Гонка за Нобелем. История о космологии, амбициях и высшей научной награде - [111]

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5. См.: «Report to the National Science Board on the National Science Foundation’s Merit Review Process, Fiscal Year 2013», National Science Foundation, 2014, https://www.nsf.gov/nsb/publications/2014/nsb1432.pdf. В астрономии шансы еще ниже; см.: «Mathematical and Physical Sciences (MPS) Funding Rates», National Science Foundation website, https://www.nsf.gov/funding/funding-rates.jsp?org=MPS.

6. Harriet Zuckerman, «Stratification in American Science», Sociological Inquiry 40, no. 2 (1970): 235–57, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1970.tb01010.x/abstract.

7. Derek J. de Solla Price, Little Science, Big Science (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963).

8. Paul A. Samuelson, «Paul A. Samuelson», in W. Breit and B. T. Hirsch, eds., Lives of the Laureates: Eighteen Nobel Economists (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004), 49–64.

9. R. K. Merton, «The Matthew Effect in Science», Science 159, no. 3810 (1968): 56–63, http://science.sciencemag.org/content/159/3810/56.

10. Harriet Zuckerman, «Nobel Laureates in Science: Patterns of Productivity, Collaboration, and Authorship», American Sociological Review 32, no. 3 (1967): 391–403, https://doi.org/10.2307/2091086.

11. Rita Devlin Marier, «How much is a Nobel worth? A lot more than the prize money», Phys.org, October 2, 2011, http://phys.org/news/2011–10-nobel-worth-lot-prize-money.html.

12. См.: «The Nobel Prize and RAND», RAND Corporation, http://www.rand.org/about/history/nobel.html; «Global recognition for groundbreaking discovery», Nokia Bell Labs, https://www.bell-labs.com/our-people/recognition/; Jeremy Alder, «50 Universities with the Most Nobel Prize Winners», Best Masters Programs website, http://www.bestmastersprograms.org/50-universities-with-the-most-nobelprize-winners/.

13. U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, «Honors & Awards: DOE Nobel Laureates», https://science.energy.gov/about/honors-andawards/doe-nobel-laureates/; Saul Perlmutter, «Supernovae, Dark Energy and the Accelerating Universe: How DOE Helped to Win (yet another) Nobel Prize», lecture at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, January 13, 2012, https://www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/1032838.

14. См.: https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobel-center/.

15. См.: https://www.olympic.org/olympic-truce.

16. Chip Le Grand, «Rio 2016: price of success could be $9.2m per medal», Australian, August 2, 2016, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/rio-2016-price-of-success-could-be-92m-per-medal/news-story/d0aa090e2413de0229963de361e902c9.

17. Annie Duke, «Would You Risk Death for an Olympic Medal? Temporal Discounting and the Zika Virus», Huffpost blog, August 5, 2017, www.huffingtonpost.com/annie-duke/would-you-risk-death-for_b_11331742.html. Однако более поздние исследования привели к другим выводам: James Connor, Jules Woolf, and Jason Mazanov, «Would they dope? Revisiting the Goldman dilemma», British Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 11 (2013), http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/47/11/697.

18. Michael Linden, «Budget Cuts Set Funding Path to Historic Lows», Center for American Progress, January 29, 2013, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/reports/2013/01/29/50945/budget-cuts-set-funding-path-to-historic-lows/.

19. «NSF- funded LIGO pioneers named 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics laureates», National Science Foundation press release, October 3, 2017, https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=243280; U. S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, «Honors and Awards: DOE Nobel Laureates»; «NIST and the Nobel: NIST Nobel Winners», National Institute of Standards and Technology, https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel; and «Nobel Laureates», The NIH Almanac, National Institutes of Health, https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/nobel-laureates.

20. Ronald J. Daniels, «A generation at risk: Young investigators and the future of the biomedical workforce», Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 2 (2014), www.pnas.org/content/112/2/313.full.

21. Kevin Boudreau, Eva Catharina Guinan, Karim R. Lakhani, and Christoph Riedl, «The Novelty Paradox & Bias for Normal Science: Evidence from Randomized Medical Grant Proposal Evaluations», Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 13–053, December 2012, https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/10001229.

22. David Callahan, «Inside the Simons Foundation: Big Philanthropy on the Frontiers of Science», Inside Philanthropy, May 17, 2016, http://www.insidephilanthropy.com/home/2016/5/17/inside-the-simons-foundation-big-philanthropy-on-the-frontie.html.

23. «Research Institutions Received Over $2.3 Billion in Private Funding for Basic Science in 2016», Science Philanthropy Alliance press release, February 13, 2017, http://www.sciencephilanthropyalliance.org/whatwe-do/news/2–3-billion-in-private-funding-for-basic-science-in-2016/.

24. William J. Broad, «Billionaires with Big Ideas Are Privatizing American Science», New York Times, March 15, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/16/science/billionaires-with-big-ideas-are-privatizing-american-science.html?_r=0