597

Обычно он публиковался под более громоздким названием Nouvelles extraordinaires de divers endroits.

598

Jeremy D. Popkin, News and Politics in the Age of Revolution: Jean Luzac’s Gazette de Leyde (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989).

599

Klaits, Propaganda, p. 91.

600

Там же, с. 169.

601

Там же, с. 248.

602

James Sutherland, The Restoration Newspaper and its Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Harold Weber, Paper Bullets: Print and Kingship under Charles II (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1996); Knights, Representation and Misrepresentation.

603

J. G. Muddiman, The King’s Journalist (London: Bodley Head, 1923).

604

Anne Dunan-Page and Beth Lynch (eds), Roger L’Estrange and the Making of Restoration Culture (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008).

605

The Intelligencer, 31 August 1663.

606

P. M. Handover, A History of the London Gazette, 1665–1965 (London: HMSO, 1965).

607

Там же; Peter Fraser, The Intelligence of the Secretaries of State & their Monopoly of Licensed News, 1660–1688 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956), pp. 43–56; Alan Marshall, Intelligence and Espionage in the Reign of Charles II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

608

Fraser, Intelligence, pp. 30–32.

609

Alan Marshall, The Strange Death of Edmund Godfrey: Plots and Politics in Restoration London (Stroud: Sutton, 1999); Peter Hinds, The Horrid Popish Plot: Roger L’Estrange and the Circulation of Political Discourse in Late Seventeenth-Century London (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010). The classic treatment is John Kenyon, The Popish Plot (London: Heinemann, 1972).

610

Sutherland, Restoration Newspaper, p. 15.

611

The classic survey is Bryant Lillywhite, London Coffee Houses: A Reference Book of the Coffee Houses of the Seventeenth, Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1963).

612

Fraser, Intelligence, p. 119.

613

Cowan, The Social Life of Coffee, pp. 196-8.

614

Frank Staff, The Penny Post, 1680–1918 (London: Lutterworth, 1964), pp. 34–51; Thomas Todd, William Dockwra and the Rest of the Undertakers: The Story of the London Penny Post, 1680-2 (Edinburgh: Cousland, 1952); Duncan Campbell-Smith, Masters of the Post: The Authorised History of the Royal Mail (London: Allen Lane, 2011), pp. 59–61.

615

Fraser, Intelligence; Marshall, Intelligence and Espionage, pp. 78–95.

616

Sutherland, Restoration Newspaper, p. 18.

617

Mark Goldie, ‘Roger L’Estrange’s Observator and the Exorcism of the Plot’, in Dunan-Page and Lynch (eds), Roger L’Estrange, pp. 67–88.

618

Mark Knights, Politics and Opinion in the Exclusion Crisis, 1678–1681 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 168. John Barnard and Maureen Bell, ‘Statistical Tables’, in Barnard and D. F. McKenzie (eds), The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain. Volume IV, 1557–1695 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 779-84.

619

Knights, Politics and Opinion, p. 169.

620

Sutherland, Restoration Newspaper, p. 23.

621

William B. Ewald, The Newsmen of Queen Anne (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1956), p. 7; Julian Hoppit, A Land of Liberty? England 1689–1727 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 178.

622

G. A. Cranfield, The Development of the Provincial Newspaper, 1700–1760 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962); R. M. Wiles, Freshest Advices: Early Provincial Newspapers in England (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1965).

623

Wiles, Freshest Advices, p. 192.

624

Там же.

625

Daily Courant, 15 August 1704; Flying Post, 2 September 1704; Ewald, Newsmen of Queen Anne, pp. 34-5, 38–40.

626

Sutherland, Restoration Newspaper, pp. 91-122.

627

Daily Courant, 11 March 1702, quoted Wiles, Freshest Advices, p. 269.

628

Hoppit, Land of Liberty? p. 181; Geoffrey Holmes, The Trial of Doctor Sacheverell (London: Eyre Methuen, 1973); Mark Knights (ed.), Faction Displayed: Reconsidering the Trial of Dr Henry Sacheverell (London: Parliamentary Yearbook Trust, 2012).

629

Wiles, Freshest Advices, pp. 46 ff.

630

The true report of the burning of the steeple and church of Paul’s in London (London: William Seres, 1561). Современное переиздание: A. F. Pollard, Tudor Tracts, 1532–1588 (Westminster: Constable 1903), here p. 405. STC 19930. USTC 505897. Был также французский перевод: Recit veritable du grand temple et clocher de la cite de Londres, en Angleterre, nomme saint Paul, ruine et destruit par la foudre du tonnerre (Lyon: Jean Saugrain, 1561). USTC 37109.

631

Pollard, Tudor Tracts, p. 406.

632

Там же, с. 407. Alexandra Walsham, Providence in Early Modern England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 232-4.

633

M. A. Overall, ‘The Exploitation of Francesco Spiera’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 26 (1995), pp. 619-37. Даже в 1690-х годах совершенно иное предсмертное признание раскаявшегося атеиста могло повлечь за собой непреходящую славу Спиеры. Эта так называемая Вторая спираль была продана тиражом 30 000 экземпляров, прежде чем была разоблачена как подделка. J. Paul Hunter, Before Novels: The Cultural Contexts of Eighteenth-Century English Fiction (New York: Norton, 1990), pp. 182-4.

634

Неемия Уоллингтон владел рукописной копией отчета о Спиере, опубликованного Натаниэлем Бэконом в 1638 году. David Booy, The Notebooks of Nehemiah Wallington, 1618–1654 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), pp. 154, 274-5. О Уоллингтоне см. также главу 16.

635

Michel Chomarat and Jean-Paul Laroche, Bibliographie Nostradamus (Baden Baden: Koerner, 1989).

636

Norman Jones, The Birth of the Elizabethan Age: England in the 1560s (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993), p. 40.

637

B. S. Capp, Astrology and the Popular Press: English Almanacs, 1500–1800 (London: Faber and Faber, 1979).

638

О Бранте см. главу 3 выше. Из четырехсот иллюстрированных немецких листовок, зарегистрированных в базе данных USTC, более 130 посвящены этим небесным явлениям. О других формах иллюстрированных информационных листов см. выше, в главе 4.

639

Walter L. Strauss, The German Single-Leaf Woodcut, 1550–1600, 3 vols (New York: Abaris, 1975), pp. 163, 480, 648, 939 (comet of 1577), 399, 656 (multiple suns).

640

Там же, с. 481, 949.

641

Там же, с. 350, 396, 860.

642

Andrew Cunningham and Ole Peter Grell, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Religion, War, Famine and Death in Reformation Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 174.

643

Nehemiah Wallington, Historical notices of events occurring chiefly in the reign of Charles I, ed. R. Webb (London: Bentley, 1869), pp. 150-1.

644

Jennifer Spinks, Monstrous Births and Visual Culture in Sixteenth-Century Germany (London: Chatto & Pickering, 2009); Julie Crawford, Marvelous Protestantism: Monstrous Births in Post-Reformation England (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005).

645

Spinks, Monstrous Births, pp. 59–79.

646

The true description of two monstrous children born at Herne in Kent (London, 1565). STC 6774. Crawford, Marvelous Protestantism.

647

David Cressy, Agnes Bowker’s Cat: Travesties and Transgressions in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); Jones, Birth of the Elizabethan Age, pp. 45-7.

648

Andrew Hadfield, ‘News of the Sussex Dragon’, Reformation, 17 (2012), pp. 99-113.

649

Выше в главе 10.

650

Leo Noordegraaf and Gerrit Valk, De Gave Gods: De pest in Holland vanaf de late Middeleeuwen, 2nd edn (Amsterdam: Bakker, 1996); Cunningham and Grell, Four Horsemen, Chapter 5.

651

Claire Tomalin, Samuel Pepys (London: Viking, 2002), pp. 227-35.

652

Steven Shapin, A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994).

653

Выше, глава 1. О понятиях чести в новостях: David Randall, Credibility in Elizabethan and Early Stuart Military News (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2008). C.f. Shapin, Social History of Truth, pp. 65-125.

654

James Shirley, Love Tricks or the School of Complement, quoted Jayne E. E. Boys, London’s News Press and the Thirty Years War (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2011), p. 170.

655

Stephen J. A. Ward, The Invention of Journalism Ethics (Montreal: McGill University Press, 2004), p. 119.

656

20 October 1631, STC 18507.227; Boys, London News Press, p. 175.

657

Boys, London News Press, p. 171.

658

Там же, с. 170.

659

Ben Jonson, A Staple of News, Act I, scene 4, lines 10–11.

660

Massimo Petta, ‘Wild Nature and Religious Readings of Events: Natural Disaster in Milanese Printed Reports (16th-17th Century)’, in Bo-Jan Borstner et al. (eds), Historicizing Religion: Critical Approaches to Contemporary Concerns (Pisa: PLUS-Pisa University Press, 2010), pp. 199–231.

661

Ahasver Fritsch, Discursus de Novellarum, quas vocant Neue Zeitungen, hodierno usu et abusu (1676); Otto Groth, Die Geschichte der Deutschen Zeitungswissenschaft (Munich: Weinmayer, 1948), p. 15. Elger Bluhm and Rolf Engelsing (eds), Die Zeitung. Deutsche Urteile und Dokumente von den Anfangen bis zur Gegenwart (Bremen: Schunemann, 1967).

662

Johann Ludwig Hartman, Unzeitige Neue Zeitungs-sucht (Rotenburg: Lipfi, 1679).

663

Daniel Hartnack, Erachten von Einrichtung der Alten Teutsch und Neuen Europaischen Historien (Hamburg: Zelle, 1688).

664

Kaspar Stieler, Zeitungs Lust und Nutz (Hamburg: Schiller, 1695), quoted Groth, Geschichte, p. 19.

665

Jeremy Popkin, ‘New Perspectives on the Early Modern European Press’, in Joop W. Koopmans, News and Politics in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800) (Louvain: Peeters, 2005), pp. 127, here p. 10.

666

Mark Knights, Representation and Misrepresentation in Later Stuart Britain: Partisanship and Political Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).

667

William B. Ewald, The Newsmen of Queen Anne (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1956), pp. 14–15.

668

Tatler, no. 178, quoted Ewald, Newsmen, p. 15.

669

The Spectator, no. 452, quoted Ewald, Newsmen, p. 15.

670

Johannes Weber, ‘Strassburg 1605: The Origins of the Newspaper in Europe’, German History, 24 (2006), p. 393.

671

Daily Courant, 11 March 1702, quoted Ewald, Newsmen, p. 14.

672

Brendan Dooley, The Social History of Skepticism: Experience and Doubt in Early Modern Culture (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), p. 129.

673

Stieler, Zeitungs Lust und Nutz, quoted Popkin, ‘New Perspectives’, p. 11.

674

Ward, The Invention of Journalism Ethics, p. 124.

675

Ниже, глава 16.

676

C. John Sommerville, The News Revolution in England: Cultural Dynamics of Daily Information (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 132-3.

677

John Brewer and Roy Porter, Consumption and the World of Goods (London: Routledge, 1993).

678

David A. Kronick, A History of Scientific and Technical Periodicals (Methuen, NJ: Scarecrow, 1976).

679

Margery Purver, The Royal Society: Concept and Creation (Cambridge, MA: MIT University Press, 1967); Steven Shapin, A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994).

680

David A. Kronick, ‘Notes on the Printing History of the Early Philosophical Transactions’, in his ‘Devant le deluge’ and Other Essays on Early Modern Scientific Communication (Oxford: Scarecrow, 2004), pp. 153-79, here p. 164.

681

Ниже, глава 18.

682

Jack R. Censer, The French Press in the Age of Enlightenment (London: Routledge, 1994).

683

James Sutherland, The Restoration Newspaper and its Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), Chapter 3: ‘Country News’.

684

Gilbert D. McEwen, The Oracle of the Coffee House: John Dunton’s Athenian Mercury (San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 1972); Helen Berry, Gender, Society and Print Culture in Late Stuart England: The Cultural World of the ‘Athenian Mercury’ (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003); C. John Sommerville, The News Revolution in England: Cultural Dynamics of Daily Information (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 103-9.

685

McEwen, Oracle, pp. 113-40.

686

From the Athenian Mercury of respectively 9 June, 18 April and 14 April 1691; Sommerville, News Revolution, pp. 106-7.

687

Robert J. Allen, The Clubs of Augustan London (Hamden, CT: Archon, 1967), pp. 189–229.

688

Monique Vincent, Mercuregalant. Extraordinaire affaires du temps. Table analytique (Paris: Champion, 1998); Jean Sgard, ‘La multiplication des periodiques’, in Histoire de l’edition frangaise. II: Le livre triomphant, 1660–1830 (Paris: Promodis, 1984), pp. 198–205.

689

Richmond P. Bond, Tatler: The Making of a Literary Journal (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972). For this and what follows, Alvin Sullivan (ed.), British Literary Magazines: The Augustan Age and the Age of Johnson, 1698–1788 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983).

690

Charles A. Knight, A Political Biography of Richard Steele (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2009).

691

Ниже, глава 14.

692

Erin Mackie (ed.), The Commerce of Everyday Life: Selections from the Tatler and the Spectator (Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1998).

693

Tatler, 6 April 1710; Mackie, Commerce of Everyday Life, pp. 58-9.

694

Sullivan, British Literary Magazines, pp. 113-19; J. A. Downie, Jonathan Swift, Political Writer (London: Routledge, 1985).

695

C. Lennart Carlson, The First Magazine: A History of the Gentleman’s Magazine (Providence, RI: Brown, 1938); Sullivan, British Literary Magazines, pp. 136-40.

696

P. J. Buijnsters, Spectoriale geschriften (Utrecht: HES, 1991); idem, ‘Bibliographie des periodiques rediges selon le modele des Spectateurs’, in Marianne Couperus (ed.), L’etude des periodiques anciens. Colloque d’Utrecht (Paris: Nizet, 1972), pp. 111-20; Dorothee Sturkenboom, Spectators van de hartstocht: sekte en emotionele cultuur in de achttiende eeuw (Hilversum: Verloren, 1998).

697

Sgard, ‘Multiplication des periodiques’, p. 204.

698

Jeremy D. Popkin, ‘The Business of Political Enlightenment in France, 1770–1800’, in John Brewer and Roy Porter (eds), Consumption and the World of Goods (London: Routledge, 1993), p. 413.

699

Sgard, ‘Multiplication des periodiques’, p. 200.

700

Robert Darnton, The Forbidden Bestsellers of Pre-Revolutionary France (New York: Norton, 1995).

701

Berry, Gender, Society and Print Culture; Bertha-Monica Stearns, ‘The First English Periodical for Women’, Modern Philology, 28 (1930-1), pp. 45–59; Sommerville, News Revolution, p. 105.

702

Kathryn Shevelow, Women and Print Culture: The Construction of Femininity in the Early Periodical (London: Routledge, 1989).

703

Там же, с. 149.

704

Olwen Hufton, The Prospect before Her: A History of Women in Western Europe, 1500–1800 (London: HarperCollins, 1995), p. 455.

705

Censer, French Press in the Age of Enlightenment, pp. 88, 99.

706

Susan Broomhall, Women and the Print Trade in Sixteenth-Century France (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002); Jef Tombeur, Femmes & metiers du livre (Soignies: Talus d’approche, 2004); Maureen Bell, ‘Women in the English Book Trade, 1557–1700’, Leipziger Jahrbuch, 6 (1996); Helen Smith, ‘Grossly Material Things’: Women and Book Production in Early Modern England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).

707

Wolfgang Behringer, Thurn und Taxis. Die Geschichte ihrer Post und ihrer Unternehmen (Munich: Piper, 1990), pp. 87–90; Nadine Akkerman, ‘The Postmistress, the Diplomat and a Black Chamber?: Alexandrine of Taxis, Sir Balthazar Gerbier and the Power of Postal Control’, in Robyn Adams and Rosanna Cox (eds), Diplomacy and Early Modern Culture (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2011), pp. 172-88.

708

For Meyer, see Выше в главе 9.

709

Ниже, глава 15.

710

Eliza Haywood, The Female Spectator, ed. Gabrielle M. Firmager (Melksham: Bristol Classical Press, 1993); Sullivan, British Literary Magazines, pp. 120-3; see also Alison Adburgham, Women in Print: Writing Women and Women’s Magazines from the Restoration to the Accession of Victoria (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1972); J. Hodges, ‘The Female Spectator’, in Richmond P. Bond (ed.), Studies in the Early English Periodical (Westwood, CT: Greenwood Press, 1957), pp. 151-82.

711

Firmager, Female Spectator, p. 10. Finny Bottinga, ‘Eliza Haywood’s Female Spectator and its Dutch Translation De Engelsche Spectatrice’, in Suzan van Dijk et al. (eds), ‘I have heard of you’: Foreign Women’s Writing Crossing the Dutch Border (Hilversum: Verloren, 2004), pp. 217-24.

712

Female Spectator, November 1744; Firmager, Female Spectator, p. 98.

713

Ian Atherton, ‘The Itch Grown a Disease: Manuscript Transmission of News in the Seventeenth Century’, Prose Studies, 21 (1998), pp. 39–65, here p. 49.

714

D. Osborne, Letters to Sir William Temple, ed. K. Parker (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987), p. 116.

715

Jacqueline Eales, Puritans and Roundheads: The Harleys of Brampton Bryan and the Outbreak of the English Civil War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 92-5.

716

Bertha-Monica Stearns, ‘Early English Periodicals for Ladies (1700–1760)’, Proceedings of the Modern Languages Association, 48 (1933), pp. 38–60.

717

Там же, с. 57.

718

Jeremy D. Popkin, ‘Political Communication in the German Enlightenment: Gottlob Benedikt von Shirach’s Politische Journal’, Eighteenth-Century Life, 20, no. 1 (February, pp. 24–41.

719

Там же, с. 28.

720

Popkin, ‘The Business of Political Enlightenment’, pp. 414 ff.

721

Там же, с. 420.

722

Suzanne Tucoo-Chala, Charles-Joseph Panckoucke et la libraire frangaise (Paris: Editions Marrimpouey jeune, 1977).

723

David I. Kulstine, ‘The Ideas of Charles-Joseph Panckoucke’, French Historical Studies, 4 (1966), pp. 304-19.

724

George B. Watts, ‘The Comte de Buffon and his Friend and Publisher Charles-Joseph Panckoucke’, Modern Language Quarterly, 18 (1957), pp. 313-22.

725

Там же, с. 314.

726

Ian Maclean, ‘Murder, Debt and Retribution in the Italico-Franco-Spanish Book Trade’, in his Learning and the Market Place (Leiden: Brill, 2009), pp. 227-72.

727

His story is told in Anne Goldger, Tulipmania: Money, Honor and Knowledge in the Dutch Golden Age (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2007), p. 168.

728

Simon Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches (London: Collins, 1997), pp. 350-70. Распространенное представление о тюльпаномании также во многом обязано необычайному успеху издания Чарльза Маккея, «Чрезвычайно популярные заблуждения и безумие толпы», впервые опубликованного в Лондоне в 1841 году, но все еще крайне влиятельного.

729

Goldger, Tulipmania, pp. 202, 235.

730

Там же, с. 238.

731

Выше, главы 2 и 5.

732

John J. McCusker and Cora Gravesteijn, The Beginnings of Commercial and Financial Journalism: The Commodity Price Currents, Exchange Rate Currents, and Money Currents of Early Modern Europe (Amsterdam: NEHA, 1991).

733

Там же, с. 22–3.

734

John J. McCusker, ‘The Role of Antwerp in the Emergence of Commercial and Financial Newspapers in Early Modern Europe’, in La ville et la transmission des valeurs culturelles au bas moyen age et aux temps modernes (Brussels: Credit communal, Collection histoire, 96, 1996), pp. 303-32.

735

McCusker and Gravesteijn, Beginnings, pp. 44-5.

736

Там же, с. 399–404.

737

Там же, с. 291–300; Anne Murphy, The Origins of English Financial Markets: Investment and Speculation before the South Sea Bubble (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).

738

McCusker and Gravesteijn, Beginnings, p. 313.

739

Murphy, Origins of English Financial Markets, p. 99; Blanche B. Elliott, A History of English Advertising (London: Batsford, 1962), pp. 313-44.

740

Там же, с. 91.

741

Там же, с. 94–5.

742

Julian Hoppit, A Land of Liberty? England 1689–1727 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 313-44.

743

Murphy, Origins of English Financial Markets, p. 109.

744

Grant Hannis, ‘Daniel Defoe’s Pioneering Consumer Journalism in the Review’, British Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies, 30 (2007), pp. 13–26, here p. 16.

745

Murphy, Origins of English Financial Markets, pp. 107-8.

746

Hannis, ‘Defoe’s Pioneering Consumer Journalism’, p. 22.

747

Murphy, Origins of English Financial Markets, pp. 114-36.

748

John Carswell, The South Sea Bubble, 2nd edn (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1993).

749

Daily Courant за 1, 2, 3 и 24 июня 1720 года доступна в библиотеке Гилдхолл в Лондоне.

750

The Daily Courant, 8 June 1720.

751

Hoppit, A Land of Liberty? p. 335.

752

Julian Hoppit, ‘The Myths of the South Sea Bubble’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser., 12 (2002), pp. 141-65.

753

Carswell, South Sea Bubble, pp. 95-6

754

Там же, главы 13 и 14 (дополнительные материалы, включенные во второе издание).

755

John Cassidy, dot.con (New York: HarperCollins, 2002).

756

Daily Courant for 31 October and 7 November 1720 (2nd edn). 31.

757

Другие рекламируемые брошюры включали «Схему Южных морей» (Daily Courant от 18 октября), «Дело о контрактах на акции Южных морей» (9 ноября) и брошюру епископа Карлайла: «Честные и нечестные способы получения богатства» (12 декабря). Post Boy, выпуски 18–20 октября и 8-10 ноября 1720 г., доступ в Библиотеке Гилдхолла в Лондоне. Все выпуски проиллюстрированы на сайте Гарвардской школы бизнеса в коллекции Кресс библиотеки Бейкера. . edu/hc/ssb/recreationandarts/cards.html.

758

Hoppit, A Land of Liberty? p. 344.

759

William B. Ewald, The Newsmen of Queen Anne (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1956), pp. 30-1.

760

Folke Dahl, ‘Amsterdam, Earliest Newspaper Centre of Western Europe: New Contributions to the History of the First Dutch and French Corantos’, Het Boek, XXV (1939), III, pp. 161-98, here p. 179.

761

Elliott, A History of English Advertising, pp. 22-9, discusses the very earliest examples, which date from the 1620s.

762

Dahl, ‘Amsterdam, Earliest Newspaper Centre’, pp. 179-82.

763

Maura Ratia and Carla Suhr, ‘Medical Pamphlets: Controversy and Advertising’, in Irma Taavitsainen and Paivi Pahta (eds), Medical Writings in Early Modern English (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 183.

764

C. John Sommerville, The News Revolution in England: Cultural Dynamics of Daily Information (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 70.

765

Elliott, History of English Advertising, pp. 37–45.

766

Michael Harris, ‘Timely Notices: The Uses of Advertising and its Relationship to News during the Late Seventeenth Century’, Prose Studies, 21 (1998), p. 152.

767

R. B. Walker, ‘Advertising in London Newspapers, 1650–1750’, Business History, 15 (1973), pp. 114-15; Elliott, History of English Advertising, pp. 57–73.

768

Elliott, History of English Advertising, pp. 30-6.

769

Там же, с. 94–5.

770

Sommerville, News Revolution, pp. 147-8; Lawrence Lewis, The Advertisements of the Spectator (London: Houghton Mifflin, 1909).

771

R. M. Wiles, Freshest Advices: Early Provincial Newspapers in England (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1965), p. 101.

772

Там же, с. 142.

773

Там же, с. 367–72.

774

Walker, ‘Advertising’, pp. 112-30.

775

The Spectator, no. 10, Monday 12 March 1711.

776

Sommerville, News Revolution, p. 43.

777

Когда дело касалось политического влияния, собственники были готовы сделать еще более экстравагантные заявления, как, например, в случае с автором, предостерегающим от еженедельного журнала Craftsman, критикующего Уолпол в 1732 году, его читали «не менее четырехсот тысяч»… допускать к работе не более 40 читателей». Michael Harris, London Newspapers in the Age of Walpole: A Study of the Origins of the Modern English Press (London: Associated University Presses, 1987), p. 48.

778

Harris, ‘Timely Notices’, p. 144.

779

Francois Moureau (ed.), De bonne main. La communication manuscrite au XVIII siecle (Paris, Universitas, and Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1993).

780

Lucyle Werkmeister, A Newspaper History of England, 1792–1793 (Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1967), p. 19. The Times began printing news on its front page only in 1966.

781

Walker, ‘Advertising’, p. 119.

782

Ниже, глава 16.

783

John Styles, ‘Print and Policing: Crime Advertising in Eighteenth-Century Provincial England’, in Douglas Hay and Francis Snyder (eds), Policing and Prosecution in Britain, 1750–1850 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 55-111.

784

От 11 000 в 1795 г., до 2 500 в 1717 г. Walker, ‘Advertising’, pp. 116-17.

. J. Paul Hunter, Before Novels: The Cultural Contexts of Eighteenth-Century English Fiction (New York: Norton, 1990), pp. 167-72.

785

Weekly Journal or British Gazeteer, 12 September 1724. Michael Harris, ‘Journalism as a Profession or Trade in the Eighteenth Century’, in Robin Myers and Michael Harris (eds), Author/Publisher Relations during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (Oxford: Oxford Polytechnic Press, 1983), p. 42.

786

The case of the coffee-men of London and Westminster (London, 1729), p. 5.

787

Flying Post or Weekly Medley, 21 December 1728; Harris, ‘Journalism’, p. 41.

788

Paula McDowell, The Women of Grubstreet: Press, Politics and Gender in the London Literary Marketplace, 1678–1730 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 55-7, 101-2.

789

Jeroen Salman, Pedlars and the Popular Press: Itinerant Distribution Networks in England and the Netherlands, 1600–1850 (Leiden: Brill, 2014).

790

Ниже, глава 16.

791

Salman, Pedlars and the Popular Press, Chapter 4.

792

Hannah Barker, Newspapers, Politics and Public Opinion in Late Eighteenth-Century England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 101; Robert L. Haig, The Gazetteer, 1735–1797: A Study in the Eighteenth-Century Newspaper (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1960), pp. 178-80.

793

Peter Fraser, The Intelligence of the Secretaries of State and their Monopoly of Licensed News, 1660–1688 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956), pp. 30-2.

794

James Ralph, The case of authors by profession or trade stated (London, 1758), pp. 22, 61-7; Harris, ‘Journalism’, pp. 37-8. .

795

R. M. Wiles, Freshest Advices: Early Provincial Newspapers in England (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1965), p. 192.

796

Там же.

797

Там же, с. 290–1.

798

P. M. Handover, A History of the London Gazette, 1665–1965 (London: HMSO, 1965), p. 53.

799

A. Aspinall, ‘The Social Status of Journalists at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century’, Review of English Studies, 21 (1945), pp. 216-32.

800

J. A. Robuck in his pamphlet The London Review and the Periodical Press (London, 1835), quoted Aspinall, ‘Social Status of Journalists’, pp. 222-3.

801

Lucyle Werkmeister, A Newspaper History of England, 1792–1793 (Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1967), pp. 21, 35.

802

Cobbett, The Political Register, 4 January 1817, referring to his Porcupine, which closed in 1801; Aspinall, ‘Social Status of Journalists’, p. 225.

803

См. выше в главе 11.

804

Steven Shapin, A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 65-125.

805

C. Moreau, Bibliographie des Mazarinades, 3 vols (Paris: Renouard, 1850-1), nos 1,8092,294.

806

Konstantin Dierks, In My Power: Letter Writing and Communications in Early America (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania, 2009), pp. 206-14.

807

I. Atherton, ‘The Itch Grown a Disease: Manuscript Transmission of News in the Seventeenth Century’, Prose Studies, 21 (1998), pp. 39–65. Also available in Joad Raymond (ed.), News, Newspapers, and Society in Early Modern Britain (London: Frank Cass, 1999).

808

Data collected in Roger Chartier, ‘The Practical Impact of Writing’, in A History of Private Life. III. Passions of the Renaissance, ed. R. Chartier (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989), pp. 112-15.

809

Judith Rice Henderson, ‘Erasmian Ciceronians: Reformation Teachers of Letter-Writing’, Rhetorica, 10 (1992), pp. 273–302; eadem, ‘Humanism and the Humanities’, in LetterWriting Manuals, pp. 141-9; De conscribendis epistolis, ed. Charles Fantazzi, Collected Works of Erasmus, vol. 25 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985).

810

Linda C. Mitchell, ‘Letter-Writing Instruction Manuals in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century England’, in Carol Poster and Linda C. Mitchell, Letter-Writing Manuals (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2007), pp. 179-80.

811

Roger Chartier, ‘Secretaires for the People’, in Roger Chartier, Alain Boureau and Celine Dauphin, Correspondence: Models of Letter-Writing from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century (London: Polity Press, 1997), pp. 59-111.

812

Alfred Morin, Catalogue descriptive de la bibliotheque bleue de Troyes (Geneva: Droz, 1974).

813

Clare Brant, Eighteenth-Century Letters and British Culture (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).

814

The Letters of Benjamin Franklin and Jane Mecom, ed. Carl van Doren (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1950), p. 81; David M. Henkin, The Postal Age: The Emergence of Modern Communications in Nineteenth-Century America (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2006), p. 180, n. 10.

815

Roger Chartier, ‘An Ordinary Kind of Writing’, in Correspondence, p. 17.

816

Dierks, In My Power, pp. 25–32.

817

Там же.; Brant, Eighteenth-Century Letters, Chapter 4: ‘Writing as a Lover’.

818

Brant, Eighteenth-Century Letters,p. 172.

819

Wiles, Freshest Advices, p. 194.

820

Там же, с. 194–5.

821

Paul Friedland, Seeing Justice Done: The Age of Spectacular Capital Punishment in France (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).

822

Там же, с. 156.

823

Там же, с. 168–72, 231.

824

V. A. C. Gatrell, The Hanging Tree: Execution and the English People, 1770–1868 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994).

825

Выше в главе 6.

826

Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (London: Allen Lane, 1977).

827

Friedland, Seeing Justice Done, pp. 247-8.

828

G. A. Cranfield, The Development of the Provincial Newspaper, 1700–1760 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962); Charles C. Clark, The Public Prints: The Newspaper in Anglo-American Culture, 1665–1740 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994). For the French affiches (advertising journals) see Gilles Feyel, L’annonce et la nouvelle. La presse d’information en France sous l’ancien regime (1630–1788) (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2000), pp. 929-1,274.

829

Arthur H. Cash, John Wilkes: The Scandalous Father of Civil Liberties (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006); Peter D. G. Thomas, John Wilkes: A Friend to Liberty (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). The Briton, опубликовано в тридцати восьми выпусках с 29 мая 1762 по 12 февраля 1763, отредактирован для Бута выдающимся шотландским писателем Тобиасом Смоллеттом. http://www. oxforddnb.com/view/article/25947.

830

Cash, Wilkes, p. 79.

831

Там же, с. 85.

832

The North Briton, 45, 23 April 1763. Quoted Bob Clarke, From Grub Street to Fleet Street: An Illustrated History of English Newspapers to 1899 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004), p. 88.

833

Cash, Wilkes, p. 119.

834

Public Advertiser, 17 December 1769. Quoted Clarke, Grub Street, p. 90.

835

Clarke, Grub Street, p. 92.

836

Только в 1972 году парламент официально откажется от запрета на репортажи о своих дебатах.

837

Robert R. Rea, The English Press in Politics, 1760–1774 (Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), p. 5; Stephen J. A. Ward, The Invention of Journalism Ethics (Montreal: McGill University Press, 2004), p. 155.

838

The political beacon: or the life of Oliver Cromwell, impartially illustrated (London, 1770), p. 3, quoted Clare Brant, Eighteenth-Century Letters and British Culture (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), p. 176.

839

Clarke, Grub Street, p. 95.

840

This story is beautifully told by Ian Kelly, Mr Foote’s Other Leg: Comedy, Tragedy and Murder in Georgian London (Basingstoke: Picador, 2012).

841

Hannah Barker, Newspapers, Politics and Public Opinion in Late Eighteenth-Century England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).

842

A thoughtful survey is Clark, Public Prints.

843

Там же, с. 216.

844

John B. Blake, ‘The Inoculation Controversy in Boston: 1721–1722’, New England Quarterly, 25 (1952), pp. 489–506.

845

Pennsylvania Gazette, no. 1,324, 9 May 1754. Consulted in the library of the Library Company of Philadelphia.

846

The New York Gazette, the New York Mercury, the Boston Gazette and the Boston Newsletter.

847

Выше в главе 11.

848

Arthur M. Schlesinger, Prelude to Independence: The Newspaper War on Britain, 1764–1776 (New York: Knopf, 1958).

849

Clarence S. Brigham, History and Bibliography of American Newspapers, 1690–1820, 2 vols (London: Archon Books, 1962).

850

Stephen Botein, ‘Printers and the American Revolution’, in Bernard Bailyn and John B. Hench (eds), The Press and the American Revolution (Worcester, MA: American Antiquarian Society, 1980), p. 20.

851

Botein, ‘Printers’, p. 26.

852

Richard D. Brown, ‘Shifting Freedoms of the Press’, in High Amory and David D. Hall, A History of the Book in America. Volume 1: The Colonial Book in the Atlantic World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 366-76.

853

Philip Davidson, Propaganda and the American Revolution, 1763–1783 (Chapel Hill, NC: 1941).

854

G. Thomas Tanselle, ‘Some Statistics on American Printing, 1764–1783’, in Amory and Hall, Book in America, pp. 349-57.

855

Специальные коллекции Колледжа Уильяма и Мэри, Вильямсбург, Вирджиния.

856

Virginia Gazette, 9 June 1775.

857

Richard D. Brown, Knowledge is Power: The Diffusion of Information in Early America, 1700–1865 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 128.

858

Clarke, ‘Early American Journalism’, in Amory and Hall, Book in America, p. 361.

859

Brown, ‘Shifting Freedoms’, p. 375.

860

Там же; Rolf Reichardt, ‘Prints: Images of the Bastille’, in Robert Darnton and Daniel Roche (eds), Revolution in Print: The Press in France, 1775–1800 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1989), pp. 235-51.

861

Courier de Versailles a Paris, 15 July 1789. Cited Jeremy D. Popkin, Revolutionary News: The Press in France, 1789–1799 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990), pp. 127-8.

862

Laura Mason, Singing the French Revolution: Popular Culture and Politics, 1787–1799 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996); idem, ‘Songs: Mixing Media’, in Darnton and Roche, Revolution in Print, pp. 252-69.

863

Popkin, Revolutionary News, pp. 25-6; Antoine de Baecque, ‘Pamphlets: Libels and Political Mythology’, in Darnton and Roche, Revolution in Print, pp. 165-76.

864

Carla Hesse, ‘Economic Upheavals in Publishing’, in Darnton and Roche, Revolution in Print, pp. 69–97.

865

Robert Darnton, The Forbidden Bestsellers of Pre-Revolutionary France (New York: Norton, 1995).

866

Около 5000 изданий по сравнению с не менее 10 000 за пять лет в начале революционных событий. Christian Jouhaud, Mazarinades: la Fronde des mots (Paris: Aubier, 1985).

867

Pierre Retat, Les Journaux de 1789. Bibliographie critique (Paris: CNRS, 1988); Hesse, ‘Economic Upheavals’, p. 92; Popkin, Revolutionary News, p. 84.

868

Несмотря на его связь с дореволюционным печатным миром, в 1793–1793 годах Панкук все еще имел двадцать семь печатных машин и нанял сто рабочих. Robert Darnton, ‘L’imprimerie de Panckoucke en l’an II’, Revue frangaise d’histoire du livre, 23 (1979), pp. 359-69.

869

Jack R. Censer, ‘Robespierre the Journalist’, in Harvey Chisick (ed.), The Press in the French Revolution (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1991), pp. 189-96.

870

Popkin, Revolutionary News, p. 57.

871

Там же.

872

Там же, с. 55.

873

Jeremy D. Popkin, ‘Journals: The New Face of the News’, in Darnton and Roche, Revolution in Print, pp. 145-7.

874

Popkin, Revolutionary News, p. 8.

875

W. J. Murray, ‘Journalism as a Career Choice in 1789’, in Chisick (ed.), Press in the French Revolution, pp. 161-88, here p. 180.

876

Charles Walton, Policing Public Opinion in the French Revolution: The Culture of Calumny and the Problem of Free Speech (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).

877

Hugh Gough, The Newspaper Press in the French Revolution (London: Routledge, 1988), p. 98.

878

Ruth Scurr, Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution (London: Chatto & Windus, 2006), p. 255.

879

Hesse, ‘Economic Upheavals’, p. 93.

880

Только коллекция Национальной библиотеки Франции насчитывает около 10 000 изданий, выпущенных в 1789-93 годах, что эквивалентно минимум 10 миллионам экземпляров.

881

Gilles Feyel, ‘La presse provincial au XVIIIe siecle’, Revue historique, 272 (1984), pp. 353-74. For Lyon see Gough, Newspaper Press, p. 65.

882

Mason, Singing the French Revolution.

883

R. E. Foster, Modern Ireland, 1600–1972 (London: Allen Lane, 1988), p. 282; Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1967).

884

M. Halsey Thomas (ed.), The Diary of Samuel Sewall, 2 vols (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1973). The visit to Harvard is vol. I, pp. 501-2. Sewell’s news world is described in Richard D. Brown, Knowledge is Power: The Diffusion of Information in Early America, 1700–1865 (New York: Oxford University Press 1989), pp. 16–41.

885

Adam Fox, Oral and Literate Culture in England, 1500–1700 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); Allyson Creasman, Censorship and Civic Order in Reformation Germany, 1517–1648 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2012); Chapter 6, above.

886

Antonio Castillo Gomez, ‘“There are lots of papers going around and it’d be better if there weren’t”. Broadsides and Public Opinion in the Spanish Monarchy in the Seventeenth Century’, in Massimo Rospocher (ed.), Beyond the Public Sphere: Opinions, Publics, Spaces in Early Modern Europe (Bologna: Mulino, 2012), p. 244.

887

Притчи 18:21; 12:13.

888

R. Reichardt and H. Schneider, ‘Chanson et musique populaires devant l’histoire a la fin de l’Ancien Regime’, Dix-huitieme siecle, 18 (1986), pp. 117-36; Robert Darnton, Poetry and the Police: Communications Networks in Eighteenth-Century France (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2010).

889

Paul Seaver, Wallington’s World: A Puritan Artisan in Seventeenth-Century London (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1985); David Booy, The Notebooks of Nehemiah Wallington, 1618–1654 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007).

890

R. Webb’s edition of Wallington’s Historical notices of events occurring chiefly in the reign of Charles I (London: Bentley, 1869).

891

Booy, Notebooks, p. 156.

892

Historical notices, pp. xxxviii-xlv.

893

Там же, с. 242.

894

Там же, с. 52–3.

895

Там же, с. 152–3.

896

James Sutherland, The Restoration Newspaper and its Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), pp. 98-9.

897

Booy, Notebooks, p. 101; Historical notices, pp. 148-9.

898

Sir Thomas Smith, De Republicana Anglorum, cited Seaver, Wallington’s World, pp. 145-6.

899

Historical notices, pp. 11–12.

900

Там же, с. l-li.

901

Seaver, Wallington’s World, pp. 104, 156.

902

Brown, Knowledge, p. 20.

903

Diary of Samuel Sewall, I, 256 (15 April 1690); 474-5 (15 September 1702).

904

Там же, 58 (11 February 1685).

905

Там же, 1061-2 (23 June 1728).

906

Там же, I, 78.

907

Набор первых номеров The Boston News-Letter Сьюэлла теперь находится в библиотеке Нью-Йоркского исторического общества.

908

Brown, Knowledge, p. 38.

909

Joop K. Koopmans, ‘Supply and Speed of Foreign News in the Netherlands’, in his News and Politics in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800) (Louvain: Peeters, 2005), pp. 185–201.

910

Jeroen Blaak, Literacy in Everyday Life: Reading and Writing in early Modern Dutch Diaries (Leiden: Brill, 2009), pp. 189–264.

911

In The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Mss 71 A 8-12.

912

Blaak, Literacy, p. 211.

913

Там же, с. 351 (tables 5 and 6).

914

Marcel Broersman, ‘Constructing Public Opinion: Dutch Newspapers on the Eve of a Revolution (1780–1795)’, in Joop W. Koopmans, News and Politics in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800) (Louvain: Peeters, 2005), p. 227.

915

Broersman, ‘Constructing Public Opinion’, pp. 229-30.

916

Выше в главе 4.

917

See Roger Paas, The German Political Broadsheet, 1600–1700, 11 vols (Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz, 1985–2012).

918

Blaak, Literacy, p. 231.

919

Koopmans, ‘Supply and Speed of Foreign News’, pp. 200-1.

920

Там же, с. 193.

921

См. выше в главе 5.

922

I. Atherton, ‘The Itch Grown a Disease: Manuscript Transmission of News in the Seventeenth Century’, Prose Studies, 21 (1998), p. 39; reprinted in Joad Raymond, News, Newspapers, and Society in Early Modern Britain (London: Frank Cass, 1999), pp. 39–65. Заключение

923

Quoted in Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, Divine Art, Infernal Machine: The Reception of Printing in the West from First Impressions to the Sense of an Ending (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011), p. 199.

924

Там же, с. 204.

925

The New York Herald, 31 August 1835; Eisenstein, Divine Art, p. 208.

926

Stephane Haffemayer, L’information dans la France du XVIIe siecle: La Gazette de Renaudot de 1647 a 1663 (Paris: Champion, 2002), pp. 68-124, for the source of the Italian content in the Paris Gazette.

927

Antonio Castillo Gomez, ‘“There are lots of papers going around and it’d be better if there weren’t”: Broadsides and Public Opinion in the Spanish Monarchy in the Seventeenth Century’, in Massimo Rospocher (ed.), Beyond the Public Sphere: Opinions, Publics, Spaces in Early Modern Europe (XVI–XVIII) (Bologna: Mulino, 2012), pp. 230-4.

928

Andrew Hadfield, ‘News of the Sussex Dragon’, Reformation, 17 (2012), pp. 99-113.

929

Lucyle Werkmeister, A Newspaper History of England, 1792–1793 (Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1967).

930

Marcus Daniel, Scandal and Civility: Journalism and the Birth of American Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).

931

Eisenstein, Divine Art, p. 151.

932

Konstantin Dierks, In My Power: Letter Writing and Communications in Early America (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009), p. 225.

933

Там же; Ian K. Steele, The English Atlantic, 1675–1740: An Exploration of Communication and Community (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 113-31, 168-88.

934

Dierks, In My Power, pp. 189–234.

935

Eisenstein, Divine Art, p. 140.

936

Richard R. John, Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995).

937

Aileen Fyfe, Steam-Powered Knowledge: William Chambers and the Business of Publishing, 1820–1860 (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2012).

938

Eisenstein, Divine Art, Chapter 4.