40 лет Санкт-Петербургской типологической школе - [36]
It has often been pointed out that the periphrastic passive tends to be constructed with a perfective past participle, whereas the reflexive passive tends to use the imperfective form. On this subject Siewierska [1988: 247] notes that in Slavic languages, with the exception of Polish, the periphrastic passive including an imperfective participle rarely appears, and quotes Czech and Serbo-Croatian where the constructions are said to be used mainly in scientific texts. This affirmation is not wholly justified. In Russian, the contrast is not any clearer: the constructions with an imperfective past passive participle are sporadically attested [Maslov 1988; Poupynin 1996: 131] and are subject to strong lexical, syntactic and contextual constraints; they are allowed in varying degrees in Czech, Serbo-Croatian, Polish, and above all Bulgarian.
The «be»-perfective passive is claimed to convey both the meaning of a state resulting from a previous action and that of an action. The main argument for justifying such an analysis comes from a distributional property of the form, founded upon the compatibility of the perfective form with localisation markers. According to Khra-kovskij [1991; 151–154] and Knjazev [1988:350–351], the actional passive is compatible with time adverbials and adverbial phrases which are precise indications of the temporal interval relative to the preceding event and place markers ((10), (11)) whereas the resultative state is compatible with those which mark duration (12) or iterativity.
(10) Navremeto toj bil izpraten ot vujčo si <…> da
at time.the he was send.PPP.SG.M of uncle REFL.DAT DA
sledva v Moskva
study.PRES-3SG in Moscow
«At that time, he was sent by his uncle to study in Moscow».
(11) Vsesteny, bojnicy, kryšy,<…> v sčitannye sekundy byli all walls loop.holes roofs in count.PF.PPP seconds were zapolneny soldatami i kazakami
occupy.PF.PPP soldiers.INSTR and Cossacks.INSTR
«Within a few seconds all the walls, loop-holes, roofs, minaret balconies and even the dome of the mosque had been occupied by soldiers and Cossacks».
(12) Vsego 45 minut by I vključe-n teleskop,
in total 45 minutes was switch.on.PF-PPP telescope
a podgotovka к eksperimentu potrebovala vos'mi časov.
«It was only for 45 minutes that the telescope was switched on, whereas the preparation for the experiment had taken about eight hours».
It is well known that Polish is the only Slavic language which has two auxiliaries to form the periphrastic passive voice: the zostać passive which imposes a perfective participle and whose meaning is characterised as «actional», and the «be»-passive, which allows both the perfective participle and the imperfective and which, depending on the context, may take on either a so-called stative meaning or a so-called actional meaning:
(13a) Pokój został pomałowany w zeszłym roku /*dva razy
room became paint.PF.PPP.SG.M in last year/ two times
«The room was painted last year».
(13b) *Pokój został małowany w zeszłym roku
room became paint.IMPF.PPP.SG.M in last year
(13c) Pokój bił pomałowany w zeszłym roku / dvarazy
room was paint.PF.PPP.SG.M in last year / two times
«The room was only painted last year» / «The room was painted last year twice».
(13d) Pokój bił małowany w zeszłym roku
room was paint.IMPF.PPP.SG.M in last year
«The room was painted last year».
Siewierska [1984: 129, 1988: 251] notes that recourse to (13c) implies that the room needs repainting, whereas (13a) does not. If one admits that the passive resultative state determines a property of the patient while at the same time implying a preceding event, and if one takes into account the meaning of zostać «to become», one easily understands that such inferences may be made. Zostać directly links the resultative state to the event serving to highlight the transitional character of the event and to state that the patient's property has been acquired prior to the act of speaking; the adverbial expression is therefore taken as included in the transitional event, which would explain why the periphrastic construction with zostać is incompatible with dva razy «two times», mnogo raz «many times», etc. On the other hand, the «be»-passive with a perfective verb gives priority to the resultative state by only referring to the implied event, leading to ambiguity as to whether the resultative state belongs to the patient (meaning a resultative state) or whether the resultative state only serves to hark back to the event at the origin of the patient's affectation. The adverbial phrase in (13a) is presented as incident to the event, which allows one to understand why iteration is permitted.
The contrast we have just evidenced between these two types of constructions clearly appears in the following two examples, in which the adverbial phrase denoting duration is only allowed in the «be» — passive:
