Европа. Борьба за господство [заметки]

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Интервал

Quoted in D. M. Schreuder, ‘Gladstone and Italian unification, 1848–70: the making of a Liberal?’, The English Historical Review, LXXXV, 336 (1970), p. 477.

Halford Mackinder, Democratic ideals and reality (London, 2009 [1919]), p. 23.

Robert Bartlett, The making of Europe. Conquest, colonisation and cultural change, 950–1350 (London, 1993), pp. 269–91, especially p. 291.

Thomas N. Bisson, ‘The military origins of medieval representation’, American Historical Review, 71, 4 (1966), pp. 1199–1218, especially pp. 199 and 1203.

Обзоры: A. R. Myers, Parliaments and estates in Europe to 1789 (London, 1975), and H. G. Koenigsberger, ‘Parliaments and estates’, in R. W. Davis (ed.), The origins of modern freedom in the west (Stanford, Calif., 1995), pp. 135–77. Об Англии, Германии и Швеции: Peter Blickle, Steven Ellis and Eva Österberg, ‘The commons and the state: representation, influence, and the legislative process’, in Peter Blickle (ed.), Resistance, representation, and community (Oxford, 1997), pp. 115–54. О парламентской критике большой стратегии: J. S. Roskell, The history of parliament. The House of Commons, 1386–1421 (Stroud, 1992), pp. 89, 101, 101–15, 126, 129 and 137.

Samuel K. Cohn Jr, Lust for liberty. The politics of social revolt in medieval Europe, 1200–1425. Italy, France and Flanders (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 2006), pp. 228–42.

Richard Bonney (ed.), The rise of the fiscal state in Europe, c. 1200–1815 (Oxford, 1999), and Philippe Contamine (ed.), War and competition between states (Oxford, 2000).

Michael Wintle, The image of Europe. Visualizing Europe in cartography and iconography throughout the ages (Cambridge, 2009), pp. 58–64.

Лолларды – христианская община, сложилась в Германии и Голландии; фламандские ткачи, бежавшие в Англию, принесли учение этой общины о социальном равенстве на Британские острова. Гуситы – сторонники чешского социального реформатора Я. Гуса, выступали за уменьшение влияния церкви на мирские дела. Альбигойцы (катары) – религиозное движение во Франции; в период, о котором пишет автор, корректнее говорить о вальденсах – духовных преемниках катаров, отстаивавших ликвидацию частной собственности и апостолическую бедность. – Примеч. ред.

Alfred Kohler, Expansion and Hegemonie. Internationale Beziehungen 1450–1559 (Paderborn, 2008).

Peter Blickle, Obedient Germans? A rebuttal. A new view of German history (Charlottesville, and London, 1997), especially pp. 44–52. See also Martin Kintzinger and Bernd Schneidmüller, Politische Öffentlichkeit im Spätmittelalter (Darmstadt, 2011).

Arnd Reitemeier, Aussenpolitik im Spätmittelalter. Die diplomatischen Beziehungen zwischen dem Reich und England, 1377–1422 (Paderborn, 1999), pp. 14–15, 474–81 and passim.

Marie Tanner, The last descendant of Aeneas. The Hapsburgs and the mythic image of the emperor (New Haven, 1993); Martin Kintzinger, Die Erben Karls des Grossen. Frankreich und Deutschland im Mittelalter (Ostfildern, 2005); and Alexandre Y. Haran, Le lys et le globe. Messianisme dynastique et rêve impérial en France à l’aube des temps modernes (Seyssel, 2000). For the strategic dimension see Duncan Hardy, ‘The 1444–5 expedition of the dauphin Louis to the Upper Rhine in geopolitical perspective’, Journal of Medieval History, 38, 3 (2012), pp. 358–87 (especially pp. 360–70).

Bernd Marquardt, Die ‘europäische Union’ des vorindustriellen Zeitalters. Vom Universalreich zum Staatskörper des Jus Publicum Europaeum (800–1800) (Zurich, 2005).

Thomas A. Brady, German histories in the age of Reformations, 1400–1650 (Cambridge, 2009), pp. 90–98.

Eberhard Isenmann, ‘Reichs nanzen und Reichssteuern im 15. Jahrhundert’, Zeitschrift für die historische Forschung, 7 (1980), pp. 1–76 and 129–218 (especially pp. 1–9).

Tom Scott, ‘Germany and the Empire’, in Christopher Allmand (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. VII: c. 1415 – c. 1500 (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 337–40.

В классической геополитике хинтерланд – важная территория, примыкающая к уже завоеванной. Примеч. ред.

Quoted in Hugh Thomas, Rivers of gold. The rise of the Spanish Empire (London, 2003, 2010 edition), p. 494.

Quoted in Andreas Osiander, The states system of Europe, 1640–1990. Peacemaking and the conditions of international stability (Oxford, 1994), p. 79.

Jonathan Harris, The end of Byzantium (New Haven and London, 2010), pp. 178–206.

Daniel Goffman, The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 2002), pp. 2–3, 9–10, 13 (re the prophet Muhammed), 19, 222 and passim; and Osman Turan, ‘The ideal of world domination among the medieval Turks’, Studia islamica, IV (1955), pp. 77–90, especially pp. 88–9.

Steven Runciman, The fall of Constantinople, 1453 (Cambridge, 1966), pp. 160–80, and W. Brandes, ‘Der Fall Konstantinopels als apokalyptisches Ereignis’, in S. Kolditz and R. C. Müller (eds.), Geschehenes und Geschrie – benes. Studien zu Ehren von Günther S. Henrich und Klaus-Peter Matschke (Leipzig, 2005), pp. 453–69.

Quoted in Iver B. Neumann and Jennifer M. Welsh, ‘The other in European self-definition: an addendum to the literature on international society’, Review of International Studies, 17, 4 (1991), pp. 327–48 (p. 336).

Quoted in Peter O’Brien, European perceptions of Islam and America from Saladin to George W. Bush. Europe’s fragile ego uncovered (London, 2009), p. 75. See also Rhoads Murphey, ‘Süleyman I and the conquest of Hungary: Ottoman manifest destiny or a delayed reaction to Charles V’s universalist vision’, Journal of Early Modern History, 5 (2001), pp. 197–221.

Theodore Spandounes, On the origin of the Ottoman emperors, trans. and ed. Donald M. Nicol (Cambridge, 1997), p. 5.

Иначе Житваторокский мир, подписан в устье реки Житва, предусматривал отказ от ежегодной выплаты Венгрией дани Турции; взамен император согласился на единовременную выплату туркам значительной суммы. Примеч. ред.

Wim Blockmans and Nicolette Mout (ed.), The world of emperor Charles V (Amsterdam, 2004), and Alfred Kohler, Karl V. 1500–1558. Eine Biographie (Munich, 1999).

John Lynch, Spain under the Habsburgs. Vol. I: Empire and absolutism (Oxford, 1981), quotation p. 38. On Charles V and ‘Universal Monarchy’ see Franz Bosbach, Monarchia universalis. Ein politischer Leitbegriff der Frühen Neuzeit (Göttingen, 1988), pp. 35–64.

То есть супруг правящей королевы, Филипп, еще наследником престола женился на Марии Тюдор (Кровавой); после ее смерти он долго предлагал брак королеве Елизавете. Примеч. ред.

Geoffrey Parker, The grand strategy of Philip II (New Haven and London, 1998), p. 4.

Gábor Ágoston, ‘Information, ideology, and limits of imperial policy: Ottoman grand strategy in the context of Ottoman – Habsburg rivalry’, in Virginia H. Aksan and Daniel Goffman (eds.), The Early Modern Ottomans: remapping the empire (Cambridge, 2007), pp. 75–103.

Goffman, Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe, p. 111.

The Sultan’s instructions to the Moriscos and his envoy to Flanders are cited in Andrew C. Hess, ‘The Moriscos: an Ottoman fifth column in sixteenth-century Spain’, American Historical Review, 74, 1 (1968), pp. 19–20.

Esther-Beate Körber, Habsburgs europäische Herrschaft. Von Karl V. bis zum Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts (Darmstadt, 2002), p. 20 and passim.

Quoted in Lynch, Spain under the Habsburgs, pp. 74–5.

Aurelio Espinosa, ‘The grand strategy of Charles V (1500–1558): Castile, war, and dynastic priority in the Mediterranean’, Journal of Early Modern History, 9 (2005), pp. 239–83, especially pp. 239–41 and 258–9.

Federico Chabod, ‘“¿Milán o los Países Bajos?” Las discusiones en España sobre la “alternativa” de 1544’, in Carlos V (1500–1558). Homenaje de la Universidad de Granada (Granada, 1958), pp. 331–72, especially pp. 340–41. I thank Miss Carolina Jimenez Sanchez for translating this article for me.

Volker Press, ‘Die Bundespläne Karls V und die Reichsverfassung’, in Heinrich Lutz (ed.), Das römisch-deutsche Reich im politischen System Karls V. (Munich, 1982), pp. 55–106.

Alfred Kohler, Expansion und Hegemonie. Internationale Beziehungen, 1450–1559 (Paderborn, Munich, etc., 2008), pp. 371–84.

Olivares on Flanders is cited in Jonathan I. Israel, Conflicts of empires. Spain, the Low Countries and the struggle for world supremacy, 1585–1713 (London, 1997), pp. 67–8. For projected Spanish military expenditure in 1634 see the figures in J. H. Elliott, ‘Foreign policy and domestic crisis: Spain, 1598–1659’, in J. H. Elliott, Spain and its world, 1500–1700. Selected essays (New Haven and London, 1989), p. 130.

Randall Lesaffer, ‘Defensive warfare, prevention and hegemony: the justifications of the Franco-Spanish war of 1635’, Journal for International Law, 8 (2006), pp. 91–123 and 141–79. Richelieu on gateways is cited in J. H. Elliott, Richelieu and Olivares (Cambridge, 1984), p. 123.

Quoted in Derek Croxton, Peacemaking in Early Modern Europe. Cardinal Mazarin and the Congress of Westphalia, 1643–1648 (Selinsgrove, Pa, and London, 1999), p. 271.

Quoted in Stuart Carroll, Martyrs and murderers. The Guise family and the making of Europe (Oxford, 2009), p. 68.

Quoted in Alison D. Anderson, On the verge of war. International relations and the Jülich-Kleve succession crises (1609–1614) (Boston, 1999), p. 51.

Anja Victorine Hartmann, Von Regensburg nach Hamburg. Die diplomatischen Beziehungen zwischen dem französischen König und dem Kaiser vom Regensburger Vertrag (13. Oktober 1630) bis zum Hamburger Präliminarfrieden (25. Dezember 1641) (Münster, 1998).

Richelieu is quoted in Hermann Weber, ‘Richelieu und das Reich’, in Heinrich Lutz, Friedrich Hermann Schubert and Hermann Weber (eds.), Frankreich und das Reich im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert (Göttingen, 1968), pp. 36–52 (pp. 39 and 41).

Quoted in Osiander, States system of Europe, p. 28.

James D. Tracy, The founding of the Dutch Republic. War, finance, and politics in Holland, 1572–1588 (Oxford, 2008), pp. 5–7, 143–5, 238–41 and passim. For the connections between the Netherlands and the Empire see Johannes Arndt, Das heilige Römische Reich und die Niederlande 1566 bis 1648. Politisch-Konfessionelle Verflechtung und Publizistik im Achtzigjährigen Krieg (Cologne, 1998).

Rory McEntegart, Henry VIII, the League of Schmalkalden and the English Reformation (Woodbridge, 2002), pp. 11–12 and 217–18 (quotation p. 17).

Cited in R. B. Wernham, Before the Armada. The growth of English foreign policy, 1485–1588 (London, 1966), p. 292.

J. Raitt, ‘The Elector John Casimir, Queen Elizabeth, and the Protestant League’, in D. Visser (ed.), Controversy and conciliation. The Reformation and the Palatinate, 1559–1583 (Allison Park, Pa, 1986), pp. 117–45. 145

О нежелании Елизаветы вторгаться в Нидерланды: Simon Adams, ‘Elizabeth I and the sovereignty of the Netherlands, 1576–1585’, in Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Sixth Series, XIV (2004), pp. 309–19. 319

Michael Roberts, Gustavus Adolphus (London and New York, 1992), pp. 59–72, and ‘The political objectives of Gustav Adolf in Germany, 1630–2’, in Roberts, Essays in Swedish History (London, 1967), pp. 82–110. The quotations from Gustavus Adolphus and the Rijkstag are in Erik Ringmar, Identity, interest and action. A cultural explanation of Sweden’s intervention in the Thirty Years War (Cambridge, 1996), p. 112. Oxenstierna is quoted in Peter H. Wilson (ed.), The Thirty Years War. A Sourcebook (Basingstoke and New York, 2010), p. 133.

‘Swedish Manifesto. 1630’, in Wilson (ed.), Thirty Years War. A Source-book, p. 122. The concerns about the Habsburgs ‘drawing nearer to the Baltic provinces’ are clearly spelled out on pp. 123–4. The ‘liberty of Germany’ is invoked in the final paragraph, p. 130.

Sigmund Goetze, Die Politik des schwedischen Reichskanzlers Axel Oxenstierna gegenüber Kaiser und Reich (Kiel, 1971), pp. 75–90.

Пожизненным диктатором (лат.). Примеч. ред.

Quoted in Michael Roberts, ‘Oxenstierna in Germany’, in Roberts, From Oxenstierna to Charles XII. Four studies (Cambridge, 1991), p. 26.

О важности для испанцев Германии: Charles Howard Carter, The secret diplomacy of the Habsburgs, 1598–1625 (New York and London, 1964), p. 58.

Quoted in Osiander, States system of Europe, p. 79.

Gülru Necipoğ lu, ‘Süleyman the Magni cent and the representation of power in the context of Ottoman – Habsburg – Papal rivalry’, The Art Bulletin, 71 (1989), pp. 401–27, especially pp. 411–12. 412

Goffman, Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe, pp. 107–8. Важность Центральной Европы и Средиземноморья: Metin Kunt and Christine Woodhead (eds.), Süleyman the Magnificent and his age. The Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern world (London, 1995), pp. 24 and 42–3. 43

Quoted in Karl Brandi, Kaiser Karl V. Wenden und Schicksal einer Persönlichkeit und eines Weltreiches (Munich, 1959), p. 78.

Quoted in John M. Headley, ‘Germany, the Empire and Monarchia in the thought and policy of Gattinara’, in Lutz (ed.), Das römisch-deutsche Reich, p. 18.

Henry J. Cohn, ‘Did bribes induce the German electors to choose Charles V as emperor in 1519?’, German History, 19, 1 (2001), pp. 1–27.

Headley, ‘Germany, the Empire and Monarchia’, in Lutz (ed.), Das römisch-deutsche Reich, pp. 15–33, especially pp. 18–19 (quotations pp. 16 and 22).

Matthias Schnettger and Marcello Verga (eds.), Das Reich und Italien in der Frühen Neuzeit (Berlin and Bologna, 2000). О стычке между Максимилианом и Карлом: Hermann Wies ecker, Kaiser Maximilian I. Das Reich, Österreich und Europa an der Wende zur Neuzeit (Munich, 1975) (quotation p. 50). О “мессианских” амбициях Карла: Haran, Le lys et le globe, pp. 39–40.

Quoted in Heinrich Lutz, ‘Kaiser Karl V., Frankreich und das Reich’, in Lutz et al., Frankreich und das Reich im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert, pp. 7–19 (quotation p. 13).

Quoted in William F. Church, Richelieu and reason of state (Princeton, NJ, 1972), p. 287.

Stella Fletcher, Cardinal Wolsey. A life in Renaissance Europe (London and New York, 2009), pp. 61–2.

C. S. L. Davies, ‘Tournai and the English crown, 1513–1519’, Historical Journal, 41 (1998), pp. 1–26, especially pp. 11–12.

Euan Cameron, The European Reformation (Oxford, 1991), pp. 99–110.

John W. Bohnstedt, The in del scourge of God. The Turkish menace as seen by German pamphleteers of the Reformation era (Philadelphia, 1968), pp. 12–13 and 23–5.

Dieter Mertens, ‘Nation als Teilhabeverheissung: Reformation und Bauernkrieg’, in Dieter Langewiesche and Georg Schmidt (eds.), Föderative Nation. Deutschlandkonzepte von der Reformation bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg (Munich, 2000), pp. 115–34, especially pp. 117–18 and 125–32. Также: Klaus Arnold, ‘“… damit der arm man vnnd gemainer nutz iren furgang haben”… Zum deutschen “Bauernkrieg” als politischer Bewegung: Wen – del Hiplers und Friedrich Weigandts Pläne einer “Reformation” des Reiches’, in Zeitschrift für historische Forschung, 9 (1982), pp. 257–313, especially pp. 296–307 on imperial reform plans.

Andrew Pettegree, The Reformation and the culture of persuasion (Cambridge, 2005), especially pp. 185–210; R. W. Scribner, For the sake of simple folk. Popular propaganda for the German Reformation (Cambridge, 1981); and Peter Lake and Steven Pincus (eds.), The politics of the public sphere in Early Modern England (Manchester and New York, 2007), especially pp. 1–30.

Diarmaid MacCulloch, Reformation. Europe’s house divided, 1490–1700 (London, 2003), especially pp. 124–5. О порожденном Реформацией ощущении уязвимости: Robert von Friedeburg, Self-defence and religious strife in Early Modern Europe. England and Germany, 1530–1680 (Aldershot, 2002).

Claus-Peter Clasen, The Palatinate in European history, 1555–1618 (Oxford, 1963), especially pp. 10–11; and Volker Press, ‘Fürst Christian I. von Anhalt-Bernburg, Statthalter der Oberpfalz, Haupt der evangelischen Bewegungspartei vor dem Dreissigjährigen Krieg (1568–1630)’, in Konrad Ackermann and Alois Schmid (eds.), Staat und Verwaltung in Bayern (Munich, 2003), pp. 193–216.

D. J. B. Trim, ‘Calvinist internationalism and the shaping of Jacobean foreign policy’, in Timothy Wilks (ed.), Prince Henry revived. Image and exemplarity in Early Modern England (London, 2007), pp. 239–58. О самом любопытном агенте “кальвинистского интернационала”: Hugh Trevor-Roper, Europe’s physician. The various life of Sir Theodore de Mayerne (New Haven, 2006).

Cecil on the German princes is cited in David Trim, ‘Seeking a Protestant alliance and liberty of conscience on the continent, 1558–85’, in Susan Doran and Glenn Richardson (eds.), Tudor England and its neighbours (Basingstoke, 2005), pp. 139–77 (p. 157).

Peter H. Wilson, ‘The Thirty Years War as the Empire’s constitutional crisis’, in R. J. W. Evans, Michael Schaich and Peter H. Wilson (eds.), The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806 (Oxford, 2010), pp. 95–114.

Heinz Duchhardt, Protestantisches Kaisertum und altes Reich. Die Diskussion über die Konfession des Kaisers in Politik, Publizistik und Staatsrecht (Wiesbaden, 1977), pp. 326–30.

R. A. Stradling, Spain’s struggle for Europe, 1598–1668 (London, 1994).

Zúñiga and Onate are quoted in Eberhard Straub, Pax et imperium. Spaniens Kampf um seine Friedensordnung in Europa zwischen 1617 und 1635 (Paderborn and Munich, 1980), pp. 116–17.

Brennan C. Pursell, The Winter King. Frederick V of the Palatinate and the coming of the Thirty Years War (Aldershot, 2003).

Thomas Brockmann, Dynastie, Kaiseramt und Konfession. Politik und Ordnungsvorstellungen Ferdinands II im Dreissigjährigen Krieg (Paderborn, 2009).

Heinz Duchhardt, ‘Das Reich in der Mitte des Staatensystems. Zum Verhältnis von innerer Verfassung und internationaler Funktion in den Wandlungen des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts’, in Peter Krüger (ed.), Das europäische Staatensystem im Wandel. Strukturelle Bedingungen und bewegende Kräfte seit der Frühen Neuzeit (Munich, 1996), pp. 1–9; and Christoph Kampmann, Europa und das Reich im Dressigjährigen Krieg. Geschichte eines europäischen Kon ikts (Stuttgart, 2008).

Quoted in R. J. Knecht, The Valois. Kings of France, 1328–1589 (London, 2004), p. 144.

Maurice Keen, ‘The end of the Hundred Years War: Lancastrian France and Lancastrian England’, in Michael Jones and Malcolm Vale (eds.), England and her neighbours, 1066–1453 (London and Ronceverte, W. Va, 1989), pp. 297–311, especially pp. 299–301.

О существовании публичной сферы до изобретения книгопечатания и значимости английских войн: Clementine Oliver, Parliament and political pamphleteering in fourteenth-century England (Woodbridge, 2010), p. 4 and passim.

Cited in Helen Castor, Blood and roses (London, 2004), p. 60.

G. L. Harriss, ‘The struggle for Calais: an aspect of the rivalry between Lancaster and York’, The English Historical Review, LXXV, 294 (1960), pp. 30–53, especially pp. 30–31.

Alexandra Gajda, ‘Debating war and peace in late Elizabethan England’, Historical Journal, 52 (2009), pp. 851–78.

Noel Malcolm, Reason of state, propaganda, and the Thirty Years’ War. An unknown translation by Thomas Hobbes (Oxford, 2007), especially pp. 74–8, and Robert von Friedeburg, ‘“Self-defence” and sovereignty: the reception and application of German political thought in England and Scotland, 1628–69’, History of Political Thought, 23 (2002), pp. 238–65.

Almut Höfert, Den feind beschreiben. Türkengefahr und europäisches Wissen über das Osmanische Reich 1450–1600 (Frankfurt, 2003), and Robert Schwoebel, The shadow of the crescent. The Renaissance image of the Turk (1453–1517) (Nieuwkoop, 1967).

Caspar Hirschi, Wettkampf der Nationen. Konstruktionen einer deutschen Ehrgemeinschaft an der Wende vom Mittelalter zur Neuzeit (Göttingen, 2005), pp. 12, 159, and passim.

Alfred Schröcker, Die deutsche Nation. Beobachtungen zur politischen Propaganda des ausgehenden 15. Jahrhunderts (Lübeck, 1974), pp. 116–45, and Joachim Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, 1493–1806, 2 vols. (Oxford, 2011).

Elliott, ‘Foreign policy and domestic crisis’, in Elliott, Spain and its world, especially, pp. 118–19.

Sharon Kettering, Power and reputation at the court of Louis XIII. The career of Charles d’Albert, duc de Luynes (1578–1621) (Manchester and New York, 2008), pp. 217–42.

Jonathan Scott, England’s troubles. Seventeenth-century English political instability in European context (Cambridge, 2000), and John Reeve, ‘Britain or Europe? The context of Early Modern English history: political and cultural, economic and social, naval and military’, in Glenn Burgess (ed.), The new British history. Founding a modern state, 1603–1715 (London and New York, 1999), pp. 287–312.

100

‘Resolutions on religion drawn by a sub-committee of the House of Commons’, 24 February 1629, in S. R. Gardiner, Constitutional documents of the Puritan revolution, 3rd rev. edn (Oxford, 1906), p. 78. On the rise of Calvinist internationalism in England see David Trim, ‘Calvinist inter – nationalism and the shaping of Jacobean foreign policy’, in Timothy Wilks (ed.), Prince Henry revived. Image and exemplarity in Early Modern England (London, 2007), pp. 239–58.

101

Alfred Kohler, ‘Karl V, Ferdinand I und das Königreich Ungarn’, in Martina Fuchs, Teréz Oborni and Gábor Újváry (eds.), Kaiser Ferdinand I. Ein mitteleuropäischer Herrscher (Münster, 2005), pp. 3–12.

102

Quoted in Hans Sturmberger, ‘Türkengefahr und österreichische Staatlichkeit’, Südostdeutsches Archiv, X (1967), pp. 132–45.

103

Winfried Schulze, Reich und Türkengefahr im späten 16. Jahrhundert. Studien zu den politischen und gesellschaftlichen Auswirkungen einer aüsseren Bedrohung (Munich, 1978), especially pp. 270–97.

104

The declaration of 1575 is cited in Geoffrey Parker, The Dutch Revolt (Harmondsworth, 1990), p. 146. M. C. ’t Hart, The making of a bourgeois state. War, politics and finance during the Dutch revolt (Manchester, 1993), pp. 216–17, makes the point that war and state formation do not necessarily lead to absolutism.

105

Jane E. A. Dawson, ‘William Cecil and the British dimension of early Elizabethan foreign policy’, History, 74 (1989), pp. 196–216 (Cecil quotation p. 209). О восприятии Шотландии в “европейском” контексте: Roger A. Mason, ‘Scotland, Elizabethan England and the idea of Britain’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Sixth Series, 14 (2004), pp. 279–93 (especially p. 285). Иакже: William Palmer, The problem of Ireland in Tudor foreign policy 1485–1603 (Woodbridge, 1995), p. 79 and passim, and Brendan Bradshaw and John Morrill (eds.), The British problem, c. 1534–1707. State formation in the Atlantic archipelago (Basingstoke, 1996).

106

Philip’s representative’s comments to the Moriscos are cited in Lynch, Spain under the Habsburgs, p. 227.

107

Hess, ‘The Moriscos: an Ottoman fifth column’, pp. 1–25.

108

Már Jónsson, ‘The expulsion of the Moriscos from Spain in 1609–1614: the destruction of an Islamic periphery’, Journal of Global History, 2 (2007), pp. 195–212, stresses the security dimension, especially p. 203.

109

О религиозной терпимости и мобилизации против османов: M. A. Chisholm, ‘The Religionspolitik of Emperor Ferdinand I (1521–1564)’, European History Quarterly, 38, 4 (2008), p. 566.

110

Niccolò Machiavelli, The discourses, ed. Bernard Crick (Harmondsworth, 1970), with quotations (in order of appearance) on pp. 98, 100–102, 152, 168, 300, 252, 255, 130, 124, 259 and 122–3. See also Mikael Hörnqvist, Machiavelli and empire (Cambridge, 2004).

111

Catherine Nall, ‘Perceptions of financial mismanagement and the English diagnosis of defeat’. Благодарю д-ра Нолл за возможность ознакомиться с неопубликованной рукописью.

112

Steven Gunn, David Grummitt and Hans Cools, War, state, and society in England and the Netherlands, 1477–1559 (Oxford, 2007), pp. 329–34.

113

Wallace MacCaffrey, ‘Parliament and foreign policy’, in D. M. Dean and N. L. Jones (eds.), The parliaments of Elizabethan England (Oxford, 1990), pp. 65–90, especially pp. 65–7.

114

О взаимосвязи сильной монархии и успехов внешней политики: Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, The royal French state, 1460–1610, trans. Judith Vale (Oxford and Cambridge, Mass., 1994). See also Steven Gunn, ‘Politic history, New Monarchy and state formation: Henry VII in European perspective’, Historical Research, 82 (2009), pp. 380–92.

115

John Guy, ‘The French king’s council, 1483–1526’, in Ralph A. Griffiths and James Sherborne (eds.), Kings and nobles in the later Middle Ages (Gloucester and New York), pp. 274–87. See also Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Royal French state, especially pp. 54–78.

116

Lynch, Spain under the Habsburgs, pp. 50–51, 59, 63–4, 92–3 and 97.

117

Quoted in James D. Tracy, The founding of the Dutch Republic. War, finance, and politics in Holland, 1572–1588 (Oxford, 2008), p. 26.

118

The Middle Volga peasants are cited in Valerie Kivelson, ‘Muscovite “Citizenship”: rights without freedom’, Journal of Modern History, 74, 3 (2002), pp. 465–89 (citation p. 474). See also Hans-Joachim Torke, Die staatsbed – ingte Gesellschaft im Moskauer Reich. Zar und Zemlja in der altrussischen Herrschaftsverfassung, 1613–1689 (Leiden, 1974).

119

George William is cited in Christopher Clark, Iron kingdom. The rise and downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947 (London, 2006), p. 26.

120

A. S. Piccolomini, Secret memoirs of a Renaissance pope. The Commentaries of Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini, Pius II. An abridgement, trans. Florence A. Gragg and ed. Leona C. Gabel (London, 1988), p. 62. I thank Anastasia Knox for this reference.

121

Quoted in Karl Nehring, Matthias Corvinus, Kaiser Friedrich III und das Reich. Zum hunyadisch-habsburgischen Gegensatz im Donauerraum (Munich, 1975), p. 130.

122

Gerhard Benecke, Maximilian I 1459–1519. An analytical biography (London, Boston, Melbourne and Henley, 1982), pp. 141–6.

123

Peter Schmid, Der gemeine Pfennig von 1495. Vorgeschichte und Entstehung, verfassungsgeschichtliche, politische und nanzielle Bedeu-tung (Göttingen, 1989).

124

Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, pp. 67–80 and passim.

125

Cited in Branka Magaš, Croatia through history (London, 2008), p. 90. On the initial response of the German Diet to the Ottoman threat see Stephen A. Fischer-Galati, Ottoman imperialism and German Protestantism, 1521–1555 (New York, 1972 repr.), pp. 10–17. I am very grateful to Miss Andrea Fröhlich for sharing her expertise on early sixteenth-century Hungary with me.

126

Thomas Nicklas, Um Macht und Einheit des Reiches. Konzeption und Wirklichkeit der Politik bei Lazarus von Schwendi (1522–1583) (Husum, 1995), with quotations on pp. 113–14, 116 and 121.

127

Quoted in Weston F. Cook, The hundred years war for Morocco. Gunpowder and the military revolution in the Early Modern Muslim world (Boulder, San Francisco and Oxford, 1994), p. 83.

128

Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Columbus (Oxford, 1991), pp. 46 and 153–5.

129

Abbas Hamdani, ‘Columbus and the recovery of Jerusalem’, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 99, 1 (Jan. – Mar. 1979), pp. 39–48 (p. 43). Реакция турок: Andrew Hess, ‘The evolution of the Ottoman seaborne empire in the age of the oceanic discoveries, 1453–1525’, American Historical Review, 75, 7 (1970), pp. 1892–1919, especially pp. 1894 and 1899 (encirclement), 1905 and 1908 (Indian Ocean).

130

Robert Finlay, ‘Crisis and crusade in the Mediterranean: Venice, Portugal, and the Cape Route to India (1498–1509)’, in Robert Finlay, Venice besieged. Politics and diplomacy in the Italian wars 1494–1534 (Aldershot, 2008), pp. 45–90.

131

Hugh Thomas, Rivers of gold. The rise of the Spanish Empire (London and New York, 2003), pp. 540–54.

132

Patrick Karl O’Brien and Leandro Prados de la Escosura, ‘Balance sheets for the acquisition, retention and loss of European empires overseas’, Itinerario, XXIIII (1999), p. 28 and passim. The quotation is in Lynch, Spain under the Habsburgs, p. 38.

133

Hans-Joachim König, ‘Plus ultra – Ein Weltreichs – und Eroberungsprogramm? Amerika und Europa in politischen Vorstellungen im Spanien Karls V’, in Alfred Kohler, Barbara Haider and Christine Ottner (eds.), Karl V 1500–1558. Neue Perspektiven seiner Herrschaft in Europa und Übersee (Vienna, 2002), pp. 197–222, especially pp. 203–4.

134

Вопреки мнению: Hugh Thomas, The golden empire. Spain, Charles V and the creation of America (New York, 2011), pp. 362–3, 370–72 and passim (figures for distribution of gold p. 511).

135

The English parliamentarians are cited in Thomas Cogswell, The Blessed revolution. English politics and the coming of war, 1621–1624 (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 72–3. Rudyerd is cited in J. H. Elliott, The Old World and the New 1492–1650 (Cambridge, 1992) pp. 90–91.

136

О важности соперничества за торговлю табаком: homas Cogswell, ‘“In the power of the state”: Mr Anys’s project and the tobacco colonies, 1626–1628’, The English Historical Review, CXX–III, 500 (2008), pp. 35–64.

137

Susan Hardman Moore, Pilgrims. New World settlers and the call of home (New Haven and London, 2007).

138

О важности Пфальца, протестантстве и христианской Европе: Francis J. Bremer, Puritan crisis. New England and the English Civil Wars, 1630–1670 (New York and London, 1989), pp. 27–32, 36–42, 45–50, 55–60, 63–4, 84–7 and 237–9 (quotations pp. 63 and 137). Perry Miller, The New England mind. From colony to province (Harvard, 1953), p. 25, подчеркивает, что холм Уинтропа должны были видеть в Европе. Winthrop on Bohemia is cited in Francis J. Bremer, John Winthrop. America’s forgotten founding father (New York and Oxford, 2003), p. 137.

139

Christoph Kampmann, ‘Peace impossible? The Holy Roman Empire and the European state system in the seventeenth century’, in Olaf Asbach and Peter Schröder (eds.), War, the state and international law in seventeenth-century Europe (Farnham, 2010), pp. 197–210.

140

Michael Rohrschneider, Der gescheiterte Frieden von Münster. Spaniens Ringen mit Frankreich auf dem Westfälischen Friedenskongress (1643–1649) (Münster, 2007), pp. 90 and 307–11.

141

Karsten Ruppert, Die kaiserliche Politik auf dem westfälischen Friedenskongress (1643–1648) (Münster, 1979), pp. 39–42 and 115–16.

142

Quoted in Andreas Osiander, The state system of Europe, 1640–1990. Peacemaking and the conditions of international stability (Oxford, 1994), p. 74.

143

Lothar Höbelt, Ferdinand III. Friedenskaiser wider Willen (Graz, 2008), pp. 224–9.

144

K. J. Holsti’s hugely influential International politics. A framework for analysis, 4th edn (Englewood Cliffs, 1983), pp. 4 and 83–4. For a more recent enunciation of this view see Thomas G. Weiss, Humanitarian intervention. Ideas in action (Cambridge, 2007), p. 14.

145

Article 8. The text of the treaty can be found in Clive Parry (ed.), The consolidated treaty series (New York, 1969), pp. 198–356.

146

Joachim Whaley, ‘A tolerant society? Religious toleration in the Holy Roman Empire, 1648–1806’, in Ole Grell and Roy Porter (eds.), Toleration in Enlightenment Europe (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 175–95, especially pp. 176–7.

147

Derek Croxton, ‘The Peace of Westphalia of 1648 and the origins of sovereignty’, International History Review, 21, 3 (1999) pp. 569–91 (quotations pp. 589–90).

148

Andreas Osiander, ‘Sovereignty, international relations, and the Westphalian myth’, International Organization, 55 (2001), pp. 251–87; Stéphane Beaulac, ‘The Westphalian legal orthodoxy – myth or reality?’, Journal of the History of International Law, 2 (2000), pp. 148–77; and Stephen D. Krasner, ‘Westphalia and all that’, in Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane (eds.), Ideas and foreign policy. Beliefs, institutions and political change (Ithaca and London, 1993), p. 235. Социологический взгляд: Benno Teschke, The myth of 1648. Class, geopolitics, and the making of modern international relations (London and New York, 2003).

149

Peter Englund, Die Verwüstung Deutschlands. Eine Geschichte des dreissigjährigen Krieges (Stuttgart, 1998), especially pp. 343–63, and Thomas Robisheaux, Rural society and the search for order in Early Modern Germany (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 201–26.

150

Ian Roy, ‘England turned Germany? The aftermath of the Civil War in its European context’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Fifth Series, 28 (1978), pp. 127–44 (especially pp. 127–30).

151

Иное мнение: David Lederer, ‘The myth of the all-destructive war: afterthoughts on German suffering, 1618–1648’, German History, 29, 3 (2011), pp. 380–403.

152

Quoted in Klaus Malettke, ‘Europabewusstsein und europäische Friedenspläne im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert’, Francia, 21 (1994), pp. 63–94 (p. 69).

153

Quoted in Sven Externbrink, Friedrich der Grosse, Maria Theresia und das alte Reich. Deutschlandbild und diplomatie Frankreichs im Siebenjährigen Krieg (Berlin, 2006), pp. 89–90.

154

David Onnekink (ed.), War and religion after Westphalia, 1648–1713 (Farnham, 2009), pp. 1–15.

155

Букв. «имперское установление» (нем.). Примеч. ред.

156

Bernd Marquardt, ‘Zur reichsgerichtlichen Aberkennung der Herrschergewalt wegen Missbrauchs: Tyrannenprozesse vor dem Reichshofrat am Beispiel des südöstlichen schwäbischen Reichskreises’, in Anette Baumann, Peter Oestmann, Stephan Wendehorst and Siegrid Westphal (eds.), Prozesspraxis im alten Reich. Annäherungen – Fallstudien – Statistiken (Cologne, Weimar and Vienna, 2005).

157

Karl Härter, ‘Sicherheit und Frieden im frühneuzeitlichen Alten Reich: zur, Funktion der Reichsverfassung als Sicherheits – und Friedensordnung 1648–1806’, Zeitschrift für historische Forschung, 30 (2003), pp. 413–31.

158

D. J. B. Trim, “If a prince use tyrannie towards his people”: interventions on behalf of foreign populations in Early Modern Europe’, in Brendan Simms and D. J. B. Trim (eds.), Humanitarian intervention. A history (Cambridge, 2011), pp. 54–64.

159

Thomas Gage’s remarks of about 1654 are cited in Charles P. Korr, Cromwell and the New Model foreign policy. England’s policy toward France, 1649–1658 (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1975) p. 89. Article 42 of the Treaty of the Pyrenees is cited in Peter Sahlins, ‘Natural frontiers revisited. France’s boundaries since the seventeenth century’, American Historical Review, 95, 5 (1990), pp. 1423–51 (p. 1430).

160

Robert I. Frost, The northern wars. War, state and society in north-eastern Europe, 1558–1721 (Harlow, 2000), pp. 198–200.

161

The Great Elector is cited in Richard Dietrich (ed.), Die politischen Testamente der Hohenzollern (Cologne and Vienna, 1986), p. 188.

162

Paul Sonnino, Mazarin’s quest. The Congress of Westphalia and the coming of the Fronde (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 2008), pp. 168–71.

163

Richard Bonney, Society and government in France under Richelieu and Mazarin 1624–61 (Basingstoke, 1988), pp. 21–5.

164

Cited in Christopher Clark, Iron kingdom. The rise and downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947 (London, 2006), p. 55.

165

Christoph Fürbringer, Necessitas und libertas. Staatsbildung und Landstände im 17. Jahrhundert in Brandenburg (Frankfurt, 1985), passim (quotations pp. 56, 67 and 162–3).

166

F. L. Carsten, ‘The resistance of Cleves and Mark to the despotic policy of the Great Elector’, The English Historical Review, LXVI, 259 (1951), pp. 219–41, especially pp. 223–4 and 232 on the foreign policy link.

167

Ferdinand Grönebaum, Frankreich in Ost – und Nordeuropa. Die französisch-russischen Beziehungen von 1648–1689 (Wiesbaden, 1968), especially pp. 32–3.

168

Peter Burke, The fabrication of Louis XIV (New Haven, 1992).

169

Georges Livet, ‘Louis XIV and the Germanies’, in Ragnhild Hatton (ed.), Louis XIV and Europe (London and Basingstoke, 1976), pp. 60–81, especially pp. 62–3.

170

Quoted in Andrew Lossky, Louis XIV and the French monarchy (New Brunswick, NJ, 1994), p. 129.

171

Guy Rowlands, The dynastic state and the army under Louis XIV. Royal service and private interest, 1661–1701 (Cambridge, 2002).

172

Стратегическая мотивация: Leslie Tuttle, Conceiving the old regime. Pronatalism and the politics of reproduction in Early Modern France (Oxford, 2010), p. 7.

173

John A. Lynn, Giant of the Grand Siècle. The French army, 1610–1715 (Cambridge, 1997), especially pp. 595–609.

174

William Beik, Absolutism and society in seventeenth-century France. State power and provincial aristocracy in Languedoc (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 150–51 and 156–7, and Bailey Stone, The genesis of the French Revolution. A global-historical interpretation (Cambridge, 1994), p. 58. The quotations range from the 1630s to the 1690s.

175

Название одной из высших должностей в Соединенных провинциях, дававшей право, в частности, от имени Генеральных штатов вести переговоры с иноземными послами и министрами. Примеч. ред.

176

Writing in 1673, quoted in Klaus Malettke, Frankreich, Deutschland und Europa im 17 und 18. Jahrhundert. Beiträge zum Ein uss französischer politischer Theorie, Verfassung und Aussenpolitik in der Frühen Neuzeit (Marburg, 1994), p. 311.

177

О влиянии внешнего давления на работу сейма: Anton Schindling, Die Anfänge des immerwährenden Reichstags zu Regensburg. Ständevertretung und Staatskunst nach dem Westfälischen Frieden (Mainz, 1991), pp. 53–5, 68–90 and 229–30.

178

Wout Troost, ‘“To restore and preserve the liberty of Europe”. William III’s ideas on foreign policy’, in David Onnekink and Gijs Rommelse (eds.), Ideology and foreign policy in Early Modern Europe (1650–1750) (Farn – ham, 2011), pp. 283–304 (German context pp. 288–9).

179

О важности Нидерландов и Германии для испанской стратегии: Christopher Storrs, The resilience of the Spanish monarchy, 1665–1700 (Oxford, 2006), pp. 14 and 113–14. Аннексия Франш-Конте: Darryl Dee, Expansion and crisis in Louis XIV’s France. Franche-Comté and absolute monarchy, 1674–1715 (Rochester, NY, and Woodbridge, 2009).

180

Sonja Schultheiss-Heinz, ‘Contemporaneity in 1672–1679: the Paris Gazette, the London Gazette, and the Teutsche Kriegs-Kurier (1672–1679)’, in Brendan Dooley (ed.), The dissemination of news and the emergence of contemporaneity in Early Modern Europe (Farnham, 2010), pp. 115–36.

181

Об английских политических памфлетах: Tony Claydon, Europe and the making of England, 1660–1760 (Cambridge, 2007), pp. 220–25. Германия: Erich Everth, Die Öffentlichkeit in der Aussenpolitik von Karl V. bis Napoleon (Jena, 1931), pp. 155–7.

182

Alexander Schmidt, ‘Ein französischer Kaiser? Die Diskussion um die Nationalität des Reichsoberhauptes im 17. Jahrhundert’, Historisches Jahrbuch, 123 (2003), pp. 149–77, especially pp. 150, 156–8 and 174.

183

Gabriel Glickman, ‘Conflicting visions: foreign affairs in domestic debate, 1660–1689’, in William Mulligan and Brendan Simms (eds.), The primacy of foreign policy in British history, 1660–2000. How strategic concerns shaped modern Britain (Basingstoke, 2010), pp. 15–31.

184

Quoted in Brendan Simms, Three victories and a defeat. The rise and fall of the first British Empire, 1714–1783 (London, 2007), p. 32.

185

Annabel Patterson, The Long Parliament of Charles II (New Haven and London, 2008), pp. 178–208, especially pp. 179–80.

186

О важности «деволюционной войны» для отношения немцев к Людовику: Martin Wrede, Das Reich und seine Feinde: politische Feindbilder in der reichspatriotischen Publizistik zwischen Westfälischem Frieden und Siebenjährigem Krieg (Mainz, 2004), pp. 330–407.

187

Leonard Krieger, The German idea of freedom. History of a political tradition (Chicago and London, 1957), pp. 6, 19 and passim.

188

Quoted in Peter SchrÖder, ‘The constitution of the Holy Roman Empire after 1648: Samuel Pufendorf’s assessment in his Monzambano’, Historical Journal, 42 (1999), pp. 961–83 (quotation p. 970).

189

Wolfgang Burgdorf, Reichskonstitution und Nation. Verfassungsreformprojekte für das Heilige Römische Reich deutscher Nation im politischen Schrifttum von 1648 bis 1806 (Mainz, 1998), W. H. Pufendorf quotations pp. 70–73.

190

Sophus Reinert, Translating Empire. Emulation and the origins of political economy (Cambridge, Mass., 2011).

191

О Вестфальском мире, пиренейском мире и имперской политике Испании: Stanley H. Stein and Barbara H. Stein, Silver, trade and war. Spain and America in the making of Early Modern Europe (Baltimore and London, 2000), pp. 57–105.

192

Louvois’s remark of June 1684 is cited in Livet, ‘Louis XIV and the Germanies’.

193

Wouter Troost, ‘William III, Brandenburg, and the construction of the anti-French coalition, 1672–88’, in Jonathan Israel (ed.), The Anglo-Dutch moment. Essays on the Glorious Revolution and its world impact (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 299–333.

194

Quoted in G. Symcox, ‘Louis XIV and the outbreak of the Nine Years War’, in Ragnhild Hatton (ed.), Louis XIV in Europe (London, 1976), p. 187.

195

Quoted in John A. Lynn, The wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714 (London and New York, 1999), p. 197.

196

Quotations in Claydon, Europe and the making of England, pp. 56 and 239.

197

Charles II is quoted in ibid., p. 237.

198

Tony Claydon, William III and the godly revolution (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 138–40 and passim.

199

Christopher Storrs, ‘The army of Lombardy and the resilience of Spanish power in Italy in the reign of Carlos II (1665–1700)’, in War in History, Part I, 4 (1997), pp. 371–97, and Part II, 5 (1998), pp. 1–22.

200

Quoted in Wout Troost, ‘Ireland’s role in the foreign policy of William III’, in Esther Mijers and David Onnekink (eds.), Rede ning William III. The impact of the King-Stadholder in international context (Aldershot, 2007), pp. 53–68 (quotation p. 53).

201

Quoted in Everth, Öffentlichkeit in der Aussenpolitik, p. 147.

202

Steve Pincus, 1688. The first modern revolution (New Haven and London, 2009), pp. 475–7 and passim.

203

David Stasavage, Public debt and the birth of the democratic state. France and Great Britain, 1688–1789 (Cambridge, 2003).

204

Philip J. Stern, The company-state. Corporate sovereignty and the Early Modern foundations of the British Empire in India (Oxford, 2011).

205

Robert D. McJimsey, ‘A country divided? English politics and the Nine Years’ War’, Albion, 23, 1 (1991), pp. 61–74.

206

Quoted in Miles Ogborn, ‘The capacities of the state: Charles Davenant and the management of the excise, 1683–1698’, Journal of Historical Geography, 24 (1998), pp. 289–312.

207

A. F. Upton, Charles XI and Swedish absolutism (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 71–89.

208

Peter H. Wilson, War, state and society in Württemberg, 1677–1793 (Cambridge, 1995), especially pp. 247–8.

209

Andre Wakefield, The disordered police state. German cameralism as science and practice (Chicago and London, 2009).

210

Owen Stanwood, ‘The Protestant moment: anti-popery, the Revolution of 1688–1689, and the making of an Anglo-American empire’, Journal of British Studies, 46 (2007), pp. 481–508 (quotations pp. 488, 491, 501 and 491).

211

Quoted in Christian Greiner, ‘Das “Schild des Reiches”. Markgraf Ludwig Wilhelm von Baden-Baden (1655–1707) und die “Reichsbarriere” am Oberrhein’, in Johannes Kunisch (ed.), Expansion und Gleichgewicht. Studien zur europäischen Mächtepolitik des ancien régime (Berlin, 1986), pp. 31–68 (quotation p. 47).

212

Французская колония в Северной Америке, занимала полуостров Новая Шотландия, территорию современной провинции Нью-Брансуик и ряд островов в океане. Примеч. ред.

213

Linda and Marsha Frey, A question of empire. Leopold I and the War of Spanish Succession, 1701–1705 (Boulder, 1983), pp. 15–17, 47 (quotation) and passim.

214

Peter Baumgart, ‘Die preussische Königskrönung von 1701, das Reich und die europäische Politik’, in Oswald Hauser (ed.), Preussen, Europa und das Reich (Cologne and Vienna, 1987), pp. 65–86, especially pp. 72–4.

215

The Admiralty instructions are quoted in Simms, Three victories, p. 50.

216

Quoted in Frey and Frey, Question of empire, p. 77.

217

Charles Spencer, Blenheim. Battle for Europe. How two men stopped the conquest of Europe (London, 2004).

218

Австрия установила в обоих княжествах суровые оккупационные порядки. Примеч. ред.

219

Martin Schulze-Wessel, Russlands Blick auf Preussen. Die polnische Frage in der Diplomatie und der politischen Öffentlichkeit des Zarenreiches und des Sowjetstaates, 1697–1947 (Stuttgart, 1995), pp. 35 and 37.

220

Andrew Rothstein, Peter the Great and Marlborough. Politics and diplomacy in converging wars (Basingstoke, 1986), p. 37.

221

Rothstein, Peter the Great and Marlborough, pp. 63 and 65–6.

222

Quoted in J. M. Dunn, ‘“Bright enough for all our purposes”. John Locke’s conception of a civilized society’, Notes and Records of the Royal Society London, 43 (1989), p. 134.

223

Michael Kwass, ‘A kingdom of taxpayers: state formation, privilege and political culture in eighteenth-century France’, Journal of Modern History, 70, 2 (1998), pp. 295–339, especially pp. 301 and 303.

224

Согласно документам, Военная коллегия основана в 1719 г. Примеч. ред.

225

Simon M. Dixon, The modernisation of Russia, 1676–1825 (Cambridge, 1999), pp. 42–9 and 61–7.

226

Christopher Storrs, ‘The Union of 1707 and the War of the Spanish Succession’, in Stewart J. Brown and Christopher A. Whatley (eds.), The Union of 1707. New dimensions (Edinburgh, 2008), pp. 31–44, and Allan I. Macinnes, Union and empire. The making of the United Kingdom in 1707 (Cambridge, 2007), pp. 243–76.

227

The Council of State’s protest to Philip is in Henry Kamen, The war of succession in Spain, 1700–1715 (London, 1969), p. 91.

228

Albert N. Hamscher, The Parlement of Paris after the Fronde, 1653–1673 (Pittsburgh, 1976), pp. 89–90, 122–3 and 198.

229

Имеется в виду Худайбийский мирный договор (март 628 г.), по которому сторонники Мухаммеда заключили мир с курайшитами, владевшими Меккой, и получили возможность совершать священное паломничество (хадж). Примеч. ред.

230

Высший надворный суд с функциями апелляционного суда. Примеч. ред.

231

‘Erste Ermahnung Kurfürst Friedrichs III an seinen Nachfolger’, in Richard Dietrich (ed.), Die politischen Testamente der Hohenzollern (Cologneand Vienna, 1986), p. 218.

232

Quoted in Charles Ingrao, In quest and crisis. Emperor Joseph I and the Habsburg monarchy (West Lafayette, 1979), p. 58. On the increasing divisions between Habsburg and Hohenzollern see Christiane Kauer, Brandenburg-Preussen und Österreich, 1705–1711 (Bonn, 1999), pp. 85–6, 159 and passim.

233

Rothstein, Peter the Great and Marlborough, p. 112.

234

Во Франции должностное лицо, которое ведало какой-либо отраслью государственного управления (финансы, торговля и т. д.). Помимо придворных интендантов существовали также должности интендантов провинций; «провинциальные» интенданты являлись фактически наместниками короны (при этом военная власть оставалась за губернаторами, но вскоре за последними оставили лишь представительские функции). Примеч. ред.

235

Louis’s appeal is quoted in James B. Collins, The state in Early Modern France (Cambridge, 1995), p. 162.

236

St John is quoted in Simms, Three victories, p. 65.

237

Ragnhild Hatton, George I. Elector and king (London, 1978).

238

Имеется в виду так называемый Старый (или Старший) претендент на английский трон Джеймс Ф. Стюарт, сын Якова II и непризнанный Яков III. Его сына Чарльза Эдуарда Стюарта (он же – Красавчик принц Чарли) называли Молодым претендентом. Примеч. ред.

239

Leibniz is quoted in Rothstein, Peter the Great and Marlborough, p. 124.

240

David Kirby, ‘Peter the Great and the Baltic’, in Lindsey Hughes (ed.), Peter the Great and the West. New perspectives (Basingstoke, 2001), pp. 177–88.

241

Quoted in Karl A. Roider, Austria’s Eastern Question, 1700–1790 (Princeton, 1982), p. 40.

242

Эти два абзаца тесно связаны с моей статьей: “A false principle in the law of nations”. Burke, state sovereignty, [German] liberty, and intervention in the age of Westphalia’, in Brendan Simms and D. J. B. Trim (eds.), Humanitarian intervention. A history (Cambridge, 2011), pp. 89–110 (quotations p. 95), а также с неопубликованной работой Патрика Милтона об интервенциях в Центральной Европе начала восемнадцатого столетия.

243

Benedict Wagner-Rundell, ‘Holy war and republican pacifism in the early-eighteenth-century Commonwealth of Poland—Lithuania’, in David Onnekink and Gijs Rommelse (eds.), Ideology and foreign policy in Early Modern Europe (1650–1750) (Farnham, 2011), pp. 163–80, especially pp. 172–3.

244

Speaking in 1721, quoted in Simms, Three victories, p. 169.

245

Huxelles is quoted in Jörg Ulbert, ‘Die Angst vor einer habsburgischen Hegemonie im Reich als Leitmotiv der französischen Deutschlandpolitik unter der Regentschaft Philipps von Orleans (1715–1723)’, in Thomas Höpel (ed.), Deutschlandbilder – Frankreichbilder. 1700–1850. Rezeption und Abgrenzung zweier Kulturen (Leipzig, 2001), pp. 57–74 (p. 67).

246

Австрийская частная торговая компания, основанная для торговли с Индией. Примеч. ред.

247

Quoted in Simms, Three victories, p. 183.

248

Название происходит от кальки с турецкого названия канцелярии великого визиря – «высокие ворота» (ит. Porta). Примеч. ред.

249

Townshend is quoted in Simms, Three victories, p. 197.

250

Lucian Hölscher, Öffentlichkeit und Geheimnis. Eine begriffsgeschichtliche Untersuchung zur Entstehung der Öffentlichkeit in der Frühen Neuzeit (Stuttgart, 1979), and Andreas Gestrich, Absolutismus und Öffentlichkeit. Politische Kommunikation in Deutschland zu Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts (Göttingen, 1994).

251

The Friedens-Courier is quoted in Gestrich, Absolutismus und Öffentlichkeit, p. 222.

252

The First Commissioner of the French foreign ministry is quoted in Extern – brink, Friedrich der Grosse, pp. 89–90.

253

The Austrian instructions are quoted in Arthur M. Wilson, French foreign policy during the administration of Cardinal Fleury, 1729–1743. A study in diplomacy and commercial development (New York, 1972), p. 169.

254

Maren Köster, Russische Truppen für Prinz Eugen. Politik mit militärischen Mitteln im frühen 18. Jahrhundert (Vienna, 1986).

255

Colin Jones, The great nation. France from Louis XV to Napoleon, 1715–99 (London, 2007), p. xxi and passim.

256

Paul Bushkovitch, Peter the Great. The struggle for power, 1671–1725 (Cambridge, 2001), passim, especially pp. 270–80 (on Poland p. 444).

257

James Cracraft, The revolution of Peter the Great (Cambridge, Mass., 2003), pp. 29–37 and 54–74 (Table of Ranks p. 35).

258

Букв. «бронзовому утесу» (фр.), то есть непоколебимому основанию. Примеч. ред.

259

Hanna Schissler, Preussische Agrargesellschaft im Wandel. Wirtschaftliche, gesellschaftliche und politische Transformationsprozesse von 1763 bis 1847 (Göttingen, 1978).

260

Lars Atorf, Der König und das Korn. Die Getreidehandelspolitik als Fundament des brandenburgisch-preussischen Aufsteigs zur europäischen Grossmacht (Berlin, 1999), pp. 86–139.

261

Frederick William’s warning is quoted in Helmut Neuhaus, ‘Kronerwerb und Staatskonsolidierung. Der Aufstieg Brandeburg-Preussens im 18. Jahr-hundert als Forschungsproblem’, in Christiane Liermann, Gustavo Corni and Frank-Lothar Kroll, Italien und Preussen. Dialog der Historiographien (Tübingen, 2005), pp. 27–37 (p. 29).

262

D. W. Hayton, James Kelly, and John Bergin (eds.), The eighteenth-century composite state. Representative institutions in Ireland and Europe, 1689–1800 (Basingstoke, 2010), especially pp. 4–5.

263

Michael G. Müller, Polen zwischen Preussen und Russland. Souveränitätskrise und Reformpolitik, 1736–1752 (Berlin, 1983), especially pp. 253–4 and 152–200.

264

Herbert H. Rowen, The princes of Orange. The Stadholders in the Dutch Republic (Cambridge, 1988).

265

Simms, Three victories, pp. 103–4.

266

John Brewer, The sinews of power. War, money, and the English state, 1688–1783 (London, 1989).

267

Hasan Kurdi is quoted in Virginia H. Aksan, Ottoman wars 1700–1870. An empire besieged (Harlow, 2007), p. 92.

268

Suraiya Faroqhi, The Ottoman Empire and the world around it (London, 2007), pp. 27–8.

269

Daniel Goffman, The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 2002), pp. 117–18, and George S. Rentz, The birth of the Islamic reform movement in Saudi Arabia. Muhammad b.‘Abd al-Wahhab (1703/4–1792) and the beginnings of Unitarian empire in Arabia (London, 2004).

270

The Abbé de Saint-Pierre is quoted in Wilson, Fleury, p. 42. Frederick William’s remarks on colonies are to be found in Clark, Iron kingdom, p. 93.

271

Здесь и далее в большинстве случаев высказывания отечественных государственных деятелей, политиков, дипломатов и др. цитируются не по первоисточникам, а в переводе с английского; это позволяет оценить, как их слова в свое время оценивались – и продолжают оцениваться сегодня – носителями западной политической культуры. Примеч. ред.

272

Münnich is quoted in Lavender Cassels, The struggle for the Ottoman Empire, 1717–1740 (London, 1966), p. 100.

273

The Ottoman observer (a Kadi, or senior legal gure) is quoted in Cassels, Struggle for the Ottoman Empire, p. 154.

274

The British envoy is quoted in ibid., p. 24.

275

Lord Bathurst is quoted in Simms, Three victories, p. 259.

276

Philip Wood ne, Britannias glories. The Walpole ministry and the 1739 war with Spain (London, 1998).

277

Quoted in Simms, Three victories, p. 275.

278

Quoted in ibid., p. 251.

279

Quoted in ibid., p. 274.

280

Johannes Kunisch, Friedrich der Grosse. Der König und seine Zeit (Munich, 2004), pp. 159–84.

281

Neuhaus, ‘Kronerwerb und Staatskonsolidierung’, in Liermann et al. (eds.), Italien und Preussen, pp. 27–37 (quotation p. 27).

282

Tim Blanning, ‘Frederick the Great’, in Brendan Simms and Karina Urbach (eds.), Die Rückkehr der ‘Grossen Männer’. Staatsmänner im Krieg – ein deutsch-britischer Vergleich 1740–1945 (Berlin and New York, 2010), pp. 11–20 (quotation p. 12).

283

Структура британского кабинета министров, отвечавшая за развитие соответствующего региона королевства. В 1782 г. Северный и Южный департаменты лишили функций надзора за внутренними делами и объединили в Форин офис – министерство иностранных дел. Примеч. ред.

284

Newcastle is quoted in Simms, Three victories, p. 288.

285

Peter Baumgart, ‘The annexation and integration of Silesia into the Prussian state of Frederick the Great’, in Mark Greengrass (ed.), Conquest and coalescence. The shaping of the state in Early Modern Europe (London, 1991), p. 160.

286

P. G. M. Dickson, Finance and government under Maria Theresia, 1740–1780, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1987), especially vol. I, pp. 1, 266–7 and 270–71.

287

Baruch Mevorach, ‘Die Interventionsbestrebungen in Europa zur Verhinderung der Vertreibung der Juden aus Böhmen und Mähren, 1744–1745’, Jahrbuch des Instituts für deutsche Geschichte, IX (1980), pp. 15–81 (quotations pp. 34 and 54).

288

The quotations are in Simms, Three victories, p. 289.

289

For the quotation see Rowen, The princes of Orange, p. 163.

290

Gyllenborg is quoted in John P. LeDonne, The Russian Empire and the world, 1700–1917. The geopolitics of expansion and containment (New York and Oxford, 1997), p. 35.

291

Francine-Dominique Liechtenhan, La Russie entre en Europe. Elisabeth Ière et la succession de l’Autriche (1740–1750) (Paris, 1997), especially pp. 46–9.

292

Имеются в виду события 1740–1741 гг.: по завещанию Анны Иоанновны регентом при малолетнем императоре Иване VI становился герцог Бирон; после низложения Бирона регентом стала мать Ивана Анна Леопольдовна. В конце 1741 г. состоялся военный переворот, и на трон взошла Елизавета. Примеч. ред.

293

Stainville is quoted in Rohan Butler, Choiseul. Vol. 1: Father and son, 1719–1754 (Oxford, 1980), p. 700. For French fears of the advancing Russians see ibid., pp. 724–6 (Sandwich quotation p. 724).

294

Thomas E. Kaiser, ‘The drama of Charles Edward Stuart, Jacobite propaganda, and French political protest, 1745–1750’, Eighteenth-Century Studies, 30 (1997), pp. 365–81.

295

Quoted in Hagen Schulze, The course of German nationalism. From Frederick the Great to Bismarck, 1763–1867 (Cambridge, 1990).

296

Quoted in T. C. W. Blanning, ‘The Bonapartes and Germany’, in Peter Baehr and Melvin Richter (eds.), Dictatorship in history and theory. Bonapartism, Caesarism, and totalitarianism (Cambridge and New York, 2004), p. 54.

297

Cited in Daniel A. Baugh, ‘Withdrawing from Europe: Anglo-French maritime geopolitics, 1750–1800’, International History Review, 20, 1 (1998), pp. 14–16.

298

Quoted in Externbrink, Friedrich der Grosse, Maria Theresia und das alte Reich. Deutschlandbild und Diplomatie Frankreichs im Siebenjährigen Krieg (Berlin, 2006), p. 316.

299

Quoted in L. Jay Oliva, Misalliance. A study of French policy in Russia during the Seven Years’ War (New York, 1964), p. 9.

300

Newcastle is cited in Reed Browning, The Duke of Newcastle (Cambridge, Mass., 1975), p. 182.

301

Reed Browning, ‘The Duke of Newcastle and the imperial election plan, 1749–1754’, Journal of British Studies, 7 (1967–68), pp. 28–47.

302

Richard L. Merritt, ‘The colonists discover America: attention patterns in the colonial press, 1735–1775’, William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, XXI, 2 (April 1964), pp. 270–87, especially pp. 270–72.

303

Cited in Max Savelle, ‘The appearance of an American attitude toward external affairs’, American Historical Review, 52, 4 (1947), pp. 655–66 (quotation p. 660).

304

Quoted in Brendan Simms, Three victories and a defeat. The rise and fall of the first British Empire, 1714–1783 (London, 2007), p. 393.

305

Ibid., p. 391.

306

A. G. Olson, ‘The British government and colonial union, 1754’, William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, XVII, 1 (1960), pp. 24–6 (quotation p. 26).

307

Fred Anderson, Crucible of war. The Seven Years War and the fate of empire in British North America, 1754–1766 (New York, 2000).

308

Frederick the Great, The history of my own times (1746). Posthumous works of Frederic II. King of Prussia (London, 1789), Vol. I, p. xx. I thank Ilya Berkovich for this reference.

309

Quoted in Tim Blanning, ‘Frederick the Great’, in Brendan Simms and Karina Urbach (eds.), Die Rückkehr der ‘Grossen Männer’. Staatsmänner im Krieg – ein deutsch-britischer Vergleich 1740–1945 (Berlin and New York, 2010), p. 18.

310

Frederick the Great, History of my own times, Vol. I, pp. 214–15.

311

Об изгнании аккадцев как “этнической чистке” см. Geoffrey Plank, An unsettled conquest. The British campaign against the peoples of Acadia (Philadelphia, 2001), pp. 140–57.

312

Quoted in H. M. Scott, The emergence of the eastern powers, 1756–1775 (Cambridge, 2001), p. 26.

313

Erich Everth, Die Öffentlichkeit in der Aussenpolitik von Karl V. bis Napoleon (Jena, 1931), pp. 355–60 (quotation p. 360).

314

D. A. Baugh, The global Seven Years War, 1754–1763. Britain and France in a great power contest (Harlow, 2011).

315

В отечественной историографии после С. М. Соловьева установилось обозначение «Клостерсевенское соглашение»: эту конвенцию подписали в Цевенском монастыре (клостере). Примеч. ред.

316

Helmut Neuhaus, ‘Das Problem der militärischen Exekutive in der spätphase des Alten Reiches’, in Johannes Kunisch (ed.), Staatsverfassung und Heeresverfassung in der europäischen Geschichte der Frühen Neuzeit (Berlin, 1986), pp. 297–346 (quotations pp. 297 and 299).

317

Philip Carter, ‘An “effeminate” or “efficient” nation? Masculinity and eighteenth century social documentary’, Textual Practice, 11 (1997), pp. 429–43 (quotation p. 429).

318

Matthew McCormack, ‘The new militia: war, politics and gender in 1750s Britain’, Gender & History, 19 (2007), pp. 483–500 (quotation p. 497).

319

Erica Charters, ‘The caring fiscal military state during the Seven Years War, 1756–1763’, Historical Journal, 52 (2009), pp. 921–41, especially pp. 937–40 (quotation p. 939).

320

H. M. Scott, ‘The decline of France and the transformation of the European states system, 1756–1792’, in Peter Krüger and Paul W. Schroeder (eds.), The transformation of European politics, 1763–1848. Episode or model in modern history? (Oxford, 1996), pp. 105–28 (Voltaire quotation p. 114).

321

John Shovlin, The political economy of virtue. Luxury, patriotism and the origins of the French Revolution (Ithaca and London, 2006), pp. 54–5.

322

Quoted in Bailey Stone, The genesis of the French Revolution. A global-historical interpretation (Cambridge, 1994), p. 55. See also T. C. W. Blanning, The French Revolutionary Wars, 1787–1802 (London, 1996).

323

Brendan Simms, ‘William Pitt the Elder. Strategic leadership at home and abroad during the great war for the empires (1756–1763)’, in Simms and Urbach (eds.), Die Rückkehr der ‘Grossen Männer’, pp. 29–48, especially pp. 32–4.

324

Brendan Simms, ‘Pitt and Hanover’, in Brendan Simms and Torsten Riotte (eds.), The Hanoverian dimension in British history, 1714–1837 (Cambridge, 2007), pp. 28–57 (quotation p. 55).

325

«Сомнения и вопросы» (фр.). Примеч. ред.

326

Gary Savage, ‘Favier’s heirs: the French Revolution and the secret du roi’, Historical Journal, 41 (1998), pp. 225–58.

327

Hamish Scott, ‘The Seven Years War and Europe’s ancien régime’, War in History, 18 (2011), pp. 419–55.

328

Quoted in Hugh Ragsdale, ‘Russian projects of conquest in the eighteenth century’, in Ragsdale (ed.), Imperial Russian foreign policy (Cambridge, 1993), p. 76.

329

Quoted in Externbrink, Friedrich der Grosse, p. 339.

330

О кризисе французской аристократии после Семилетней войны: William Doyle, Aristocracy and its enemies in the Age of Revolution (Oxford, 2009), pp. 57, 83 and passim.

331

Gabriel B. Paquette, Enlightenment, governance and reform in Spain and its empire, 1759–1808 (Basingstoke, 2008).

332

J. H. Elliott, Empires of the Atlantic World. Britain and Spain in America, 1492–1830 (New Haven and London, 2006), p. 299.

333

D. R. Murray, ‘Statistics of the slave trade to Cuba, 1790–1867’, Journal of Latin American Studies, 3, 2 (1971), pp. 131–49. I am grateful to Carrie Gibson and Felicitas Becker for very useful conversations on this subject.

334

Evelyn Powell Jennings, ‘War as the “forcing house of change”: state slavery in late-eighteenth-century Cuba’, William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, LXII (2005), 411–40.

335

Scott, Emergence of the eastern powers, pp. 76 and 79.

336

Manfred Schort, Politik und Propaganda. Der Siebenjährige Krieg in den zeitgenössischen Flugschriften (Frankfurt am Main, 2006), p. 463.

337

Hans-Martin Blitz, Aus Liebe zum Vaterland. Die deutsche Nation im 18. Jahrhundert (Hamburg, 2000), pp. 160–67 (quotation p. 165).

338

Quoted in Neuhaus, ‘Das Problem der militärischen Exekutive’, p. 301.

339

‘The Instructions to the Commissioners for Composing a New Code of Laws’, Moscow, 30 July 1767, in William F. Reddaway (ed.), Documents of Catherine the Great. The correspondence with Voltaire and the Instruction of 1767 in the English text of 1768 (Cambridge, 1931), pp. 216–17.

340

Quoted in Scott, Emergence of the eastern powers, p. 99.

341

Franz A. J. Szabo, Kaunitz and enlightened absolutism, 1753–1780 (Cambridge, 1994), p. 76. I am grateful to Daniel Robinson for this reference.

342

Kathleen Wilson, The sense of the people. Politics, culture and imperialism in England, 1715–1785 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 215–16.

343

Michael Roberts, Splendid isolation, 1763–1780 (Reading, 1970).

344

Quoted in Simms, Three victories, p. 536. See also P. J. Marshall, The making and unmaking of empires. Britain, India and America, c. 1750–1783 (Oxford, 2005), pp. 1–3, 59–60, 273–310, and passim.

345

Quoted in Norman Davies, God’s playground. A history of Poland. Vol. I: The origins to 1795 (Oxford, 1981), p. 511.

346

T. C. W. Blanning, The culture of power and the power of culture. Old regime Europe, 1660–1789 (Oxford, 2003).

347

Ron Chernow, Washington, a life (London, 2010), pp. 59–62.

348

Marc Egnal, A mighty empire. The origins of the American Revolution (Ithaca and London, 1988). Недавнее исследование о колонистах как “английских империалистах”: Robert Kagan, Dangerous nation (New York, 2006), pp. 12–16 and 18.

349

Jerzy Lukowski, The partitions of Poland, 1772, 1793, 1795 (London and New York), pp. 52–81 (Frederick is quoted on p. 55).

350

Cited in D. B. Horn, British public opinion and the First Partition of Poland (Edinburgh, 1945), pp. 26 and 36–7.

351

Bernd Marquardt, ‘Zur reichsgerichtlichen Aberkennung der Herrschergewalt wegen Missbrauchs. Tyrannenprozesse vor dem Reichshofrat am Beispiel des südöstlichen schwäbischen Reichskreises’, in Anette Baumann, Peter Oestmann, Stephan Wendehorst and Siegrid Westphal (eds.), Prozesspraxis im Alten Reich. Annäherungen – Fallstudien – Statistiken (Cologne, Weimar and Vienna, 2005), p. 53.

352

Jennifer Pitts, ‘The stronger ties of humanity: humanitarian intervention in the eighteenth century’. I thank Dr Pitts for letting me have sight of her excellent unpublished paper.

353

Robin A. Fabel, Colonial challenges. Britons, Native Americans and Caribs, 1759–1775 (Gainesville, 2000), pp. 158–60.

354

George P. Anderson, ‘Pascal Paoli: an inspiration to the Sons of Liberty’, Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 26 (1924–6), pp. 180–210, especially pp. 189–91 and 202–3 (for quotations).

355

Richard B. Sheridan, ‘The British credit crisis of 1772 and the American colonies’, Journal of Economic History, 20 (1960), pp. 161–86.

356

John Adams to Mercy Warren, 20 July 1807, in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Fifth Series, IV (1878), p. 338. I thank Daniel Robinson for drawing this letter to my attention.

357

Richard Middleton, The War of American Independence, 1775–1783 (Harlow, 2012), pp. 15–36.

358

Hamish Scott, British foreign policy in the age of the American Revolution (Oxford, 1990), and Donald Stoker, Kenneth J. Hagan and Michael T. McMaster (eds.), Strategy in the American War of Independence. A global approach (London and New York, 2010).

359

Cited in Robert Rhodes Crout, ‘In search of a “just and lasting peace”: the treaty of 1783, Louis XVI, Vergennes, and the regeneration of the realm’, International History Review, 5, 3 (1983), p. 374.

360

Quoted in Kagan, Dangerous nation, p. 47.

361

Jonathan R. Dull, A diplomatic history of the American Revolution (New Haven and London, 1985), p. 47.

362

David M. Fitzsimmons, ‘Tom Paine’s new world order: idealistic internationalism in the ideology of early American foreign relations’, Diplomatic History, 19 (1995), pp. 569–82 (quotations p. 579).

363

Mlada Bukovansky, Legitimacy and power politics. The American and French Revolutions in international political culture (Princeton and Oxford, 2002), pp. 110–64 and 216–20, and Walter McDougall, Promised land, crusader state. The American encounter with the world since 1776 (New York, 1997).

364

Ben Baack, ‘Forging a nation state: the Continental Congress and the financing of the War of American Independence’, Economic History Review, 54, 4 (2001), pp. 639–56, especially pp. 639–40.

365

Quoted in Munro Price, Preserving the monarchy. The Comté de Vergennes, 1774–1787 (Cambridge, 1995), p. 22.

366

Sandwich remarks to cabinet, 19 January 1781, Queens’ House, in the presence of the king, in John G. R. Barnes and J. J. Owen (eds.), The Private Papers of John, Earl of Sandwich, 1771–1782 (London, 1932–8), Vol. 4, p. 24.

367

Парусные линейный корабли имели экипаж до 800 человек и вооружение до 130 орудий и предназначались для боевых действий в линейном боевом порядке, когда все корабли были обращены одним бортом к противнику. Примеч. ред.

368

Stephen Conway, The British Isles and the War of American Independence (Oxford, 2000), pp. 16, 350 and 17.

369

Cited in Scott, Emergence of the eastern powers, p. 1.

370

Quotations in Crout, ‘A “just and lasting peace”’, p. 398, and Maya Jasanoff, Liberty’s exiles. American loyalists in the revolutionary world (New York, 2011), p. 87.

371

Quoted in Stone, Genesis of the French Revolution, p. 142.

372

Quoted in Claus Scharf, ‘“La Princesse de Zerbst Catherinisée”. Deutschlandbild und Deutschlandpolitik Katharinas II.’, in Dagmar Herrmann (ed.), Deutsche und Deutschland aus russischer Sicht. 18. Jahrhundert: Aufklärung (Munich, 1992), p. 320.

373

Quoted in Jeremy Black, The rise of the European powers (London, 1990), p. 130.

374

Quoted in Brendan Simms, The struggle for mastery in Germany, 1779–1850 (Basingstoke, 1998), p. 45.

375

Vincent T. Harlow, The founding of the second British empire, 2 vols. (London, 1952–64), and C. A. Bayly, Imperial meridian. The British Empire and the world, 1780–1830 (London, 1989).

376

Quoted in Jeremy Black, British foreign policy in an age of revolutions, 1783–1793 (Cambridge, 1994), p. 13.

377

P. G. M. Dickson, ‘Count Karl von Zinzendorf’s “new accountancy”: the structure of Austrian government finance in peace and war, 1781–1791’, International History Review, 29, 1 (2007), pp. 22–56.

378

Ernst Wangermann, Die Waffen der Publizität. Zum Funktionswandel der politischen Literatur unter Joseph 11. (Vienna, 2004), pp. 168–84.

379

Karl Härter, ‘Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Reichspolitik Russlands als Garantiemacht des Teschener Friedens (1778–1803)’, in Claus Scharf (ed.), Katharina II., Rußland und Europa. Beiträge zur internationalen Forschung. Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Europäische Geschichte, Supplement 45 (Mainz, 2001), pp. 133–81.

380

Hugh Ragsdale, ‘Evaluating the traditions of Russian aggression: Catherine II and the Greek Project’, Slavonic and East European Review, 66 (1988), pp. 91–117, especially pp. 95–6.

381

Quoted in Virginia H. Aksan, Ottoman wars 1700–1870. An empire besieged (Harlow, 2007), p. 161.

382

Quoted in Karl A. Roider, Austria’s Eastern Question, 1700–1790 (Princeton, 1982), p. 180.

383

Alexander Hamilton, Federalist Paper no. 34, 5.1.1788, in J. R. Pole (ed.), The Federalist. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay (Indianapolis and Cambridge, 2005), p. 178.

384

James R. Sofka, ‘The Jeffersonian idea of national security. Commerce, the Atlantic balance of power, and the Barbary War, 1786–1805’, Diplomatic History, 21 (1997), pp. 519–44, especially pp. 519, 522 and 527.

385

Quoted in Doris A. Graber, Public opinion, the president, and foreign policy. Four case studies from the formative years (New York, Chicago etc., 1968), p. 133.

386

Deborah Allen, ‘Acquiring “knowledge of our own continent”: geopolitics, science, and Jeffersonian geography, 1783–1803’, Journal of American Studies, 40 (2006), pp. 205–32 (Jay is quoted on p. 216). For the importance of the west see François FÜrstenberg, ‘The significance of the trans – Appalachian Frontier in Atlantic history, c.1754–1815’, American Historical Review, 113 (2008), pp. 647–77.

387

Alexander Hamilton, Federalist Paper no. 25, 21.12.1787, in Pole (ed.), Federalist, p. 133.

388

Federalist Paper no. 7, 17.11.1787, in Pole (ed.), Federalist, pp. 28–9.

389

О страхе колонистов перед расколом и повторением опыта итальянских городов-государств: David C. Hendrickson, Peace pact. The lost world of the American founding (Lawrence, Kan., 2003), p. 63.

390

Federalist Paper no. 8, 20.11.1787, in Pole (ed.), Federalist, p. 37.

391

Federalist Paper no. 19, 8.12.1787, in Pole (ed.), Federalist, pp. 99–102. For the impact of the Polish partition on the constitutional convention see Frederick W. Marks, Independence on trial. Foreign affairs and the making of the constitution (Baton Rouge, 1973), pp. 3–51, especially p. 33.

392

Federalist Paper no. 5, 10.11.1787, in Pole (ed.), Federalist, pp. 17–18.

393

George William van Cleve, A slaveholders’ union. Slavery, politics, and the constitution in the early American Republic (Chicago and London, 2010), p. 9.

394

Значимость международного соперничества для конституции: Michael Schwarz, ‘The great divergence reconsidered. Hamilton, Madison, and U. S. – British relations, 1783–89’, Journal of the Early Republic, 27 (2007), pp. 407–36, especially pp. 419–21.

395

Quoted in Doyle, Aristocracy and its enemies, p. 99. See also Markus Hünemörder, The Society of the Cincinnati. Conspiracy and distrust in early America (New York and Oxford, 2006).

396

Roy Weatherup, ‘Standing armies and armed citizens: an historical analysis of the Second Amendment’, Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, 2 (1975), pp. 961–1001, especially p. 995.

397

Wolfgang Burgdorf, Reichskonstitution und Nation. Verfassungsreformprojekte für das Heilige Römische Reich Deutscher Nation im politischen Schrifttum von 1648 bis 1806 (Mainz, 1998), pp. 328–35.

398

Munro Price, ‘The Dutch Affair and the fall of the ancien régime, 1784–1787’, Historical Journal, 38 (1995), pp. 875–905 (quotation p. 904).

399

Своим представлением о взаимосвязи дипломатического упадка ancien régime и началом французской революции я в немалой степени обязан работе: Gary J. Savage, ‘The French Revolution and the secret du roi. Diplomatic tradition, foreign policy and political culture in later eighteenth-century France (1756–1792)’ (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge, 2005).

400

Thomas Kaiser, ‘Who’s afraid of Marie-Antoinette? Diplomacy, Austrophobia and the Queen’, French History, 14, 3 (2000), pp. 241–71.

401

Quoted in Price, Vergennes, p. 234.

402

Montmorin is quoted in Jeremy J. Whiteman, Reform, revolution and French global policy, 1787–1791 (Aldershot, 2003), p. 103.

403

Munro Price, ‘The court nobility and the origins of the French Revolution’, in H. Scott and B. Simms (eds.), Cultures of power in Europe during the Long Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, 2007), pp. 278–9.

404

Chapter 2 of the Cahiers, quoted in John Hall Stewart (ed.), A documentary survey of the French Revolution (New York, 1951), p. 59.

405

Quotation in Stone, Genesis of the French Revolution, p. 207.

406

David A. Bell, The cult of the nation in France. Inventing nationalism, 1680–1800 (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 2001), pp. 14–17 and passim (Sieyes is quoted on p. 14).

407

Quoted in Michael Hochedlinger, ‘Who’s afraid of the French Revolution? Austrian foreign policy and the European crisis, 1787–1797’, German History, 21, 3 (2003), pp. 293–318 (quotation p. 303).

408

Reflections on the Revolution in France, in Paul Langford (ed.), The writings and speeches of Edmund Burke. Vol. VIII: The French Revolution, 1790–1794 (Oxford, 1989), pp. 131 and 60.

409

Richard Bourke, ‘Edmund Burke and international conflict’, in Ian Hall and Lisa Hill (eds.), British international thinkers from Hobbes to Namier (Basingstoke, 2009), pp. 91–116.

410

P. J. Marshall and John A. Woods (eds.), The correspondence of Edmund Burke. Vol. VII: January 1792–August 1794 (Cambridge, 1968), p. 383; R. B. McDowell (ed.), The writings and speeches of Edmund Burke. Vol. IX: I The Revolutionary War. II Ireland (Oxford, 1991), pp. 195 and 250 (vicinage); Brendan Simms, ‘“A false principle in the Law of Nations”. Burke, state sovereignty, [German] liberty, and intervention in the age of Westphalia’, in Brendan Simms and D. J. B. Trim (eds.), Humanitarian intervention. A history (Cambridge, 2011), p. 110.

411

Quoted in T. C. W. Blanning, The origins of the French Revolutionary Wars (Harlow, 1986), p. 132.

412

Horst Möller, ‘Primat der Aussenpolitik: Preussen und die französische Revolution, 1789–1795’, in Jürgen Voss (ed.), Deutschland und die französische Revolution (Munich, 1983), pp. 65–81.

413

Adam Hochschild, Bury the chains. The first international human rights movement (London and New York, 2005), p. 137, and William Hague, William Wilberforce. The life of the great anti-slave trade campaigner (London, 2007), pp. 149–50.

414

Цветному населению (фр.). Примеч. ред.

415

Jeremy Popkin, You are all free. The Haitian Revolution and the abolition of slavery (Cambridge, 2010), p. 276. See also John Thornton, ‘“I am the subject of the King of Congo”: African political ideology and the Haitian Revolution’, Journal of World History, 4, 2 (1993), pp. 181–214, especially p. 183.

416

Историческое герцогство в долине Рейна, по обоим берегам реки Рур. Примеч. ред.

417

Michael Hochedlinger, ‘“La cause de tous les maux de la France”. Die “Austrophobie” im revolutionären Frankreich und der Sturz des Königtums, 1789–1792’, Francia, 24 (1997), pp. 73–120.

418

Eckhard Buddruss, Die französische Deutschlandpolitik, 1756–1789 (Mainz, 1995).

419

Quotations in Savage, ‘The French Revolution and the secret du roi’, p. 211.

420

Sidney Seymour Biro, The German policy of Revolutionary France. A study in French diplomacy during the War of the First Coalition, 1792–1797, 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass., 1957).

421

The Padua Circular and Declaration of Pillnitz are printed in Hall Stewart (ed.), Documentary survey, pp. 221–4.

422

Quoted in Patricia Chastain Howe, Foreign Policy and the French Revolution. Charles-François Dumouriez, Pierre LeBrun, and the Belgian Plan, 1789–1793 (Basingstoke, 2008), p. 47.

423

Quoted in Whiteman, Reform, revolution and French global policy, p. 130.

424

Linda and Marsha Frey, ‘“The reign of the charlatans is over”. The French Revolutionary attack on diplomatic practice’, Journal of Modern History, 65, 4 (1993), pp. 706–44, especially pp. 714–17.

425

The Brunswick Manifesto, 25.7.1792, in Hall Stewart (ed.), Documentary survey, pp. 307–8.

426

Munro Price, The fall of the French monarchy. Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette and the Baron de Breteuil (London, 2002).

427

Declaration of the National Assembly, in Hall Stewart (ed.), Documentary survey, p. 285.

428

Decree of Fraternity and Help to Foreign Peoples, 19.11.1792, in Hall Stewart (ed.), Documentary survey, p. 381.

429

Quoted in T. C. W. Blanning, The French Revolution in Germany. Occupation and resistance in the Rhineland, 1792–1802 (Oxford, 1983), p. 64.

430

Erwin Oberländer, ‘“Ist die Kaiserin von Russland Garant des Westfälischen Friedens?” Der Kurfürst von Trier, die Französische Revolution und Katharina II. 1789–1792, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, New Series, 35 (1987), pp. 218–31.

431

Jerzy Lukowski, Liberty’s folly. The Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth in the eighteenth century, 1697–1795 (London and New York, 1991), p. 265.

432

David Pickus, Dying with an enlightening fall. Poland in the eyes of German intellectuals, 1764–1800 (Lanham etc., 2001), pp. 36–45, 54–9 and 126–31 (quotation pp. 126–7).

433

Moser’s warning is quoted in Burgdorf, Reichskonstitution und Nation, p. 343.

434

Thomas Hippler, Citizens, soldiers and national armies. Military service in France and Germany, 1789–1830 (London and New York, 2008).

435

Quoted in Reynald Secher, A French genocide. The Vendée (Notre Dame, Ind., 2003), pp. 250–51.

436

Quoted in Richard Whatmore, ‘“A gigantic manliness”. Paine’s republicanism in the 1790s’, in Stefan Collini, Richard Whatmore and Brian Young (eds.), Economy, polity and society. British intellectual history, 1750–1950 (Cambridge, 2000), p. 150. For the strategic context of Paine’s thought see pp. 136, 138–40, 149 and passim.

437

Decree of 15.12.1792, in Hall Stewart (ed.), Documentary survey, p. 383.

438

David A. Bell, The first total war. Napoleon’s Europe and the birth of modern warfare (London, 2007).

439

Quoted in Howe, Foreign policy and the French Revolution, pp. 119 and 151.

440

Quoted in Jörg Ulbert, ‘France and German dualism, 1756–1871’, in Carine Germond and Henning Türk (eds.), A history of Franco-German relations in Europe. From ‘hereditary enemies’ to partners (Basingstoke, 2008), pp. 41–2.

441

Quoted in Biro, German policy of Revolutionary France, Vol. II, p. 624.

442

T. C. W. Blanning, Reform and revolution in Mainz, 1743–1803 (Cambridge, 1974).

443

Monika Neugebauer-Wölk, Revolution und Constitution. Die Brüder Cotta. Eine biographische Studie zum Zeitalter der Französischen Revolution und des Vormärz (Berlin, 1989), especially pp. 141–3.

444

Blanning, Reform and revolution in Mainz.

445

The quotations of Duke Frederick and the Bavarian envoy are in Simms, Struggle for mastery in Germany, pp. 60–61.

446

The Senckenberg quotation is in Burgdorf, Reichskonstitution und Nation, p. 411.

447

Букв. «всеобщее вооружение народа» (нем.). Примеч. ред.

448

Букв. «массовое вооружение» (фр.), всеобщая воинская повинность. Примеч. ред.

449

Пример авторского анахронизма: переворот 18 фрюктидора был поддержан Наполеоном, но до единоличной власти (переворот 18 брюмера) оставалось еще два года. Примеч. ред.

450

Philip Dwyer, Napoleon. The path to power, 1769–1799 (London, 2007), passim.

451

Quoted in Blanning, ‘Frederick the Great’, in Simms and Urbach (eds.), Die Rückkehr der ‘Grossen Männer’, p. 23.

452

Philip G. Dwyer (ed.), ‘Napoleon and the drive for glory: reflections on the making of French foreign policy’, in Philip G. Dwyer (ed.), Napoleon and Europe (London, 2001), p. 129.

453

Javier Cuenca Esteban, ‘The British balance of payments, 1772–1820: India transfers and war finance’, Economic History Review, 54, 1 (2001), pp. 58–86, especially pp. 58 and 65–6.

454

Quoted in Gunther E. Rothenberg, ‘The origins, causes, and extension of the wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 18 (1988), p. 789.

455

Daniela Neri, ‘Frankreichs Reichspolitik auf dem Rastatter Kongress (1797–1799)’, Francia, 24 (1997), pp. 137–57, especially pp. 155–6.

456

Quoted in Hochedlinger, ‘Who’s afraid of the French Revolution?’, p. 310.

457

Geoffrey Symcox, ‘The geopolitics of the Egyptian expedition, 1797–1798’, in Irene A. Bierman (ed.), Napoleon in Egypt (Reading, 2003).

458

Quoted in Edward James Kolla, ‘Not so criminal: new understandings of Napoleon’s foreign policy in the east’, French Historical Studies, 30, 2 (2007), p. 183. О склонности Наполеона воспринимать Азию в рамках европейской концепции баланса сил: Iradji Amini, Napoleon and Persia. Franco-Persian relations under the First Empire, within the con – text of the rivalries between France, Britain and Russia (Richmond, 1999), pp. 47–54.

459

Quoted in Karl A. Roider, Baron Thugut and Austria’s response to the French Revolution (Princeton, 1992), pp. 283–4.

460

Manfred Hellmann, ‘Eine Denkschrift über Russland aus dem Jahre 1800’, in Heinz Dollinger, Horst Gründer and Alwin Hanschmidt (eds.), Weltpolitik. Europagedanke. Regionalismus (Münster, 1962), pp. 135 and 156 (quotation p. 139).

461

James Livesey, ‘Acts of Union and disunion: Ireland in Atlantic and European contexts’, in Dáire Keogh and Kevin Whelan (eds.), Acts of Union. The causes, contexts and consequences of the Act of Union (Dublin, 2001), pp. 95–105 (Cooke is quoted on p. 97).

462

Quoted in Erwin Hölzle, Das alte Recht und die Revolution. Eine politische Geschichte Württembergs in der Revolutionszeit, 1789–1806 (Munich and Berlin, 1931), p. 273.

463

Quoted in Friedrich Wilhelm Kantzenbach, Politischer Protestantismus. Von den Freiheitskriegen bis zur Ära Adenauer (Saarbrücken, 1993), p. 310. (Herder was writing in 1802.)

464

Brendan Simms, The impact of Napoleon. Prussian high politics, foreign policy and the crisis of the executive, 1797–1806 (Cambridge, 1997).

465

John Ferling, John Adams. A life (Knoxville, 1994), p. 341. О том, как внешнеполитические факторы определяли внутреннюю политику США до самых нижних уровней: Maurice J. Bric, Ireland, Philadelphia and the re-invention of America, 1760–1800 (Dublin, 2008), pp. xvi, 117 and 246–7.

466

Quoted in Michael Duffy, ‘Britain as a European ally, 1789–1815’, in Diplomacy and Statecraft, 8, 3 (1997), p. 28. О важности объединения континента против Британии: Charles Esdaile, The wars of Napoleon (London, 1995), pp. 75–6 and 106.

467

James E. Lewis Jr, The American Union and the problem of neighborhood. The United States and the collapse of the Spanish Empire, 1783–1829 (Chapel Hill, 1998), pp. 25–7.

468

Jon Kukla, A wilderness so immense: the Louisiana Purchase and the destiny of America (New York, 2003), pp. 229–34 (Jefferson is quoted on p. 231).

469

Gentz’s remark of August 1806 is cited in Alexander von Hase, ‘Das konservative Europa in Bedrängnis: zur Krise des Gleichgewichtspublizisten Friedrich (von) Gentz (1805–1809)’, Saeculum, 29 (1978), pp. 385–405 (p. 393).

470

Philip G. Dwyer, ‘Napoleon and the foundation of the Empire’, Historical Journal, 53 (2010), pp. 339–58.

471

«Французская республика – император Наполеон» (фр.). Примеч. ред.

472

Quoted in Ulrike Eich, Russland und Europa. Studien zur russischen Deutschlandpolitik in der Zeit des Wiener Kongresses (Cologne and Vienna, 1986), p. 59.

473

Quoted in Krüger and Schroeder (eds.), Transformation of European politics, p. 237.

474

Quoted in Roider, Baron Thugut, p. 372.

475

Helmuth Rössler, Napoleons Griff nach der Karlskrone. Das Ende des alten Reiches 1806 (Munich, 1957).

476

Philip G. Dwyer, Talleyrand (London, 2002), pp. 98–100 and 108–9.

477

Tim Blanning, ‘Napoleon and German identity’, History Today, 48 (1998), pp. 37–43.

478

Quoted in John P. LeDonne, The Russian Empire and the world, 1700–1917. The geopolitics of expansion and containment (New York and Oxford, 1997), p. 303. See also Dominic Lieven, Russia Against Napoleon (London, 2009).

479

Quoted in Enno E. Kraehe, Metternich’s German policy. Vol. II: The Congress of Vienna, 1814–1815 (Princeton, 1983), p. 6.

480

Quoted in Simms, Struggle for mastery in Germany, p. 92.

481

Rafe Blaufarb, ‘The ancien régime origins of Napoleonic social reconstruction’, French History, 14, 4 (2000), pp. 408–23, especially pp. 416–20.

482

Donald Stoker, Frederick C. Schneid and Harold D. Blanton (eds.), Conscription in the Napoleonic era. A revolution in military affairs? (London and New York, 2009), pp. 6–23 and 122–48.

483

Stuart Woolf, Napoleon’s integration of Europe (London and New York, 1991).

484

Stuart Woolf, ‘French civilization and ethnicity in the Napoleonic Empire’, Past and Present, 124 (1989), pp. 96–120, especially pp. 106–7.

485

Quoted in Biancamaria Fontana, ‘The Napoleonic Empire and the Europe of nations’, in Anthony Pagden (ed.), The idea of Europe. From antiquity to the European Union (Cambridge, 2002), pp. 116–28 (quotation p. 120).

486

Martyn P. Thompson, ‘Ideas of Europe during the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 55 (1994), pp. 37–58 (quotation p. 39).

487

Biro, German policy of revolutionary France, vol. 2, p. 62.

488

Quoted in David Lawday, Napoleon’s master. A life of Prince Talleyrand (London, 2007), p. 116.

489

Quoted in Brendan Simms, ‘Reform in Britain and Prussia, 1797–1815: confessional fiscal-military state and military-agrarian complex’, in Proceedings of the British Academy, 100 (1999), pp. 82–3.

490

Ute Frevert, ‘Das jakobinische Modell: allgemeine Wehrp icht und Nationsbildung in Preussen-Deutschland’, in Ute Frevert (ed.), Militär und Gesellschaft im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Stuttgart, 1997), pp. 17–47 (quotation p. 20).

491

Heinz Duchhardt, Stein. Eine Biographie (Münster, 2007), pp. 164–235.

492

Quotations in Simms, ‘Reform in Britain and Prussia’, pp. 83–4.

493

Brendan Simms, ‘Britain and Napoleon’, in Dwyer (ed.), Napoleon and Europe, pp. 189–203.

494

Otto Johnston, ‘British espionage and Prussian politics in the Age of Napoleon’, Intelligence and National Security, 2 (1987), especially p. 238.

495

О связи между внешней угрозой и внутренними преобразованиями: Karl Roider, ‘The Habsburg foreign ministry and political reform’, Central European History, 22 (1989), especially pp. 162 and 172.

496

Quoted in Henry A. Kissinger, A world restored. Metternich, Castlereagh, and the problems of peace, 1812–1822 (London, 1957), p. 20.

497

Geoffrey Ellis, Napoleon’s continental blockade. The case of Alsace (Oxford, 1981).

498

Maya Jasanoff, Liberty’s exiles. American loyalists in the Revolutionary world (New York, 2011).

499

Автор, очевидно, следует широко распространенному в западной историографии воззрению об «императоре Морозе», который только якобы и заставил Наполеона уйти из России. Примеч. ред.

500

Quoted in Simms, Struggle for mastery in Germany, p. 99.

501

Quoted in Krüger and Schroeder (eds.), Transformation of European politics, p. 460.

502

Alexander’s remarks are quoted in John P. LeDonne, The grand strategy of the Russian Empire, 1650–1831 (Oxford, 2004), p. 206.

503

Quoted in Eich, Russland und Europa, p. 150.

504

Blanning, ‘The Bonapartes and Germany’, p. 59.

505

H.-O. Sieburg, Deutschland und Frankreich in der Geschichtsschreibung des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts (Wiesbaden, 1954), p. 108.

506

James Chastain, ‘Privilege versus emancipation: the origins of Franco-Austrian confrontation in 1848’, Proceedings of the Consortium on Revolutionary Europe (1987), p. 247.

507

Anselm Doering-Manteuffel, Vom Wiener Kongress zur Pariser Konferenz. England, die deutsche Frage und das Mächtesystem, 1815–1856 (Göttingen and Zurich, 1991), pp. 137–8.

508

Рейнской конфедерации (нем.). Примеч. ред.

509

Peter Hofschroer, 1815. The Waterloo campaign. The German victory (London, 1999).

510

The Massachussetts Senate is quoted in James G. Wilson, The imperial republic. A structural history of American constitutionalism from the colonial era to the beginning of the twentieth century (Aldershot, 2002), pp. 130–32.

511

Вариантов русского прочтения этой фамилии очень много, выбран тот, который чаще всего встречается в исторических работах на русском языке. Примеч. ред.

512

Hermann Wentker, ‘Der Pitt-Plan von 1805 in Krieg und Frieden: zum Kontinuitätsproblem der britischen Europapolitik in der Ära der napoleonischen Kriege’, Francia, 29, 2 (2002), pp. 129–45 (quotation p. 137).

513

Enno E. Kraehe, Metternich’s German policy. Vol. II. The Congress of Vienna, 1814–1815 (Princeton, 1983).

514

John P. LeDonne, The grand strategy of the Russian Empire, 1650–1831 (Oxford, 2004), p. 208.

515

Ulrike Eich, Russland und Europa. Studien zur russischen Deutschlandpolitik in der Zeit des Wiener Kongresses (Cologne and Vienna, 1986), p. 172.

516

Wentker, ‘Der Pitt-Plan’, p. 141.

517

John Bew, Castlereagh. Enlightenment, war and tyranny, 1769–1822 (London, 2011), p. 377.

518

Brendan Simms, The struggle for mastery in Germany, 1779–1850 (Basingstoke, 1998), p. 105.

519

Henry A. Kissinger, A world restored (London, 1957), p. 33.

520

Betty Fladeland, ‘Abolitionist pressures on the Concert of Europe, 1814–1822’, Journal of Modern History, 38, 4 (1966), pp. 355–73 (quotation p. 363).

521

Paul Kielstra, The politics of the slave trade suppression in Britain and France, 1814–48 (Basingstoke, 2000), pp. 26–9 (quotation p. 28).

522

Thomas Neve, The Duke of Wellington and the British army of occupation in France, 1815–1818 (Westport and London, 1992), pp. 93–103.

523

Wolf Gruner, ‘Der deutsche Bund und die europäische Friedensordnung’, in Helmut Rumpler (ed.), Deutscher Bund und deutsche Frage, 1815–1866 (Munich, 1990), p. 248.

524

О внутригерманской деятельности и целях Германского союза: Jürgen Müller, Der deutsche Bund, 1815–1866 (Munich, 2006).

525

Anselm Doering-Manteuffel, Vom Wiener Kongress zur Pariser Konferenz. England, die deutsche Frage und das Mächtesystem, 1815–1856 (Göttingen and Zurich, 1991), pp. 57–72.

526

David Laven, ‘Austria’s Italian policy reconsidered: revolution and reform in Restoration Italy’, Modern Italy, 2, 1 (1997), pp. 1–33, где уделяется особое внимание геополитической составляющей.

527

Kenneth Bourne, Britain and the balance of power in North America, 1815–1908 (London, 1967), pp. 53–119.

528

Philip Harling and Peter Mandler, ‘From “fiscal-military state” to “laissez faire state”, 1760–1850’, Journal of British Studies, 32 (1993), pp. 44–70.

529

Jonathan Parry, The politics of patriotism. English liberalism, national identity and Europe, 1830–1886 (Cambridge, 2006), p. 46.

530

Frank Lawrence Owsley Jr and Gene A. Smith, Filibusters and expansionists: Jeffersonian Manifest Destiny, 1800–1821 (Tuscaloosa, 1997).

531

Edward Howland Tatum, The United States and Europe, 1815–1823. A study in the background of the Monroe Doctrine (New York, 1936), pp. 186–7.

532

John M. Belohlavek, ‘Let the eagle soar!’ The foreign policy of Andrew Jackson (Lincoln, Nebr., 1985), pp. 9–10.

533

Gary P. Cox, The halt in the mud. French strategic planning from Waterloo to Sedan (Boulder, San Francisco and Oxford, 1994), p. 97.

534

Michael Stephen Partridge, Military planning for the defence of the United Kingdom (New York, 1989), pp. 4–21, 147–8 and passim.

535

Henry A. Delner, ‘Alexander I, the Holy Alliance and Clemens Metternich: a reappraisal’, East European Quarterly, XXXVII, 2 (2003), especially pp. 138–50.

536

Derek Beales and Eugenio F. Biagini, The Risorgimento and the uni cation of Italy (Harlow, 2002), pp. 213–14.

537

Daniel Moran, Toward the century of words. Johann Cotta and the politics of the public realm in Germany, 1795–1832 (Berkeley, 1990).

538

Brendan Simms, ‘Napoleon and Germany: a legacy in foreign policy’, in David Laven and Lucy Riall (eds.), Napoleon’s legacy. Problems of govern – ment in Restoration Europe (Oxford and New York, 2000), pp. 97–112 (Görres is quoted on p. 101).

539

Букв. «Вартбургский фестиваль» (нем.), праздник в замке Вартбург, устроенный немецкими студентами-националистами в честь 300-летия со дня обнародования тезисов М. Лютера и в четвертую годовщину «битвы народов» при Лейпциге. Примеч. ред.

540

Эти указы, принятые после конференции Германского Союза в богемском городе Карлсбад, запрещали деятельность националистических братств, предусматривали увольнение из университетов либеральной профессуры и усиливали цензуру. Примеч. ред.

541

В историографии этим термином обозначают национально-освободительное движение итальянского народа против иноземного господства. Примеч. ред.

542

Lucy Riall, The Italian Risorgimento. State, society and national unification (London, 1994), especially pp. 11–28.

543

Maurizio Isabella, ‘Mazzini’s internationalism in context: from the cosmopolitan patriotism of the Italian Carbonari to Mazzini’s Europe of the nations’, in Proceedings of the British Academy, 152 (2008), p. 50.

544

Так у автора; в отечественной традиции термин «декабристы» охватывает всех участников оппозиционного движения и членов различных тайных обществ (не только «Южного») первой половины XIX столетия. Примеч. ред.

545

Официально должность называлась «председатель Эллады», но в литературе закрепилось название «президент». Примеч. ред.

546

Jaime E. Rodríguez O., The independence of Spanish America (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 169–92.

547

В 1816 г. британский военный корабль перехватил французскую шхуну «Ле Луи», капитана которой обвинили в перевозке рабов. Владельцы шхуны подали апелляцию, которая была удовлетворена. Примеч. ред.

548

О сотрудничестве людей многих национальностей, занятых работорговлей: Joseph C. Dorsey, Slave traffic in the age of abolition. Puerto Rico, West Africa, and the non-Hispanic Caribbean, 1815–1859 (Gainesville, 2003), pp. 83–100.

549

Maeve Ryan, ‘The price of legitimacy in humanitarian intervention: Britain, the right of search, and the abolition of the West African slave trade, 1807–1867’, in Brendan Simms and D. J. B. Trim (eds.), Humanitarian intervention. A history (Cambridge, 2011), pp. 231–55. Почти 400 000 африканских рабов привезли только на Кубу после законодательного запрета работорговли; см.: D. R. Murray, ‘Statistics of the slave trade to Cuba, 1790–1867’, Journal of Latin American Studies, 3, 2 (1971), pp. 131–49 (pp. 134, 136, 141, 142, 144, 147 and especially 149).

550

Руководящим комитетом (фр.). Примеч. ред.

551

Paul W. Schroeder, Metternich’s diplomacy at its zenith, 1820–1823 (Austin, 1962), especially pp. 237–66.

552

D. L. Hafner, ‘Castlereagh, the balance of power, and “non – intervention”’, Australian Journal of Politics and History, 26, 1 (1980), p. 75.

553

Rafe Blaufarb, ‘The Western Question: the geopolitics of Latin American independence’, American Historical Review, 112, 3 (2007), pp. 742–63 (quotation p. 746).

554

John Bew, ‘“From an umpire to a competitor”. Castlereagh, Canning and the issue of international intervention in the wake of the Napoleonic Wars’, in Simms and Trim (eds.), Humanitarian intervention, p. 130.

555

Günther Heydemann, Konstitution gegen Revolution. Die britische Deutschland und Italienpolitik, 1815–1848 (Göttingen and Zurich, 1995), pp. 47–9 (quotation p. 49).

556

Ibid., p. 108.

557

Theophilius C. Prousin, Russian society and the Greek Revolution (DeKalb, Ill., 1994), pp. 26–54.

558

Davide Rodogno, Against massacre. Humanitarian intervention in the Ottoman Empire, 1815–1914 (Princeton, 2011).

559

Автор игнорирует тот факт, что союзный флот также включал русские корабли под командованием графа Л. П. Гейдена, причем именно эта эскадра разгромила центр и правый фланг неприятельского флота. Примеч. ред.

560

David T. Murphy, ‘Prussian aims for the Zollverein, 1828–1833’, Historian, 53 (1991), pp. 287, 291 and passim.

561

F. R. Bridge, The Habsburg monarchy among the great powers, 1815–1918 (New York, Oxford and Munich, 1990), p. 34.

562

Barbara Jelavich, Russia’s Balkan entanglements, 1806–1914 (Cambridge, 1991), p. 62.

563

Frank Lorenz Müller, Britain and the German Question. Perceptions of nationalism and political reform, 1830–63 (Basingstoke, 2002), p. 29.

564

Heydemann, Konstitution gegen Revolution, pp. 239–40 and 347.

565

Robert Tombs, France 1814–1914 (London and New York, 1996), p. 37.

566

Имеется в виду морской министр Российской империи (1836–1855) А. С. Меншиков, правнук А. Д. Меншикова; участвовал в Крымской войне, в указанные годы являлся генерал-губернатором Финляндии. Примеч. ред.

567

Matthew Rendall, ‘Restraint or self-restraint of Russia: Nicholas I, the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, and the Vienna System, 1832–1841’, Inter – national History Review, 24, 1 (2002), pp. 37–63, especially pp. 38 and 57.

568

Beales and Biagini, Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy, pp. 26–7.

569

Jürgen Angelow, Von Wien nach Königgrätz. Die Sicherheitspolitik des deutschen Bundes im europäischen Gleichgewicht, 1815–1866 (Munich, 1996), p. 81.

570

Simms, Struggle for mastery in Germany, pp. 116 and 112.

571

В Хамбахском замке собралось около 30 000 человек; это была одна из первых массовых демонстраций в поддержку объединения Германии, «замаскированная» под ярмарку. Примеч. ред.

572

Manfred Meyer, Freiheit und Macht. Studien zum Nationalismus süddeutscher, insbesondere badischer Liberaler 1830–1848 (Frankfurt, 1994), pp. 117–30, 132, 137 and passim.

573

Simms, Struggle for mastery in Germany, pp. 128–31 and passim (quotation p. 131).

574

‘Prince Joseph zu Salm-Dyck an den General-Gouverneur Prinzen Wilhelm. Memorandum on the Constitutional Question’, 28.1.1831, Aachen, in Joseph Hansen (ed.), Rheinische Briefe und Akten zur Geschichte der poli – tischen Bewegung, 1830–1850. Vol. 1: 1830–1845 (Essen, 1919), p. 5.

575

John M. Knapp, Behind the diplomatic curtain. Adolphe de Bourqueney and French foreign policy, 1816–1869 (Akron, 2001), p. 60.

576

Немецкое название чешского города Мнихово Градиште. Примеч. ред.

577

Parry, Politics of patriotism, p. 149.

578

Lawrence C. Jennings, French anti-slavery. The movement for the abolition of slavery in France, 1802–1848 (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 50–53.

579

Lacy K. Ford, Deliver us from evil. The Slavery Question in the Old South (Oxford, 2009), pp. 199–200.

580

Christopher Schmidt-Nowara, Empire and anti-slavery. Spain, Cuba and Puerto Rico, 1833–74 (Pittsburgh, 1999), p. 15.

581

Seymour Drescher, Abolition. A history of slavery and anti-slavery (Cambridge, 2009), pp. 294–306.

582

Oscar J. Hammen, ‘Free Europe versus Russia, 1830–1854’, The American Slavic and East European Review, XI (1952), pp. 27–41 (p. 29).

583

Roger Bullen, ‘France and the problem of intervention in Spain, 1834–1836’, Historical Journal, 20, 2 (1977), pp. 363–93 (quotation p. 381).

584

Английский политик Р. Кобден отстаивал неограниченную конкуренцию и свободу торговли. Примеч. ред.

585

Anthony Howe, ‘Radicalism, free trade, and foreign policy in mid-nineteenth century Britain’, in William Mulligan and Brendan Simms (eds.), The primacy of foreign policy in British history, 1660–2000. How strategic concerns shaped modern Britain (Basingstoke, 2010), pp. 167–80.

586

Letitia W. Ufford, The Pasha. How Mehmet Ali de ed the west, 1839–1841 (Jefferson, 2007).

587

Abigail Green, ‘The British Empire and the Jews: an imperialism of human rights?’, Past and Present, 199 (2008), pp. 175–205.

588

Tombs, France, p. 365.

589

H. A. C. Collingham (with R. S. Alexander), The July monarchy. A political history of France, 1830–1848 (London and New York, 1988), p. 232.

590

Simms, Struggle for mastery in Germany, pp. 159 and 162.

591

David H. Pinkney, Decisive years in France, 1840–1847 (Princeton, 1986), p. 133.

592

Simms, Struggle for mastery in Germany, p. 165.

593

John P. LeDonne, The Russian Empire and the world, 1700–1917. The geopolitics of expansion and containment (New York and Oxford, 1997), p. 125.

594

Cemil Aydin, The politics of anti-westernism in Asia. Visions of world order in pan-Islamic and pan-Asian thought (New York, 2007), p. 20.

595

Robert Kagan, Dangerous nation (New York, 2006), p. 218.

596

Donald Bruce Johnson and Kirk H. Porter (eds.), National party platforms, 1840–1972 (Urbana, Chicago and London, 1956), pp. 12, 31, 36 and passim.

597

Abigail Green, ‘Nationalism and the “Jewish International”. Religious internationalism in Europe and the Middle East, c.1840 – c.1880’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 50 (2008), pp. 548 and 546.

598

Ibid., pp. 535 and 547.

599

Abigail Green, ‘Intervening in the Jewish Question, 1840–1878’, in Simms and Trim (eds.), Humanitarian intervention, p. 143.

600

Jon Elster (ed.), Karl Marx. A reader (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 171–86. Работа “Немецкая идеология” была опубликована в 1932 г. Московским институтом Маркса и Энгельса.

601

Michael Stephen Partridge, Military planning for the defense of the United Kingdom (New York, 1989), p. 9.

602

Parry, Politics of patriotism, pp. 159–60. My thinking on this subject has been heavily influenced by Howe, ‘Radicalism, free trade and foreign policy’, in Mulligan and Simms (eds.), Primacy of foreign policy in British history, pp. 167–80.

603

Tombs, France, p. 38.

604

Harald Müller, ‘Zu den aussenpolitischen Zielvorstellungen der gemässigten Liberalen am Vorabend und im Verlauf der bürgerlichen-demokratischen Revolution von 1848/49 am Beispiel der “Deutschen Zeitung”’, in H. Bleiber (ed.), Bourgeoisie und bürgerliche Umwälzung in Deutschland, 1789–1871 (Berlin, 1977), p. 233.

605

Simms, Struggle for mastery in Germany, p. 171.

606

Ibid.

607

Букв. «Особый союз» (нем.), объединение семи католических кантонов Швейцарии. Примеч. ред.

608

Этот отчет опирается на тщательно выверенную аналитическую хронологию: Jonathan Sperber, The European revolutions, 1848–1851, 2nd edn (Cambridge, 2005), especially pp. viii—xx.

609

Harry Hearder, ‘The making of the Roman Republic, 1848–1849’, History 60 (1975), p. 181.

610

Martin Stauch, Im Schatten der heiligen Allianz. Frankreichs Preussenpolitik von 1848 bis 1857 (Frankfurt, 1996), p. 78.

611

James G. Chastain, ‘France’s proposed Danubian federation in 1848’, Proceedings of the Consortium on Revolutionary Europe (Tallahassee, 1978), p. 103.

612

Tombs, France, p. 385.

613

Stauch, Im Schatten der heiligen Allianz, pp. 41–3 (quotations pp. 11 and 47).

614

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The communist manifesto, ed. David McLellan (Oxford, 1992), pp. 2, 17 and 23.

615

Alan Sked, Metternich and Austria. An evaluation (Basingstoke and London, 2008), p. 65.

616

Parry, Politics of patriotism, p. 196.

617

Милбэнк выражал схожее мнение в 1848–1849 гг., о чем свидетельствуют документы Национального архива (письма к Пальмерстону от 8.5.1848, 6.6.1848 and 31.3.1849 in NA F09/10; NA F09/101 and NA F09/103). Я весьма признателен Фрэнку Лоренцу Мюллеру за это указание.

618

Ibid., p. 39.

619

Martin Schulze Wessel, Russlands Blick auf Preussen. Die polnische Frage in der Diplomatie und der politischen Öffentlichkeit des Zarenreiches und des Sowjetstaates, 1697–1947 (Stuttgart, 1995), p. 120.

620

Randolf Oberschmidt, Russland und die Schleswigholsteinische Frage, 1839–1853 (Frankfurt am Main, 1997), pp. 281, 289 and passim.

621

Mathias Schulz, ‘A balancing act: domestic pressures and international systemic constraints in the foreign policies of the great powers, 1848–1851’, German History 21, 3 (2003), pp. 319–46 (quotation p. 326).

622

A. J. P. Taylor, The struggle for mastery in Europe, 1848–1918 (Oxford, 1971 [1954]), p. 37.

623

Schulz, ‘A balancing act’, p. 328.

624

Schulz, pp. 335–6, for quotations.

625

Frank Lorenz Müller, Britain and the German Question. Perceptions of nationalism and political reform, 1830–63 (Basingstoke, 2002), p. 153.

626

Lamartine’s ‘Manifesto to Europe’, in Alphonse de Lamartine, History of the French Revolution of 1848 (London, 1849), pp. 283–5.

627

«Германского колосса» (фр.). Примеч. ред.

628

Stauch, Im Schatten der heiligen Allianz, p. 73; Bastide is quoted in Jörg Ulbert, ‘France and German dualism, 1756–1871’, in Carine Germond and Henning Türk (eds.), A history of Franco-German relations in Europe. From ‘hereditary enemies’ to partners (Basingstoke, 2008), p. 44.

629

Liberalismus 1848/49’, Historische Zeitschrift, 275 (2002), pp. 333–83.

630

Tombs, France, p. 398.

631

R. J. W. Evans, ‘From confederation to compromise: the Austrian experiment, 1849–1867’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 87 (1995), pp. 135–67 (especially pp. 138–40).

632

Nikolaus Buschmann, Einkreisung und Waffenbruderschaft. Die öffentliche Deutung von Krieg und Nation in Deutschland, 1850–1871 (Göttingen, 2003), p. 191. Также: Kevin Cramer, The Thirty Years War and German memory in the nineteenth century (Lincoln, Nebr., and London, 2007), pp. 51–93 and 141–77.

633

Christian Jansen, Einheit, Macht und Freiheit. Die Paulskirchenlinke und die deutsche Politik in der nachrevolutionären Epoche, 1849–1867 (Dusseldorf, 2000), pp. 510–20 and 530–64.

634

Otto Pflanze, Bismarck and the development of Germany. The period of unification, 1815–1871 (Princeton, 1963), p. 72.

635

Efraim Karsh, Islamic imperialism. A history (New Haven, 2006), p. 97.

636

Taylor, Struggle for mastery in Europe, p. 61: ‘The real stake in the Crimean war was not Turkey. It was central Europe; that is to say Germany and Italy.’

637

Doering-Manteuffel, Vom Wiener Kongress zur Pariser Kon – ferenz, p. 215.

638

Müller, Britain and the German Question, p. 162.

639

В 1760-х гг. землемеры Ч. Мейсон и Д. Диксон провели линию, официально разделившую британские колонии Пенсильвания и Мэриленд; до Гражданской войны эта линия служила символической границей между Севером и Югом. Примеч. ред.

640

Kagan, Dangerous nation, p. 234.

641

Закон утвердил образование новых территорий (Канзас и Небраска) и открыл их для заселения. Примеч. ред.

642

Robert E. May, The Southern dream of a Caribbean empire, 1854–1861, 2nd edn (Gainesville, 2002), pp. 46–76. Связь территориальной экспансии с интересами южан в Конгрессе: pp. 11–12.

643

Paul W. Schroeder, Austria, Great Britain and the Crimean War. The destruction of the European Concert (Ithaca and London, 1972), especially pp. 423–4.

644

David Saunders, Russia in the age of reaction and reform, 1801–1881 (London and New York, 1992), p. 207.

645

Saunders, Russia in the age of reaction and reform, pp. 223–4.

646

О важности внешней политики для Великобритании в 1850-х годах: Adrian Brettle, ‘The enduring importance of foreign policy dominance in mid-nineteenth-century politics’, in Mulligan and Simms (eds.), Primacy of foreign policy in British history, pp. 154–66.

647

Parry, Politics of patriotism, p. 68.

648

Denis Mack Smith, Cavour (New York, 1985), p. 111 and passim.

649

Derek Beales, England and Italy, 1859–1860 (London, Edinburgh, etc., 1961), pp. 3–4.

650

Mack Walker (ed.), Plombières. Secret diplomacy and the rebirth of Italy (New York, London and Toronto, 1968), pp. 27–37, especially pp. 28–9.

651

О значении Германии: Franco Valsecchi, ‘European diplomacy and the expedition of the thousand. The conservative powers’, in Martin Gilbert (ed.), A century of conflict, 1850–1950. Essays for A. J. P. Taylor (London, 1967), pp. 49–72, especially pp. 54–65.

652

Michael J. Salevouris, ‘Riflemen form’. The war scare of 1859–1860 in England (New York and London, 1982), pp. 152–95.

653

D. M. Schreuder, ‘Gladstone and Italian unification, 1848–70: the making of a Liberal?’, The English Historical Review, LXXXV (1970), p. 475.

654

Mark Hewitson, Nationalism in Germany, 1848–1866 (Basingstoke, 2010), pp. 76–7.

655

Национальный союз (нем.). Примеч. ред.

656

Andreas Biefang, Politisches Bürgertum in Deutschland, 1857–1868. Nationale Organisationen und Eliten (Dusseldorf, 1994), pp. 66–79.

657

Knapp, Behind the diplomatic curtain, p. 270.

658

Народное ополчение. Примеч. ред.

659

Frank Lorenz Müller, ‘The spectre of a people in arms: the Prussian government and the militarisation of German nationalism, 1859–1864’, The English Historical Review, CXXII, 495 (2007), pp. 82–104 (quotation p. 85).

660

Hans-Christof Kraus, ‘Militärreform oder Verfassungswandel? Kronprinz Friedrich von Preussen und die “deutschen Whigs” in der Krise von 1862/63’, in Heinz Reif (ed.), Adel und Bürgertum in Deutschland. Vol. I: Entwicklungslinien und Wendepunkte im 19. Jahrhundert (Berlin, 2000), pp. 207–32.

661

Andreas Kärnbach, ‘Bismarcks Bemühungen um eine Reform des Deutschen Bundes 1849–1866’, in Oswald Hauser (ed.), Preussen, Europa und das Reich (Cologne and Vienna, 1987), pp. 199–221, especially pp. 207–8.

662

Jonathan Steinberg, Bismarck. A life (Oxford, 2011), p. 174.

663

May, The Southern dream of Caribbean empire, p. 237. В целом Мэй уделяет слишком мало внимания важности территориальной экспансии, которая привела к гражданской войне: pp. 242–3.

664

Matthew Flynn, First strike. Pre-emptive war in modern history (New York and London, 2008), pp. 41–2.

665

Kagan, Dangerous nation, p. 91.

666

John Dunn, ‘Africa invades the new world: Egypt’s Mexican adventure, 1863–1867’, War in History, 4 (1997), pp. 27–34.

667

Henry Blumenthal, France and the United States. Their diplomatic relations, 1789–1914 (Chapel Hill, 2009), p. 109.

668

Винтовой шлюп «Алабама» был построен в Великобритании по заказу американского Юга и изначально предназначался для крейсерских операций против торгового флота северян; всего перехватил 68 и уничтожил 53 грузовых судна. Примеч. ред.

669

James Chambers, Palmerston, the people’s darling (London, 2004), p. 495.

670

David F. Krein, The last Palmerston government. Foreign policy, domestic politics, and the genesis of ‘splendid isolation’ (Ames, 1978), pp. 174–9.

671

Jacques Freymond and Miklós Molnár, ‘The rise and fall of the First International’, in Milorad Drachkovitch (ed.), The revolutionary Internationals, 1864–1943 (Stanford, 1966).

672

R. J. W. Evans, ‘From confederation to compromise: the Austrian experiment, 1849–1867’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 87 (1995), pp. 135–67 (quotation p. 164).

673

Schulze Wessel, Russlands Blick auf Preussen, p. 130.

674

Законодательному корпусу (фр.); имеется в виду представительное собрание с законодательными полномочиями. Примеч. ред.

675

Tombs, France, p. 414.

676

Sked, Metternich and Austria, p. 63.

677

О внутренних причинах конфликта с Веной: Geoffrey Wawro, ‘The Habsburg Flucht nach vorne in 1866: domestic political origins of the Austro-Prussian War’, International History Review, 17, 2 (1995), pp. 221–48, especially pp. 221 and 229.

678

Christopher Clark, Iron kingdom. The rise and downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947 (London, 2006), p. 557.

679

Michael Howard, ‘A thirty years’ war? The two world wars in historical perspective’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Sixth Series, Vol. III (1993), p. 171.

680

C. A. Bayly, The birth of the modern world, 1780–1914 (Oxford, 2004), p. 163; Michael Geyer and Charles Bright, ‘Global violence and nationalizing wars in Eurasia and America: the geopolitics of war in the mid-nineteenth century’, Comparative Studies in History and Society, 38 (1996), pp. 619–57, especially p. 621; and Stig Förster and Jörg Nagler (eds.), On the road to total war. The American Civil War and the German wars of uni cation, 1861–1871 (Cambridge, 1997).

681

Robert Kagan, Dangerous nation (New York, 2006), p. 276.

682

Bruce Cumings, Dominion from sea to sea. Pacific ascendancy and American power (New Haven and London, 2009), pp. 55–125.

683

John Dunn, ‘Africa invades the new world. Egypt’s Mexican adventure, 1863–1867’, War in History, 4, 1 (1997), p. 32.

684

Clark, Iron kingdom, p. 546.

685

Франк Беккер показывает, что признание немецкими националистами прусского руководства было плодом, а не причиной франко-прусской войны: Frank Becker, Bilder von Krieg und Nation. Die Einigungskriege in der bürgerlichen Öffentlichkeit Deutschlands, 1864–1913 (Munich, 2001), pp. 488–9 and passim.

686

F. R. Bridge, The Habsburg monarchy among the great powers, 1815–1918 (New York, Oxford and Munich, 1990), p. 95.

687

Florian Buch, Grosse Politik im neuen Reich. Gesellschaft und Aussenpolitik in Deutschland 1867–1882 (Kassel, 2004), p. 351.

688

Geoffrey Hicks, ‘“Appeasement” or consistent conservatism? British foreign policy, party politics and the guarantees of 1867 and 1939’, Historical Research, 84 (2011), pp. 520–21 and 525–6 (Stanley quotation pp. 526–7). Augustus Loftus, The diplomatic reminiscences of Lord Augustus Loftus, 1862–1879, Vol. I (London, 1894), p. 99.

689

Jonathan Parry, The politics of patriotism. English liberalism, national identity and Europe, 1830–1886 (Cambridge, 2006), p. 243.

690

J. M. Hobson, ‘The military extraction gap and the wary titan: the fiscal sociology of British defence policy, 1870–1913’, Journal of European Economic History, 222 (1993), pp. 461–506.

691

Bridge, Habsburg monarchy, p. 84.

692

Hans A. Schmitt, ‘Count Beust and Germany, 1866–1870: reconquest, realignment, or resignation?’, Central European History, 1, 1 (1968), pp. 20–34.

693

Dietrich Beyrau, ‘Der deutsche Komplex: Russland zur Zeit der Reichsgründung’, in Eberhard Kolb (ed.), Europa und die Reichsgründung. Preussen-Deutschland in der Sicht der grossen europäischen Mächte, 1860–1880 (Munich, 1980), p. 87.

694

M. Katz, Mikhail N. Katkov. A political biography, 1818–1887 (The Hague and Paris, 1966), pp. 112–17.

695

Dietrich Geyer, Russian imperialism. The interaction of domestic and foreign policy, 1860–1914 (Leamington Spa, 1987), p. 94.

696

Elisabeth Fehrenbach, ‘Preussen-Deutschland als Faktor der französischen Aussenpolitik in der Reichsgründungszeit’, in Kolb (ed.), Europa und die Reichsgründung, p. 124.

697

Tombs, France, p. 417.

698

Clark, Iron kingdom, p. 548.

699

Tombs, France, p. 423.

700

Телеграмма с записью разговора короля и посла была зачитана Бисмарком за ужином с военным министром Пруссии и начальником генерального штаба; по договоренности с гостями Бисмарк сильно сократил текст записи – теперь из телеграммы следовало, что Пруссия наотрез отказывается вести переговоры. Примеч. ред.

701

Alexander Seyferth, Die Heimatfront 1870/71. Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im deutsch-französischen Krieg (Paderborn, 2007), pp. 76–8, подчеркивает, что страх перед нападением французов был сильнее патриотического энтузиазма.

702

A. J. P. Taylor, The struggle for mastery in Europe, 1848–1918 (Oxford, 1971 [1954]), p. xxv.

703

Detlef Junker, ‘Die manichäische Falle: das deutsche Reich im Urteil der USA, 1871–1945’, in Klaus Hildebrand (ed.), Das deutsche Reich im Urteil der grossen Mächte und europäischen Nachbarn (1871–1945) (Munich, 1995), pp. 141–58 (quotation p. 142).

704

Peter Krüger, ‘Die Beurteilung der Reichsgründung und Reichsverfassung von 1871 in den USA’, in Norbert Finzsch et al., Liberalitas. Festschrift für Erich Angermann zum 65. Geburtstag (Stuttgart, 1992), pp. 263–83 (quotations pp. 271 and 273).

705

Paul W. Schroeder, ‘The lost intermediaries: the impact of 1870 on the European system’, International History Review, 6, 1 (1984), pp. 1–27, especially pp. 2–3, 8 and 11–12.

706

Sudhir Hazareesingh, ‘Republicanism, war and democracy: the Ligue du Midi in France’s war against Prussia, 1870–1871’, French History, 17, 1 (2003), pp. 48–78, especially pp. 50–51.

707

Bertrand Taithe, Defeated esh. Welfare, warfare and the making of modern France (Manchester, 1999), pp. 71–98, and Citizenship and wars: France in turmoil, 1870–1871 (London and New York, 2001).

708

Jacques Bariety, ‘Das deutsche Reich im französischen Urteil, 1871–1945’, in Hildebrand (ed.), Das deutsche Reich im Urteil der grossen Mächte, pp. 203–18 (quotation p. 208).

709

Allan Mitchell, Victors and vanquished. The German in uence on Army and Church in France after 1870 (Chapel Hill, 1984), especially pp. 41–8, and Rachel Chrastil, Organising for war. France, 1870–1914 (Baton Rouge, 2010), pp. 157–8 and passim.

710

Heinrich Lutz, ‘Zur Wende der österreichisch-ungarischen Aussenpolitik 1871. Die Denkschrift des Grafen Beust für Kaiser Franz Joseph vom 18. mai’, in Mitteilungen des österreichischen Staatsarchivs 25 (1972), pp. 169–84, especially pp. 177–8 (‘Mitteleuropa’, p. 180).

711

Bridge, Habsburg monarchy, p. 94.

712

W. E. Mosse, The European powers and the German Question, Appendix C: ‘The Russian national press and the “German Peril”, 1870–71’, pp. 391–2.

713

Deryck Schreuder, ‘Gladstone as “Troublemaker”: Liberal foreign policy and the German annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, 1870–1871’, Journal of British Studies, 17 (1978), pp. 106–35 (quotation p. 119). I am grateful to Eddie Fishman for conversations on the subject.

714

Karina Urbach, Bismarck’s favourite Englishman. Lord Odo Russell’s mission to Berlin (London, 1999), p. 208.

715

Klaus Hildebrand, No intervention. Die Pax Britannica und Preussen 1865/66–1869/70. Eine Untersuchung zur englischen Weltpolitik im 19. Jahrhundert (Munich, 1997), pp. 393–4 and passim.

716

Scott W. Murray, Liberal diplomacy and German uni cation: the early career of Robert Morier (Westport and London 2000), pp. 91–138.

717

William Mulligan, ‘Britain, the “German Revolution”, and the fall of France, 1870/1’, Historical Research, 84, 224 (2011), pp. 310–27.

718

ibid., p. 324.

719

Thomas Schaarschmidt, Aussenpolitik und öffentliche Meinung in Grossbritannien während des deutsch-französischen Krieges von 1870/71 (Franfurt am Main, Berne, etc., 1993), p. 132.

720

Michael Pratt, ‘A fallen idol: the impact of the Franco-Prussian War on the perception of Germany by British intellectuals’, International History Review, 7, 4 (1985), pp. 543–75.

721

Mulligan, ‘Britain, the “German Revolution”, and the fall of France’.

722

Edward Ingram, The British Empire as a world power (London, 2001), especially pp. 25–45. Также: James Belich, Replenishing the earth. The settler revolution and the rise of the Anglo-World, 1783–1939 (Oxford, 2009).

723

На мое мнение очень сильно повлияли беседы с Дэниелом Робинсоном, Джеймсом Роджерсом и Дунканом Беллом. См.: Duncan Bell, The idea of greater Britain. Empire and the future of world order, 1860–1900 (Princeton, 2007).

724

Max Beloff, Imperial sunset: Britain’s liberal empire, 1897–1921 (London, 1969), p. 37.

725

Parry, Politics of patriotism, p. 293.

726

William Mulligan, ‘British anti-slave trade and anti-slavery policy in East Africa, Arabia, and Turkey in the late nineteenth century’, in Brendan Simms and D. J. B. Trim (eds.), Humanitarian intervention. A history (Cambridge, 2011), pp. 257–82, especially p. 273.

727

Jacques Freymond and Miklós Molnár, ‘The rise and fall of the First International’, in Milorad Drachkovitch (ed.), The revolutionary Internationals, 1864–1943 (Stanford, 1966), p. 33.

728

«Кошмаре коалиций» (фр.). Примеч. ред.

729

Christopher Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II. A life in power (London, 2009), p. 94.

730

Margaret Lavinia Anderson, Practicing democracy. Elections and political culture in imperial Germany (Princeton, 2000). See also Gerhard A. Ritter, ‘Die Reichstagswahlen und die Wurzeln der deutschen Demokratie im Kaiserreich’, Historische Zeitschrift, 275 (2002), pp. 385–403.

731

Thus Prince Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, as quoted in W. N. Medlicott and Dorothy K. Coveney (eds.), Bismarck and Europe (London, 1971), p. 138.

732

Lothar Gall, Bismarck. Der weisse Revolutionär (Frankfurt, 1980), p. 623.

733

Detlef Junker, The Manichean Trap: American perceptions of the German empire, 1871–1945 (Washington, DC), p. 14.

734

Bridge, Habsburg monarchy, Appendix I, p. 381.

735

Medlicott and Coveney (eds.), Bismarck and Europe, pp. 87–8.

736

Klaus Hildebrand, Das vergangene Reich. Deutsche Aussenpolitik von Bismark bis Hitler (Stuttgart, 1995), p. 33. О мнимой и реальной французской угрозе: Johannes Janorschke, Bismarck, Europa und die ‘Krieg in Sicht’ Krise von 1875 (Paderborn, 2010), pp. 146–56, and 192–4.

737

T. G. Otte, ‘From “War in sight” to nearly war: Anglo-French relations in the age of high imperialism, 1875–1898’, Diplomacy and Statecraft, 17, 4 (2006), pp. 693–714, especially pp. 695–7.

738

Louise McReynolds, The news under Russia’s old regime. The development of a mass-circulation press (Princeton, 1991), pp. 73–92.

739

Matthias Schulz, ‘The guarantees of humanity: the Concert of Europe and the origins of the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877’, in Simms and Trim (eds.), Humanitarian intervention, pp. 184–204 (quotation p. 184).

740

Этот указ, подготовленный во время пребывания канцлера в городе Бад-Киссинген, куда он часто приезжал, объявлял, что Германия намерена отказаться от завоевательных войн. Примеч. ред.

741

Medlicott and Coveney (eds.), Bismarck and Europe, pp. 96–7 and 102–3.

742

Carole Fink, Defending the rights of others. The great powers, the Jews and international minority protection, 1878–1938 (Cambridge, 2004). Высказывание британского дипломата: in Abigail Green, ‘Intervening in the Jewish Question, 1840–1878’, in Simms and Trim (eds.), Humanitarian intervention, pp. 139–58 (quotation p. 139).

743

Medlicott and Coveney (eds.), Bismarck and Europe, p. 99.

744

Geyer, Russian imperialism, p. 82. See also S. Lukashevich, Ivan Aksakov, 1823–1886. A study in Russian thought and politics (Cambridge, Mass., 1965), pp. 140–41.

745

Geyer, Russian imperialism, p. 78.

746

Общее название серии лекций по внешней политике, прочитанных Гладстоном; часто признаются первой политической кампанией в современном значении этого термина. Примеч. ред.

747

Barry Bascom Hayes, Bismarck and Mitteleuropa (London and Toronto, 1994), pp. 302–3, 353, 391 and passim (quotations pp. 303 and 357).

748

Bridge, Habsburg monarchy, p. 135.

749

Medlicott and Coveney (eds.), Bismarck and Europe, p. 126.

750

Hugh Seton-Watson, The decline of Imperial Russia, 1855–1914 (New York, 1960), p. 494.

751

Anita Shapira, Land and power. The Zionist resort to force, 1881–1948 (Oxford, 1992), pp. 3–52. Также: John Klier, Russians, Jews, and the pogroms of 1881–1882 (Cambridge, 2011), pp. 1 (Ignatiev quotation) and 234–54 (for the foreign policy implications).

752

David Foglesong, The American mission and the ‘Evil Empire’. The crusade for a ‘Free Russia’ since 1881 (New York, 2007), pp. 7–33.

753

Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The culture of defeat. On national trauma, mourning, and recovery, trans. Jefferson Chase (New York, 2003), pp. 179–80 (Bert quotation), and Peter Grupp, Deutschland, Frankreich und die Kolonien. Der französische ‘parti colonial’ und Deutschland, 1890 bis 1914 (Tübingen, 1980), pp. 75–9.

754

Edward E. Morris, Imperial Federation. A lecture (Melbourne, 1885), quotations pp. 8–9.

755

Georgios Varouxakis, ‘“Great” versus “small” nations: scale and national greatness in Victorian political thought’, in Duncan Bell (ed.), Victorian visions of global order. Empire and international relations in nineteenth-century political thought (Cambridge, 2007), pp. 136–59.

756

John Darwin, The Empire project. The rise and fall of the British world-system, 1830–1970 (Cambridge, 2009), p. 79.

757

Humphrey J. Fisher, Slavery in the history of Muslim Black Africa (London, 2001), pp. 98–137.

758

Mulligan, ‘British anti-slave trade and anti-slavery policy’, in Simms and Trim (eds.), Humanitarian intervention, pp. 257–82.

759

W. J. Mommsen, ‘Bismarck, the Concert of Europe, and the future of West Africa, 1883–1885’, in Stig Förster, Wolfgang Mommsen and Ronald Robinson (eds.), Bismarck, Europe and Africa. The Berlin Africa conference 1884–1885 and the onset of partition (Oxford, 1988), pp. 151–70, especially pp. 165–6.

760

Sönke Neitzel, ‘“Mittelafrika”. Zum Stellenwert eines Schlagwortes in der deutschen Weltpolitik des Hochimperialismus’, in Wolfgang Elz and Sönke Neitzel (eds.), Internationale Beziehungen im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Festschrift für Winfried Baumgart zum 65. Geburtstag (Paderborn, Munich, etc., 2003), pp. 83–103.

761

Настоящее имя – Мухаммад Ахмад; религиозный лидер Судана, объявил себя «спасителем веры» и возглавил вооруженное сопротивление туркам и египтянам. Примеч. ред.

762

Британский полковник в отставке У. Хикс, которого османский наместник Египта Рауф-паша поставил командовать войском египтян против махдистов. Примеч. ред.

763

Benedikt Stuchtey, Die europäische Expansion und ihre Feinde. Kolonialismuskritik vom 18. bis in das 20. Jahrhundert (Munich, 2010).

764

Gregory Claeys, Imperial sceptics. British critics of empire, 1850–1920 (Cambridge, 2010), p. 111.

765

Schivelbusch, Culture of defeat, p. 181.

766

Hildebrand, Das vergangene Reich, p. 109.

767

Но см.: Terence Zuber, Inventing the Schlieffen Plan. German war planning, 1871–1914 (Oxford, 2002), pp. 135–219, где план трактуется как заявка на увеличение финансирования, а не как полноценная стратегия.

768

Hildebrand, Das vergangene Reich, p. 156.

769

Rainer Lahme, Deutsche Aussenpolitik 1890–1894. Von der Gleichgewichtspolitik Bismarcks zur Allianzstrategie Caprivis (Göttingen, 1990), pp. 34–5 and passim.

770

Hildebrand, Das vergangene Reich, p. 168.

771

Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II, p. 83.

772

Букв. «Политики сведения вместе» (нем.) Примеч. ред.

773

Francis W. Wcislo, Tales of Imperial Russia. The life and times of Sergei Witte, 1849–1915 (Oxford, 2011), pp. 138–88, especially pp. 140–42.

774

Moshe Zimmermann, ‘Muscle Jews vs. nervous Jews’, in Michael Brenner and Gideon Reuveni (eds.), Emancipation through muscles. Jews and sports in Europe (Lincoln, Nebr., 2006), pp. 15–28.

775

David Aberbach, ‘Zionist patriotism in Europe, 1897–1942: ambiguities in Jewish nationalism’, International History Review, 31, 6 (2009), pp. 268–98, especially pp. 274–81 (quotation p. 278).

776

Moshe Zimmermann, ‘Jewish nationalism and Zionism in German-Jewish students’ organisations’, Publications of the Leo Baeck Institute, Year Book XXVII (1982), pp. 129–53 (quotations p. 153).

777

Otte, ‘From “War in sight”’, p. 703.

778

Hildebrand, Das vergangene Reich, p. 202.

779

Sönke Neitzel, Weltmacht oder Untergang. Die Weltreichslehre im Zeitalter des Imperialismus (Paderborn, 2000).

780

Sönke Neitzel, ‘Das Revolutionsjahr 1905 in den internationalen Beziehungen der Grossmächte’, in Jan Kusber and Andreas Frings (eds.), Das Zarenreich, das Jahr 1905 und seine Wirkungen (Berlin, 2007), pp. 17–55 (quotation p. 21).

781

Hildebrand, Das vergangene Reich, p. 187.

782

Harald Rosenbach, Das deutsche Reich, Grossbritannien und der Transvaal (1896–1902) (Göttingen, 1993), pp. 309–314.

783

Matthew S. Seligmann, Rivalry in Southern Africa, 1893–99. The transformation of German colonial policy (Basingstoke, 1998), pp. 16–17, 58–61 and 128–31 (quotation p. 16).

784

Darwin, Empire project, p. 110. // Цит. по: Киплинг Р. Стихотворения. М.: Правда, 1992. Перевод О. Юрьева.

785

Kagan, Dangerous nation, p. 357.

786

Mike Sewell, ‘Humanitarian intervention, democracy, and imperialism: the American war with Spain, 1898 and after’, in Simms and Trim (eds.), Humanitarian intervention, pp. 303–22 (quotation p. 303), and Paul T. McCartney, Power and progress. American national identity, the war of 1898, and the rise of American imperialism (Baton Rouge, 2006), quotation p. 272.

787

Tony Smith, America’s mission. The United States and the worldwide struggle for democracy in the twentieth century (Princeton, 1994), p. 41.

788

Keith Wilson (ed.), The international impact of the Boer War (Chesham, 2001).

789

В сражении при Саратоге в 1777 г. американские революционеры одержали победу над британцами, что побудило короля Франции Людовика перейти к открытой поддержке колонистов; в дальнейшем выражение «момент Саратога» вошло в политический лексикон для обозначения подобного описанному вмешательства третьей стороны в двусторонний конфликт. Примеч. ред.

790

Warren Zimmermann, First great triumph. How ve Americans made their country a world power (New York, 2002), p. 446. I am grateful to Charles Laderman for this reference. See also T. G. Otte, The China Question. Great power rivalry and British isolation, 1894–1905 (Oxford, 2007).

791

Gordon A. Craig, Germany, 1866–1945 (Oxford, 1978) p. 313.

792

Phillips Payson O’Brien, British and American naval power. Politics and policy, 1900–1936 (London, 1998), pp. 26–7.

793

William Mulligan, ‘From case to narrative: the Marquess of Landsdowne, Sir Edward Grey, and the threat from Germany, 1900–1906’, International History Review, 30, 2 (2008), p. 292.

794

Matthew Seligmann, ‘Switching horses: the Admiralty’s recognition of the threat from Germany, 1900–1905’, International History Review, 30, 2 (2008), pp. 239–58, and Matthew Seligmann, ‘Britain’s great security mirage: the Royal Navy and the Franco-Russian naval threat, 1898–1906’, Journal of Strategic Studies, 35 (2012), pp. 861–86.

795

Christopher Ross, ‘Lord Curzon, the “Persian Question”, and geopolitics, 1888–1921’ (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Cambridge, 2010).

796

Matthew Seligmann, ‘A prelude to the reforms of Admiral Sir John Fisher: the creation of the Home Fleet, 1902–3’, Historical Research, 83 (2010), pp. 506–19, especially pp. 517–18.

797

G. R. Searle, The quest for national ef ciency (Berkeley, 1971). For the role of foreign policy in British electoral politics see T. E. Otte, ‘“Avenge England’s dishonour” By-elections, parliament and the politics of foreign policy in 1898’, The English Historical Review, CXXI, 491 (2006), pp. 385–428.

798

Mathew Johnson, ‘The Liberal War Committee and the Liberal advocacy of conscription in Britain, 1914–1916’, Historical Journal, 51. (2008), who cites the National Service Journal of November 1903.

799

Paul Readman, ‘Patriotism and the politics of foreign policy, c. 1870 – c. 1914’, in William Mulligan and Brendan Simms (eds.), The primacy of foreign policy in British history, 1660–2000. How strategic concerns shaped modern Britain (Basingstoke, 2010), especially, pp. 264–5.

800

Richard H. Collin, Theodore Roosevelt, culture, diplomacy and expansion. A new view of American imperialism (Baton Rouge and London, 1985), pp. 101–2. I thank Quinby Frey for this and many other references on US history.

801

James Ford Rhodes, The McKinley and Roosevelt administrations, 1897–1909 (New York, 1922), p. 249.

802

Frederick Marks III, Velvet on iron. The diplomacy of Theodore Roosevelt (Lincoln, Nebr., and London, 1979), pp. 6–10, 38–47 and 172–3. For a different view see Nancy Mitchell, The danger of dreams. German and American imperialism in Latin America (Chapel Hill and London, 1999), pp. 216–28 passim (quotations pp. 75–6).

803

James R. Holmes, Theodore Roosevelt and world order. Police power in international relations (Washington, DC, 2006), passim, especially pp. 70 and 110. For a case study see Stephen Wertheim, ‘Reluctant liberator: The odore Roosevelt’s philosophy of self-government and preparation for Philippine independence’, in Presidential Studies Quarterly, 39, 3 (2009), pp. 494–518.

804

Marks, Velvet on iron, p. 8. О возникновении антинемецкого поколения в Великобритании и США на рубеже столетий: Magnus Brechtken, Scharnierzeit, 1895–1907. Persönlichkeitsnetze und internationale Politik in den deutsch-britisch-amerkanischen Beziehungen vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg (Mainz, 2006), pp. 374–6.

805

Stuart Anderson, Race and rapprochement. Anglo-Saxonism and Anglo – American relations, 1895–1904 (London and Toronto, 1981), pp. 66–9 (quotation p. 67).

806

Jonathan Steinberg, ‘The Copenhagen Complex’, Journal of Contemporary History, 1, 3 (1966), pp. 23–46, especially pp. 29–30.

807

Howard K. Beale, Theodore Roosevelt and the rise of America to world power (Baltimore, 1956), p. 236 I thank Charles Laderman for this reference.

808

Geyer, Russian imperialism, p. 221.

809

Josh Sanborn, Drafting the Russian nation. Military conscription, total war and mass politics, 1905–1925 (DeKalb, Ill., 2003), pp. 25–9.

810

Jan Rüger, The great naval game. Britain and Germany in the Age of Empire (Cambridge, 2007), pp. 234–40.

811

William Philpott, ‘Managing the British way in warfare: France and Britain’s continental commitment, 1904–1918’, in Keith Neilson and Greg Kennedy (eds.), The British way in warfare. Power and the international system, 1856–1956. Essays in honour of David French (Farnham, 2010), pp. 83–100.

812

T. G. Otte, ‘“Almost a law of nature”? Sir Edward Grey, the Foreign Of ce, and the balance of power in Europe, 1905–12’, in Erik Goldstein and B. J. C. McKercher (eds.), Diplomacy and Statecraft. Special Issue on Power and Stability. British Foreign Policy, 1865–1965, 14, 2 (2003), pp. 77–118 (pp. 80–81).

813

Neitzel, ‘Das Revolutionsjahr 1905’, in Kusber and Frings (eds.), Das Zarenreich, das Jahr 1905 und seine Wirkungen, pp. 43–4.

814

Annika Mombauer, ‘German war plans’, in Richard F. Hamilton and Holger H. Herwig (eds.), War planning 1914 (Cambridge, 2010), pp. 48–79 (quotation p. 54).

815

Albrecht Moritz, Das Problem des Präventivkrieges in der deutschen Politik während der ersten Marokkokrise (Berne and Frankfurt am Main, 1974), pp. 144 and 280–84.

816

Michael Epkenhans, Die wilhelminische Flottenrüstung, 1908–1914. Weltmachtstreben, industrieller Fortschritt, soziale Integration (Munich, 1991). О возможности массовой мобилизации Великобритании: G. C. Peden, Arms, economics and British strategy. From Dreadnoughts to hydrogen bombs (Cambridge, 2007), pp. 1–16.

817

Бальфур произнес эту фразу в 1906 г. ‘Navy estimates, 1906–1907’, Hansard, vol. 162, col. 112. (1906).

818

John Albert White, Transition to global rivalry. Alliance diplomacy and the Quadruple Entente, 1895–1907 (Cambridge, 1995), p. 288. В другой работе подчеркивается приоритет имперских факторов: Keith Wilson, The limits of eurocentricity. Imperial British foreign and defence policy in the early twentieth century (Istanbul, 2002).

819

Hildebrand, Das vergangene Reich, p. 245.

820

Frank Boesch, ‘“Are we a cruel nation?” Colonial practices, perceptions, and scandals’, in Dominik Geppert and Robert Gerwarth (eds.), Wilhelmine Germany and Edwardian Britain. Essays in cultural affinity (Oxford, 2008), pp. 115–40, especially pp. 121–3.

821

Hildebrand, Das vergangene Reich, p. 249.

822

Uwe Liszkowski, Zwischen Liberalismus und Imperialismus. Die zaristische Aussenpolitik vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg im Urteil Miljukovs und der Kadettenpartei, 1905–1914 (Stuttgart, 1974), pp. 56–77.

823

Geyer, Russian imperialism, pp. 295–6.

824

Matthew Seligmann, ‘Intelligence information and the 1909 naval scare: the secret foundations of a public panic’, War in History, 17, 1 (2010), pp. 37–59, and Phillips Payson O’Brien, ‘The 1910 elections and the primacy of foreign policy’, in Mulligan and Simms (eds.), Primacy of foreign policy in British history, pp. 249–59.

825

Christopher Andrew, The defence of the realm. The authorized history of MI5 (London, 2009), pp. 3–18.

826

David Lloyd George, Limehouse Speech, 30 July 1909.

827

Jean H. Quataert, ‘Mobilising philantropy in the service of war: the female rituals of care in the new Germany, 1871–1914’, in Manfred F. Boemeke, Roger Chickering and Stig Förster (eds.), Anticipating total war. The German and American experiences, 1871–1914 (Cambridge, 1999); Roger Chickering, ‘“Casting their gaze more broadly”: women’s patriotic activism in imperial Germany’, Past and Present, 118 (1988), pp. 156–85, especially pp. 172, 175 and 182–3.

828

Sheila Rowbotham, A century of women. The history of women in Britain and the United States (London, 1997), p. 82.

829

Hildebrand, Das vergangene Reich, p. 240.

830

Friedrich Katz, The secret war in Mexico. Europe, the United States and the Mexican Revolution (Chicago and London, 1981), quotation p. 88, and Reiner Pommerin, Der Kaiser und Amerika. Die USA in der Politik der Reichsleitung, 1890–1917 (Cologne, 1986).

831

John Lamberton Harper, American visions of Europe. Franklin D. Roosevelt, George F. Kennan and Dean G. Acheson (Cambridge, 1994), p. 31. See Matthew S. Seligmann, ‘Germany and the origins of the First World War in the eyes of the American diplomatic establishment’, German History, 15, 3 (1997), pp. 307–32.

832

Mark Hewitson, ‘Germany and France before the First World War: a reassessment of Wilhelmine foreign policy’, The English Historical Review, 115, 462 (2000), pp. 570–606 (quotation pp. 594–5).

833

Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann, ‘Germany and the coming of war’, in R. J. W. Evans and Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann (eds.), The coming of the First World War (Oxford and New York, 1988), p. 111.

834

Fritz Fischer, War of illusions. German policies from 1911 to 1914 (London, 1975), p. 180.

835

Keith Jeffery, Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson. A political soldier (Oxford, 2006), pp. 99–100 and passim.

836

P.P.O’Brien, ‘The Titan refreshed: imperial overstretch and the British navy before the First World War’, Past and Present, 172 (2001), pp. 145–69, especially pp. 154–5.

837

Darwin, Empire project, p. 306.

838

Thomas Meyer, ‘Endlich eine Tat, eine befreiende Tat.’ Alfred von KiderlenWächters ‘Panthersprung nach Agadir’ unter dem Druck der öffentlichen Meinung (Husum, 1996), pp. 295–302.

839

Groh, p. 432.

840

«Показной милитаризм» (нем.). Примеч. ред.

841

Hildebrand, Das vergangene Reich, p. 266.

842

Niall Ferguson, ‘Public nance and national security: the domestic origins of the First World War revisited’, Past and Present, 142 (1994).

843

Geyer, Russian imperialism, p. 306.

844

Seton-Watson, Decline of Imperial Russia, p. 676.

845

Smith, America’s mission, p. 69.

846

Mustafa Aksakal, The Ottoman road to war: The Ottoman Empire and the First World War (Cambridge, 2008), p. 21.

847

Aksakal, Ottoman road to war, p. 76.

848

Имеется в виду генерал от инфантерии Ю. Н. Данилов, в 1909–1914 гг. генерал-квартирмейстер Главного управления Генерального штаба Российской империи. Примеч. ред.

849

Sean McMeekin, The Russian origins of the First World War (Cambridge, Mass., 2011), p. 6.

850

Smith, America’s mission, p. 70.

851

Christopher Clark, The sleepwalkers. How Europe went to war in 1914 (London, 2012), pp. 367–403.

852

Bridge, Habsburg monarchy, p. 335.

853

Annika Mombauer, ‘The First World War: inevitable, avoidable, improbable or desirable? Recent interpretations on war guilt and the war’s origins’, German History, 25, 1 (2007), pp. 78–95 (quotation p. 84).

854

Samuel R. Williamson, Austria-Hungary and the origins of the First World War (Basingstoke and London, 1991), pp. 191, 197 and passim.

855

Fischer, War of illusions, p. 224.

856

Это утверждение во многом противоречит фактологии и содержанию описываемых событий и остается целиком на совести автора. Примеч. ред.

857

Geyer, Russian imperialism, p. 314.

858

K. M. Wilson, ‘The British cabinet’s decision for war, 2 August 1914’, British Journal of International Studies, I (1975), pp. 148–59 (quotation p. 153).

859

Martin Ceadel, Living the great illusion. Sir Norman Angell, 1872–1967 (Oxford, 2009), especially pp. 104–14. Также: Ralph Rotte, ‘Global warfare, economic loss and the out break of the Great War’, War in History, 5 (1998), pp. 481–93, especially p. 483.

860

Bridge, Habsburg monarchy, p. 346.

861

Fritz Fischer, Germany’s aims in the First World War (London, 1967), pp. 103–4.

862

McMeekin, The Russian origins of the First World War, p. 92.

863

A. L. Macfie, ‘The Straits Question in the First World War, 1914–18’, Middle Eastern Studies, 19,1 (1983), pp. 43–74 (quotations pp. 50 and 58).

864

William Mulligan, The origins of the First World War (Cambridge, 2010), pp. 181–4.

865

Taylor, Struggle for mastery in Europe, p. xxv.

866

J. W. B. Merewether and Frederick Smith, The Indian Corps in France (London, 1917), pp. 1–20. Я признателен Тараку Баркави за это указание.

867

Hew Strachan, The First World War. Vol. I: To arms (Oxford, 2001).

868

Robert T. Foley, German strategy and the path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the development of attrition, 1870–1916 (Cambridge, 2005).

869

Elizabeth Peden, Victory through coalition. Britain and France during the First World War (Cambridge, 2005).

870

A. L. Mac, e, ‘The Straits Question in the First World War, 1914–18’, Middle Eastern Studies, 19, 1 (1983), pp. 43–74, and Graham T. Clews, The real story behind the origins of the 1915 Dardanelles campaign (Santa Barbara, 2010), pp. 66–7 and 293–4.

871

Robert A. Doughty, Pyrrhic victory. French strategy and operations in the Great War (Cambridge, Mass., 2006), pp. 2, 109, 169–71 and passim.

872

William Philpott, Bloody victory. The sacrifice on the Somme (London, 2009), pp. 96–7, 624–9 and passim (Joffre is quoted on p. 96).

873

Donald McKale, War by revolution. Germany and Great Britain in the Middle East in World War I (Kent, Ohio, 1998), pp. 46–68 (quotation p. 48). See also Sean McMeekin, The Berlin – Baghdad Express. The Ottoman Empire and Germany’s bid for world power, 1898–1918 (London, 2010).

874

«Германия превыше Аллаха» (нем.). Примеч. ред.

875

Kris Manjapra, ‘The illusions of encounter: Muslim “minds” and Hindu revolutionaries in First World War Germany and after’, Journal of Global History, 1 (2006), pp. 363–82, especially pp. 372–7.

876

Mark von Hagen, War in a European borderland. Occupations and occupation plans in Galicia and Ukraine, 1914–1918 (Seattle and London, 2007).

877

Hildebrand, Das vergangene Reich, p. 359.

878

Friedrich Katz, The life and times of Pancho Villa (Stanford, 1998), pp. 554–5 (quotation p. 555).

879

Hugh and Christopher Seton-Watson, The making of a new Europe. R. W. Seton-Watson and the last years of Austria-Hungary (London, 1981).

880

Branka Magaš, Croatia through history (London, 2008), p. 462.

881

Точнее «шариф», титул главы Мекканского шарифата, хранителя священных городов Мекка и Медина. Примеч. ред.

882

Matthew S. Seligmann, ‘Germany and the origins of the First World War in the eyes of the American diplomatic establishment’, German History, 15, 3 (1997), pp. 307–32, especially pp. 312, 315 and 323.

883

Martin Horn, Britain, France and the nancing of the First World War (Montreal and Kingston, 2002), pp. 142–65.

884

Nancy Mitchell, The danger of dreams. German and American imperialism in Latin America (Chapel Hill and London, 1999), p. 1.

885

Katz, Secret war in Mexico, p. 302.

886

Frank McDonough, The Conservative Party and Anglo-German relations, 1905–1914 (Basingstoke, 2007), p. 143.

887

Paul Bridgen, The Labour Party and the politics of war and peace, 1900–1924 (Woodbridge, 2009), p. 51.

888

«Священный союз» (фр.) Примеч. ред.

889

John Turner, British politics and the Great War. Coalition and con ict, 1915–1918 (New Haven and London, 1992).

890

Alistair Horne, The French army in politics (London, 1984), p. 39.

891

Keith Robbins, ‘The Welsh Wizard who won the war: David Lloyd George as war leader’, in Brendan Simms and Karina Urbach (eds.), Die Rückkehr der ‘Grossen Männer’. Staatsmänner im Kriegein deutschbritischer Vergleich 1740–1945 (Berlin and New York, 2010), pp. 96–107, especially p. 105.

892

Axel Jansen, ‘Heroes or citizens? The 1916 debate on Harvard volunteers in the “European War”’, in Christine G. Krüger and Sonja Levsen (eds.), War volunteering in modern times. From the French Revolution to the Second World War (Basingstoke, 2011), pp. 150–62.

893

Peter Holquist, Making war, forging revolution: Russia’s continuum of crisis, 1914–1921 (Cambridge, Mass., 2002), pp. 18–19 and 38–9 (о стремлении подражать немцам).

894

Alexander Watson, ‘Voluntary enlistment in the Great War: a European phenomenon?’, in Krüger and Levsen (eds.), War volunteering in modern times, pp. 163–88.

895

Matthew Johnson, ‘The Liberal War Committee and the Liberal advocacy of conscription in Britain, 1914–1916’, Historical Journal, 51, 2 (2008), pp. 402 and 414–15.

896

Французский предприниматель и государственный деятель, один из основоположников Европейского союза («отец Европы»), предложил для модернизации французской экономики после Второй мировой войны создать европейскую организацию, которая контролировала бы добычу угля и производство стали. Примеч. ред.

897

Laurence V. Moyer, Victory must be ours: Germany in the Great War, 1914–1918 (Barnsley, 1995), pp. 102–33.

898

Marc Michel, L’appel à l’Afrique. Contributions et réactions à l’effort de guerre en A. O.F (1914–1919) (Paris, 1982). I am grateful to Christopher Andrew for this reference.

899

Darwin, Empire project, p. 333.

900

Darwin, Empire project, pp. 324–5.

901

Bridge, Habsburg monarchy, pp. 353–4.

902

ibid., p. 358.

903

Jo Vellacott, Pacifists, patriots and the vote. The erosion of democratic suffragism in Britain during the First World War (Basingstoke, 2007), pp. 21 and 45.

904

Имеется в виду пьеса «Виндзорские насмешницы»; современная британская династия – Саксен-Кобург-Готская – вступила на престол после смерти королевы Виктории, ее первым представителем был король Эдуард VII. Примеч. ред.

905

William C. Fuller, The foe within. Fantasies of treason and the end of Imperial Russia (Ithaca, 2006), pp. 172–83.

906

Donald Quataert, The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922, 2nd edn (Cambridge, 2005), pp. 187–8.

907

Rowbotham, Century of women, p. 67.

908

Frances M. B. Lynch, ‘Finance and welfare: the impact of two world wars on domestic policy in France’, Historical Journal, 49 (2006), pp. 625–33, especially pp. 628–29; and Paul V. Dutton, Origins of the French welfare state. The struggle for social reform in France, 1914–1947 (Cambridge, 2002), pp. 14–19.

909

Hildebrand, Das vergangene Reich, p. 336.

910

Jürgen Kocka, Facing total war. German society, 1914–1918 (Leamington Spa, 1984).

911

Ernst-Albert Seils, Weltmachtstreben und Kampf für den Frieden. Der deutsche Reichstag im Ersten Weltkrieg (Frankfurt, 2011), pp. 194–7.

912

Seton-Watson, Decline of Imperial Russia, p. 712.

913

ibid., p. 723. О парламентской критике германского господства: M. M. Wolters, Aussenpolitische Fragen vor der vierten Duma (Hamburg, 1969), pp. 122–34.

914

Klaus Schwabe, Woodrow Wilson, revolutionary Germany and peace-making, 1918–1919. Missionary diplomacy and the realities of power (Chapel Hill and London, 1985), p. 256.

915

Klaus Hildebrand, Das vergangene Reich. Deutsche Aussenpolitik von Bismarck bis Hitler (Stuttgart, 1995), p. 781.

916

Halford Mackinder, Democratic ideals and reality (London, 2009 [1919]), p. 70.

917

John Darwin, The Empire project. The rise and fall of the British world system, 1830–1970 (Cambridge, 2009), pp. 335 and 348.

918

Charles Seymour (ed.), The intimate papers of Edward House arranged as a narrative by Charles Seymour (Boston and New York, 1926–8), p. 323. President Wilson Flag Day address, 14 June 1917. Благодарю Чарльза Ладермана за это указание.

919

Tony Smith, America’s mission. The United States and the worldwide struggle for democracy in the twentieth century (Princeton, 1994), pp. 92 and 84.

920

В Германии критики Вильсона заявляли, что политика союзников направлена не на «деморализацию или подчинение Германии, а на подчинение Германии через деморализацию». См.: Peter Stirk, ‘Hugo Preuss, German political thought and the Weimar Constitution’, History of Political Thought, 23, 3 (2002), pp. 497–516 (quotation p. 515).

921

The State Secretary (Kühlmann) to the foreign ministry liaison officer at general headquarters, 3 December 1917, Berlin, in Z. A. B. Zeman (ed.), Germany and the revolution in Russia, 1915–1918. Documents from the archives of the German foreign ministry (London, 1958), p. 94.

922

‘Decree on peace’, 8.11.1917, in Jane Degras (ed.), Soviet documents on foreign policy (London, 1951), pp. 1–2.

923

Michael A. Reynolds, ‘Buffers not brethren: Young Turk military policy in the First World War and the myth of Panturanism’, Past and Present, 203 (2009), pp. 137–79.

924

John Thompson, Woodrow Wilson (Harlow, 2002), p. 170.

925

Darwin, Empire project, pp. 313–14.

926

Jonathan Schneer, The Balfour Declaration. The origins of the Arab—Israeli conflict (London, 2010), pp. 343–5 (quotation p. 343).

927

David Aberbach, ‘Zionist patriotism in Europe, 1897–1942. Ambiguities in Jewish nationalism’, International History Review, 31, 2 (2009), pp. 268–98, especially pp. 277–9 (quotations pp. 281 and 287). О страхах британцев в отношении еврейских симпатий к Германии: John Ferris, ‘The British Empire vs. The Hidden Hand: British intelligence and strategy and “The CUP – Jew – German – Bolshevik combination”, 1918–1924’, in Keith Neilson and Greg Kennedy (eds.), The British way in warfare: power and the international system, 1856–1956. Essays in honour of David French (Farnham, 2010), p. 337. Об уверенности французов в силе международного сообщества: David Pryce-Jones, Betrayal. France, the Arabs, and the Jews (New York, 2006), pp. 28–32.

928

Balfour note, 25.4.1918, in James Bunyan (ed.), Intervention, civil war, and communism in Russia, April – December 1918. Documents and materials (Baltimore, 1936), p. 73. Также: Benjamin Schwartz, ‘Divided attention. Britain’s perceptions of a German threat to her eastern position in 1918’, Journal of Contemporary History, 28, 1 (1993), pp. 103–22 (quotation pp. 118–19).

929

Caroline Kennedy-Pipe, Russia and the world, 1917–1991 (London and New York, 1998), pp. 18–23.

930

John Plamenatz, German Marxism and Russian communism (London, 1954).

931

R. Craig Nation, Black earth, red star. A history of Soviet security policy, 1917–1991 (Ithaca, 1992), pp. 2, 120 and 15.

932

Timothy Snyder, The red prince. The fall of a dynasty and the rise of modern empire (London, 2008).

933

Здесь большевики смогли обеспечить мобилизацию; см.: Peter Holquist, Making war, forging revolution. Russia’s continuum of crisis, 1914–1921 (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 2002), pp. 285–6 and passim.

934

ibid., p. 121.

935

J. F. McMillan, Twentieth-century France. Politics and society 1898–1991 (London, 1992), p. 73.

936

Alan Axelrod, Selling the Great War. The making of American propaganda (Basingstoke, 2009), pp. 63–5, 143–4 and passim.

937

C. Cappozzola, Uncle Sam wants you. World War I and the making of the modern American citizen (Oxford, 2008), especially pp. 207–14; Adriane Lentz-Smith, Freedom struggles. African Americans and World War I (Cambridge, Mass., 2009), pp. 3–5.

938

Wilhelm Deist, ‘The military collapse of the German Empire: the reality behind the stab-in-the-back myth’, War in History, 3 (1996), 186–207.

939

Gary Sheffield’s rehabilitation of Lord Haig, Forgotten victory. The First World War: myths and realities (London, 2001). Также: John Mosier, The myth of the Great War. A new military history of World War I (London, 2002), pp. 327–36 and passim.

940

John Horne (ed.), State, society and mobilisation in Europe during the First World War (Cambridge, 1997), p. 16 and passim.

941

Hildebrand, Das vergangene Reich, p. 390.

942

Clemens King, Foch versus Clemenceau. France and German dismemberment, 1918–1919 (Cambridge, Mass., 1960).

943

Patrick O. Cohrs, The unfinished peace after World War I. America, Britain and the stabilisation of Europe, 1919–1932 (Cambridge, 2008), p. 213.

944

Stefan Berger, ‘William Harbutt Dawson: the career and politics of an historian of Germany’, The English Historical Review, 116, 465 (2001), pp. 76–113 (quotation p. 91).

945

John Riddell (ed.), The German Revolution and the debate on Soviet power. Documents: 1918–1919. Preparing the Founding Congress (New York, 1986), pp. 27–8 and 3.

946

Klaus Schwabe, Woodrow Wilson, revolutionary Germany and peace-making, 1918–19. Missionary diplomacy and the realities of power (Chapel Hill and London, 1985), pp. 395–9 (quotation p. 46).

947

John Ramsden, ‘Churchill and the Germans’, Contemporary British History, 25, 1 (2011), pp. 125–39 (quotations pp. 129–30n).

948

Manfred F. Boemeke, Gerald D. Feldman and Elisabeth Glaser (eds.), The Treaty of Versailles. A reassessment after 75 years (Cambridge, 1998).

949

Margaret Pawley, The watch on the Rhine. The military occupation of the Rhineland, 1918–1930 (London and New York, 2007), pp. 16–18. В последующие два десятилетия Германия оставалась главным врагом Великобритании; см.: David French, Raising Churchill’s army. The British army and the war against Germany, 1919–1945 (Oxford, 2000).

950

Так у автора; для оригинала вообще характерно вольное оперирование названиями государств и анахронизмы (например, автор использует название «США» применительно к Америке времен войны за независимость и Гражданской войны). Здесь та же картина: Лига Наций была создана в 1919–1920 гг., СССР образовался в 1922 г. Примеч. ред.

951

О важности Лиги для сдерживания Германии и «подталкивания» рейха к сотрудничеству с большевиками: Peter J. Yearwood, Guarantee of Peace. The League of Nations in British policy, 1914–1925 (Oxford, 2009), pp. 149–50.

952

Thompson, Woodrow Wilson, p. 199.

953

Maurice Vaïsse, ‘Security and disarmament: problems in the development of the disarmament debates, 1919–1934’, in R. Ahmann, A. M. Birke, and M. Howard (eds.), The quest for stability. Problems of West European security, 1918–1957 (Oxford, 1993), p. 175.

954

Mark Levene, War, Jews and the new Europe. The diplomacy of Lucien Wolf, 1914–1919 (Oxford, 1992).

955

Antoine Prost, ‘The impact of war on French and German political cultures’, Historical Journal, 37 (1994), 209–17.

956

William Lee Blackwood, ‘German hegemony and the Socialist Inter – national’s place in inter-war European diplomacy’, European History Quarterly, 31 (2001), pp. 101–40 (quotation pp. 108–9).

957

William Mulligan, ‘The Reichswehr, the Republic and the primacy of foreign policy, 1918–1923’, German History, 21, 3 (2003), p. 356.

958

Иначе Январское восстание, всеобщая забастовка и вооруженные столкновения в начале 1919 г. в Берлине; было организовано «Союзом Спартака», немецкой марксистской организацией, во главе которой стояли К. Либкнехт и Р. Люксембург. Примеч. ред.

959

Министерство рейхсвера (нем.), то есть вооруженных сил Германии. Примеч. ред.

960

William Mulligan, ‘Civil-military relations in the early Weimar Republic’, Historical Journal, 45, 4 (2002), pp. 819–41.

961

Paul V. Dutton, Origins of the French welfare state. The struggle for social reform in France, 1914–1947 (Cambridge, 2002), pp. 22–3.

962

John Maynard Keynes, The economic consequences of the peace, in Collected writings of John Maynard Keynes, Vol. 2 (London, 1920), p. 226.

963

John Milton Cooper Jr, Breaking the heart of the world. Woodrow Wilson and the fight for the League of Nations (Cambridge, 2001), p. 119.

964

Thompson, Woodrow Wilson, pp. 224 and 229.

965

Lloyd Ambrosius, ‘Wilson, the Republicans, and French security after World War I’, Journal of American History, 59 (September 1972), pp. 341–52.

966

Stephen Wertheim, ‘The league that wasn’t. American designs for a legalist-sanctionalist League of Nations and the intellectual origins of international organisation, 1914–1920’, Diplomatic History, 35, 5 (2011), pp. 797–836. Также: Stephen Wertheim, ‘The Wilsonian chimera: why debating Wilson’s vision hasn’t saved American foreign rela – tions’, White House Studies, 10 (2011), p. 354.

967

Gerhard Weinberg, ‘The defeat of Germany in 1918 and the European balance of power’, Central European History, 2, 3 (1969), pp. 248–60.

968

Lucian M. Ashworth, ‘Realism and the spirit of 1919: Halford Mackinder and the reality of the League of Nations’, European Journal of International Relations (online, 2010), pp. 1–23, especially pp. 9–10.

969

Norman Davies, White eagle, red star: the Polish-Soviet war, 1919–1920 (New York, 1972).

970

Robert Himmer, ‘Soviet policy toward Germany during the Russo-Polish War, 1920’, Slavic Review, 35, 4 (Dec. 1976), pp. 665–82, especially pp. 666–7.

971

Michael Jabara Carley, ‘Anti-Bolshevism in French foreign policy: the crisis in Poland in 1920’, International History Review, 2, 2 (1980), pp. 410–31, especially pp. 411–12 and 428.

972

В ходе Варшавской битвы в августе 1920 г. поляки сумели нанести неожиданный контрудар по растянутому фронту РККА. Примеч. ред.

973

Так у автора; очевидно, имеются в виду окончание Второй советско-финской войны (1921–1922) и мирный договор, подписанный в Москве. Примеч. ред.

974

Shelley Baranowski, Nazi Empire. German colonialism and imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler (Cambridge, 2011), pp. 116–71.

975

Werner T. Angress, Stillborn revolution. The communist bid for power in Germany, 1921–1923 (Princeton, 1963).

976

Stephanie C. Salzmann, Great Britain, Germany and the Soviet Union: Rapallo and after, 1922–1934 (Rochester, 2003), подчеркивает, что пакт вызвал сенсацию, но не заставил Форин офис запаниковать.

977

Жизненное пространство (ит.). Примеч. ред.

978

MacGregor Knox, ‘Conquest, foreign and domestic, in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany’, Journal of Modern History, 56, 1 (1984), pp. 1–57 (quotation p. 19), and in ‘The Fascist regime, its foreign policy and its wars: an “anti-anti-Fascist” orthodoxy? ’, in Patrick Finney (ed.), The origins of the Second World War (London, New York, etc. 1997), p. 159.

979

Charlotte Alston, ‘“The suggested basis for a Russian Federal Republic”. Britain, anti-Bolshevik Russia and the border states at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919’, History, 91 (2006), pp. 24–44, especially pp. 33–4.

980

Б. Муссолини использовал убийство нескольких итальянских офицеров на греческой территории как предлог для предъявления ультиматума; затем итальянский флот в августе 1923 г. обстрелял остров Корфу и высадил десант. После обращения Греции в Лигу Наций Италии выплатили компенсацию за гибель офицеров, но настояли на освобождении острова. Примеч. ред.

981

Andrew Orr, ‘“We call you to holy war”. Mustafa Kemal, communism, and Germany in French intelligence nightmares, 1919–1923’, Journal of Military History, 75 (2011), pp. 1095–1123.

982

Margaret Pawley, The watch on the Rhine. The military occupation of the Rhineland, 1918–1930 (London and New York, 2007), pp. 77–88.

983

Degras (ed.), Soviet documents on foreign policy, p. 287.

984

M. D. Lewis, ‘One hundred million Frenchmen. The “assimilation” theory in French colonial policy’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 4 (1962), pp. 129–53.

985

Robert C. Reinders, ‘Racialism on the left. E. D. Morel and the “Black Horror on the Rhine”’, International Review of Social History, XIII (1968), pp. 1–28 (quotation p. 8).

986

Keith L. Nelson, ‘The “Black Horror on the Rhine”. Race as a factor in post-World War I diplomacy’, Journal of Modern History, 42, 4 (1970), pp. 606–27 (quotations pp. 613 (Mangin) and 616 (Müller)).

987

«Скорректированной политики» (нем.). Примеч. ред.

988

Jonathan Wright, Gustav Stresemann. Weimar’s greatest statesman (Oxford, 2002).

989

Carole Fink, ‘German Revisionspolitik, 1919–1933’, in Historical papers/ Communications historiques. A selection from the papers presented at the annual meeting [of the Canadian Historical Association] held at Winnipeg, 1986 (Ottawa, 1986), pp. 134–45 (quotation p. 143). Также: Gottfried Niedhart, Die Aussenpolitik der Weimarer Republik (Munich, 1999), pp. 63–99.

990

Peter Jackson, ‘France and the problems of security and disarmament after the First World War’, Journal of Strategic Studies, 29, 2 (2006), pp. 247–80.

991

Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi, Paneuropa (Vienna, 1923).

992

Ina Ulrike Paul, ‘In Kontinenten denken, paneuropäisch handeln. Die Zeitschrift Paneuropa 1924–1938’, Jahrbuch für europäische Geschichte, 5 (2004), pp. 161–92, especially pp. 182–3.

993

Cohrs, Unfinished peace after World War I, pp. 105 and 135.

994

Darwin, Empire project, p. 365.

995

Melvin P. Leffler, The elusive quest. America’s pursuit of European stability and French security, 1919–1933 (Chapel Hill, 1979), pp. 41–3 (quotation p. 41).

996

Gaynor Johnson (ed.), Locarno revisited: European diplomacy 1920–1929 (London and New York, 2004), quotation p. 103.

997

Cohrs, Unfinished peace after World War I, pp. 215 and 225.

998

Жизненное пространство (нем.). Примеч. ред.

999

Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, trans. Ralph Manheim (Boston, 1971), pp. 645, 642–3, 646, 649 and 651.

1000

Teddy J. Uldricks, ‘Russia and Europe: diplomacy, revolution, and economic development in the 1920s’, International History Review, 1, 1 (1979), p. 74.

1001

Cohrs, Unfinished peace after World War I, p. 372.

1002

Andrew Webster, ‘An argument without end: Britain, France and the disarmament process, 1925–34’, in Martin S. Alexander and William J. Philpott (eds.), Anglo-French defence relations between the wars (Basing-stoke, 2002), pp. 49–71.

1003

John Keiger, ‘Wielding finance as a weapon of diplomacy: France and Britain in the 1920s’, Contemporary British History, 25, 1 (2011), pp. 29–47, especially pp. 40–43.

1004

Nation, Black earth, red star, pp. 61 and 63.

1005

Richard Hellie, ‘The structure of Russian imperial history’, History and Theory, 44, 4 (2005), pp. 88–112 (pp. 102–3); несмотря на название, статья в основном затрагивает советский период.

1006

Klaus P. Fischer, Hitler and America (Philadelphia, 2011), pp. 9–46.

1007

Adolf Hitler, Second book [Aussenpolitische Standortbestimmung nach der Reichtagswahl Juni—Juli 1928], ed. Gerhard L. Weinberg, in Institut für Zeitgeschichte (ed.), Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnungen, Februar 1925 bis Januar 1933 (Munich, New Providence, London and Paris, 1995), pp. 15, 88–90.

1008

Michael Wala, Weimar und Amerika. Botschafter Friedrich von Prittwitz und Gaffron und die deutsch-amerikanischen Beziehungen von 1927 bis 1933 (Stuttgart, 2001), pp. 12–151.

1009

Hildebrand, Das vergangene Reich, pp. 524–5.

1010

ibid., p. 525.

1011

Jürgen Elvert, Mitteleuropa! Deutsche Pläne zur europäischen Neuordnung (1918–1945) (Stuttgart, 1999).

1012

Andreas Rödder, Stresemann’s Erbe. Julius Curtius und die deutsche Aussenpolitik, 1929–1931 (Paderborn, 1996), quotations pp. 199 and 202.

1013

William L. Patch Jr, Heinrich Brüning and the dissolution of the Weimar Republic (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 213–19. (quotation p. 255).

1014

Irene Strenge, Kurt von Schleicher. Politik im Reichswehrministerium am Ende der Weimarer Republik (Berlin, 2006).

1015

Enrico Syring, Hitler. Seine politische Utopie (Frankfurt am Main, 1994), pp. 234–7.

1016

Согласно расследованию журнала «Шпигель», проведенному в 1960-х годах, поджог осуществил голландский коммунист М. Ван дер Люббе; однако другая версия утверждает, что здание подожгли штурмовики СА. Примеч. ред.

1017

Букв. «равное вовлечение» (нем.), термин нацистской пропаганды; эта политика подразумевала «нацификацию» государственного устройства Германии и управления страной. Примеч. ред.

1018

Kiran Klaus Patel, Soldiers of labor. Labor service in Nazi Germany and New Deal America, 1933–1945 (Cambridge and New York, 2005), pp. 4, 72 and 228–9.

1019

«Народным сообществом» (нем.). Примеч. ред.

1020

«Народные товарищи» (нем.). Примеч. ред.

1021

Wolfram Wette, ‘Ideology, propaganda and internal politics as preconditions of the war policy of the Third Reich’, in Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt (ed.), Germany and the Second World War. Vol. I. The build-up of German aggression (Oxford, 1990).

1022

Patrizia Albanese, Mothers of the nation. Women, families and nationalism in twentieth century Europe (Toronto, Buffalo and London, 2006), pp. 32–44 (quotation p. 36).

1023

Zach Shore, ‘Hitler’s opening gambit. Intelligence, encirclement, and the decision to ally with Poland’, Intelligence and National Security, 14, 3 (1999), quotation p. 112.

1024

R. J. Overy, ‘German air strength 1933 to 1939: a note’, Historical Journal, 27, 2 (1984), pp. 465–71.

1025

Jonathan Haslam, The Soviet Union and the struggle for collective security in Europe, 1933–39 (London, 1984), pp. 1–226, especially p. 2.

1026

Wesley K. Wark, The ultimate enemy. British intelligence and Nazi Germany, 1933–1939 (Ithaca, 1985).

1027

Ramsden, ‘Churchill and the Germans’, p. 131. For the mainstream view see Philip Towle, ‘Taming or demonising an aggressor: the British debate on the end of the Locarno system’, in Gaynor Johnson (ed.), Locarno revisited: European diplomacy, 1920–1929 (London and New York), pp. 178–98 (pp. 190–91).

1028

Bret Holman, ‘The air panic of 1935: British press opinion between disarmament and rearmament’, Journal of Contemporary History, 46, 2 (2011), pp. 288–307 (quotation p. 295).

1029

Arnold A. Offner, American appeasement. United States policy and Germany, 1933–1938 (Cambridge, Mass., 1969), pp. 12, 59 and passim, and Alonzo L. Hamby, For the survival of democracy. Franklin Roosevelt and the world crisis of the 1930s (New York, 2009).

1030

Mary E. Glantz, FDR and the Soviet Union. The president’s battles over foreign policy (Lawrence, Kan., 2005), pp. 17–35.

1031

Nation, Black earth, red star, p. 117.

1032

О связи преувеличенных страхов окружения, польского «коварства» и репрессий на Украине и в Белоруссии: Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands. Europe between Hitler and Stalin (New York, 2010), pp. 30–31, 37, 42, 71 and 89.

1033

R. Heller, ‘East Fulham revisited’, Journal of Contemporary History, 6, 3 (1971), pp. 172–96; C. Stannage, ‘The East Fulham by-election, 25 October 1933’, Historical Journal, 14, 1 (1971), pp. 165–200. Также: Philip Williamson, Stanley Baldwin (Cambridge, 1999).

1034

See Mona Siegel, ‘“To the Unknown Mother of the Unknown Soldier”. Pacifism, feminism, and the politics of sexual difference among French institutrices between the wars’, French Historical Studies, 22, 3 (1999), pp. 421–51, especially pp. 428–9.

1035

Benedikt Stuchtey, ‘“Not by law but by sentiment”. Great Britain and imperial defense, 1918–1939’, in Roger Chickering and Stig Förster (eds.), The shadows of total war. Europe, East Asia, and the United States, 1919–1939 (Cambridge, 2003), pp. 255–70 (quotation p. 263)

1036

Darwin, Empire project, p. 457.

1037

Michaela Hoenicke Moore, Know your enemy. The American debate on Nazism, 1933–1945 (Cambridge, 2010), pp. 78–93 and 341–2.

1038

Государственная корпорация по развитию и освоению долины реки Теннесси, одного из наиболее отсталых в промышленном отношении районов США в первой половине XX столетия. Примеч. ред.

1039

По названию итальянского города на озере Лаго-Маджоре, где состоялась встреча руководителей Великобритании и Италии и министра иностранных дел Франции. Примеч. ред.

1040

Alan Bullock, Hitler. A study in tyranny (London, 1952), p. 315.

1041

Hildebrand, Das vergangene Reich, p. 623.

1042

Pierre-Henri Laurent, ‘The reversal of Belgian foreign policy, 1936–1937’, The Review of Politics, 31, 3 (July 1969), p. 370.

1043

Nicole Jordan, The Popular Front and central Europe. The dilemmas of French impotence, 1919–1940 (Cambridge, 1992).

1044

Antony Beevor, The battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 (London, 2006).

1045

David Patterson, A genealogy of evil. Anti-semitism from Nazism to Islamic Jihad (Cambridge, 2011).

1046

Silvio Pons, Stalin and the inevitable war, 1936–1941 (London and Portland, 2002).

1047

John Lamberton Harper, American visions of Europe. Franklin D. Roosevelt, George F. Kennan and Dean G. Acheson (Cambridge, 1994), p. 67.

1048

J. Noakes and G. Pridham (eds.), Nazism. A history in documents and eyewitness accounts, 1919–1945. Vol. II: Foreign policy, war and racial extermination (New York, 1988), quotation p. 685.

1049

David Dilks, ‘“We must hope for the best and prepare for the worst”. The prime minister, the Cabinet and Hitler’s Germany, 1937–1939’, Proceedings of the British Academy, LXXIII (1987), p. 325.

1050

B. J. C. Roi and M. L. McKercher, ‘“Ideal” and “punchbag”: con icting views of the balance of power and their in uence on interwar British foreign policy, diplomacy and statecraft’, Diplomacy and Statecraft, 12, 2 (2001), pp. 47–78 (quotation, p. 53).

1051

Daniel Hucker, ‘French public attitudes towards the prospect of war in 1938–1939’, French History, 21, 4 (2007), pp. 431–4; Jerry H. Brookshire, ‘Speak for England, act for England: Labour’s leadership and British national security under the threat of war in the late 1930s’, European His – tory Quarterly, 29, 2 (1999), pp. 251–87.

1052

Maurice Cowling, The impact of Hitler. British politics and British policy, 1933–1940 (Chicago and London, 1975).

1053

Tobias Jersak, ‘A matter of foreign policy: “Final Solution” and “Final Victory” in Nazi Germany’, German History 21, 3 (2003), pp. 369–91 (quotation p. 378).

1054

John Thompson, ‘Conceptions of national security and American entry into World War II’, Diplomacy and Statecraft, 16, 4 (2005), pp. 671–97 (quotations pp. 673–4).

1055

Thompson, ‘Conceptions of national security’, p. 674.

1056

Barbara Rearden Farnham, Roosevelt and the Munich Crisis. A study of decision-making (Princeton, 1997), p. 159.

1057

Nation, Black earth, red star, p. 98.

1058

David Reynolds, From world war to Cold War. Churchill, Roosevelt and the international history of the 1940s (Oxford, 2006), pp. 18–19.

1059

Jochen Thies, Archtekt der Weltherrschaft. Die ‘Endziele’ Hitlers (Dusseldorf, 1976).

1060

Rolf-Dieter Müller, Der Feind steht im Osten. Hitlers geheime Pläne für einen Krieg gegen die Sowjetunion im Jahr 1939 (Berlin, 2001), pp. 251–61.

1061

Albert L. Weeks, Stalin’s other war. Soviet grand strategy, 1939–1941 (Lanham, Boulder, etc., 2002), pp. 172–3.

1062

Имеется в виду секретный дополнительный протокол к договору о ненападении между Германией и СССР. Примеч. ред.

1063

A. J. Prazmovska, ‘War over Danzig? The dilemma of Anglo-Polish relations in the months preceding the outbreak of the Second World War’, Historical Journal, 26 (1983), pp. 177–83.

1064

Jonathan Haslam, ‘Soviet war aims’, in Ann Lane and Howard Temperley (eds.), The rise and fall of the Grand Alliance, 1941–45 (Basingstoke and New York, 1995), pp. 24–5.

1065

Talbot C. Imlay, Facing the Second World War. Strategy, politics and economics in Britain and France, 1938–1940 (Oxford, 2003).

1066

Jan T. Gross, Revolution from abroad. The Soviet conquest of Poland’s western Ukraine and western Belorussia (Princeton, 1988).

1067

Главное управление имперской безопасности (нем.), РСХА. Примеч. ред.

1068

David Reynolds, ‘1940: fulcrum of the twentieth century?’, International Affairs, 66 (1990), pp. 325–50.

1069

Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France. Old guard and new order, 1940–1944 (London, 1970), pp. 51–62.

1070

Данное утверждение также на совести автора. Примеч. ред.

1071

Davide Rodogno, Fascism’s European empire. Italian occupation during the Second World War (Cambridge, 2006).

1072

Richard Bosworth, ‘War, totalitarianism and “deep belief” in Fascist Italy, 1935–43’, European History Quarterly, 34, 4 (2004), pp. 475–505, especially pp. 492–93.

1073

Stanley G. Payne, Spain, Germany and World War II (New Haven and London, 2008), pp. 87–113.

1074

Avi Shlaim, ‘Prelude to downfall: the British offer of union to France, June 1940’, Journal of Contemporary History, 9, 3 (1974), pp. 27–63.

1075

Anthony J. Cumming, ‘Did the Navy win the Battle of Britain? The warship as the ultimate guarantor of Britain’s freedom in 1940’, Historical Research, 83 (2010), pp. 165–88.

1076

David Edgerton, Britain’s war machine. Weapons, resources and experts in the Second World War (London, 2011), especially pp. 47–8 and 124–5.

1077

J. Lee Ready, Forgotten allies. The military contribution of the colonies, exiled governments and lesser powers to the Allied victory in World War II. Vol. I: The European theatre (Jefferson and London, 1985).

1078

Andrew Stewart, Empire lost. Britain, the dominions and the Second World War (London, 2008), p. 106.

1079

Африканский корпус (нем.). Примеч. ред.

1080

Norman J. W. Goda, Hitler, northwest Africa, and the path toward America (College Station, Texas, 1998).

1081

Harper, American visions of Europe, p. 59.

1082

Reynolds, From world war to Cold War, p. 19.

1083

Букв. «целевые группы» (нем.), военизированные «эскадроны смерти». Примеч. ред.

1084

Nation, Black earth, red star, pp. 122–4.

1085

Steven Merritt Miner, Stalin’s holy war. Religion, nationalism, and alliance politics, 1941–1945 (Chapel Hill and London, 2003).

1086

Dan Plesch, America, Hitler and the UN. How the Allies won World War II and forged a peace (London, 2011), especially pp. 31–57 (quotation p. 34).

1087

Mark Harrison, ‘Resource mobilisation for World War II: the USA, UK, USSR and Germany, 1938–1945’, Economic History Review, 41, 2 (1988), pp. 171–92.

1088

Генеральный план «Ост» (нем.). Примеч. ред.

1089

Snyder, Bloodlands, p. 161.

1090

Nicole Kramer, Volksgenossinnen an der Heimatfront. Mobilisierung. Verhalten. Erinnerung (Göttingen, 2011), pp. 164–5.

1091

Sheila Rowbotham, A century of women. The history of women in Britain and the United States (London, 1997), p. 247.

1092

James T. Sparrow, Warfare state. World War II Americans and the age of big government (Oxford and New York, 2011).

1093

Thomas Bruscino, A nation forged in war. How World War II taught Americans how to get along (Knoxville, 2010).

1094

Ian Kershaw, Fateful decisions. Ten decisions that changed the world, 1940–1941 (London, 2007).

1095

Christopher Browning, The origins of the Final Solution. The evolution of Nazi Jewish policy, 1939–1942 (London, 2005). Я в основном следую работе: Jersak, ‘A matter of foreign policy’, pp. 369–89.

1096

Hildebrand, Das vergangene Reich, p. 752

1097

Michael R. Beschloss, The conquerors. Roosevelt, Truman and the destruction of Hitler’s Germany (New York, 2002), p. 21.

1098

Ilse Dorothee Pautsch, Die territoriale Deutschlandplanung des amerikanischen Aussenministeriums, 1941–1943 (Frankfurt am Main, 1990), p. 122. Страхи американцев перед Германией: James McAllister, No exit. America and the German problem, 1943–1954 (Ithaca and London, 2002), pp. 1–42.

1099

Klaus Larres, ‘Churchill: awed war leader or charismatic visionary?’, in Brendan Simms and Karina Urbach (eds.), Die Rückkehr der ‘Grossen Männer’. Staatsmänner im Krieg – ein deutsch-britischer Vergleich 1740–1945 (Berlin and New York, 2010), p. 154.

1100

Lothar Kettenacker, Krieg zur Friedenssicherung. Die Deutsch-landplanung der britischen Regierung während des Zweiten Weltkrieges (Göttingen and Zurich, 1989), pp. 534 and 537–42.

1101

Larres, ‘Churchill’, p. 141.

1102

Patrick J. Hearden, ‘Early American views regarding European unification’, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 19 (2006), pp. 67–78, especially pp. 74–5.

1103

Brian P. Farrell, ‘Symbol of paradox: the Casablanca Conference, 1943’, Canadian Journal of History, 28, 1 (1993), pp. 21–40, which puts the debate about the best strategy against Germany at the forefront.

1104

Steven T. Ross, American war plans, 1941–1945 (London and Portland, 1997), pp. 9, 17, 21 and 47, and Mark Stoler, Allies and adversaries. The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and U. S. strategy in World War II (Chapel Hill and London, 2000), p. 71.

1105

Reynolds, ‘1940: fulcrum of the twentieth century?’, p. 344.

1106

Reynolds, ‘Churchill and allied grand strategy in Europe, 1944–1945: the erosion of British influence’, in From world war to Cold War, pp. 121–36.

1107

Roger Beaumont, ‘The bomber offensive as a second front’, Journal of Contemporary History, 22, 1 (1987), pp. 3–19, especially pp. 13–15, and Stephan Glienke, ‘The Allied air war and German society’, in Claudia Baldoli, Andrew Knapp and Richard Overy (eds.), Bombing, states and peoples in western Europe, 1940–1945 (London, 2011), pp. 184–205.

1108

Mark Harrison (ed.), The economics of World War II: six powers in international comparison (Cambridge, 1998).

1109

Hildebrand, Das vergangene Reich, p. 781.

1110

Sönke Neitzel, ‘Hitlers Europaarmee und der “Kreuzzug” gegen die Sowjetunion’, in Michael Salewski and Heiner Timmermann (eds.), Armeen in Europa – europäische Armeen (Münster, 2004), pp. 137–50.

1111

Mary N. Hampton, The Wilsonian impulse. U. S. foreign policy, the alliance, and German unification (Westport, 1996), p. 18.

1112

Anatoly Dobrynin, In confidence: Moscow’s ambassador to America’s six Cold War presidents (1962–1986) (New York, 1995), p. 63.

1113

‘The Yalta Protocol of Proceedings’, in T. G. Paterson, Major problems in American foreign policy since 1914, Vol. II, 3rd edn (Lexington, Mass., 1989), pp. 243–4.

1114

Melvyn Leffler, The struggle for Germany and the origins of the Cold War (Washington, DC, 1996).

1115

Carolyn Woods Eisenberg, Drawing the line. The American decision to divide Germany, 1944–49 (Cambridge, 1996), p. 38.

1116

John Lewis Gaddis, ‘Repression versus rehabilitation: the problem of Germany’, in Gaddis, The United States and the origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947 (New York, 1972), pp. 94–132 (quotations pp. 98–9).

1117

Mark Kramer, ‘The Soviet Union and the founding of the German Democratic Republic: 50 years later. A review article’, Europe – Asia Studies, 51 (1999), pp. 1093–1106 (quotation pp. 1097–8).

1118

Национального комитета свободной Германии (нем.). Примеч. ред.

1119

R. C. Raack, Stalin’s drive to the west, 1938–1945. The origins of the Cold War (Stanford, 1995), pp. 133–4 and passim.

1120

Fraser J. Harbutt, Yalta 1945. Europe and America at the crossroads (Cambridge, 2010).

1121

‘Yalta Protocol’, p. 242.

1122

Ibid., pp. 239–40.

1123

Ibid., p. 241.

1124

Antony Beevor, Berlin. The downfall (London, 2002).

1125

Leffler, Struggle for Germany, p. 13.

1126

Charles Mee, Meeting at Potsdam (New York, 1975), p. 320.

1127

Jonathan Haslam, ‘Soviet war aims’, in Ann Lane and Howard Temperley (eds.), The rise and fall of the Grand Alliance, 1941–45 (Basingstoke and New York, 1995), p. 27.

1128

Jessica Reinisch and Elizabeth White (eds.), The disentanglement of populations. Migration, expulsion and displacement in post-war Europe, 1944–9 (Basingstoke, 2011), especially pp. 3–50.

1129

Zbyněk Zeman and Antonín Klimek, The life of Edvard Beneš, 1884–1948. Czechoslovakia in peace and war (Oxford, 1997), p. 247. Также: Eagle Glassheim, ‘The mechanics of ethnic cleansing: the expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia, 1945–1947’, in Philipp Ther and Ana Siljak (eds.), Redrawing nations. Ethnic cleansing in east-central Europe, 1944–1948 (Lanham, 2001), pp. 197–200.

1130

Mark Mazower, No enchanted palace. The end of empire and the ideological origins of the United Nations (Princeton and Oxford, 2009), p. 7.

1131

David J. Dunthorn, ‘The Paris Conference on Tangier, August 1945. The British response to Soviet interest in the “Tangier Question”’, Diplomacy and Statecraft, 16, 1 (2005), pp. 117–37 (quotation p. 123).

1132

Andreas Hillgruber, Die Zerstörung Europas. Beiträge zur Weltkriegsepoche, 1914 bis 1945 (Frankfurt am Main and Berlin, 1988), p. 363.

1133

Andrew J. Rotter, Hiroshima. The world’s bomb (New York, 2008), pp. 177–228.

1134

Caroline Kennedy-Pipe, Russia and the world, 1917–1991 (London and New York, 1998), p. 84. Hiroshima had ‘destroyed the equilibrium of the world’.

1135

Altiero Spinelli and Ernesto Rossi, ‘For a free and united Europe. A draft manifesto’, in Mette Eilstrup-Sangiovanni (ed.), Debates on European integration. A reader (Basingstoke, 2006), pp. 37–42.

1136

Чистым листом (лат.). Примеч. ред.

1137

Scott Kelly, ‘“The ghost of Neville Chamberlain”. Guilty Men and the 1945 election’, Conservative History Journal, 5 (Autumn 2005), 18–24, especially, 21–2 (quotation p. 18).

1138

Correlli Barnett, The audit of war. The illusion and reality of Britain as a great nation (London, 1986).

1139

Jim Tomlinson, ‘Balanced accounts? Constructing the balance of payments problem in post-war Britain’, The English Historical Review, CXXIV, 509 (2009), pp. 863–84.

1140

Martin Thomas, Bob Moore and L. J. Butler, Crises of empire. Decolonisation and Europe’s imperial states, 1918–1975 (London, 2008), especially pp. 47–72.

1141

Pablo de Orellana, Implications of the Cold War for the maintenance of colonialism in Indochina, 1945–1954 (M. Phil. dissertation, University of Cambridge, 2009), p. 23. Я весьма признателен мистеру де Орельяна за наше чрезвычайно интересное обсуждение.

1142

Anne Deighton, ‘Entente neo-coloniale? Ernest Bevin and the proposals for Anglo-French Third World power, 1945–1949’, in Glyn Stone and T. G. Otte (eds.), Anglo-French relations since the late eighteenth century (London and New York, 2008), pp. 200–218 (Bevin quotation p. 208).

1143

Kevin McDermott and Matthew Stibbe (eds.), Stalinist terror in eastern Europe. Elite purges and mass repression (Manchester and New York, 2010), p. 5 and passim for the crucial international context.

1144

Norman Naimark and Leonid Gibianskii (eds.), The establishment of communist regimes in eastern Europe, 1944–1949 (Boulder and Oxford, 1998).

1145

Fernande Scheid Raine, ‘Stalin and the creation of the Azerbaijan Democratic Party in Iran, 1945’, Cold War History, 2, 1 (2001), pp. 1–38 (quotation p. 1).

1146

Способ существования (лат.). Примеч. ред.

1147

George F. Kennan, ‘Containment: 40 years later. Containment then and now’, Foreign Affairs, 65, 4 (Spring 1987).

1148

В названии своей речи Черчилль обыграл английское выражение «sinews of war», то есть «средства (букв. сухожилия) для ведения войны». Примеч. ред.

1149

Dirk Spilker, ‘The Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) and the German Question, 1944–1953’, dissertation abstract, compiled by Cornelie Usborne, German History, 17, 1 (1999), pp. 102–3.

1150

Миф об «изнасилованной Германии» широко распространился в современной западной историографии после публикации в 2002 году книги английского историка Э. Бивора «Падение Берлина». Примеч. ред.

1151

Norman Naimark, The Russians in Germany. A history of the Soviet zone of occupation, 1945–49 (Cambridge, Mass., 1995).

1152

Hannes Adomeit, Imperial overstretch. Germany in Soviet policy from Stalin to Gorbachev (Baden-Baden, 1998).

1153

Richard L. Merritt, Democracy imposed: US occupation policy and the German public, 1945–1949 (New Haven, 1995). Я признателен своему студенту Россу Дж. Токоле за это и другие указания.

1154

Wolfgang Krieger, ‘Was General Clay a revisionist? Strategic aspects of the United States occupation of Germany’, Journal of Contemporary History, 18, 2 (1983), pp. 165–84 (quotation p. 180).

1155

Josef Foschepoth, ‘British interest in the division of Germany after the Second World War’, Journal of Contemporary History, 23, 3 (1986), pp. 391–411. For a broader overview of the post-war British preoccupation with Germany see Daniel Gossel, Briten, Deutsche und Europa. Die deutsche Frage in der britischen Aussenpolitik, 1945–1962 (Stuttgart, 1999).

1156

William I. Hitchcock, France restored: Cold War diplomacy and the quest for leadership in Europe, 1944–1954 (Chapel Hill, 1998), pp. 74–7 and passim.

1157

‘X’ [George Kennan], ‘The sources of Soviet conduct’, Foreign Affairs, 25, 4 (July 1947), pp. 566–82.

1158

John Lewis Gaddis, The long peace. Inquiries into the history of the Cold War (New York and Oxford, 1987), pp. 41–2.

1159

Tony Judt, Postwar. A history of Europe since 1945 (London, 2005).

1160

Arnold A. Offner, Another such victory. President Truman and the Cold War, 1945–1953 (Stanford, 2002), pp. 157–67.

1161

Klaus Schwabe, ‘The Cold War and European integration, 1947–63’, Diplomacy and Statecraft, 12, 4 (2001), pp. 18–34.

1162

Robert E. Ferrell, ‘The Truman era and European integration’, in Francis H. Heller and John R. Gillingham (eds.), The United States and the integration of Europe. Legacies of the postwar era (New York, 1996), p. 28.

1163

Avi Shlaim, Britain and the origins of European unity (Reading, 1978), pp. 114–42.

1164

John W. Young, Britain, France and the unity of Europe, 1945–1951 (Leicester, 1984), pp. 77–9 and passim.

1165

Mark Byrnes, ‘Unfinished business: the United States and Franco’s Spain, 1944–47’, Diplomacy and Statecraft, 11, 1 (2000), pp. 153–6.

1166

Anne Deighton (ed.), Britain and the First Cold War (Basingstoke, 1990), p. 58.

1167

То есть стран, расположенных ниже экватора (здесь конкретно – Австралии и Новой Зеландии). Примеч. ред.

1168

Палестинские арабы ежегодно отмечают 15 мая День Накба, соблюдают минуту молчания и устраивают марши и демонстрации. Примеч. ред.

1169

Moshe Zimmermann, ‘Militär, Militarismus und Zivilgesellschaft in Israel – eine europäische Erbschaft?’, in Ute Frevert (ed.), Militär und Gesellschaft im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Stuttgart, 1997), pp. 342–58.

1170

Moshe Naor, ‘Israel’s 1948 war of independence as a total war’, Journal of Contemporary History, 43, 2 (2008), pp. 241–57 (quotation p. 246).

1171

Scott Parrish, ‘The Marshall Plan and the division of Europe’, in Naimark and Gibianskii (eds.), Establishment of communist regimes in eastern Europe, pp. 267–90, especially pp. 286–7.

1172

Silvio Pons, ‘Stalin, Togliatti, and the origins of the Cold War in Europe’, Journal of Cold War Studies 3, 2 (2001), pp. 3–27, especially pp. 5 and 12.

1173

Robert H. Van Meter, ‘Secretary of State Marshall, General Clay, and the Moscow Council of Foreign Ministers meeting of 1947: a response to Philip Zelikow’, Dip – lomacy and Statecraft, 16, 1 (2005), pp. 139–67, especially pp. 142–3, 145 and 152 (Dulles quotation p. 151).

1174

Roger G. Miller, To save a city. The Berlin airlift, 1948–49 (College Station, Texas, 2000), pp. 36–86.

1175

Edmund Spevack, ‘American pressures on the German constitutional tradition: basic rights in the West German constitution of 1949’, International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, 10, 3 (1997), pp. 411–36 (quotation p. 424). О роли США в политической демократизации Германии: Daniel E. Rogers, ‘Transforming the German party system. The United States and the origins of political moderation, 1945–1949’, Journal of Modern History, 65, 3 (1993), pp. 512–41.

1176

Paul Fritz, ‘From defeat and division to democracy in Germany’, in Mary Fran T. Malone (ed.), Achieving democracy. Democratization in theory and practice (New York and London, 2011), pp. 169–94.

1177

Abbott Gleason, Totalitarianism. The inner history of the Cold War (Oxford, 1995), pp. 157–66, for anti-totalitarianism as the ‘quasi-of cial ideology of the West German state’ (p. 157).

1178

Ulrich Lappenküper, ‘Primat der Aussenpolitik! Die Verständigung zwischen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und Frankreich, 1949–1963’, in Eckart Conze, Ulrich Lappenküper and Guido Müller (eds.), Geschichte der internationalen Beziehungen. Erneuerung und Erweiterung einer his – torischen Disziplin (Cologne, Weimar and Vienna, 2004), pp. 45–63.

1179

Robert A. Divine, ‘The Cold War and the election of 1948’, Journal of American History, 59 (1972), pp. 90–110, especially pp. 91, 95 and 98–9 (Dewey quotation p. 100).

1180

По имени премьер-министра Франции до июля 1948 г. Примеч. ред.

1181

John Callaghan, ‘The Cold War and the march of capitalism, socialism and democracy’, Contemporary British History, 15, 3 (2001), pp. 1–25 (quotation p. 4).

1182

Dianne Kirby, ‘Divinely sanctioned. The Anglo-American Cold War alliance and the defence of western civilisation and Christianity, 1945–48’, Journal of Contemporary History, 35, 3 (2000), pp. 385–412 (quotation p. 405).

1183

Peter Hennessy, The secret state. Whitehall and the Cold War (London, 2002), and now Christopher Andrew, The defence of the realm. The authorized history of MI5 (London, 2010).

1184

Термин американской политики, обозначающий государственный сектор в широком значении. Примеч. ред.

1185

Peter Clarke, ‘Labour’s beachmaster’, London Review of Books, 23.1.2003, p. 25.

1186

Aaron L. Friedberg, In the shadow of the garrison state. America’s anti-statism and its Cold War grand strategy (Princeton, 2000), especially pp. 340–45.

1187

Mary L. Dudziak, Cold War civil rights. Race and the image of American democracy (Princeton and Oxford, 2000), p. 29.

1188

ibid., pp. 2–3 and passim.

1189

Maria Höhn and Martin Klimke, A breath of freedom. The civil rights struggle, African American GIs and Germany (Basingstoke, 2010), pp. 56 and 76.

1190

Geoffrey Marston, ‘The United Kingdom’s part in the preparation of the European Convention on Human Rights, 1950’, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 42 (1993), pp. 796–826.

1191

Благодарю Томаса Проберта за привлечение моего внимания к этому факту.

1192

Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands. Europe between Hitler and Stalin (New York, 2010), p. 366.

1193

Jonathan Brent and Vladimir P. Naumov, Stalin’s last crime. The plot against the Jewish doctors, 1948–1953 (London, 2003), especially pp. 183–4.

1194

Kevin McDermott, ‘Stalinist terror in Czechoslovakia: origins, processes, responses’, in McDermott and Stibbe (eds.), Stalinist terror in eastern Europe, pp. 98–118, especially pp. 101–11.

1195

Kathryn Weathersby, The Soviet aims in Korea and the origins of the Korean War, 1945–1950. New evidence from Russian archives, Cold War International History Project, Working Paper No. 8 (Washington, DC, 1993).

1196

Michael M. Sheng, Battling western imperialism. Mao, Stalin, and the United States (Princeton, 1997), pp. 187–96, (работа на основе документов из китайских архивов), and Lorenz M. Luethi, The Sino-Soviet split. Cold War in the communist world (Princeton, 2008), pp. 345–52.

1197

Tony Smith, Thinking like a communist. State and legitimacy in the Soviet Union, China, and Cuba (New York, 1987), pp. 191–2.

1198

Walter Lafeber, America, Russia and the Cold War, 1945–1996, 8th edn (New York, 1997), p. 96.

1199

Robert J. McMahon, ‘The Cold War comes to south-east Asia’, in McMahon and Thomas G. Paterson (eds.), The origins of the Cold War (Boston, 1999), pp. 227–43.

1200

William Stueck, The Korean War. An international history (Princeton, 1995), p. 373.

1201

Экономическое чудо (нем.). Примеч. ред.

1202

John Gillingham, European integration, 1950–2003. Superstate or new market economy? (Cambridge, 2003) p. 27.

1203

Christopher Gehrz, ‘Dean Acheson, the JCS and the “single package”: American policy on German rearmament, 1950’, Diplomacy and Statecraft, 12, 1 (2001), pp. 135–60, especially pp. 137 and 141–3 (Acheson quotation p. 141).

1204

Kai Bird, The chairman. John J. McCloy and the making of the American establishment (New York, 1992), p. 337.

1205

Richard J. Aldrich, ‘OSS, CIA and European unity: the American Committee on United Europe, 1948–60’, Diplomacy and Statecraft, 8, 1 (1997), pp. 184–227. Благодарю Дэвида Джио за это указание.

1206

Arch Puddington, Broadcasting freedom. The Cold War triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty (Lexington, 2001), pp. 73–4, on the importance on the Munich location, and Scott Lucas, Freedom’s war. The American crusade against the Soviet Union (Manchester, 1999), especially p. 8.

1207

Volker R. Berghahn, America and the intellectual cold wars in Europe. Shepard Stone between philanthropy, academy, and diplomacy (Princeton and Oxford, 2001), pp. 108–51.

1208

Samuel Moyn, The last Utopia. Human rights in history (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 2010), pp. 78–9 on this.

1209

Alan S. Milward, The United Kingdom and the European Community. Vol. I: The rise and fall of a national strategy (London, 2002).

1210

A. W. Lovett, ‘The United States and the Schuman Plan. A study in French diplomacy, 1950–1952’, Historical Journal, 39, 2 (1996), pp. 425–55. See A. W. Lovett, ‘The United States and the Schuman Plan. A study in French diplomacy, 1950–1952’, Historical Journal, 39, 2 (1996), pp. 425–55.

1211

Kevin Ruane, The rise and fall of the European Defence Community. Anglo-American relations and the crisis of European defence, 1950–55 (Basingstoke, 2000).

1212

Gillingham, European integration, pp. 29–30.

1213

Vladislav Zubok, ‘The Soviet Union and European integration from Stalin to Gorbachev’, Journal of European Integration History, 2, 1 (1996), pp. 85–98, especially pp. 85–8.

1214

Christoph Bluth, The two Germanies and military security in Europe (Basingstoke, 2002), p. 13.

1215

Dirk Spilker, The East German leadership and the division of Germany: patriotism and propaganda, 1945–53 (Oxford, 2006).

1216

Hans-Peter Schwarz, Konrad Adenauer. A German politician and statesman in a period of war, revolution and reconstruction. Vol. I: From the German Empire to the Federal Republic, 1876–1952 (Providence and Oxford, 1995), pp. 649–63.

1217

Ориентация на Запад (нем.). Примеч. ред.

1218

Ronald Smelser and Edward J. Davies, The myth of the eastern front. The Nazi—Soviet war in American popular culture (Cambridge, 2008), pp. 46–89.

1219

Jeffrey Herf, Divided memory. The Nazi past in the two Germanys (Cambridge, Mass., 1997).

1220

Mark Kramer, ‘The early post-Stalin succession struggle and upheavals in east central Europe: internal—external linkages in Soviet policy making’, Journal of Cold War Studies, 1, 1 (1999), p. 12.

1221

Thomas J. Christensen, Useful adversaries. Grand strategy, domestic mobilization, and Sino-American con ict, 1947–1958 (Princeton, 1996).

1222

William B. Pickett, Eisenhower decides to run. Presidential politics and Cold War strategy (Chicago, 2000), pp. 213–15 (quotation p. 182).

1223

Steven Casey, Selling the Korean War. Propaganda, politics and public opinion in the United States, 1950–1953 (New York, 2008), p. 251.

1224

Kramer, ‘Early post – Stalin succession struggle’, pp. 3–55. (Крамер, как мне кажется, уделяет слишком мало внимания внешней политике, хотя данные, им собранные, указывают на обратное.) Также: Jeremy Smith and Melanie Ilic (eds.), Khrushchev in the Kremlin. Policy and government in the Soviet Union, 1953–1964 (London and New York, 2011).

1225

Hubert Zimmermann, ‘The sour fruits of victory: sterling and security in Anglo-German relations during the 1950s and 1960s’, Contemporary European History, 9, 2 (2000), pp. 225–43.

1226

Geoffrey Owen, From Empire to Europe. The decline and revival of British industry since the Second World War (London, 1999), pp. 30–56 and passim.

1227

Lawrence Black, ‘“The bitterest enemies of communism”: Labour revisionists, Atlanticism and the Cold War’, Contemporary British History, 15, 3 (2001), pp. 26–62, especially pp. 27–8.

1228

ibid., p. 34.

1229

Martin Ceadel, ‘British parties and the European situation, 1952–1957’, in Ennio di Nolfo (ed.), Power in Europe? II. Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy and the origins of the EEC, 1952–1957 (Berlin and New York, 1992), pp. 309–32.

1230

John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the end of the Cold War. Implications, reconsiderations, provocations (Oxford, 1992), p. 73.

1231

László Borhi, ‘Rollback, liberation, containment or inaction? U. S. policy and Eastern Europe in the 1950s’, Journal of Cold War Studies, 1, 3 (1999), pp. 67–110 (quotations p. 68).

1232

Ian Johnson, A mosque in Munich. Nazis, the CIA, and the rise of the Muslim Brotherhood in the west (New York, 2010).

1233

Evin Ruane, ‘Agonizing reappraisals: Anthony Eden, John Foster Dulles and the crisis of European defence, 1953–54’, Diplomacy and Statecraft, 13, 4 (2002), pp. 151–85 (quotations pp. 151, 153, 156–7 and 172).

1234

Arnold Kanter, ‘The European Defense Community in the French National Assembly: a roll call analysis’, Comparative Politics, 2, 2 (1970), pp. 206, 212 and passim.

1235

Anne Deighton, ‘The last piece of the jigsaw: Britain and the creation of the western European Union, 1954’, Contemporary European History, 7, 2 (1998), pp. 181–96.

1236

Martin Schaad, ‘Plan G – a “counterblast”? British policy towards the Messina countries, 1956’, Contemporary European History 7, 1 (1998), pp. 39–60, passim (quotation p. 46).

1237

Lafeber, America, Russia and the Cold War, p. 178.

1238

Dieter Krüger, Sicherheit durch Integration? Die wirtschaftliche und politische Integration Westeuropas 1947 bis 1957/58 (Oldenbourg, 2003), p. 514 and passim.

1239

William Glenn Gray, Germany’s Cold War. The global campaign to isolate East Germany, 1949–1969 (Chapel Hill and London, 2003).

1240

Sergei N. Khrushchev, Nikita Khrushchev and the creation of a superpower (University Park, Pa, 2000), p. 63.

1241

Ira Chernus, Apocalypse management. Eisenhower and the discourse of national insecurity (Stanford, 2008), p. 141.

1242

Mohamed Heikal, Sphinx and commissar. The rise and fall of Soviet in uence in the Arab world (London, 1978), p. 65.

1243

Robert W. Heywood, ‘West European Community and the Eurafrica concept in the 1950s’, Journal of European Integration, 4, 2 (1981), pp. 199–210.

1244

Ralph Dietl, ‘Suez 1956: a European intervention?’, Journal of Contemporary History, 43, 2 (2008), pp. 259–78 (quotation p. 261).

1245

John C. Campbell, ‘The Soviet Union, the United States, and the twin crises of Hungary and Suez’, in William Roger Louis and Roger Owen (eds.), Suez 1956. The crisis and its consequences (Oxford, 1989), pp. 233–53.

1246

Simon C. Smith (ed.), Reassessing Suez 1956. New perspectives on the crisis and its aftermath (London, 2008).

1247

Diane B. Kunz, The economic diplomacy of the Suez crisis (Chapel Hill and London, 1991), especially pp. 113–14 and 192–3.

1248

W. R. Louis, ‘Public enemy number one: the British Empire in the dock at the United Nations, 1957–1971’, in Martin Lynn (ed.), The British Empire in the 1950s. Retreat or revival? (Basingstoke, 2006).

1249

Kenneth O. Morgan, Britain since 1945. The people’s peace (Oxford, 1990), p. 158.

1250

Schaad, ‘Plan G – a “counterblast”?’, p. 50.

1251

Yinghong Cheng, ‘Beyond Moscow-centric interpretation: an examination of the China connection in eastern Europe and North Vietnam during the era of de-Stalinisation’, Journal of World History, 15, 4 (2004), pp. 487–518, especially pp. 489, 492–3 and 496 (quotation p. 489).

1252

Martin Thomas, The French North African crisis. Colonial break-down and Anglo-French relations, 1945–1962 (Basingstoke, 2000).

1253

Vladislav Zubok, Khrushchev and the Berlin crisis (1958–1962), Cold War International History Project, Working Paper No. 6 (Washington, DC, 1993), p. 8. For the centrality of Germany to Khrushchev see p. 3.

1254

Nicholas Thompson, The hawk and the dove. Paul Nitze, George Kennan and the history of the Cold War (New York, 2009), p. 175.

1255

Richard Immerman, John Foster Dulles. Piety, pragmatism, and power in U. S. foreign policy (Wilmington, 1999), p. 188.

1256

Andrea Benvenuti, Anglo-Australian relations and the turn to Europe, 1961–1972 (Woodbridge, 2008), pp. 26–41.

1257

Frank A. Mayer, Adenauer and Kennedy. A study in German American relations, 1961–1963 (Basingstoke, 1996), p. 96.

1258

Mark Moyar, Triumph forsaken. The Vietnam War, 1954–1965 (Cambridge, 2006).

1259

Lawrence Freedman, Kennedy’s wars. Berlin, Cuba, Laos and Vietnam (Oxford, 2000).

1260

David Kaiser, ‘Men and policies’, in Diane B. Kunz (ed.), The diplomacy of the crucial decade (New York, 1994), pp. 11–41, especially pp. 23–9.

1261

Höhn and Klimke, A breath of freedom, p. 95.

1262

Zubok, Khrushchev and the Berlin crisis, p. 25.

1263

Gordon S. Barrass, The Great Cold War. A journey through the hall of mirrors (Stanford, 2009), p. 131.

1264

Hope M. Harrison, Driving the Soviets up the wall. Soviet-East German relations, 1953–1961 (Princeton, 2005).

1265

Robert Cottrell, ‘L’homme Nikita’, New York Review of Books, 1.5.2003, pp. 32–5 (quotation p. 33).

1266

Tony Judt, ‘On the brink’, New York Review of Books, 15.1.1998, quotation p. 55.

1267

John Lewis Gaddis, We now know. Rethinking Cold War history (Oxford, 1997), p. 277. Также: Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, ‘One hell of a gamble’. Khrushchev, Castro, Kennedy, and the Cuban missile crisis, 1958–1964 (London and New York, 1997).

1268

Hope M. Harrison, Ulbricht and the concrete ‘Rose’. New archival evidence on the dynamics of Soviet-East German relations and the Berlin crisis, 1958–61, Cold War International History Project, Working Paper No. 5 (Washington, DC, 1993), p. 59.

1269

Gregor Peter Schmitz, ‘The day Berlin was divided’, Spiegel International, 30.10.2009: http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/the-day-berlin-was-divided-kennedy-surprised-by-such-strong-american-outrage-to-the-wall-a-658349.html.

1270

Frédéric Bozo, Two strategies for Europe. De Gaulle, the United States, and the Atlantic alliance (Lanham and Boulder, 2001), and Jeffrey Glen Giauque, Grand designs and visions of unity. The Atlantic powers and the reorganization of western Europe, 1955–1963 (Chapel Hill and London, 2002).

1271

Frank Costigliola, ‘The failed design: Kennedy, de Gaulle, and the struggle for Europe’, Diplomatic History, 8, 3 (1984), pp. 227–52.

1272

Matthias Schulz, ‘Integration durch eine europäische Atomstreitmacht? Nuklearambitionen und die deutsche Europa-Initiative vom Herbst 1964’, Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 53, 2 (2005), p. 286.

1273

Eckart Conze, ‘Hegemonie durch Integration? Die amerikanische Europapolitik und ihre Herausforderung durch de Gaulle’, Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 43 (1995), pp. 297–340.

1274

Francis J. Gavin, ‘The myth of exible response: United States strategy in Europe during the 1960s’, International History Review, 23, 4 (2001), 847–75, especially pp. 848, 862–5.

1275

ibid., p. 869. Также: Marc Trachtenberg, A constructed peace. The making of the European settlement, 1945–1963 (Princeton, 1999) pp. 382–98; здесь “ядерная неполноценность” ФРГ признается итогом послевоенного урегулирования.

1276

Thomas Alan Schwartz, Lyndon Johnson and Europe. In the shadow of Vietnam (Cambridge, Mass., 2003), p. 44.

1277

Frank Costigiola, ‘The Vietnam War and the challenges to American power in Europe’, in Lloyd C. Gardner and Ted Gittinger (eds.), International perspectives on Vietnam (College Station, Texas, 2000), pp. 146–7 and 151.

1278

Восточная политика (нем.). Примеч. ред.

1279

Daniel Kosthorst, ‘Sowjetische Geheimpolitik in Deutschland? Chruschtschow und die Adschubej-Mission 1964’, Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 44 (1996), pp. 257–94.

1280

Susanna Schrafstetter, Die dritte Atommacht. Britische Nichtverbreitungspolitik im Dienst von Statussicherung und Deutschlandpolitik, 1952–1968 (Munich, 1999), pp. 224, 234–6.

1281

Paul du Quenoy, ‘The role of foreign affairs in the fall of Nikita Khrushchev in October 1964’, International History Review, 25, 2 (2003), pp. 334–56 (quotations pp. 339 and 351), and James G. Richter, Khrushchev’s double bind. International pressures and domestic coalition politics (Baltimore and London, 1994).

1282

R. D. Johnson, All the way with LBJ. The 1964 presidential election (Cambridge, 2009), pp. 77–90 and 124–5. I am very grateful to Andrew Preston for this reference.

1283

Thomas Borstelmann, The Cold War and the color line. American race relations in the global arena (Cambridge, Mass., 2001).

1284

Clifford G. Gaddy, The price of the past. Russia’s struggle with the legacy of a militarized economy (Washington, DC, 1997).

1285

Martin Malia, The Soviet tragedy. A history of socialism in Russia, 1917–1991 (New York, 1994).

1286

James Sheehan, The monopoly of violence. Why Europeans hate going to war (London, 2008).

1287

Thomas A. Schwartz, ‘The de Gaulle challenge: the Johnson administration and the NATO crisis of 1966–1967’, in Helga Haftendorn, Georges-Henri Soutou, Stephen F. Szabo and Samuel F. Wells Jnr (eds.), The strategic triangle. France, Germany, and the United States in the shaping of the new Europe (Baltimore, 2006), p. 133.

1288

Fredrik Logevall, Choosing war. The lost chance for peace and the escalation of war in Vietnam (Berkeley, 1999), especially pp. 375–498.

1289

Mark Atwood Lawrence, Assuming the burden. Europe and the American commitment to war in Vietnam (Berkeley, 2007). Quotation in Costigiola, ‘Vietnam War and the challenges to American power in Europe’, p. 148.

1290

Thomas Alan Schwartz, Lyndon Johnson and Europe. In the shadow of Vietnam (Cambridge, Mass., 2003).

1291

Saki Dockrill, Britain’s retreat from east of Suez. The choice between Europe and the world? (Basingstoke, 2002), pp. 196–7 and 218–19.

1292

Среди прочих мер туристам запретили вывозить из Великобритании более 50 фунтов стерлингов; это ограничение было снято в 1979 г. Примеч. ред.

1293

Helen Parr, ‘Saving the community: the French response to Britain’s second EEC application in 1967’, Cold War History, 6, 4 (2006), pp. 425–54.

1294

Timothy Garton Ash, In Europe’s name. Germany and the divided continent (London, 1993), p. 54.

1295

Frédéric Bozo, ‘Détente versus alliance: France, the United States and the politics of the Harmel Report (1964–1968)’, Contemporary European History, 7, 3 (1998), pp. 343–60.

1296

Carole Fink, Philipp Gassert and Detlef Junker (eds.), 1968. The world transformed (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 8–18 and passim, and R. Gildea, James Mark and Niek Pas, ‘European radicals and the “Third World”: imagined solidarities and radical networks, 1958–73’, Cultural and Social History, 8 (2011), pp. 449–72.

1297

События (фр.). Примеч. ред.

1298

Hans Kundnani, Utopia or Auschwitz. Germany’s 1968 generation and the Holocaust (London, 2009), p. 64.

1299

Martin Klimke, The other alliance. Student protest in West Germany and the United States in the global sixties (Princeton, 2010).

1300

Kundnani, Utopia or Auschwitz, pp. 42 and 45.

1301

Американское общественно-политическое движение за предоставление бо́льших прав и возможностей чернокожим. Примеч. ред.

1302

Dan Diner, America in the eyes of the Germans. An essay on anti-Americanism (Princeton, 1996), pp. 105–50.

1303

Имеется в виду конституционный референдум по президентскому законопроекту о реформе сената и создании регионов. Примеч. ред.

1304

William Burr, ‘Sino-American relations, 1969: the Sino-Soviet border war and steps towards rapprochement’, Cold War History, 1, 3 (2001), pp. 73–112, especially pp. 87 and 104.

1305

John Lewis Gaddis, ‘Rescuing choice from circumstance. The statecraft of Henry Kissinger’, in Gordon A. Craig and Francis L. Loewenheim (eds.), The diplomats, 1939–1979 (Princeton, 1994), pp. 564–92 (the phrase ‘authoritarian purposefulness’ is on p. 571).

1306

G. R. Sloan, Geopolitics in United States strategic policy, 1890–1987 (Brighton, 1988), p. 173.

1307

Carole Fink and Bernd Schaefer (eds.), Ostpolitik, 1969–1974. European and global responses (Cambridge, 2009).

1308

Имеется в виду договор между РСФСР и Германией (1922) о восстановлении дипломатических отношений. Примеч. ред.

1309

Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York, 1994), p. 735.

1310

Jussi Hanhimäki, The awed architect. Henry Kissinger and American foreign policy (Oxford, 2004), pp. 85–90.

1311

Gordon S. Barrass, The Great Cold War. A journey through the hall of mirrors (Stanford, 2009), p. 169.

1312

H. G. Linke (ed.), Quellen zu den deutsch-sowjetischen Beziehungen. Vol. II: 1945–1991 (Darmstadt, 1999), p. 146.

1313

William Bundy, A tangled web. The making of foreign policy in the Nixon presidency (New York, 1998), p. 321.

1314

Mary E. Sarotte, Dealing with the devil. East Germany, détente, and Ostpolitik, 1969–1973 (Chapel Hill, 2001), pp. 109–11.

1315

Garton Ash, In Europe’s name.

1316

Kundnani, Utopia or Auschwitz, p. 90.

1317

Jeremy Suri, Henry Kissinger and the American century (Cambridge, Mass., 2007), pp. 171–172.

1318

Niklas H. Rossbach, Heath, Nixon and the rebirth of the special relationship. Britain, the US and the EC, 1969–74 (Basingstoke, 2009).

1319

Jenna Phillips, ‘Don’t mention the war? History suggests foreign policy can swing voters’, History and Policy, 22.4.2010, pp. 2–3.

1320

Brian Harrison, Finding a role? The United Kingdom, 1970–1990 (Oxford, 2010), pp. 20–38.

1321

Keith Hamilton, ‘Britain, France, and America’s year of Europe, 1973’, in Stone and Otte (eds.), Anglo-French relations, pp. 237–62.

1322

Victor Israelyan, ‘The October 1973 war: Kissinger in Moscow’, Middle East Journal, 49 (1995), pp. 248–68.

1323

‘Z’, ‘The year of Europe?’, Foreign Affairs, 52, 2 (January 1974).

1324

A. James McAdams, ‘The new diplomacy of the West German Ostpolitik’, in Gordon A. Craig and Francis L. Loewenheim (eds.), The diplomats, 1939–1979 (Princeton, 1994), p. 559.

1325

Tony Smith, America’s mission. The United States and the worldwide struggle for democracy in the twentieth century (Princeton, 1994), p. 266.

1326

Interview with Zbigniew Brzezinski, Le Nouvel Observateur, 15–21.1.1998.

1327

Norman Stone, The Atlantic and its enemies. A personal history of the Cold War (London, 2010), chapter 19, ‘The Kremlin consolations’, pp. 353–81.

1328

Jonathan Haslam, Russia’s Cold War. From the October Revolution to the fall of the Wall (New Haven and London, 2011), p. 304.

1329

Jonathan Haslam, The Soviet Union and the politics of nuclear weapons in Europe, 1969–87. The problem of the SS-20 (Basingstoke, 1989), p. 76.

1330

Michael Ploetz, ‘Mit RAF, Roten Brigaden und Action Directe – Terrorismus und Rechtsextremismus in der Strategie von SED und KPdSU’, Zeitschrift des Forschungsverbundes SED-Staat, 22 (2007), pp. 117–44.

1331

Christopher Andrew, The world was going our way. The KGB and the battle for the Third World (New York, 2005).

1332

Paolo Filo della Torre, Edward Mortimer and Jonathan Story (eds.), Eurocommunism. Myth or reality? (Harmondsworth, 1979).

1333

Odd Arne Westad, The global Cold War. Third World interventions and the making of our times (Cambridge, 2005), p. 245.

1334

Christoph Bluth, The two Germanies and military security in Europe (Basingstoke, 2002), pp. 99–106, 227 and passim. О восприятии современниками советского превосходства в обычных вооружениях: Jack L. Snyder, The Soviet strategic culture. Implications for limited nuclear options (Santa Monica, 1977), pp. 23–4.

1335

Aryeh Neier, Taking liberties. Four decades in the struggle for rights (New York, 2003), and Samuel Moyn, The last Utopia. Human rights in history (Cambridge, Mass., and London 2010).

1336

Thomas J. W. Probert, ‘The innovation of the Jackson—Vanik amendment’, in Brendan Simms and D. J. B. Trim (eds.), Humanitarian intervention. A history (Cambridge, 2011), pp. 323–42 (quotation p. 323). Мне также очень помогли беседы с моим студентом Джонатаном Куком, который пишет диссертацию по Джексону.

1337

Clyde Haberman, ‘Decades later, Kissinger’s words stir fresh outrage among Jews’, The New York Times, 16.12.2010, which reviews the latest release of tapes from the Oval Office.

1338

Noam Kochavi, ‘Insights abandoned, exibility lost: Kissinger, Soviet Jewish emigration, and the demise of détente’, Diplomatic History, 29, 3 (2005), pp. 503–29, especially pp. 521–2.

1339

Noam Kochavi, ‘Insights abandoned, exibility lost: Kissinger, Soviet Jewish emigration, and the demise of détente’, Diplomatic History, 29, 3 (2005), pp. 503–29, especially pp. 521–2.

1340

‘Report by Mr Leo Tindemans, Prime Minister of Belgium, to the European Council’, Bulletin of the European Communities, supplement 1/76 (1975), pp. 3, 5 and 11.

1341

Keith Hamilton, ‘Cold War by other means: British diplomacy and the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, 1972–1975’, in Wilfried Loth and Georges-Henri Soutou (eds.), The making of détente. Eastern and western Europe in the Cold War, 1965–75 (New York and London, 2008), pp. 169 and 172. See also Roger Beetham, ‘Observations on British diplomacy and the CSCE process’, British Scholar, III, 1 (2010), pp. 127–32. Благодарю Томаса Проберта за это указание.

1342

William Korey, The promises we keep. Human rights, the Helsinki process, and American foreign policy (New York, 1993), p. xvii.

1343

Olav Njølstad, ‘The Carter administration and Italy: keeping the communists out of power without interfering’, Journal of Cold War Studies, 4, 3 (2002), pp. 56–94 (quotation p. 64).

1344

Kenneth Maxwell, The making of Portuguese democracy (Cambridge, 1997).

1345

Donald Sassoon, One hundred years of socialism. The west European left in the twentieth century (London, 1996), especially chapter 21.

1346

Douglas Wass, Decline to fall. The making of British macro-economic policy and the 1976 IMF crisis (Oxford and New York, 2008).

1347

Robin Harris (ed.), The collected speeches of Margaret Thatcher (London, 1997), p. 39. I am grateful to Matthew Jamison for this reference.

1348

Svetlana Savranskaya, ‘Human rights movement in the USSR after the signing of the Helsinki Final Act, and the reaction of Soviet authorities’, in Leopoldo Nuti (ed.), The crisis of détente in Europe. From Helsinki to Gorbachev, 1975–1985 (London and New York, 2009), p. 29.

1349

Имеется в виду Ю. Ф. Орлов, основатель и первый руководитель Московской Хельсинкской группы. Примеч. ред.

1350

Justin Vaïsse, Neoconservatism. The biography of a movement (Cambridge, Mass., 2010).

1351

Klaus Wiegrefe, Das Zerwürfnis. Helmut Schmidt, Jimmy Carter und die Krise der deutsch-amerikanischen Beziehungen (Berlin, 2005).

1352

Maria Eleonora Guasconi,‘Europe and the EMS challenge: old and new forms of European integration in the 1970s’, in Nuti (ed.), Crisis of détente in Europe, pp. 177–89, especially pp. 177–8 and 181.

1353

Oliver Bange, ‘“Keeping détente alive”: inner-German relations under Helmut Schmidt and Erich Honecker, 1974–1982’, in Nuti (ed.), Crisis of détente in Europe, pp. 233–4.

1354

Interview with Zbigniew Brzezinski, Le Nouvel Observateur, 15–21. 1.1998.

1355

Ray Takeyh, Guardians of the revolution. Iran and the world in the age of the ayatollahs (Oxford and New York, 2009), especially pp. 11–33 (quotations pp. 28, 18, 20 and 21). Благодарю мою студентку Розанну Айвори за интересные беседы об иранской революции и ее международных последствиях.

1356

Enrico Fardella, ‘The Sino-American entente of 1978–1979 and its “baptism of re” in Indochina’, in Max Guderzo and Bruna Bagnato (eds.), The globalization of the Cold War. Diplomacy and local confrontation. 1975–85 (London and New York, 2010), pp. 154–65, especially pp. 158–9.

1357

Yaroslav Trofimov, The siege of Mecca. The forgotten uprising (London, 2007).

1358

Lloyd C. Gardner, The long road to Baghdad. A history of U. S. foreign policy from the 1970s to the present (New York and London, 2008), p. 56.

1359

Odd Arne Westad, ‘The road to Kabul: Soviet policy on Afghanistan, 1978–1979’, in Odd Arne Westad (ed.), The fall of détente. Soviet-American relations during the Carter years (Oslo, 1997), especially pp. 134–135.

1360

G. R. Sloan, Geopolitics in United States strategic policy, 1890–1987 (Brighton, 1988), p. 191.

1361

Jeffrey Herf, War by other means. Soviet power, West German resistance, and the battle of the Euromissiles (New York, 1991), and Thomas Risse-Kappen, Zero option. INF, West Germany, and arms control (Boulder and London, 1988).

1362

David Skidmore, Reversing course. Carter’s foreign policy, domestic politics and the failure of reform (Nashville and London, 1996), pp. 52–83.

1363

Richard Melanson, American foreign policy since the Vietnam War. The search for consensus from Nixon to Clinton (Armonk and London, 1996), p. 134.

1364

Mark A. Kramer, ‘Poland, 1980–81. Soviet policy during the Polish crisis’, Cold War International History Project Bulletin, issue 5 (Spring, 1995), pp. 118–23.

1365

Raymond L. Garthoff, The great transition. American—Soviet relations and the end of the Cold War (Washington, DC, 1994), p. 8.

1366

Smith, America’s mission, p. 303.

1367

‘Obituary: Lord Blaker’, The Times, 9.7.2009, p. 57.

1368

Lawrence Freedman, The of cial history of the Falklands campaign, 2 vols. (London, 2005).

1369

A. F. K. Organski, The $36 billion bargain. Strategy and politics in US assistance to Israel (New York, 1990), p. 204.

1370

Beatrice Heuser, ‘The Soviet response to the Euromissiles crisis’, in Nuti (ed.), Crisis of détente in Europe, p. 144. For Soviet concerns about the Bundeswehr see p. 143.

1371

Pavel Stroilov, ‘Reaching through the Iron Curtain’ (по дневникам советского дипломата Анатолия Черняева), and Gerald Kaufman, ‘How my party was betrayed by KGB boot-lickers’, in the section ‘Labour and the Soviets’, Spectator, 7.11.2009, pp. 14–17.

1372

Peter J. Westwick, ‘The Strategic Offense Initiative? The Soviets and Star Wars’, Physics Today, 61, 6 (June 2008), p. 45.

1373

Sean N. Kalic, ‘Reagan’s SDI announcement and the European reaction: diplomacy in the last decade of the Cold War’, in Nuti (ed.), Crisis of détente in Europe, pp. 99–110.

1374

Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (London, 1993), p. 548. Также: Hugo Young, The blessed plot. Britain and Europe from Churchill to Blair (Basingstoke, 1998), pp. 306–74, especially pp. 310 and 358.

1375

Richard Hellie, ‘The structure of Russian imperial history’, History and Theory, 44, 4 (2005), p. 107.

1376

Amin Saikal and William Maley (eds.), The Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan (Cambridge, 1989), p. 13.

1377

Rodric Braithwaite, Afgantsy. The Russians in Afghanistan, 1979–89 (London, 2011), especially pp. 121–24.

1378

Stephen Kotkin, Armageddon averted. The Soviet collapse, 1970–2000 (Oxford, 2001), and Mikhail Gorbachev, Perestroika. New thinking for our country and the world (London, 1987), p. 19 and passim.

1379

Vladislav M. Zubok, ‘Why did the Cold War end in 1989? Explanations of “the turn”’, in Odd Arne Westad (ed.), Reviewing the Cold War. Approaches, interpretations, theory (London, 2000), p. 347.

1380

Boris Meissner, Vom Sowjetimperium zum eurasischen Staatensystem. Die russische Aussenpolitik im Wandel und in der Wechselbeziehung zur Innenpolitik (Berlin, 1995), pp. 37–66.

1381

Vladimir Shlapentokh, ‘A normal system? False and true explanations for the collapse of the USSR’, The Times Literary Supplement, 15.12.2000, p. 12.

1382

Daniel Deudney and G. John Ikenberry, ‘The international sources of Soviet change’, International Security, 16, 3 (1991–2), pp. 105–6.

1383

Jonathan Haslam, ‘1989: History is rewritten’, in S. Pons and F. Romero (eds.), Reinterpreting the end of the Cold War. Issues, interpretations, periodizations (London and New York, 2005), pp. 165–78 (quotations p. 167).

1384

‘Memorandum from Anatoly Chernyaev to Aleksandr Yakovlev on Germany and eastern Europe’, 10.3.1986, in Svetlana Savranskaya, Thomas Blanton and Vladislav Zubok (eds.), Masterpieces of history. The peaceful end of the Cold War in Europe, 1989 (Budapest and New York, 2010), pp. 222–3.

1385

‘Record of conversation between Aleksandr Yakovlev and Zbigniew Brzezinski’, 31.10.1989, in Savranskaya, Blanton and Zubok (eds.), Masterpieces of history, pp. 566–7.

1386

Thomas Risse-Kappen, ‘Ideas do not oat freely: transnational coalitions, domestic structures, and the end of the Cold War’, International Organization, 48, 2 (1994), pp. 185–214 (pp. 206–7).

1387

Mark Bassin, ‘Geopolitics of the Historikerstreit: the strange return of the Mittellage’, in Jost Hermand and James Steakley (eds.), Heimat, nation, fatherland. The German sense of belonging (New York etc., 1996), pp. 187–228, especially pp. 191–4.

1388

Erhard Busek and Emil Brix, Projekt Mitteleuropa (Vienna, 1986). For a discussion of the political significance see Robin Okey, ‘Central Europe/eastern Europe: behind the definitions’, Past and Present, 137 (1992), pp. 127–9.

1389

Yitzhak M. Brudny, Reinventing Russia. Russian nationalism and the Soviet state, 1953–1991 (Cambridge, Mass., 1998).

1390

Zubok, ‘Why did the Cold War end in 1989?’, p. 349.

1391

Richard Sakwa, Gorbachev and his reforms, 1985–90 (New York and London, 1990), p. 9.

1392

‘The new democratic revolution’, in ibid., pp. 192–3.

1393

Eduard Schewardnadse, Als der eiserne Vorhang zerriss. Begegnungen und Erinnerungen (Duisburg, 2007), pp. 76–8.

1394

Stephen Wall, A stranger in Europe. Britain and the EU from Thatcher to Blair (Oxford, 2008).

1395

Baroness Young (Minister of State) at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Third Mackinder Lecture, printed in Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 12, 4 (1987), pp. 391–7, especially p. 393.

1396

Andrew Roberts, ‘Why Thatcher feared Germany’, Sunday Telegraph, 13.9.2009, p. 22.

1397

Собственное «имя» западных тактических баллистических ракет класса «земля—земля». Примеч. ред.

1398

Artemy M. Kalinovsky and Sergey Radchenko (eds.), The end of the Cold War and the Third World. New perspectives on regional conflict (London and New York, 2011).

1399

Jason Burke, Al-Qaeda. Casting a shadow of terror (London, 2004).

1400

Abdullah Azzam, ‘The solid base’, April 1988, extracts in Gilles Kepel and Jean-Pierre Milelli (eds.), Al Qaeda in its own words (Cambridge, Mass., 2008), pp. 140–43 (quotation p. 143).

1401

Fawaz A. Gerges, The far enemy. Why jihad went global (Cambridge, 2005).

1402

Sakwa, Gorbachev and his reforms, pp. 134–5.

1403

Charles S. Maier, Dissolution. The crisis of communism and the end of East Germany (Princeton, 1997).

1404

Douglas A. Borer, Superpowers defeated. Vietnam and Afghanistan compared (London and Portland, 1999), p. 220.

1405

William E. Odom, The collapse of the Soviet military (New Haven, 1998).

1406

Jeffrey A. Engel (ed.), The fall of the Berlin Wall. The revolutionary legacy of 1989 (Oxford, 2009), pp. 52–64, 69, 83–6, 140–41 and passim; and Harold James and Marla Stone (eds.), When the Wall came down. Reactions to German unification (London, 1993).

1407

Daniel Johnson, ‘Seven minutes that shook the world’, Standpoint, November 2009, p. 41.

1408

George R. Urban, Diplomacy and disillusion at the court of Margaret Thatcher. An insider’s view (London and New York, 1996), pp. 118–50 (especially p. 136).

1409

Philip Zelikow and Condoleezza Rice, Germany unified and Europe transformed: a study in statecraft (Cambridge, Mass., 1995), and Robert L. Hutchings, American diplomacy and the end of the Cold War: an insider’s account of US policy in Europe, 1989–1992 (Washington, DC, Baltimore and London).

1410

Michael Cox and Steven Hurst, ‘“His nest hour?” George Bush and the diplomacy of German unification’, Diplomacy and Statecraft, 13, 4 (2002), p. 135.

1411

George Bush and Brent Scowcroft, A world transformed (New York, 1998), pp. 182–203, 253, 280–81 (quotation) and passim.

1412

Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, At the highest levels. The inside story of the end of the Cold War (Boston, 1993), pp. 185–6.

1413

David Cox, Retreating from the Cold War. Germany, Russia and the withdrawal of the Western Group of forces (London, 1996).

1414

Angela Stent, ‘From Rapallo to reunification: Russia and Germany in the twentieth century’, in Sanford R. Lieberman, David E. Powell, Carol R. Saivetz and Sarah M. Terry (eds.), The Soviet Empire reconsidered. Essays in honour of Adam B. Ulam (Boulder, San Francisco and Oxford, 1994).

1415

Cox and Hurst, ‘“His nest hour?”’, p. 140. 618.

1416

Так у автора; на самом деле Б. Н. Ельцин был депутатом и членом президиума ВС СССР. Примеч. ред.

1417

Stephen F. Frowen and Jens Hölscher (eds.), The German currency union of 1990. A critical assessment (Basingstoke, 1997).

1418

16 сентября 1992 г. фунт стерлингов подешевел по отношению к доллару США сразу почти на 5 процентов. Примеч. ред.

1419

Anthony Glees, ‘The diplomacy of Anglo-German relations: a study of the ERM crisis of September 1992’, German Politics, 3 (1994), pp. 75–90.

1420

Ulrich Schlie, ‘Die ersten fünf Jahre der Wiedervereinigung: von außen betrachteteine Bücherauslese’, Die neue Ordnung, 49, 6 (1995), pp. 474–80; Manfred Görtemaker, Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Von der Gründung bis zur Gegenwart (Frankfurt am Main, 2004); Christian Hacke, Die Aussenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Von Konrad Adenauer bis Gerhard Schröder, 2nd edn (Berlin, 2004); and Eck – art Conze, Die Suche nach Sicherheit. Eine Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland von 1949 bis in die Gegenwart (Munich, 2009).

1421

Arthur Hertzberg, ‘Is anti-semitism dying out?’, New York Review of Books, 24.6.1993, pp. 51–7, especially p. 56.

1422

Jan Müller, ‘The old questions and the German Revolution’, Contemporary European History, 7, 2 (1998), pp. 271–84.

1423

Helmut Wiesenthal, ‘German unification and “Model Germany”: an adventure in institutional conservatism’, West European Politics, 26, 4 (2003), pp. 37–58.

1424

Christopher Hill, ‘The European dimension of the debate on UN Security Council membership’, The International Spectator, XL, 4 (2005), pp. 31–2. О “внутренней культуре сдержанности” новой Германии вопреки ее “колоссальной структурной мощи”: Andrei S. Markovits and Simon Reich, The German predicament. Memory and power in the new Europe (Ithaca, 1997), pp. xiii and 3.

1425

Gregor Schöllgen, Angst vor der Macht. Die Deutschen und ihre Aussenpolitik (Berlin, 1993).

1426

RAND study in the summer of 1990: Ronald D. Asmus, German strategy and opinion after the Wall, 1990–1993 (Santa Monica, 1994), p. 61.

1427

James Gow, The Serbian project and its adversaries. A strategy of war crimes (Montreal, 2003), and Gerard Toal and Carl T. Dahlman, Bosnia remade. Ethnic cleansing and its reversal (Oxford, 2011).

1428

Leon Aron, Boris Yeltsin. A revolutionary life (London, 2000), pp. 440–93.

1429

Karl Kaiser and Klaus Becher, ‘Germany and the Iraq con ict’, in Nicole Gnesotto and John Roper (eds.), Western Europe and the Gulf. A study of West European reactions to the Gulf War (Paris, 1992), pp. 39–69, especially pp. 39–43.

1430

Lawrence Freedman and Efraim Karsh (eds.), The Gulf con ict 1990–1991. Diplomacy and war in the New World Order (London, 1993); Alex Danchev and Dan Keohane (eds.), International perspectives on the Gulf conflict, 1990–1991 (London, 1994).

1431

Josef Joffe, ‘Collective security and the future of Europe: failed dreams and dead ends’, Survival, 34, 1 (1992), pp. 36–50.

1432

Kori Schake, ‘NATO after the Cold War, 1991–1995: institutional competition and the collapse of the French alternative’, Contemporary European History, 7, 3 (1998), pp. 379–407 (p. 380).

1433

D. Allen, ‘Wider but weaker or the more the merrier? Enlargement and foreign policy cooperation in the EC/EU’, in J. Redmond and G. G. Rosenthal (eds.), The expanding European Union. Past, present, future (Boulder, 1998).

1434

Ludger Kühnhardt, ‘The fall of the Berlin Wall and European integration’, pp. 47–60; http://www.kas.de/upload/Publikationen/Panorama/2009/1/ kuehnhardt.pdf.

1435

Helmut Kohl, Ich wollte Deutschlands Einheit (Berlin, 1996), pp. 194–201.

1436

Schake, ‘NATO after the Cold War’, p. 387.

1437

Jacques E. C. Hymans, ‘Judgment at Maastricht’, The Harvard Crimson, 4.12.1991.

1438

James Gow, Triumph of the lack of will. International diplomacy and the Yugoslav war (London, 1997), and Josip Glaurdić, The hour of Europe. Western powers and the breakup of Yugoslavia (New Haven and London, 2011).

1439

Brendan Simms, Un nest hour. Britain and the destruction of Bosnia (London, 2001).

1440

Опираюсь на неопубликованную работу: Caoimhe ni Chonchuir, ‘French policy towards Bosnia, 1992–1995’ (Cambridge University M.Phil. dissertation, 2008).

1441

Richard Caplan, ‘The European Community’s recognition of new states in Yugoslavia: the strategic implications’, Journal of Strategic Studies, 21, 3 (1998), pp. 24–45.

1442

Takis Michas, Unholy alliance. Greece and Milošević’s Serbia (College Station, Texas, 2002).

1443

Richard Bernstein and Ross Munro, The coming conflict with China (New York, 1997). О “восточной” ориентации Вашингтона и НАТО: Philip H. Gordon, ‘Recasting the Atlantic alliance’, Survival, 38, 1 (1996), pp. 32–57.

1444

Smith, America’s mission, p. 325. Клинтон высказался в январе 1994 г.

1445

Niall Ferguson and Brigitte Granville, ‘“Weimar on the Volga”. Causes and consequences of inflation in 1990s Russia compared with 1920s Germany’, Journal of Economic History, 60, 4 (2000), pp. 1061–87.

1446

David Kerr, ‘The new Eurasianism: the rise of geopolitics in Russia’s foreign policy’, Europe – Asia Studies, 47, 6 (1995), p. 986.

1447

Hans-Joachim Hoppe, ‘Moscow and the conflicts in former Yugoslavia’, Aussenpolitik, 43, 3 (1997), pp. 267–77, especially p. 277.

1448

Yevgeny Primakov and Yeltsin in Peter Truscott, Russia First. Breaking with the west (London and New York, 1997), pp. 48–9.

1449

John Dunlop and Anatol Lieven, Chechnya. Tombstone of Russian power (New Haven, 1998).

1450

Ivo H. Daalder, Getting to Dayton. The making of America’s Bosnia policy (Washington, DC, 2000), p. 10.

1451

Václav Havel, ‘A new European order?’ New York Review of Books, 2.3.1995, p. 43.

1452

James Goldgeier, Not whether but when. The U. S. decision to enlarge NATO (Washington, DC, 1999), and Ronald D. Asmus, Opening NATO’s door. How the alliance remade itself for a new era (New York, 2002).

1453

Автор умалчивает об американских солдатах в составе миротворческого контингента ООН. Примеч. ред.

1454

John W. Young, Britain and European unity, 1945–1999, 2nd edn (Basingstoke, 2000), pp. 150–74.

1455

Christopher Stevens, ‘Thatcherism, Majorism and the collapse of Tory statecraft’, Contemporary British History, 16, 1 (2002), pp. 119–50, especially p. 139.

1456

Sonia Lucarelli, Europe and the breakup of Yugoslavia. A political failure in search of a scholarly explanation (The Hague and London, 2000).

1457

A National Security Strategy of engagement and enlargement, The White House, February 1995, pp. 1, 2, 22, 25,27, 30 and passim.

1458

Oliver Daddow, New Labour and the European Union. Blair and Brown’s logic of history (Manchester and New York, 2011), especially pp. 1 and 12.

1459

Имеется в виду лидер СДПГ Р. Шарпинг. Примеч. ред.

1460

Принятое обозначение союза Социал-демократической партии Германии и партии «зеленых». Примеч. ред.

1461

Paul Gillespie, ‘History and geography rhyme for new Germany’, Irish Times, 8.11.1997.

1462

Brendan Simms, ‘From the Kohl to the Fischer Doctrine: Germany and the Wars of the Yugoslav Succession, 1991–1999’, German History, 21, 3 (2003), pp. 393–414 (quotation p. 414).

1463

Thomas Diez, ‘Europe’s others and the return of geopolitics’, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 17, 2 (2004), pp. 319–35 (quotation p. 327).

1464

Christopher Hill, ‘The capability – expectations gap, or conceptualizing Europe’s international role’, in Simon Bulmer and Andrew Scott (eds.), Economic and political integration in Europe. Internal dynamics and global context (Oxford, 1994), especially pp. 104 (о Боснии) and 116–117 (об обороне как ключевом условии существования ЕС в мире).

1465

Henrik Larsen, ‘The EU: a global military actor?’, Cooperation and Conflict. Journal of the Nordic International Studies Association, 37, 3 (2002), pp. 283–302 (quotation p. 293).

1466

Tariq Ramadan, Islam, the west and the challenges of modernity (Leicester, 2001), p. 277.

1467

Gilles Kepel, Allah in the west. Islamic movements in America and Europe (Oxford, 1997).

1468

Jonathan Bronitsky, British foreign policy and Bosnia. The rise of Islamism in Britain, 1992–1995, published by the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence (London, 2010), p. 9.

1469

Улица в восточном Лондоне, олицетворение «азиатских» кварталов британской столицы. Примеч. ред.

1470

Thus Ed Husain, The Islamist. Why I joined radical Islam in Britain, what I saw inside and why I left (London, 2007), pp. 74–81 and passim.

1471

Osama bin Laden, ‘Declaration of Jihad against the Americans occupying the land of the two Holy Sanctuaries’, in Gilles Kepel and Jean-Pierre Milelli (eds.), Al Qaeda in its own words (Cambridge, Mass., 2008), pp. 47–50.

1472

В академических исследованиях это ставится под сомнение; см.: Daniele Conversi, ‘Demo-skepticism and genocide’, Political Studies Review, 4 (2006), pp. 247–62, especially pp. 247 and 257.

1473

Gregor Schöllgen in Wolf-Dieter Eberwein and Karl Kaiser (eds.), Deutschlands neue Aussenpolitik. Vol. IV: Institutionen und Ressourcen (Munich, 1998), p. 217.

1474

Rudolf Scharping, Wir dürfen nicht wegsehen. Der Kosovo-Krieg und Europa (Munich, 2001), p. 114.

1475

Simms, ‘From the Kohl to the Fischer Doctrine’.

1476

Chris Patten, ‘No more roses’, The Times Literary Supplement, 1.6.2007, p. 13.

1477

Catherine Ashton, speech to European parliament, 3.3.2010.

1478

Peter Riddell, ‘Europe must learn to defend itself. Military muscle would give the EU more diplomatic clout’, The Times, 28.6.1999, p. 20.

1479

Jolyon Howorth, ‘Discourse, ideas and epistemic communities in European security and defence policy’, West European Politics, 27 (2004), pp. 211–34 (p. 224).

1480

Hans Kundnani, Utopia or Auschwitz. Germany’s 1968 generation and the Holocaust (London, 2009), pp. 254–5. Joschka Fischer, ‘Vom Staatenbund zur Föderation: Gedanken über die Finalität der europäischen Integration’. Rede am 12. Mai 2000 in der Berliner Humboldt-Universität.

1481

James Rogers, ‘From “civilian power” to “global power”. Explicating the European Union’s “Grand Strategy” through the articulation of discourse theory’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 47, 4 (2009), pp. 831–62, and Jan Zielonka, Explaining Euro-paralysis. Why Europe is unable to act in international politics (Basingstoke and New York, 1998).

1482

Mette Eilstrup-Sangiovanni, ‘Why a Common Security and Defence Policy is bad for Europe’, Survival, 45, 4 (2003), pp. 193–206.

1483

Heinz Brill, ‘Geopolitische Motive und Probleme des europäischen Einigungsprozesses’, Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, 32 (2008), pp. 41–6.

1484

Svitlana Kobzar, ‘The European Union’s impact on democratisation of Ukraine’, in David. Bosold, Petr Drulák and Nik Hynek (eds.), Democratization and security in central and eastern Europe and the post-Soviet states (Baden-Baden, 2012).

1485

Paul Lendvai, Inside Austria. New challenges, old demons (London, 2010), pp. 149–56.

1486

Giandomenico Majone, ‘Europe’s “democratic deficit”: the question of standards’, European Law Journal, 4, 1 (1998), pp. 5–28.

1487

Deirdre Kevin, ‘Coverage of the European parliament elections of 1999: national public spheres and European debates’, Javnost – The Public, 8, 1 (2001), pp. 21–38.

1488

Philipp Borinski, ‘NATO towards double enlargement: the case of the Balkans’, Journal of European Integration, 24, 2 (2002), pp. 130–31.

1489

Alexander Rahr, Wladimir Putin. Der ‘Deutsche’ im Kreml (Munich, 2000).

1490

Bobo Lo, Vladimir Putin and the evolution of Russian foreign policy (London, 2003), pp. 72–3 and 83–6, and Stephen Blank, ‘Russia’s unending quest for security’, in Mark Galeotti (ed.), The politics of security in modern Russia (Farnham, 2010), pp. 177–9.

1491

Kundnani, Utopia or Auschwitz, p. 268.

1492

J. Peter Burgess, The ethical subject of security. Geopolitical reason and the threat against Europe (London and New York, 2011), especially pp. 183 and 206–7.

1493

‘Speech by Federal Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer during the European policy debate in the German Bundestag on 12 December 2001’.

1494

Tony Smith, A pact with the devil. Washington’s bid for world supremacy and the betrayal of the American promise (New York, 2007), a pentito among the new Wilsonians.

1495

European Security Strategy, pp. 7–8: http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/ ght_against_organised_crime/r00004_en.htm.

1496

Romano Prodi, A wider Europe. Proximity as the key to stability, 6.12.02. Также: Michael Smith, ‘The European Union and international order: European and global dimensions’, European Foreign Affairs Review, 12, 4 (2007), pp. 437–56 (especially p. 449).

1497

Blair speech 2.10.2001.

1498

Kundnani, Utopia or Auschwitz, p. 284.

1499

Gregor Schöllgen, Der Auftritt. Deutschlands Rückkehr auf die Weltbühne (Munich, 2003), and Joschka Fischer, ‘I am not convinced.’ Der Irak-Krieg und die rot-grünen Jahre (Cologne, 2011), especially pp. 169–225.

1500

Derek Averre, ‘“Sovereign democracy” and Russia’s relations with the European Union’, Demokratizatsiya, 15, 2 (2007), pp. 173–90, and Andrew Hurrell, ‘Hegemony, liberalism and global order: what space for would-be great powers?’, International Affairs, 82 (2006), pp. 1–19.

1501

Mark Leonard, Why Europe will run the 21st century (London and New York, 2005).

1502

Andreas von Gehlen, ‘Two steps to European party democracy’, European View, 3 (2006), pp. 161–70.

1503

http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/justice_freedom_security/ ght – against_organised_crime/r00004_en.htm.

1504

Thomas C. Fischer, ‘An American looks at the European Union’, European Law Journal, 12, 2 (2006), pp. 226–78, especially p. 227.

1505

Glyn Morgan, The idea of a European superstate. Public justification and European integration (Princeton, 2005).

1506

International Herald Tribune, 4.3.2004.

1507

Elizabeth Shakman Hurd, ‘Political Islam and foreign policy in Europe and the United States’, Foreign Policy Analysis, 3 (2007), pp. 345–67.

1508

Christopher Hill, ‘Bringing war home: making foreign policy in multicultural societies’, International Relations, 21 (2007), pp. 259–83. Также: Sam Cherribi, In the house of war. Dutch Islam observed (Oxford, 2010), and Anthony McRoy, From Rushdie to 7/7. The radicalisation of Islam in Britain (London, 2006), pp. 50–67.

1509

Ныне Организация исламского сотрудничества. Примеч. ред.

1510

Barry Wain, Malaysian maverick. Mahathir Mohamad in turbulent times (Basingstoke, 2010).

1511

Menahem Milson, ‘A European plot on the Arab stage: the Protocols of the Elders of Zion in the Arab media’, Middle East Research Institute, Inquiry and Analysis, 20.5.2011.

1512

Таков «диагноз» Ханнеса Моля, ведущего теоретика «гражданской власти»: “новая ситуация в мире требует мобилизации общества вследствие возрождения приоритета внешней политики”. См.: ‘Internationaler Terrorismus: die deutsche Aussenpolitik auf dem Prüfstand’, Internationale Politik, 56, 12 (2001), pp. 1–10.

1513

Samy Cohen (ed.), Democracies at war against terrorism. A comparative perspective (Basingstoke, 2008).

1514

John McCain, speech in Stanford, California, 2.5.2007.

1515

James Rubin, ‘Building a new Atlantic alliance: restoring America’s partnership with Europe’, Foreign Affairs, 87, 4 (2008), pp. 99–110 (quotations pp. 99 and 107). See also Andrew B. Denison, ‘Amerika kommt auf Deutschland zu’, Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, 37–8 (2008), pp. 3–5.

1516

George Friedman, ‘The United States, Germany and beyond’, Stratfor Global Intelligence, 30.3.2009.

1517

Sergio Fabbrini, Compound democracies. Why the United States and Europe are becoming similiar (Oxford, 2010).

1518

Richard Youngs, Europe’s decline and fall. The struggle against global irrelevance (London, 2010).

1519

Аббревиатура составлена из первых букв названий стран-участниц и одновременно является пренебрежительной (англ. pig – свинья). Примеч. ред.

1520

Henry Kissinger, White House years (London, 1979), p. 54.