Изобретая Восточную Европу: Карта цивилизации в сознании эпохи Просвещения [заметки]

Шрифт

Интервал

Downs R. M., Stea D. Maps in Minds. Reflections on Cognitive Mapping. New York, 1977. P. 23, 41. Отличный обзор исследований «ментальных карт» см. в работе: Шенк Б. Ментальные карты. Конструирование географического пространства в Европе со времени эпохи Просвещения // Миллер А. (ред.) Регионализация посткоммунистической Европы. Серия «Политические исследования». М.: ИННОЙ, 2001. № 4.

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Более подробный анализ немецких источников смотри в работах: Lemberg Hans. Zur Entstehung des Osteuropabegriffs im 19. Jahrhundert. Vom «Norden» zum «Osten» Europas, in: Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, NF, 33.1985. S. 48–91; Groh Dieter, Rußland im Blick Europas. 300 Jahre historische Perspektiven. Frankfurt. 1988; Kopelev Lev (Hg.), West-östliche Spiegelungen. Reihe A. Russen und Rußland aus deutscher Sicht. Band 2, 18. Jahrhundert: Aufklärung, München, 1987.

Todorova M. Imagining the Balkans. New York, 1997; Neumann her B. The Uses of the Other. «The East» in European Identity Formation. Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1999.

Подробнее о дискурсе Центральной Европы и месте в нем России см.: Миллер А. И. Тема Центральной Европы: история, современные дискурсы и место в них России // Новое литературное обозрение. 2001. № 52 (6). С. 75–96.

Brodsky Joseph. Why Milan Kundera Is Wrong About Dostoevsky? // Cross Currents. 1986. № 5. C. 477–483. Цитата со с. 481.

Neumann her В. The Uses of the Other. P. 111.

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Coxe William. Travels into Poland // Travels into Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Denmark: Interspersed with Historical Relations and Political Inquiries. London, 1785; rpt. New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1971, preface.

Ségur Louis-Philippe, comte de. Mémoires, souvenirs, et anecdotes, par le comte de Ségur, vol. I, in Bibliothèque des mémoires: relatif à l’histoire de France: pendant le 18e siècle, vol. XIX, ed. M. Fs. Barrière. Paris: Librairie de Firmin Didot Frères, 1859; Ledyard John. John Ledyard’s Journey Through Russia and Siberia 1787–1788: The Journal and Selected Letters, ed. Stephen D. Watrous. Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1966.

Mansuy, Abel. Le Monde slave et les classiques français aux XVI–XVII siècles. Préface de Charles Diehl. Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion, 1912. P. 8, 10.

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Bernal Martin. Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization, vol. I, The Fabrication of Ancient Greece 1785–1985. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1987; Chabod Federico. Storia dell’idia d’Europa. Bari: Editori Laterza, 1965. P. 82–121; Hay, Danys, Europe: The Emergence of an Idea. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press, 1968. P. 117–127; Duroselle Jean-Baptiste. L’Idée d’Europe dans l’histoire. Paris: Denoël, 1965. P. 77–133; Tazbir Janusz. Poland and the Concept of Europe in the Sixteenth-Eighteenth Centuries, European Studies Review 7, no. I (Jan. 1977): 29–45.

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. Briefe, ed. Horst Wandrey. Zürich: Diogenes, 1982. P. 371.

Wallerstein Immanuel. The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York: Academic Press, 1974. P. 97.

Ibid. P. 301.

The Origins of Backwardness in the Eastern Europe: Economics and Politics from the Middle Ages Until the Early Twentieth Century. Ed. by Daniel Chirot. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1989. P. 1–15.

Segel Harold B. Renaissance Culture in Poland: The Rise of Humanism 1470–1543. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press, 1989. P. 13; Mączak Antoni. Progress and Under-Development in the Eyes of Renaissance and Baroque Man, Studia Historiae Oeconomicae 9 (1974): 77–94.

Mansuy A. P. 32, 56–57.

Ibid. P. 14–15.

Margeret Jacques. The Russian Empire and Grand Duchy of Muscovy: A 17^>th-Century French Account, trans. Chester S.L. Dunning. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 1983. P. 8, 10, 23.

Smith John. Travels and Works of Captain John Smith: President of Virginia, and Admiral of New England, 1580–1631, ed. Edward Arber, Part II. Edinburgh: John Grant, 1910. P. 805, 857, 866–868.

Olearius Adam. The Travels of Olearius in Seventeenth-Century Russia, trans. Samuel H. Baron. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press, 1967. P. 126–147; see also Leitsch Walter. Westeuropäische Reiseberichte über den Moskauer Staat // Reiseberichte als Quellen europäischer Kulturgeschichte: Aufgaben und Möglichkeiten der historischen Reiseforschung, ed. Antoni Mączak and Hans Jürgen Teuteberg. Wolfenbüttel: Herzog August Bibliothek, 1982. P. 153–176.

Milton John. A Brief History of Moscovia: And of Other Less-Known Countries Lying Eastward of Russia as far as Cathay. London: Blackamore Press, 1929. P. 32.

Boswell James. The Life of Samuel Johnson, ed. Frank Brady. New York: New American Library, 1968. P. 236–237.

Elias Norbert. The History of Manners, trans. Edmund Jephcott. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978. P. 44–50; Moras Joachim.Ursprung und Entwicklung des Begriffs der Zivilisation in Frankreich (1756–1830), in Hamburger Studien zu Volkstum und Kultur der Romanen, vol. 6. Hamburg: Seminar für romanische Sprachen und Kultur, 1930. P. 4–8, 32–43, 46–47, 55–57, 63; Febvre Lucien. Civilisation: Evolution of a Word and a Group of Ideas // A New Kind of History: From the Writtings of Febvre, ed. Peter Burke, trans. K. Folca. New York: Harper and Row, 1973. P. 219–257.

Sègur I. P. 329–330.

Balzac Honoré de. Cousin Bette, trans. Marion Ayton Crawford. London: Penguin, 1965. P. 229–230.

Wolff Larry. The Vatican and Poland in the Age of the Partitions: Diplomatic and Cultural Encounters at the Warsaw Nunciature. New York and Boulder: Columbia Univ. Press, East European Monographs, 1988. P. 178.

Garton Ash Timothy. Does Central Europe Exist? The New York Review of Books (Oct. 9, 1986), republished in The Uses of Adversity: Essays on the Fate of Central Europe. New York: Random House, 1989. P. 179–213; Garton Ash, Timothy. Mitteleuropa? Daedalus: Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 119, no. I (Winter 1990): Eastern Europe… Central Europe… Europe. P. 1–21; Kumar Krishan. The 1989 Revolutions and the Idea of Europe, Political Studies 40 (1992): 439–461: Evans R.J.W. Essay and Reflection: Frontiers and National Identities in Central Europe, The International History Review 14, no. 3 (Aug. 1992). P. 480–502; Okey Pobin. Central Europe/Eastern Europe: Behind the Definitions, Past and Present 137 (Nov. 1992). P. 102–133; Neumann Iver B. Russia as Central Europe’s Constituting Other, East European Politics and Societies 7, no. 2 (Spring 1993). P. 349–369.

Gorbachev Mikhail. Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World. New York: Harper and Row, Perennial Library, 1988. P. 177, 180.

Ségur L.-P., comte de. Mémoires, souvenirs, et anecdotes, par le comte de Ségur. Vol. I // Bibliothèque des mémoires: relatif à l’histoire de France: pendant le 18e siècle. Vol. XIX. Ed. M. Fs. Barrière. Paris: Librarie de Firmin Didot Frères, 1859. P. 288–289, 293 [В переводе цитат из воспоминаний Сегюра использован старый анонимный перевод его «Записок»: Русский архив. 1907. № 9–11. — Примеч. ред.]

Ibid. P. 293.

Ibid. P. 300.

Ibid.

Ibid. P. 301.

Ibid. P. 302.

Ibid. P. 301.

Ibid. P. 316–317.

Ibid. P. 329–330.

Ibid. P. 332–333.

Ibid. P. 333.

Ibid. P. 399.

Ségur Louis-Philippe, comte de. Mémoires, souvenirs, et anecdotes, par le comte de Ségur. Vol. II // Bibliothèque des mémoires: relatif à l’histoire de France: pendant le 18e siècle. Vol. XX / Ed. M. Fs. Barrière. Paris: Librarie de Firmin Didot Frères, 1859. P. 93.

Ibid.

Ibid. Vol. I. P. 356.

Seven Britons in Imperial Russia 1698–1812. Ed. by P. Putnam. Princeton (N.J.): Princeton Univ. Press, 1952. P. 237–241; см. также: Сохе, William // Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. IV. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, [s.a.]. P. 1346–47.

Mead W. E. The Grand Tour in the Eighteenth Century. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914. P. 4.

Coxe W. Travels into Poland // Coxe W. Travels into Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Denmark: Interspersed with Historical Relations and Political Inquiries. London, 1785 [репринт: N.Y.: Arno Press and New York Times, 1971]. P. 122.

Ibid. P. 125.

Ibid. P. 148–149.

Craven E. A Journey Through the Crimea to Constantinople: In a Series of Letters from the Right Honourable Elizabeth Lady Craven, to His Serene Highness the Margrave of brandenbourg, anspach, and Bareith, Written in the Year MDCCLXXXVI. Dublin, 1789 [репринт: N.Y.: Arno Press and New York Times, 1970]. P. 158.

Coxe W. Op. cit. P. 186–187.

Ségur L.-F. Op. cit. Vol. I. P. 329; Coxe W. Op. cit. P. 150.

Coxe W. Op. cit. P. 191, 197, 199.

Ibid. P. 193.

Ibid. P. 142, 188, 201, 205.

Ibid. P. 143–144.

Ibid. P. 209.

Ibid.

Ibid. P. 209–210.

Ibid. P. 205; Coxe, Travels into Poland and Russia // Travels in Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Denmark, 5^>th ed. (London, 1802; reprinted New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1970), I. P. 251.

Coxe. Travels into Poland and Russia, I. P. 255–256, 272; см. также: Anthony Cross. British Knowledge of Russian Culture (1968–1801) // Canadian-American Slavic Studies 13, no.4 (Winter 1979): 412–435.

Coxe. Travels into Poland and Russia, I. P.267, 270.

Ibid., I. P. 271–272; II. P. 68–69.

Ibid., I. P. 268.

Ibid., I. P. 277.

Ibid., I. P. 283.

Ibid., I. P. 283–285.

Ibid., I. P. 287–289.

Ibid., I. P. 306–307.

Ibid., II. P. 66, 69, 70.

Ibid., II. P. 62, 64, 67, 72.

Ibid., II. P. 77, 91–94.

Ibid., II. P. 97–98.

Ibid., II. P. 107.

Ibid., II. P. 104, 134.

Ibid., II. P. 121–122.

Ibid., II. P. 140, 156.

Montagu Lady Mary Mortley. The Complete Letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, ed. Robert Halsband, Vol. I (1708–1720) (Oxford: Claredon Press, 1965). P. 293–296.

Ibid. P. 295–297.

Ibid. P. 297.

Antalffy Gyula. A Thousand Years of travel in Old Hungary, trans. Elisabeth Hoch (Hungary: Kner, 1980). P. 220.

Montagu. P. 297–299.

Ibid. P. 301–303.

Ibid. P. 305.

Antalffy. P. 114–118.

Montagu. P. 307.

Ibid. P. 304, 316.

Ibid. P. 313–314, 320.

Ibid. P. 309–310, 312.

Ibid. P. 337.

Salaberry // La Grand Encyclopédie (Paris: Librarie Larousse, 1886–1902). Vol. 29. P. 326–327; Carra Jean-Louis. Historié de la Moldavie et de la Valachie (Jassy: Société Typographique des Deux-Points, 1777). P. XV.

Salaberry d’Irumberry, Charles-Marie, marquis de. Voyage à Constantinopole, en Italie, et aux oles de l’Archipel, par l’Allemagne et la Hongrie (Paris: Imprimirie de Crapelet, 1799). P. 65–66, 69.

Ibid. P. 76, 81.

Ibid. P. 82–83.

Antalffy. P. 189–192.

Salaberry. P. 86, 91–92.

100

Ibid. P. 97–98.

101

Antalffy. P. 194, 201.

102

Salaberry. P. 102–104, 110.

103

Ibid. P. 100–101.

104

Ibid. P. 124.

105

Ibid. P. 82, 125; Montagu. P. 340.

106

Salaberry. P. 134, 138.

107

Ibid. P. 143.

108

Montagu. P. 358; Salaberry. P. 145.

109

Salaberry. P. 214–216.

110

Ibid. P. 167.

111

Ibid. P. 184–186.

112

Ibid. P. 152.

113

Ibid. P. 148.

114

Casanova Giacomo. History of My Life. Trans. Willard Trask, Vol. 10 (London: Longman, 1971). P. 99.

115

Ibid. P. 110–112.

116

Ibid. P. 112–113.

117

Palmer R. R., Colton, Joel. The Transformation of Eastern Europe, 1648–1740 // A History of the Modern World, 3^>rd. Ed. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965). P. 174; см. также: Blum Jerome. The Rise of Serfdom in Eastern Europe. American Historical Review 62, no.4 (July 1957): 807–836.

118

Casanova. History of My Life. P. 159.

119

Documents of Catherine the Great: The Correspondence with Voltaire and the Instruction of 1767. Ed. W.F.Reddaway (1931; New York: Russel à Russel, 1971). P. 159.

120

Casanova, History of My Life. P. 135.

121

Ibid. P. 114–116; Casanova Giacomo. The Life and Memoirs of Casanova, Vol. I, trans. Arthur Machen. Ed. George Dunning Gribble (1929; reprinted New York: Da Capo, 1984). P. 320.

122

Casanova. History of My Life. P. 114–115.

123

Ibid. P. 114–116.

124

Ibid. P. 119.

125

Casanova. The Life and Memoirs. P. 139.

126

Casanova. History of My Life. P. 120.

127

Ibid. P. 130.

128

Ibid. P. 118.

129

Ibid. P. 121.

130

Ibid. P. 121–122.

131

Sade. Juliette. Trans. Austryn Wainhouse. New York: Grove Press, 1968. P. 891.

132

Casanova. History of My Life. P. 124–125.

133

Ibid. P. 125.

134

Ibid. P. 127.

135

Ibid. P. 129–130.

136

Ibid. P. 131.

137

Ibid. P. 138–142.

138

Ibid. P. 132.

139

Ibid. P. 133.

140

Ibid. P. 154.

141

Ibid. P. 156.

142

Ibid.

143

Ibid.

144

Ibid. P. 177.

145

Ibid. P. 202.

146

Ibid.

147

Ségur, Louis-Philippe, comte de. Mémoires, souvenirs, et anecdotes, par le comte de Ségur. Vol. I // Bibliothèque des mémoires: relatif à l’histoire de France: pendant le 18e siècle. Vol. XIX. Ed. M.Fs. Barrière. Paris: Librarie de Firmin Didot Frères, 1859. P. 300, 329.

148

Ibid., I. P. 331.

149

Ibid., I. P. 432.

150

Ibid., I. P. 343.

151

Ibid., I. P. 345.

152

Ibid., I. P. 338–340.

153

Ibid., I. P. 341–343.

154

Ségur Louis-Philippe, comte de. Mémoirse, souvenirs, et anecdotes, par le comte de Ségur. Vol. II // Bibliothèque des mémoires: relatif à l’histoire de France: pendant le 18e siècle. Vol. XX. Ed. M.Fs. Barrière. Paris: Librarie de Firmin Didot Frères, 1859. P. 9–10.

155

Ibid., I. P. 336–337.

156

Ibid., II. P. 79.

157

Ibid., II. P. 80.

158

Ibid.

159

Ibid., II. P. 165–168.

160

Morison Samuel Eliot. John Paul Jones: A Sailor’s Biography (1959; New York: Times Incorporated, 1964). P. 338–393.

161

Ibid. P. 13.

162

Ibid. P. 406–409; Ségur, II. P. 166.

163

Ségur, II. P. 170, 178.

164

Lewis Bernard. The Emergence of Modern Turkey, 2^>nd ed. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1968. P. 48–49.

165

Tott François de. Mémoires du baron de Tott sur les Turcs et les Tartars. Amsterdam, 1785. Discours préliminaire. P. vii — xxi; Tott. Premiere partie (I). P. 5.

166

Tott. Second parie (II). P. 6; см. также: Vernois A.M.F. Verdy du. Essais de Géographie, de Politique, et d’Histoire sur les possessions de l’Empereur des Turcs en Europe: pour servir de suite aux Mémoirs du Baron de Tott. London, 1785.

167

Tott, II. P. 11.

168

Ibid., II. P. 12–13.

169

Ibid., II. P. 14–15.

170

Montagu Lady Mary Wortley. The Complete Letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Ed. Robert Halsband. Vol. I (1708–1720). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965). P. 311.

171

Tott, II. P. 17.

172

Ibid., II. P. 18–20.

173

Ibid., II. P. 21–23.

174

Craven Elizabeth. A Journey Through the Crimea to Constantinople: In a Series of Letters from the right Honourable Elizabeth Lady Craven, to His Serene Highness the Margrave of Brandebourg, Anspach, and Bareith, Written in the Year MDCCLXXXVI. Dublin, 1785; reprinted New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1970. P. 372, 382.

175

Coxe William. Travels in Poland and Russia.

176

Ibid., I. P. 391.

177

Ibid., I. P. 392–393.

178

Ibid., I. P. 392.

179

Ibid., II. P. 74.

180

Ibid.

181

Ibid., I. P. 390.

182

Antalffy Gyula. A Thousand Years of Travel in Old Hungary, trans. Elisabeth Hoch. Hungary: Kner, 1980. P. 198–201.

183

Salaberry d’Irumberry Charles-Marie, marquis. Voyage à Constantinople, en Italie, et aux oles de l’Archipel, par l’Allemagne et la Hongrie. Paris: Imprimerie de Crapelet, 1799. P. 89.

184

Ibid. P. 95.

185

Coxe. Travels in Poland and Russia, III. P. 116–117; see also Cross Anthony. The Philanthropist, the Travelling Tutor, and the Empress: British Visitors and Catherine II’s Plans for Penal and Medical Reform // Russia and the World of the Eighteenth Century, eds. R. P. Barlett, A. G. Cross, and Karen Rasmussen. Columbus, Ohio: Slavic Publishers, 1988. P. 214–228.

186

III. P. 110.

187

Ibid., 110–111.

188

Ibid.

189

Sade. Julliette. P. 882, 885.

190

Marshall Joseph. Travels Through Germany, Russia, and Poland in the Years 1769 and 1770. London, 1772: rpt. New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1971. P. 126, 167, 243.

191

Parkinson John. A Tour of Russia, Siberia, and the Crimea, 1792–1794, ed. William Collier. London: Frank Cass, 1971. P. 11.

192

Marshall. P. 142, 174, 151.

193

Montesquieu Charles Secondat, baron. The Spirit of the Laws. Trans. Thomas Nugent. New York: Hafner, 1949. Vol. I. P. 235; 3.

194

Marshall. P. 146, 196.

195

Ibid. P. 188.

196

Ibid. P. 122, 270–271, 308.

197

Seven Britons in Imperial Russia 1698–1812. Ed. by Peter Putman. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1952. P. 125–140; and «Richardson, William», Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Univ. Press. Vol. XVI. P. 1139.

198

Richardson William. Anecdotes of the Russian Empire: In a Series of Letters Written, a Few Years Ago, from St. Petersburg. London, 1784; rpt. London: Frank Cass, 1968. P. 51–54, 203–206.

199

Ibid. P. 6, 475.

200

Ibid. P. 68–70, 215, 247.

201

Ibid. P. 374–375; see also Venturi Franco. From Scotland to Russia: An Eighteenth-Century Debate on Feudalism, In Great Britain and Russia in the Eighteenth Century: Contacts and Comparisons. Ed. Anthony Cross. Newtonville, Mass.: Oriental Research Partners, 1979. P. 2–24.

202

Richardson. P. 193.

203

Ibid. P. 193–196, 222.

204

Ibid. P. 39, 417.

205

Ibid. P. 233.

206

Ibid. P. 197.

207

Ibid. P. 199.

208

Ibid. P. 239.

209

Ibid. P. 240–241.

210

Ibid. P. 242–243.

211

Ibid. P. 241.

212

Ibid. P. 244–249.

213

Ibid. P. 253–254, 453; and Davis David Brion. The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press, 1966. Chapter XIII.

214

Coxe. Travels in Poland and Russia. III. P. 135.

215

Ibid., III. P. 135.

216

Ibid., III. P. 134–135, 152–153.

217

Ibid., III. P. 158.

218

Ibid., III. P. 156.

219

Voltaire. Histoire de Charles XII. Paris: Garnier-Flammarion, 1968. P. 44; см. также: Gossman, Lionel. Voltaire’s Charles XII: History into art // Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century. Ed. Theodore Besterman. Vol. XXV. Geneva: Institut et Musée Voltaire, 1963. P. 691–720; Brumfitt J.H. Voltaire: Historian. London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1958. P. 5–25; Diaz Furio. Voltaire Storico, Turin: Giulio Einaudi, 1958. P. 77–109.

220

Voltaire. Histoire de Charles XII. P. 49.

221

Ibib. P. 53, 68–72.

222

Ibib. P. 118, 123–124.

223

Ibib. P. 126; Foucault Michel. The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences. New York: Vintage Books, 1973. P. 144.

224

Voltaire. Histoire de Charles XII. P. 129–130.

225

Ibib. P. 125.

226

Ibib. P. 157–158.

227

Ibib. P. 115.

228

Ibib. P. 202–203; Salaberry d’Irumberry Charles-Marie, marquis de. Voyage à Constantinople, en Italie, et aux oles de l’Archipel, par l’Allemagne et la Hongrie. Paris: Imprimerie de Crapelet, 1799. P. 146.

229

Voltaire. Histoire de Charles XII. P. 60, 97, 124, 130; Foucault Michel. Discipline and Punish The Birth of the Prison. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: Vintage Books, 1979. P. 215.

230

Linnaeus Carolus. Systema Naturae, 1735; Facsimile of the First Edition. Eds. M.S.J. Engel-Ledeboer, H. Engel. Niewkoop: B. De Gaaf, 1964. P. 19.

231

Lessing Gotthold Ephraim. Zeitungsartikel und Rezensionen: Berlinische prvilegirte Zeitung, 1751 //Werke. Vol. VIII. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 1970. P. 159–160.

232

Lessing Gotthold Ephraim. Der Horoskop //Werke. Vol. VIII. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 1970. P. 196–204.

233

Herder Johan Gottfried. Journal meiner Reise im Jahr 1769. Ed. Katharina Mommsen. Stuttgart: Philip Reclam, 1976. P. 78.

234

Voltaire. Le Russe à Paris // Oeuvres complètes de Voltaire. Vol. 10. Paris, 1978; rpt. Leichtenstein: Kraus Reprints Limited, 1967. P. 119–131.

235

Marat Jean-Paul. Polish Letters. Boston, 1905; rpt. New York: Bejamin Blom, 1971. I. P. 200.

236

Ibid., I. P. 101–122, 123, 147, 167.

237

Ibid., I. P. 168, 172, 180, 211.

238

Ibid., P. 1–3.

239

Miss Porter Jane. Thaddeus of Warsaw: A Tale Founded on Polish Heroism. New York: A.L. Burt, n.d. P.ix; Balzac Honoré de. Cousin Bette. Trans. Marion Ayton Crawford. London: Penguin, 1965. P. 73; Eliot George. Middlemarch. Ed. W.J. Harvey. London: Penguin, 1965; Alcott Louisa May. My Boys // Aunt Jo’s Scrapbag. Ed. Helen Martin. Boston: Little, Brown, 1929. P. 326.

240

Marat Jean-Paul. Polish Letters. I. P. 106, 114, 181; II. P. 65, 136–137, 199.

241

Ibid., II. P. 211–212.

242

Rousseau Jean-Jacques. The Social Contract. Trans. Maurice Cranston. London: Penguin, 1968. P. 49; Marat Jean-Paul. Polish Letters. II. P. 213.

243

Raspe Rudolf Eric. The Travels and Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen. London; Daedalus, 1988. P. 9; Raspe, Rudolf Eric // Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Univ. Press. Vol. XVI. P. 744–746; Adams, Percy g. Travelers and Travel Liars, 1660–1800. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1962. P. 216–217.

244

Raspe. P. 10–12.

245

Ibid. P. 13, 17.

246

Ibid. P. 23–24.

247

Ibid. P. 23.

248

Ibid. P. 75; Sade Marquis de. Juliette. Trans Austryn wainhouse. New York: Grove Press, 1968. P. 875.

249

Raspe. P. 29.

250

Richardson William. Anecdotes of the Russian Empire; In a Series of Letters Written, a Few Years Ago, from St. Petersburg. London, 1784; rpt. London: Frank Cass, 1968. P. 177.

251

Coxe William. Travels in Poland and Russia // Travels in Poland, Russia. Sweden, and Denmark. 5^>th ed. London: 1802; rpt. New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1970. II. P. 244–245; Raspe. P. 32–37.

252

Raspe. P. 28.

253

Ibid. P. 191–192.

254

Ibid. P. 240–248.

255

Ibid. P. 253.

256

Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus. Briefe. Ed. Hosrt Wandrey. Zürich: Diogenes, 1982. P. 370–371.

257

Nettl Paul. Mozart in Böhmen, neubearbeitete und erweiterte Ausgabe von Rudolf Freiherm von Prochazkas Mozart in Prag. Prague: Verlag Neumann, 1938. P. 96–97.

258

Grimm Friedrich Melchior von. The Little Prophet of Boehischbroda // Source Readings in Music History: The Classic Era. Ed. Oliver Strunk. New York: Norton, 1965. P. 60–61.

259

Piozi Hester Lynch. Observations and Reflections: Made in the Course of Journey Through France, Italy, and Germany. Ed. Herbert Barrows. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press, 1967. P. 383.

260

Nettl. P. 57–65

261

Mörike Eduard. Mozart on the Way to Prague. Trans. Walter Aphilips, Catherine Alison Philips // German Novellas of Realism. I. Ed. Jeffrey L. Sammons. New York: Continuum, 1989. P. 255; Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus. Mozarts Briefe. Ed. Wilhelm A. Bauer, Otto Erich Deutsch. Frankfurt: Fischer Bbcherei, 1960. P. 149.

262

Casanova Giacomo. Casanva’s Isocameron. Trans. Rachel Zurer. New York: Jenna Press, 1986. P. 20–22.

263

Nettl. P. 158.

264

De Ponte Lorenzo. Memorie // Memorie, I libretti mozartiani: Le Nozze di Figaro, Don Giovanni, Cosm fan tutte. Milan: Garzanti, 1981. P. 129.

265

Madariaga Isabel de. Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great. New Haven, Conn.; Yale Univ. Press, 1981. P. 534; Steptow Andrew. The Mozart-Da Ponte Operas: The Cultural and Musical Background to Le Noze di Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Cosm fa tutte. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988. P. 39.

266

Nettl. P. 79–80.

267

Ibid. P. 193.

268

Ibid. P. 201–202.

269

Ibid. P. 216–221.

270

De Ponte. Memorie. P. 168–169.

271

Ibid. P. 141–142.

272

Nettl. P. 207–208.

273

Ibid. P. 238.

274

Fabre Jean. Stanislas-Auguste Poniatowski et l’Europe des Lumières: Etude de Cosmopolitisme. Paris: Edition Ophrys, 1952. P. 462.

275

De Ponte Lorenzo. Così fan tutte // Memorie, I libretti mozartiani: Le Nozze di Figaro, Don Giovanni, Così fan tutte. Milan: Garzanti, 1981. P. 1622.

276

Ibid. P. 680.

277

Ibid. P. 685.

278

Pezzl Johan. Sketch of Vienna // H.C. Robbins Laddon. Mozart and Vienna. New York: Schrirmer, 1991. P. 65–66.

279

Hauterive Alexandre-Maurice Blanc de Lanautte, comte d’ Journal inédit d’un voiage: de Constantinople à Jassi, capitale de la Moldavie dans l’hiver de 1785 // Mémoire sut l’état ancien et actuel de la Moldavie: Présenté S.A.S le prince Alexandre Ypsilanti, Hospodar régnant, en 1787, par le comte d’Hauterive. Bucharest: L’Institut d’arts graphiques Carol Gobi, 1902. P. 286; см. также: Hauterive // La Grande Encyclopédie. Paris: Librairie Larousse, 1886–1902. Vol. 19. P. 935–936.

280

Hauterive. P. 301, 305.

281

Ibid. P. 295.

282

Ibid. P. 299.

283

Ibid. P. 293, 304.

284

Ibid. P. 302–304.

285

Ibid. P. 305.

286

Ibid. P. 306–307.

287

Ibid. P. 307–308.

288

Ibid. P. 309–310.

289

Ibid. P. 310–311.

290

Ibid. P. 312.

291

Ibid. P. 311–313.

292

Ibid. P. 315.

293

Ibid. P. 317.

294

Ibid. P. 318.

295

Ibid. P. 323.

296

Ibid. P. 327.

297

Craven Elizabeth. A Journey Through the Crimea to Constantinople: In a series of Letters from the Right Honorable Elizabeth Lady Crave, to His Serene Highness the Margrave of Brandenbourg, Anspach, and Bareith, Written in the Year MDCCLXXXVI. Dublin, 1789; rpt. New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1970. P. 361–362; см. также: Anspach, Elizabeth. // Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford univ. Press). Vol. I. P. 508–509.

298

Craven. P. 372, 377, 380.

299

Ibid. P. 392–396.

300

Ibid. P. 401–409.

301

Ibid. P. 5

302

Ibid. P. 146, 153, 156–157, 161–162.

303

Ibid. P. 171–172.

304

Ibid. P. 167–171.

305

Ibid. P. 168, 174–175.

306

Goethe Johan Wolfgang von. Italian Journey: 1786–1788. Trans. W.H. Auden, Elizabeth Mayer. San Francisco: North Point Press, 1982. P. 115–116.

307

Goethe Johan Wolfgang von. Iphigenia in Tauris. Trans. Charles E. Passage. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1963. P. 21–22.

308

Craven. P. 184, 191.

309

Ibid. P. 194, 200, 205, 214–217.

310

Ibid. P. 225.

311

Ibid. P. 233–234.

312

Ibid. P. 234.

313

Ibid. P. 247.

314

Ibid. P. 248–249.

315

Ibid. P. 249.

316

Ségur Louis-Philippe, comte de. Mémoirse, souvenirs, et anecdotes, par le comte de Ségur. Vol. II // Bibliothèque des mémoires: relatif à l’histoire de France: pendant le 18e siècle. Vol. XX. Ed. M. Fs. Barrière. Paris: Librairie de Firmin Didot Frères, 1859. P. 87.

317

Ségur Louis-Philippe, comte de. Mémoires, souvenirs, et anecdotes, par le comte de Ségur. Vol. I // Bibliothèque des mémoires: relatif à l’histoire de France: pendant le 18e siècle. Vol. XIX. Ed. M. Fs. Barrière. Paris: Librairie de Firmin Didot Frères, 1859. P. 428–429.

318

Ibid., I. P. 425.

319

Ibid., II. P. 43, 41.

320

Ibid., I. P. 429.

321

Ibid. P. 429–430, 434.

322

Ibid. P. 436.

323

Ibid. P. 436–437.

324

Ibid. P. 438–439.

325

Ibid., II. P. 1–2.

326

Ibid. P. 4.

327

Ibid. P. 6.

328

Ibid., I. P. 422–423; II. P. 14.

329

Ibid., II. P. 13, 30.

330

Ligne Charles-Joseph, prince de. Correspondance et pensées du Porince de Ligne // Bibliothèque des mémoires: relatif à l’histoire de France: pendant le 18e siècle. Vol. XX. Ed. M. Fs. Barrière. Paris: Librairie de Firmin Didot Frères, 1859. P. 9–10

331

Ségur, II. P. 21.

332

Ibid. P. 30–36.

333

Ibid. P. 32, 41–43; Ligne. P. 69.

334

Ségur, II. P. 44.

335

Ibid., I. P. 423; Ligne. P. 70–71.

336

Ségur, II. P. 51, 55; Ligne. P. 75.

337

Ségur, II. P. 47.

338

Ibid. P. 54.

339

Ibid. P. 57–58; Goethe. Italian Journey. P. 318.

340

Ligne. P. 71; Goethe. Italian Journey. P. 318.

341

Ségur, I. P. 374.

342

Ibid., II. P. 60; Ligne. P. 88.

343

Ségur, P. 63–65.

344

Ibid. P. 64.

345

Ligne. P. 73–74.

346

Ibid. P. 92.

347

Ségur, II. P. 76–70; Alexander John T. Catherine the Great: Life and Legend. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1989. P. 260.

348

Ligne. Р. 77–81; Goethe. Italian Journey. P. 26, 116, 124.

349

Ligne. P. 28.

350

Ibid. P. 82–85.

351

Ségur, II. P. 72.

352

Ibid. P. 72–74.

353

Ligne. P. 89.

354

Ségur, II. P. 85.

355

Ibid. P. 96–97.

356

Ibid. P. 97.

357

Ligne. P. 86.

358

Ségur, II. P. 88.

359

Ibid. P. 90.

360

Ibid. P. 87–89.

361

Voltaire. Histoire de Charles XII (Paris: Garnier-Flammarion, 1968). P. 13; Harley J.B. Maps, Knowledge, and Power. The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representationn, Design and Use of Past Environments, ed. Denis Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988). P. 277–312.

362

Sanson Nicolas. Nouvelle introduction à la Geographie pour l’usage de Monseigneur le Dauphin: Par laquelle on apprendre en peu de temps et avec facilité la Geographie, et la Division de toutes les parties du Monde: les Empires, les Monarchies, Royaumes et Etats qui le composent separament. Paris: Chez Hubert Jaillot, 1696. P. 25.

363

Bagrow Leo. History of Cartography. 2^>nd ed. Ed. R.A. Scelton. Trans. D.L. Paisey. Chicago: Precedent Publishing, 1985. P. 174–175; см. также: Bagrow Leo. A History of Cartography of Russia up to 1600. Ed. Henry W.Castner. Ontario: Walker Press, 1957; Bagrow Leo. A History of Russian Cartography up to 1800. Ed. Henry W. Castner. Ontario: Walker Press, 1975.

364

Vaugondy Robert de. Atlas Universel. Vol. I. Paris, 1757. P. 22.

365

Mohrenschildt Dmitri von. Russia in the Intellectual Life of Eighteenth-Century France. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1936. P. 212.

366

Coxe William. Travels in Poland and Russia // Travels in Poland, Russia. Sweden, and Denmark. 5^>th ed. London: 1802; rpt. New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1970. III. P. 210–211.

367

Anderson M.S. Britain’s Discovery of Russia 1553–1815. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1985. P. 80.

368

Fabre Jean. Stanislas-Auguste Poniatowski et l’Europe des Lumières: Etude de Cosmopolitisme. Paris: Edition Ophrys, 1952. P. 380, 486, 669, note 62.

369

Fabre. P. 381.

370

Marshall Joseph. Travels Through Germany, Russia, and Poland in the Years 1769 and 1770. London, 1772; rpt. New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1971. P. 179–180.

371

Ibid. P. 179, 183.

372

373

Robert. Atlas Universel. P. 30.

374

Ibid. P. 21, 30.

375

Ibid. P. 30; см. также: Dainville François de. S.J., Le Langage de Géographes: Termes, Signes, Colers des Cartes Anciennes 1500–1800. Paris: Editions A. et J. Picard, 1964.

376

Robert. Atlas Universel. P. 23.

377

Zamoyski Adam. The Polish Way: A thousand-Year History of the Poles and Their Cultur. New York: Franklin Watts, 1988, figure 112; Marshall. P. 184.

378

Davies Norman. God’s Playground: A History of Poland, Vol. I New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1984. P. 542.

379

Wandycz Piotr. The United States and Poland. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1980. P. 49.

380

Sanson. P. 3–7.

381

Parker W.H. Europe: How Far? // The Geographical Journal 126, Part 3 (Sept. 1960): 285.

382

Mansuy Abel. Le Monde Slave et les Classiques Français aux XVIe — XVIIe siècles, préface de Charles Diehl. Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion, 1912. P. 10–11; Parker. P. 128.

383

Mansuy. P. 16.

384

Samuel Fiszman. The Significance of the Polish Renaissance and Barogue for Eastern Slavic Nations. In The Polish Renaissance in its European Context, ed. Samuel Fiszman. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1988. P. 238–242.

385

Bassin Mark. Russia Between Europe and Asia: The Ideological Construction of Geographical Space // Slavic Review 50, no. 1 (Spring 1991); 5–7.

386

Strahlenberg Philipp Johann von. An Historico-Geographical Description of the North and Eastern Parts of Europe and Asia; But more particularly of Russia, Siberia, and Great Tartary; Both in their Ancient and Modern State: Together with an Entire New Polyglot-Table of the Dialects of 32 Tartarian Nations; As Also, a Large and Accurate Map of those Countries; and variety of Cuts, representing Asiatick-Scythian Antiquities. Written Originally in High German by Mr. Philip John von Strahlenberg, a Swedish Officer, Thirteen Years Captive in Those Parts. London: J. Brotherton, J. Hazard, W. Medows, T. Cox, T. Astley, S. Austen, L. Gulliver, and C. Corbet, 1738. P. 16–17.

387

Parker. P. 287.

388

Homann. Europa. Nürnberg, 1820 (коллекция карт Гарвардского унивеситрета); Desnos. L’Europe divisée selon l’étendue de ses principales parties. Paris, 1772 (Гарвард).

389

Delisle. L’Europe. Paris, 1700 (Гарвард); Haas. Europa. Nürnberg, 1743; rpt. 1777 (Гарвард).

390

Robert. Atlas Universel. P. 21.

391

Voltaire. Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous le Pierre le Grand // Oeuvres complètes de Voltaire. Vol. 16 (Paris, 1787; rpt. Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint Limited, 1976). P. 408.

392

Antalffy Gyula. A Thousand Years of Travel in Old Hungary. Trans. Elizabeth Hoch (Hungary: Kner, 1980). P. 117–118.

393

Köpeszi Béla. La France et la Hongrie au début du XVIII siècle: Etude d’histoire des relations diplomatiques et d’histoire des idées. Budapest: Akadémi Kiadó, 1917. P. 537–538; Antalffy. P. 172.

394

Anderson. P. 62.

395

Strahlenberg. P. 5–6.

396

Anderson. P. 85; Mohrenschildt. P. 187; Cox Edward Godfrey. A Reference Guide to the Literature of Travel. Vol. I. (Univ. of Washington Publications in Latin and Literature. Volume 9, November 1935; rpt. New tork: Greenwood Press, 1969). P. 194.

397

Lortholary Albert. Le Mirage russe en France au XVIII siècle. Paris: Boivin, 1951. P. 61.

398

Köpeszi. P. 376, 528.

399

Ibid. P. 381, 585–586.

400

Ibid. P. 458.

401

Ibid. P. 455, 464, 470, 473, 481, 485–486.

402

Ibid. P. 346–349, 546.

403

Ibid. P. 386, 488.

404

Ibid. P. 593.

405

Moll. A New Map of Germany, Hungary, Transylvania, and the Suisse, 1712 (Гарвард); Zrner. Europa, 1712 (Гарвард); Delisle. Carte d’Europe. Paris, 1724 (Гарвард); De Witt. Acuratissima Europae. Amsterdam, 1730 (Гарвард).

406

Homann. Europa. Nürnberg, 1720 (Гарвард); Homann. Europa. Nürnberg, 1730 (Гарвард); Haas. Europa. Nürnberg, 1743; rpt. 1777 (Гарвард).

407

Guedeville Nicolas. Dissertation sur la Hongrie et sur la Boheme // Atlas Historique ou Nouvelle Introduction à l’Histoire, à la Chronologie, et à la Geographie Ancienne et Moderne. Vol. II. Henri Abraham Châtelin. Amsterdam: Chez l’Honoréà Châtelain, 1720.

408

Carte Ancienne et Moderne: Des Différents Etats et Pays au long du Danube // Atlas Historique (1720).

409

Carte Genealogique des Rois de Hongrie et de Boheme; et l’Abrégé du Gouvernement de ces deux Royaumes // Atlas Historique (1720).

410

Gueudeville. Atlas Historique (1720).

411

Carte du Royaume de Boheme // Atlas Historique (1720).

412

Nouvelle Carte de la Hongrie // Atlas Historique (1720).

413

Köpeszi. P. 522–524.

414

Gueudeville. Atlas Historique (1720). P. 68–71.

415

Roider Karl A. Austria’s Eastern Question 1700–1790. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1982. P. 44.

416

Ibid. P. 52.

417

Ibid. P. 57.

418

Voltaire. Histoire de Charles XII. P. 89–90; Besterman Theodore. Voltaire, 3^>rd ed. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1976. P. 640.

419

Fabre Jean. Stanislas Leszczynsky et le mouvement philosophique en France au XVIII siècle // Pierre Francastel (ed.) Utopie et Institutions au XVIII siècle: Le Pragmatism des Lumières. (Paris and the Hague: Mouton: 1963). P. 25–41; см. также: Rostworowski Emmanuel. Stanislaw Leszczynski et les Lumires à la Polonaise // Pierre Francastel (ed.) Utopie et Institutions au XVIII siècle: Le Pragmatism des Lumières. Paris and the Hague: Mouton: 1963. P. 15–24.

420

Jaucourt Louis de. Pologne // Encyclopédie: ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, nouvelle impression en facsimilé de la première édition de 1751–1780. Stuttgart: Friedrich Frommann Verlag, 1967. Vol. XII. P. 931.

421

Robert. Atlas Universel. P. 35.

422

Vaugondy Robert de. A New and Accurate Map of Europe. London, 1770 (Гарвард).

423

Roider. P. 72–73, 80.

424

Anderson. P. 83; Robert. Atlas Universel. P. 30.

425

Voltaire. Histoire de la guerre de 1741. Paris: Editions Garnier Frres, 1971. P. 33.

426

Ibid. P. 33–34.

427

Lavicka Jan. Voltaire et la Bohême. Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century. Vol. 219. Oxford: Voltaire Foundaition, 1983. P. 109.

428

Köpeszi. P. 553.

429

Anderson. P. 139–140; Voltaire. Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous le Pierre le Grand. P. 405.

430

Gusdord Georges. Les Principes de la pensée au siècle des lumières. Paris: Payot, 1971. P. 128.

431

L’Histoire de mon temps // Oeuvres posthumes de Fréderic II, roi de Prusse. Vol. I. Berlin: Chez Voss, 1788. P. 69.

432

Goldsmith Oliver. The Citizen of the World. (London: J.M. Dent, 1934). Chapter LXXXVII. P. 240–241.

433

James Porter, Turkey; Its History and Progress: From the Journals and Correspondence of Sir James Porter. Vol. I. London: Hurts and Blackett, 1854. P. 8.

434

Letter from Lady Porter to her sister, Mdlle de Hochepied, at Pera, containing an account of Sir James Porter’s journey from Constantinople to London, with two children, Greek nurse and servant, and accompanied by several gentlemen; among others, the learned Jesuit, Father Boscowitz, who has published a detail of this journey // Porter James. Turkey; Its History and Progress: From the Journals and Correspondence of Sir James Porter. Vol. I. London: Hurts and Blackett, 1854. P. 379.

435

Letter from Lady Porter. P. 374.

436

Boscovich // Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Vol. XIII. Rome, 1971. P. 221–230.

437

Boscovich Ruggiero Guiseppe. Giornale di un Viaggio da Constantinopoli in Polonia dell’abbate Ruggiero Giuseppe Boscovich. Milan: Giordano Editore, 1966. P. 5.

438

Ibid. P. 86, 110.

439

Ibid. P. 3–4.

440

Ibid. P. 6.

441

Ibid. P. 8.

442

Rocque. Carte Generale des Postes de l’Europe, 1758 (Гарвард).

443

Ibid. P. 21–22.

444

Ibid. P. 31.

445

Ibid. P. 34.

446

Ibid. P. 35.

447

Ibid. P. 37–42, 50.

448

Ibid. P. 59–62.

449

Ibid. P. 62

450

Ibid. P. 69–71.

451

Ibid. P. 74, 79, 87, 102.

452

Ibid. P. 72–75, 89–90.

453

Ibid. P. 90–92, 106–107.

454

Ibid. P. 125–126.

455

Ibid. P. 122, 127–128.

456

Ibid. P. 65.

457

Letter from Lady Porter. P. 377.

458

Ibid. P. 390.

459

Boscovich. P. 9.

460

Haas. Europa. Nürnberg, 1743; rpt. 1777 (Гарвард); Le Voyage d’un Danois, 1744 (Гарвард).

461

Boscovich. P. xx, 190–191.

462

Darnton Robert. The Business of Enlightenment: A Publishing History of the Encyclopédie 1775–1800. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1979. P. 8.

463

Bulgarie // Encyclopédie. Vol. II. P. 462.

464

Boheme // Encyclopédie: ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, nouvelle impression en facsimilé de la première édition de 1751–1780. Stuttgart: Friedrich Frommann Verlag, 1967. Vol. II. P. 294.

465

Lough John. Louis, Chevalier de Jacourt (1704–1780): A Biographical Sketch // The Encyclopédie in Eighteenth-Century England and Other Studies. Newcastle upon Tyne: Oriel Press, 1970. P. 25, 49–51.

466

Jacourt Louis de. Hongrie // Encyclopédie. Vol. VIII. 284.

467

Ibid. P. 284–285.

468

Ibid. P. 285.

469

Ibid.

470

Ibid., Р. 285–286.

471

Ibid. P. 286.

472

Jacourt Louis de. Pologne // Encyclopédie. Vol. XII. P. 925.

473

Ibid. P. 928–933.

474

Ibid. P. 925, 929, 934.

475

Ibid. P. 930–931.

476

Ibid. P. 931.

477

Coxe. Travels in Poland and Russia. Vol. III. P. 369–376.

478

Jacourt. Pologne // Encyclopédie. Vol. XII. P. 931–934.

479

Jacourt Louis de. Russie // Encyclopédie. Vol. XIV. P. 442; Voltaire. Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous le Pierre le Grand. P. 403.

480

Jacourt Louis de. Russie // Encyclopédie. Vol. XIV. P. 443; Voltaire. Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous le Pierre le Grand. P. 419–421.

481

Jacourt Louis de. Russie // Encyclopédie. Vol. XIV. P. 445.

482

Jacourt Louis de. Tartares // Encyclopédie. Vol. XV. P. 926; см. также: Fisher Alan W. The Crimean Tatars (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1978).

483

Sanson. P. 3–5.

484

Delisle. L’europe. Paris, 1700 (Гарвард); Zürner. Europa, 1712 (Гарвард).

485

Jacourt Louis de. Tartares // Encyclopédie. Vol. XV. P. 920.

486

Ibid. P. 921.

487

Vaugondy Robert de. Nouvel Atlas Portatif. Paris: Chez Robert, 1762, карты III, IV.

488

Jacourt Louis de. Tartares // Encyclopédie. Vol. XV. P. 921–923.

489

Ibid. P. 924–926.

490

Jacourt Louis de. Europe // Encyclopédie. Vol. VI. P. 211–212.

491

Vaugondy Robert de. Géographie // Encyclopédie. Vol. VII. P. 611–612.

492

Voltaire and Catherine. Correspondence // Documents of Catherine the Great: The Correspondence with Voltaire and the Instruction of 1767. Ed. W.F. Reddaway. New York: Russel à Russel, 1871. P. 58, 77.

493

Rocque. Carte Generale des Postes de’lEurope, 1758.

494

Voltaire and Catherine. P. 79, 124.

495

Ibid. P. 133.

496

Ibid. P. 181.

497

Ibid. P. 186.

498

Ibid. P. 1.

499

Ibid. P. 2; см. также: Griffiths David. To Live Forever: Catherine II, Voltaire, and the Pursuit of Immortality // Russia and the World of the Eighteenth Century. Columbus, Ohio: Slavica Publishers, 1988. P. 446–468; Madariaga Isabel de. Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great. New Haven, Conn.; Yale Univ. Press, 1981. P. 372–342; Alexander John T. Catherine the Great: Life and Legend. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1989. P. 97–142.

500

Wildberger Carolyn. Voltaire’s Russia; Window on the East // Studies on Vlataire and the Eighteenth Century. Vol. CLXIV. Ed. Theodore Besterman. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation at the Taylor Institution, 1976. P. 54, 141.

501

Rousseau Jean-Jacques. The Social Contract. Trans. Maurice Cranston. London: Penguin, 1968. P. 90.

502

Voltaire. Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand // Oeuvres complètes de Voltaire. Vol. 16. Paris, 1878; rpt. Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint Limited, 1967. P. 377, 427.

503

Voltaire and Catherine. P. 3

504

Besterman Theodore. Voltaire. 3^>rd ed. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1976. P. 406.

505

Voltaire and Catherine. P. 3–6.

506

Ibid. P. 48, 51.

507

Ibid. P. 6–7.

508

Lortholary, Albert. Le Mirage russe en France au XVIIIe siècle. Paris: Boivin, 1951.

509

Lortholary. P. 74–76; Mohrenschildt Dmitri von. Russia in the Intellectual Life of Eighteenth-Century France. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1936. P. 275–280.

510

Wildberger. P. 27.

511

Mohrenschildt. P. 32; Saint-Simon Louis de Rouvroy, duc de. Memoirs of Louis XIV and his Court and of the Regency. Vol. III. New York: Collier, 1910. P. 1011

512

Lortholary. P. 23–25.

513

Wildberger. P. 76.

514

Voltaire. Historié de Charles XII. Paris: Garnier-Flammarion, 1968. P. 51.

515

Montesquieu Charles Secondat, baron de. The Spirit of the Laws. Trans. Thomas Nugent. New York: Hafner, 1949. I. P. 299.

516

Montesquieu. I. P. 299.

517

Lortholary. P. 33. Köpeszi Béla. La France et la Hongrie au début du XVIIIe siècle: Etudes d’historié des relations diplomatiques et d’histoorie des idées. Budapest: Akadémi Kiadó, 1971. P. 603–604.

518

Wildberger. P. 32.

519

Voltaire. Anecdotes sur le czar Pierre le Grand // Oeuvres complètes de Voltaire. Vol. 23. Paris, 1787; rpt. Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint, 1967. P. 281–293.

520

Wildberger. Р. 33, 49.

521

Lortholary. Р. 48.

522

Wildberger. Р. 41.

523

Ibid. P. 43.

524

Ibid. P. 124–127; Gay Peter. The Enlightenment: An Interpretation: The Science of Freedom. New York: W.W. Norton, 1977. P. 67.

525

Wildberger. P. 52–53.

526

Ibid. P. 37–38, 54–61.

527

Ibid. P. 119–120; Voltaire. Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand. P. 586.

528

Wildberger. P. 120–122; Voltaire. Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand. P. 589.

529

Wildberger. P. 46.

530

Ibid. P. 45–47.

531

Voltaire. Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand. P. 408, 415, 427.

532

Ibid. P. 506–509.

533

Wildberger. P. 278–279.

534

Voltaire. Le Russe à Paris // Oeuvres complètes de Voltaire. Vol. 10. Paris, 1978; rpt. Leichtenstein: Kraus Reprints Limited, 1967. P. 121.

535

Voltaire. Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand. P. 456, 468.

536

Voltaire and Catherine. P. 9–10, 15.

537

Ibid. P. 15–18.

538

Voltaire. Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand. P. 408.

539

Voltaire and Catherine. P. 17–19; Voltaire. Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand. P. 377.

540

Gay Peter. Voltaire’s Politics: The Poet as Realist. 2^>nd ed. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press, 1988. P. 180.

541

Voltaire and Catherine. P. 20.

542

Ibid. P. 23.

543

Ibid. P. 25–27.

544

Ibid. P. 28–29.

545

Ibid. P. 33–34.

546

Ibid. P. 34.

547

Ibid. P. 35.

548

Ibid. P. 38, 48.

549

Ibid. P. 60.

550

Ibid. P. 73, 81–83, 90, 97.

551

Ibid. P. 93, 100–101.

552

Ibid. P. 117, 123–126.

553

Ibid. P. 148–150.

554

Ibid. P. 162.

555

Ibid. P. 172.

556

Ibid. P. 186–187.

557

Roider Karl A. Austria’s Eastern question 1700–1790. Princeton, N.J.; Princeton Univ. Press, 1982. P. 132, 156–157.

558

Voltaire. Essay sur les moeurs // Oeuvres complètes de Voltaire. Vol. III. Paris: Chez Furne, 1985. P. 607–609.

559

Voltaire and Catherine. P. 84, 187.

560

Ibid. P. 118–119.

561

Ibid. P. 138, 149.

562

Ibid. P. 154–161.

563

Ibid. P. 161–163.

564

Ibid. P. 171.

565

Ibid. P. 169, 176, 186.

566

Lortholary. Р. 174–176.

567

Casanova Giacomo. History of My Life. Trans. Williard Trask. Vol. 10. London: Longman, 1971. P. 103–141, 142.

568

Raspe Rudolf Eric. The Travels and Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen. London; Daedalus, 1988. P. 75.

569

Mohrenschildt. P. 145; Lortholary. P. 90–91; Alexander. P. 14.

570

Lortholary. P. 97–98.

571

Mohrenschildt. P. 94.

572

Lortholary. P. 179–181.

573

Voltaire and Catherine. P. 203; Lortholary. P. 184–186; Ségur Louis-Philippe comte de. Mémoires, souvenirs, et anecdotes, par le comte de Ségur. Vol. I // Bibliothèque des mémoires: relatif à l’histoire de France: pendant le 18e siècle, vol. XIX, ed. M.Fs.Barrière (Paris: Librarie de Firmin Didot Frères, 1859). P. 442–443.

574

Lortholary. P. 212–213.

575

Voltaire and Catherine. P. 192; Tourneux Maurice. Diderot et Catherine II. Paris: Calmann Lévy, 1899. P. 75–76.

576

Tourneux. P. 83.

577

Diderot Denis. Entretiens avec Catherine II (1773) // Oeuvres politiques. Ed. Paul Vernière. Paris: Editions Garnier Frères, 1963. P. 257–258, 326.

578

Diderot. Entretiens. P. 206; см. также: Wilson Arthur. Diderot in Russia, 1773–1774 // The Eighteenth-Century in Russia. Ed. J.G. Garrard. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973. P. 166–197; Madariaga Isabel de. Catherine and the Philosophes // Russia and the West in the Eighteenth Century. Newtonville, Mass.; Oriental Research Partners, 1983. P. 30–52.

579

Diderot. Entretiens. P. 30–52.

580

Mohrenschildt. P.

581

Diderot. Entretiens. P. 266–267; Tourneux. P. 492.

582

Mohrenschildt. P. 55.

583

Diderot. Entretiens. P. 301.

584

Ibid. P. 302.

585

Ibid. P. 309–310.

586

Lortholary. P. 217–218.

587

Diderot. Entretiens. P. 326.

588

Tourneux. P. 472.

589

Ibid. P. 475–476.

590

Ibid. P. 477, 481–482.

591

Ibid. P. 482.

592

Ibid. P. 485–489.

593

Ibid. P. 492.

594

Lortholary. P. 236, 379, note 146.

595

Ségur. I. P. 444–445.

596

Diderot Denis. Obzervations sur le Nakaz (1774) // Oeuvres politiques. Ed. Paul Vernière. Paris: Editions Garnier Frères, 1963. P. 343–345.

597

Diderot. Obzervations. P. 349.

598

Ibid. P. 350–351.

599

Ibid. P. 351.

600

Voltaire and Catherine. P. 190.

601

Ibid. P. 194.

602

Ibid. P. 195.

603

Ibid. P. 196.

604

Ibid. P. 198–201.

605

Ibid. P. 206, 213.

606

Richardson William. Anecdotes of the Russian Empire; In a Series of Letters Written, a Few Years Ago, from St. Petersburg. London, 1784; rpt. London: Frank Cass, 1968. P. 401–403; Alexander John T. Catherine the Great: Life and Legend. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1989. P. 98.

607

Rousseau Jean-Jacques. Considerations sure le gouvernement de Pologne // Discours sur l’économie politique, Projet de constitution pour la Corse, Considérations sure le gouvernement de Pologne. Ed. Barabara de Negroni. Paris: Flammarion, 1990. P. 163.

608

Rousseau. P. 163.

609

Ibid.

610

Ibid. P. 164–165.

611

Ibid. P. 165–166, 211.

612

Ibid. P. 170–171.

613

Ibid. P. 171.

614

Ibid. P. 173.

615

Ibid.

616

Ibid. P. 177.

617

Ibid. P. 178; см. также: Michalski, Jerzy. Rousseau i sarmacki respublicanism. Warsaw: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukove, 1977.

618

Starobinski Jean. Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Transparency and Obstruction. Trans. Arthur Gldhaimer. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1988. P. 145.

619

Rousseau. P. 261.

620

Marin Marietta. Une Française à Varsovie en 1766: Madame Geoffrin chez le roi de Pologne Stanislas-Auguste. Paris: Bibliothèque Polonaise, 1936. P. 27, 42; Ségur Pierre marquis de. Le Royaume de la rue saint-Honor: Madame Geoffrin et sa fille. Paris: Calmann-Léévy, 1987. P. 288.

621

Marie Thérèse Rodet, Madam Geoffrin; Stanislas-Auguste Poniatowski. Correspondance inédite do roi Stanislas Auguste Poniatowski et de Madame Geoffrin (1764–1777). Ed. Charles de Mouy. Paris: E. Plon. 1875; Martin. P. 78.

622

Gooch G.P. Four French Salons // Catherine the Great and Other Studies. 1954; rpt Hamden, Conn.; Archon Books, 1966. P. 117.

623

Martin. Р. 12.

624

Madam Geoffrin; Stanislas-Auguste. P. 102–103.

625

Ibid. P. 103.

626

Ibid. P. 108.

627

Ibid. P. 114–115.

628

Martin. P. 27.

629

Madam Geoffrin; Stanislas-Auguste. P. 115, 137, 140–142.

630

Ségur Pierre. Le Royaume. P. 432; Madam Geoffrin; Stanislas-Auguste. P. 131.

631

Ségur Pierre. Le Royaume. P. 434–436.

632

Ibid. P. 437–438.

633

Ibid. P. 442–443.

634

Madam Geoffrin; Stanislas-Auguste. P. 143.

635

Ibid. P. 147–148.

636

Ibid. P. 150; Ségur Pierre. Le Royaume. P. 235.

637

Madam Geoffrin; Stanislas-Auguste. P. 151–152.

638

Ibid. P. 153.

639

Ibid. P. 154–156.

640

Ibid. P. 158.

641

Fabre Jean. Stanislas-Auguste Poniatowski et l’Europe des Lumières: Etude de Cosmopolitisme. Paris: Edition Ophrys, 1952. P. 630–631, note 68; Lortholary Albert. Le Mirage russe en France au XVIIIe sièicle. Paris: Boivin, 1951. P. 162–163.

642

Madam Geoffrin; Stanislas-Auguste. P. 162–163, 167.

643

Ibid. P. 168.

644

Ibid. P. 112, 167.

645

Ibid. P. 174.

646

Ségur Pierre. Le Royaume. P. 447.

647

Madam Geoffrin; Stanislas-Auguste. P. 177–178.

648

Ibid. P. 180, 193.

649

Ibid. P. 205–207, 223–224; Martin. P. 33.

650

Ségur Pierre. Le Royaume. P. 264–267, 281.

651

Madam Geoffrin; Stanislas-Auguste. P. 233.

652

Ibid. P. 239–241.

653

Ségur Pierre. Le Royaume. P. 272.

654

Ibid. P. 273.

655

Derrida Jacques. Of Grammotology. Trans. Gaytri Chakravorty Spivak. Baltimor: Johns Hopkins, 1976. P. 118–140.

656

Madam Geoffrin; Stanislas-Auguste. P. 242–244.

657

Ibid. P. 349.

658

Martin. P. 35.

659

Poniatowski Stanislas-Auguste. Mémoires de roi Stanislas-Auguste Poniatowski. Vol. St. Petersburg: l’Académie Impériale des Sciences, 1914. P. 567–568.

660

Martin. P. 53–54; Fabre. P. 305.

661

Ségur Pierre. Le Royaume. P. 273–274.

662

Ibid. P. 230, 461.

663

Rousseau. P. 259.

664

Martin. P. 76.

665

Madam Geoffrin; Stanislas-Auguste. P. 250.

666

Ibid. P. 276.

667

Ibid. P. 265–274, 294.

668

Ibid. P. 315–316.

669

Ibid. P. 321, 329.

670

Ibid. P. 355.

671

Ibid. P. 364.

672

Ibid. P. 365–366.

673

Ibid. P. 326–327, 336.

674

Ibid. P. 349, 379–380.

675

Ibid. P. 359, 382, 387, 432.

676

Ibid. P. 349, 379–380.

677

Ibid. P. 443.

678

Ibid. P. 451, 456.

679

Ibid. P. 464–466.

680

Ibid. P. 470–471, 475–477

681

Rousseau. P. 172.

682

Voltaire. Candide. Trans. John Butt. London: Penguin, 1974. Chapter 26; Dzwigala Wanda. Voltaire’s Sources on the Polish Dissident Question // Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century. Vol. 241. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1986. P. 191–192; Rostworowski Emanuel. Républicanisme ‘Sarmate’ et les Lumières // Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century. Ed. Theodore Besterman. Vol. XXVI. Geneva: Institut et Musée Voltaire, 1963. P. 1417; Fabre. P. 316; см. также: Kot Stanislaw. Rzeczpospolita Polska w literaturze politycznej Zachodu. Cracow: Nalladem Krakowskiej Spólki Wydawniczej, 1919; Woloszynski Ryszard W. La Pologne vue par l’Europe au XVIIIe siècle // Acta Polonica historica (1965). P. 22–42; Woloszynski Ryszard W. Polska w opiniach francuzów: Rulhière i jego wslczesni. Warsaw: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1964.

683

Voltaire. Essai historique et critique sur les dissensions des églises de Pologne (1767) // Oeuvres de Voltaire: Mélanges historique. Vol. II. Paris: P. Pourrat Freres, 1968. P. 57–60; Fabre. P. 634, примеч. 144.

684

Rostworowski Emanuel. Voltaire et la pologne // Studies on Voltaire and the Enighteenth Century, ed. Theodore Besterman. Vol. LXII. Geneva: Institut et Muse Voltaire, 1968. P. 114; Fabre. P. 323.

685

Voltaire. Discourse aux confédérés catholiques de Kaminieck en Pologne, par le major Kaiserling, au service du roi de Prusse (1768) // Oeuvres de Voltaire: Politiques et Législation. Vol. II. Paris: P. Pourrat Freres, 1839. P. 154, 165–166.

686

Voltaire and Catherine // Correspondence, in Documents of Catherine the Great: The Correspondence with Voltaire and the Instruction of 1767. Ed. By W.F. Reddaway (1931; New York: Russell à Rusel, 1971). P. 109; Dzwigala. P. 198.

687

Marat Jean-Paul. Les Aventures du jeune comte Potowski. Ed. Claire Nicolas-Lelièvre. Paris: Renaudot, 1989. P. 118, 130.

688

Tomaszewski Marek. L’Universe héroique polonaise dans Les Amours du chavalier de Faublas et son impact sur l’imaginaire social à la fin due XVIIIe siècle // Revue de Littérature Comparée, no. 2 (April — June 1990): 430–431.

689

Voltaire. Les Lois de Minos, in Oeuvres complètes de Voltaire. Vol. 5, Théatre. Paris: Perronneau, 1817. P. 296.

690

Fabre. P. 249.

691

Marat. Les Aventures. P. 256; Dzwigala. P. 201; M. Romain-Cornut. Koltaire: complice et conseiller du partage de la Pologne, 2^>nd ed. Paris: Jacques Lecoffre, 1846. P. 17–21.

692

Jobert Ambrois. Magnats polonaise et physiocrates française (1767–1774). Paris: Librarie Droz, 1941. P. 20.

693

Jobert. P. 51, 86; Wolff Larry. The Vatican and Poland in the Age of the Partitions: Diplomatic and Cultural Encounters at the Warsaw Nunciature. New York; Boulder: Columbia Univ. Press, East European Monographs, 1988. Chapter VII.

694

Jobert. P. 24–27.

695

Ibid. P. 27–32.

696

Ibid. P. 36–38; см. также: Opalek Kasimir. Les Physiocrates et leur role dans le renouveau culturel au siècle des Lumières en Pologne // Pierre Francastel (ed.) Utopie et Institutions au XVIII siècle: Le Pragmatism des Lumières. Paris and the Hague: Mouton: 1963. P. 169–184.

697

Jobert. P. 45–48; Rousseau. P. 220.

698

Jobert. P. 57; Wolff. Chapter V.

699

Jobert. P. 60–62.

700

Ibid. P. 64–66.

701

Ibid. P. 67–71.

702

Ibid. P. 72–73.

703

Ibid. P. 79–82.

704

Smith Adam. The Wealth of Nations. London: Penguin, 1982. P. 345–346.

705

Ibid. P. 308.

706

Rulhère Claude Carloman de. A History or Anecdotes of the Revolution in Russia in the Year 1762. London, 1797; rpt. New York: Arno Press; New York Times, 1970. P. 1.

707

Chevalier Alice. Claude-Carloman de Rulhère, premier historien de la Pologne: sa vie et son oeuvre historique. Paris: Les Editions Domat-Montchrestien, 1939. P. 105–114; Ségur. Le Royaume. P. 220–224.

708

Rulhère. A History or Anecdotes of the Revolution in Russia, P. viii— xi, 52; Chevalier. P. 74, 115–116.

709

Chevalier. P. 43–44.

710

Rulhère Claude Carloman de. Revolutions de Pologne. Vol. I. Paris: Librairie de Firmin Didot Frères, 1862. P. 1.

711

Rulhère. Revolutions de Pologne. Vol. I. P. 6–7.

712

Chevalier. P. 121–122.

713

Ibid. P. 152–154.

714

Ibid.

715

Ibid. P. 155.

716

Ibid. P. 160–162, 166, 175.

717

Ibid. P. 233, 330–333.

718

Casanova Giacomo. Istoria delle Turbulenze della Polonia. Naples: Guida Editori, 1974. P. 100, 447.

719

Casanova. P. 54; Chevalier. P. 250; Fabre. P. 7.

720

Chevalier. P. 244, 295.

721

Ibid. P. 168–169, 182–183.

722

Ibid. P. 372–380.

723

Fabre. P. 571, примеч. 42.

724

Marquis de Sad. Aline et Valcour // Oeuvres. Vol. I. Paris: Gallimard, 1990. P. 852–853.

725

Fabre. P. 510; см. также: Rostworowski Emanuel. Ostatni Król Rzeczeposoplitej: geneza i upadek konstytucji 3 maja. Warsawa; Wiedza Powszechna, 1966.

726

Handelsman Marcel. La Constitution polonaise du 3 mai 1791 et l’opinion française // La Revolution Française. Vol. LVIII. Paris, 1910. P. 416, 425, 429, 433.

727

Fabre. P. 27, 575, примеч. 28.

728

Anderson M.S. Britain’s Discovery of Russia 1533–1815. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1958. P. 165–169.

729

Lortholary. P. 263; Anderson. P. 193; Arnold Robert. Geschichte der Deutschen Polinlitteratur: von den Anfogen bis 1800. Halle: Max Niemeyer, 1900. P. 168.

730

Camblee Thomas. Poland // David Perkins (ed.), English Romantic Writern. New York: Harcourt, Braceà World, 1967. P. 603.

731

Lortholary. P. 263–264.

732

Vigée-Lebrun Elizabeth. The Memoirs of Elizabeth Vigée-Le Brun (Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1989). P. 161, 189; Mohrenschildt Dmitri von. Russia in the Intellectual Life of Eighteenth-Century France. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1936. P. 25–26.

733

Vigée-Le Brun. P. 208–366; Fabre. P. 552.

734

Cobberr William. Letters to the Right Honourable Lord Hawksbury, 2^>nd ed. London: Cobbett and Morgan, 1802. P. 82.

735

Kennan George. Memoirs 1925–1950. New york: Pantheon Books, 1967. P. 29–30.

736

Cobbett. P. 83.

737

Kennan. P. 26.

738

Iorga Nicolae. Les Voyageurs Française dans l’Orient Europen. Paris: Boivin, 1928. P. 105.

739

Peyssonnel Charles de. Observation historiques et géographiques, sur les peuples barbares qui ont habit les bords du Danube à du Pont Euxin. Paris: Chez N.M.Tillard, 1765. P. 1–2.

740

Ibid. P. 4–7.

741

Ibid. P. 30.

742

Ibid. P. 39.

743

Ibid. P. 50–51.

744

Ibid. P. 194–195.

745

Vaugondy Rober de. Atlas Universel. Vol. 1 Paris, 1757. Maps 4, 12.

746

Anville Jean-Baptiste d’. A Complete Body of Ancient Geography. London: Robert Sayer, 1771. Maps 1, 3.

747

Hartog Franois. The Mirror of Herodotus: The Representation of the Other in the Writing of History. Trans. Janet Lloyd. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1988. P. 30.

748

Lortholary Albert. Le Mirage russe en France au XVIIIe siècle. Paris: Boivin, 1951. P. 297, note 87; Gyergyai Albert. Un correspondant hongrois de Voltaire: le comte Fekete de Galanta // Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century. Vol. 25. Ed.Theodore Besterman. Geneva: Institut et Musée Voltaire, 1963. P. 789.

749

Peyssonnel. P. vii — ix, xv — xvi.

750

Ibid. P. xxxvi — xl.

751

Ibid. P. 9–10, 71.

752

Levesque Pierre-Charles. Historié de Russie. Vol. I. Hambourg; Brunswick: Chez Pierre-François Fauche, 1800. P. viii — ix.

753

Rulhière Claude Carloman de. Revolutions de Pologne. Vol. I. Ed. Christien Ostrowski. Paris: Librairie de Firmin Didot Frères, 1862. P. 1–2; Levesque. I. P. 1–6.

754

Levesque. I. P. 55–56.

755

Mohrenschildt, Dmitri von. Russia in the Intellectual Life of Eighteenth-Century France. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1936. P.227.

756

Sacy Claude-Louis de. Histoire générale de Hongrie: Depuis la première invasion des Huns, jusqu’à nos jours. Vol. I. Yverdon, 1780. P. vii, xxxi.

757

Iorga. P. 104–108; Darnton Robert. Mesmerism and the End of the Enlightenment in France. Cambridge, Mass.; Harvard Univ. Press, 1968. P. 98–100; Carra Jean-Louis. Historié de la Moldavie et de la Valachie. Jassy: Socit Typographique des Deux-Points, 1777. P. xvi — xvii, 220.

758

Hauterive Alexandre-Maurice Blanc de Lanautte, comte d’. Mémoire sut l’état ancien et actuel de la Moldavie: Présenté S.A.S le prince Alexandre Ypsilanti, Hospodar régnant, en 1787, par le comte d’Hauterive. Bucharest: L’Institut d’arts graphiques Carol Gobi, 1902. P. 20–22.

759

Rousseau Jean-Jacques. Considerations sure le gouvernement de Pologne // Discours sur l’économie politique, Projet de constitution pour la Corse, Considerations sure le gouvernement de Pologne. Ed. Barabara de Negroni. Paris: Flammarion, 1990. P. 170–17.

760

Hauterive. Mémoire. P. 42–44; Hauterive Alexandre-Maurice Blanc de Lanautte, comte d’ La Moldavie en 1758: faisant suite au journal d’un voyage de Constantinople à Jassy // Mémoire sut l’état ancien et actuel de la Moldavie: Présenté S.A.S le prince Alexandre Ypsilanti, Hospodar régnant, en 1787, par le comte d’Hauterive. Bucharest: L’Institut d’arts graphiques Carol Gubl, 1902. P. 357–358.

761

Hauterive. Mémoire. P. 236.

762

Ibid. P. 176; Hauterive. La Moldavie. P. 359.

763

Hauterive. La Moldavie. P. 331–332.

764

Hauterive. Mémoire. P. 252, 258.

765

Ibid. P. 264–266.

766

Ibid. P. 266–270.

767

Ibid. P. 78.

768

Ségur Louis-Philippe, comte de. Mémoires, souvenirs, et anecdotes, par le comte de Ségur. Vol. I // Bibliothèque des mémoires: relatif à l’histoire de France: pendant le 18e siècle. Vol. XIX. Ed. M.Fs. Barrière. Paris: Librairie de Firmin Didot Frères, 1859. P. 329–330.

769

Gibbon Edward. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. New York: Modern Library, n.d. I. P. 6.

770

Gibbon. I. P. 211–214.

771

Ibid., I. P. 214.

772

Voltaire. Essay sur les moeurs // Oeuvres complètes de Voltaire. Vol. III. Paris: Chez Furne, 1835. P. 583.

773

Gibbon. II. P. 245–247, 254, 263.

774

Ibid., II. P. 591.

775

Ibid., II. P. 591–594.

776

Ibid., III. P. 61.

777

Ibid., III. P. 316.

778

Ibid., III. P. 317–318.

779

Ibid., III. P. 318–319, note 8.

780

Ibid., III. P. 321–322.

781

Ibid., III. P. 322–323.

782

Ibid., III. P. 322–323, note 22; Gulya Janos. Some Eighteenth Century Antecedents of Nineteenth Century Linguistics: The Discovery of Finno-Ugrian // Studies in the History of Linguistics: Traditions and Paradigms. Ed. Dell Hymes. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1974. P. 260–263.

783

Gibbon. III. P. 324–326, 329.

784

Ibid., III. P. 330–331, note 45.

785

Ibid., III. P. 332–333, 335, note 58, 337.

786

Ibid., III. P. 343.

787

Ibid., III. P. 343–344; Spadafora David. The Idea of Progress in Eighteenth-Century Britain. New Haven, Conn.: Yale Univ. Press, 1990. P. 223–224; Porter Roy. Edward Gibbon: Making History. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1988. Chapter 6. «Civilization, Barbarism, and Progress». P. 135–157.

788

Herder Johann Gottfried. Journal meiner Reise im Jahr 1769. Ed. Katharina Mommsen. Stuttgart: Philipp Reclam, 1976. P. 7.

789

Ibid. P 15.

790

Ibid. P. 38–39.

791

Ibid. P. 77–78.

792

Ibid. P. 80–81.

793

Ibid. P. 90.

794

Ibid. P. 91–92.

795

Ibid. P. 101–102; Bittner Konrad. Die Beurteilung der russischen Politik im 18 Jahrhundert durch Johann Gottfried Herder // Im Geiste Herders. Ed. Erich Keyser. Kitzingen am Main: Holzner-Verlag, 1953. P. 47.

796

Clark Robert T. Herder: His Life and Thought. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1955. P. 60.

797

Bittner. P. 50–51.

798

Ibid. P. 68–69.

799

Herder Johann Gottfried. Von Ähnlichkeit der mittlern englischen und deutschen Dchtkunst // Herders Werke. Vol. II. Ed. Regine Otto. Berlin; Weimar: Aufbau-Verlag, 1982. P. 472

800

Herder. Von Ähnlichkeit. P. 290.

801

Rousseau. P. 171–173.

802

Herder Johann Gottfried. Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit // Herders Werke. Vol. IV. Ed. Regine Otto. Berlin; Weimar: Aufbau-Verlag, 1982. P. 385–386.

803

Ibid. P. 393.

804

Ibid. P. 393–395.

805

Ibid. P. 395.

806

Herder Johann Gottfried. Outlines of a Philosophy of the History of Man. Trans. T. Churchill. New York: Bergman. P. 483–484.

807

Herder. Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte. P. 395.

808

Ibid. P. 396–397.

809

Ibid. P. 463–464.

810

Kant Immanuel. Der Charakter des Volks, Die Anthropologische Charateristik // Schriften zur Anthropologie, Geschichtsphilosophie, Politik, und Pädigogik. 2. Werkausgabe. Vol. XII. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1977. P. 670.

811

Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. Vorlesungen über die Philosophie der Geschichte // Werke, 12. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1970. P. 422.

812

Fortis Alberto. Travels into Dalmatia: Containing General Observations on the Natural History of that Country and the Neighbouring Island; the Natural Productions, Arts, Manners and Customs of the Inhabitants. London, 1778; rpt. New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1971. P. iv.

813

Duchet Michèle. Anthropologie et Historié au siècle des lumières: Buffon, Voltaire, Rousseau, Helvétius, Diderot. Paris: François Maspero, 1971. P. 258; Marshall P.J. and Glyndwr Williams. The Great Map of Mankind: British Perception of the World in the Age of Enlightenment. London: J.M. Dent, 1982.; Cochiara, Giuseppe. The History of Folklore in Europe. Trans. John N. McDaniel. Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1981.

814

Voltaire. Essai sur les moeurs. P. 607–609.

815

Marshall, P.J. and Glyndwr Williams. The Great Map of Mankind: British Perception of the World in the Age of Enlightenment. London: J.M. Dent, 1982. Эпиграф; Spadafora. P. 253–320.

816

Torcellan Gianfranco. Profilo di Alberto Fortis // Settecento Veneto e altri scritti stoici. Turin: G. Giappichelli, 1969. P. 273–279.

817

Torcellan. P. 283; Voltaire. Essai sur les moeurs. P. 561.

818

Fortis. P. 45–47.

819

Ibid. P. 44.

820

Gibbon. II. P. 593; Fortis. P. 44.

821

Duchet. P. 12.

822

Fortis. P. 51–58.

823

Ibid. P. 60–61.

824

Ibid. P. 61–62.

825

Ginzburg Carlo. Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches’ Sabbath. Trans. Raymond Rosenthal. New York: Pantheon Books, 1991. P. 207–225.

826

Fortis. P. 63.

827

Ibid. P. 66–67, 70–75.

828

Ibid. P. 77, 82.

829

Lovrich Giovanni. Osservazioni di Giovanni Lovrich sopra diversi pezzi del Viaggio in Dalmazia del Signor Abate Alberto Fortis. Venice: Francesco Sansoni, 1776. P. 79, 81, 116.

830

Torcellan. P. 288.

831

Ibid. P. 290–291.

832

Fortis. Р. 82.

833

Ibid. P. 83.

834

Ibid.

835

Goethe Johann Wolfgang von. Klaggesang: von der edlen Frauen des Asan Aga, aus dem Morlackischen // Sämtliche Werke. Vol.I. Zürich: Artemis Verlag, 1977. P. 301.

836

A Short History of Yugoslavia. Ed. Stephen Clissold. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1968. P. 119.

837

Boskovich Ruggiero Giuseppe. Giornale di un Viaggo da Constantinipoli in Polonia dell’abate Ruggiero Giuseppe Boskovich. Milan: Giordano Editore, 1966. P. 6, 37–38.

838

Fortis. P. 84; Cocchiara. P. 135–140.

839

Fortis. P. 85.

840

Ibid. P. 86.

841

Ibid.

842

Desnos. L’Europe divisée selon l’étendue de ses principales parties. Paris, 1772; Ségur Louis-Philippe, comte de. Mémoirse, souvenirs, et anecdotes, par le comte de Ségur. Vol. II // Bibliothèque des mémoires: relatif à l’histoire de France: pendant le 18e siècle. Vol. XX. Ed. M.Fs. Barrière. Paris: Librairie de Firmin Didot Frères, 1859. P. 66.

843

Bittner. P. 60.

844

Coxe William. Travels in Poland and Russia // Travels in Poland, Russia. Sweden, and Denmark. 5^>th ed. London: 1802; rpt. New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1970. I. P. 66.

845

Ibid., I. P. 392–393.

846

Ibid., II. P. 74–75.

847

Fortis. P. 88–89.

848

Arnold Robert. Geschichte der Deutschen Polienlitteratur: von den Anfngen bis 1800. Halle: Max Niemeyer, 1900. P. 145.

849

Ibid. P. 52.

850

Ibid. P. 87.

851

Fichte Johann Gottlieb. Briefwechsel. Vol. I. Ed. Hans Schulz (Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1967. P. 171–175.

852

Arnold. P. 8–15, 40–56; Wipperman, Wolfgang. Der „Deutsche Drang nach Osten“; Ideologie und Wirklichkeit eines politischen Schlagwortes. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1981. P. 22.

853

Arnold. P. 27–29, 31–33, 95–96.

854

Fichte. Р. 175.

855

Ibid. P. 176.

856

Ibid. P. 176–178, 181–183.

857

Schulz Joachim Christoph Friedrich. Reise nach Warschau: Eine Schilderung aus den Jahren 1791–1793. Ed. Klaus Zernack // Polnische Bibliothek. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag, 1982. P. 10–13, 24–25, 32–33.

858

Ibid. P. 348–349.

859

Burleigh Michael. Germany Turns Eastward: A Study of Ostforchung in the Third Reich. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988. P. 26–28, 105–107, 176–179.

860

Herder Johann Gottfried. Ideen zur Philosophie der Geschichte der Menschheit // Herders Werke. Vol. IV. Ed. Regine Otto. Berlin; Weimar: Aufbau-Verlag, 1982. P. 472.

861

Steiner Gerhard. Georg Forster. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzlersche Verlagbuchhandlung, 1977. P. 8–46.

862

Forster Georg. Briefe // Werke. Vol. IV. Ed. Gerhard Steiner. Frankfurt: Insel Verlag, 1970. P. 320.

863

Arnold. P. 108–109; Wippermann. P. 21.

864

Arnold. P. 109.

865

Ibid. P. 113–114.

866

Forster Georg. Noch etwas über die Menschenrassen // Forsters Werke. Vol. I. Berlin; Weimar: Aufbau-Verlag, 1968. P. 3–4, 16–17.

867

Ibid. P. 22, 25.

868

Ibid. P. 33.

869

Fichte. P. 183–184.

870

Schulz. P. 370; Arnold. P. 90.

871

Schulz. P. 40, 43, 68, 70, 136, 177–178.

872

Arnolrd. P. 78, 119–121, 161, 167–177.

873

Ibid. P. 127, 179–181.

874

Ibid. P. 190–191.

875

Ibid. P. 161; Güssefeld. «Europa». Nürnberg, 1974; Güssefeld. «Charte von Europa». Nürnberg, 1798.

876

Arnold. P. 113.

877

Hoffmann Leopold. Grosse Wahrheiten und Beweise in einem kleinen Auszuge aus der ungarischen Geschichte. Frankfurt; Leipzig, 1792. P. ii, xi — xii, xvii, xxi, xxv.

878

Fichte. P. 185–187.

879

Arnold. P. 63, 144.

880

Fichte. P. 214.

881

Ibid. P. 196.

882

Ledyard John. John Ledyard’s Journey Through Russia and Siberia 1787–1788: The Journal and Selected Letters. Ed. Stephen D. Watrous. Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1966. P. 3–10.

883

Ibid. P. 19.

884

Ibid. P. 123–124.

885

Bassin Mark. Inventing Siberia: Visions of the Russian East in the Early Nineteenth Century // American Historical Review 26, no.3 (June 1991). P. 767–770.

886

Lortholary Albert. Le Mirage russe en France au XVIIIe siècle. Paris: Boivin, 1951. P. 112–114; Mohrenschildt Dmitri von. Russia in the Intellectual Life of Eighteenth-Century France. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1936. P. 191–197; Chappe d Auteroche. Voyage en Sibérie. 4 vols. Paris: Chez Debure, 1768.

887

Ledyard. P. 143.

888

Ibid. P. 144.

889

Ibid. P. 145, 153, 156–158, 161.

890

Ibid. P. 174, 177–178.

891

Ibid. P. 178–180, 193.

892

Duchet Michèle. Anthropologie et Historié au siècle des lumières: Buffon, Voltaire, Rousseau, Helvétius, Diderot. Paris: François Maspero, 1971. P. 258; Marshall P.J. and Glyndwr Williams. The Great Map of Mankind: British Perception of the World in the Age of Enlightenment. London: J.M. Dent, 1982. P. 246; Hume David. Of National Characters // Essays: Moral, Political, and Literary: By David Hume. Vol. I. Ed. Т.Н. Green, Т.Н. Grose. London, 1982; rpt. Scientia Verlag Aalen, 1964. P. 252.

893

Ledyard. P. 127.

894

Ibid. P. 144, 164, 177, 182, 194–195.

895

Ibid. P. 145, 180.

896

Ibid. P. 257.

897

Parkinson John. A Tour of Russia and the Crimea 1791–1794. Ed. William Colier. London: Frank Cass, 1971. P. 56, 63, 66, 98, 109, 118, 138.

898

Ibid. P. 148, 151, 153, 188.

899

Ibid. P. 167, 252–253.

900

Ibid. P. 257.

901

Ibid. P. 30–31.

902

Ibid. P. 201–205.

903

Ibid. P. 210.

904

Ibid. P. 211.

905

Ibid. P. 223.

906

Ibid.

907

Ibid. P. 223–224.

908

Ibid. P. 227–228.

909

Ibid. P. 223–224.

910

Ibid. P. 228–229.

911

Ségur Philippe-Paul, comte de. Napoleon’s Russian Campaign. Trans. J. David Townsend. New York: Time/Life Books, 1965. P. 43, 97.

912

Ibid. P. 109, 228–231.

913

Custine Astolphe, marquis de. Empire of the Czar: A Journey Through Eternal Russia. Trans, anonimous, intro George Kennan. New York: Doubleday, 1080. P. 123, 128.

914

Custine. Empire of the Czar. P. 128, 155.

915

Custine Astolphe, marquis de. Journey for Our Time: The Russian Journals of the Marquis de Custine. Trans. Phyllis Penn Kohler, intro Walter Beddel Smith. Washington, D.C.: Gateway Editions, 1987. P. 7, 9, 11.

916

Birke Ernst. Die französische Osteuropa-Politik, 1914–1918 // Zaitschrift fur Ostforschung (1954, Heft 3). P. 322.

917

Seton-Watson R.W. Disraeli, Gladstone, and the Eastern Question. New York: Norton, 1972. P. 75, 244, 267.

918

Sloane William M. The Balkans: A Laboratory of History. New York: Eaton à Mains, 1914. P. vii.

919

Ibid. P. vii, 3, 56.

920

Nicholson Harold. Peacemaking 1919. New York: Grosset à Dunlap, 1956. P. 33, 126; см. также: Seton-Watson Hugh; Seton-Watson Chistopher. The Making of a New Europe: R.W. Seton-Watson and the Last Years of Austria-Hungary. Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 1981; Cassamo Dominico. Presupposti e obiettivi della storiografia sll’Europa orientale // Introduczione alla Storia dell’Europa Orientale. Rome: La Nuova Italia Scientifica, 1991. P. 9–21; Wolff Larry. French Policy Towards Eastern Europe During the First World War: From Dragon de l’Apocalypse to Cordon Sanitaire // Essays in History: The E.C.Barksdale Student Lectures. Arlington, Texas: Phi Alpha Theta, Univ.-of Texas, 1980. P. 177–190.

921

Nicholson. P. 27.

922

Mann Thomas. The Magic Mountain. Trans. H.T. Lowe-Porter. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967. P. 157, 228, 289, 517.

923

Mackenzie Georgena Muir; Irby Paulina. Travels in the Slavonic Provinces of Turkey-in-Europe. London: Bell and Daldy, 1867. P. xx, xxix, xxx.

924

West Rebecca. Black Lamb and Grey Falcon: A Journey Through Yugoslavia. Penguin Books, 1982. P. 23, 328, 483; смотри также Wolff Larry. Rebeca West // The New York Times Book Review (February 10, 1991).

925

West. P. 662.

926

Burleigh Michael. Germany Turns Eastward: A Study of Ostforschung in the Third Reich. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988. P. 137, 151, 167, 242; см. также рецензию Ларри Вульфа на эту книгу в: Harvard Ukranian Studies 15, no. 3/4 (December 1991). P. 456–459.

927

Burleigh. P. 306.

928

Palmer R.R., Colton Joel. The Transformation of Eastern Europe, 1648–1740 // A History of Modern World, 3^>rd. Ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965. P. 174.

929

Chubb Thomas Coldecott. Slavic Peoples. Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1962. P. 105.

930

Fleming Ian. From Russia with Love. London: Pan Books, 1959. P. 142, 184.

931

New York Times, 22 August 1991. P. 1; Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 7/8 September 1991. P. 1; Corriere della Sera, 8 September 1991, Corriere Cultura. P. 5; Boston Phoenix, 13 September 1991, Section 1. P. 32–33.

932

New York Times, 25 March 1992. P. 1; 8 April 1992. P. 1; 24 May 1992. P. 10.

933

Gorbachev Mikhail. Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World. New York: Harper à Row, Perenial Library, 1988. P. 177.

934

Milosz Czesiaw. Native Realm: A Search for Self Definition. Trans. Catherine S. Leach. New York: Doubleday, 1968. P. 2.

935

Tolstoy Leo. War and Peace. Trans. Rosemary Edmonds (Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin Books, 1982. P. 843, 1034.

936

Ibid. P. 1343–1344, 1401.